A Rostrata Hypothesis

A Rostrata Hypothesis
Based on the results, the study hypothesis was supported. The force production was determined by
A.rostrata during terrestrial and aquatic locomotion using their axial locomotion. During the many trials,
A.rostrata used different parts of the body to push off the substrate. However, the prediction was wrong.
Originally it was expected that force production will be greater in terrestrial environments. But the data
collected confirms that there was greater force production in aquatic environments. For the resultant
force, aquatic environments mean was a 1.8 and terrestrial environment mean was 1.6. For the
force/mass , the mean for aquatic was 0.18 and terrestrial mean was 0.02. Lastly, for the total force, the
mean for aquatic environment was 2.85 and the mean for was 2.63. Therefore, the resultant ... Show
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One reason is A.rostrata used more of its full body to push off the peg in the aquatic setting compared to
terrestrial. While observing the species during terrestrial trials, the eel had more "half pushes" than full
body pushes. Either using the the anterior and posterior end. Specifically at times, they would use their
head and tail to push off the substrate. Another reason is the difference of pressure or energy used in
water compared to on land. On land, there would have to be more force to push an object. Whereas, in
water an individual can use less force to push an object. In a previous study, researchers Ellerby and
colleagues (2001) examines the fast muscle in Anguilla anguilla during aquatic and terrestrial
locomotion. Ellerby et al. (2001) noticed that the stimulus patterns in the muscles that are linked to
swimming create a stronger force and power than terrestrial crawling. The reason there is a less muscle
performance on land is due to the possibility the eel is restricted from a particular kinematic pattern that
is needed to push from a
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Tap Water Hypothesis
Overall, the results mainly do support the original hypothesis. Throughout the 8 days of experiment,
there was no lead, bacteria, or sodium detected by the test kits or the test strips that were used in any of
the waters of the water bottle brands and tap water in both environments thus proving the hypothesis that
was originally posed, correct. This was the same for the tap water from Quincy, Massachusetts in both
environments, thus not supporting the original hypothesis of the belief of traces of lead or bacteria in the
tap water of Quincy. However, the original pH estimates for the different types of water were not correct.
The hypothesis about how pH balance would decrease in the cooler environment and increase in the
warmer environment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A color code was used to tell what the pH of the water was. For example, if the pH was 6, the pH test
paper would turn into the color yellow, and if the pH was 7, the pH test paper would be a light green.
Identifying the pH based on color could have slight human error as the pH could actually be 6.8, but
when the pH of the water was tested, it could have been seen as a light green instead of a darker yellow
green, thus the pH would be identified as 7 instead of the proper 6.8. Another issue that could've been
caused from human error was that when measuring the amount of water by using a graduated cylinder, it
could've been measured a slight bit off. Originally, the amount of water that was used for testing was
25mL. However, when measuring the amount of water, the water could've been 24.9 mL instead of
25mL due to the miniscus being formed and where the meniscus was believed to be. This would cause
the amount of water being tested not the same for all the types of waters. Another issue that could've
affected the result was that the refrigerator that held the test tubes that were in the cooler environment
was frequently

Hypothesis Testing Is The Process Of Which An Analyst May...
Hypothesis Testing Paper
Monica Gschwind
PSY 315
June 8, 2015
Judith Geske
Hypothesis testing is the process in which an analyst may test a statistical hypothesis. The methodology
used by the analyst is based on the nature of the data used and the main goals of the analysis. The main
goal in this is to either reject or accept the null hypothesis. Through testing, results will show that
someone who may prove one answer, may not mean that answer is actually correct, for there may be
many factors that may change the outcome. For this reason is why researchers the five or one percent
probability rates. In this null hypothesis it will prove that there is no difference between these variables.
With the single variables it is also proven that there is no difference from zero. Statistical evidence will
later prove that if it is indeed proven to be fact or nullified based on the evidence gathered. A null
hypothesis is a process in which research may try to disprove, reject or nullify the proposed hypothesis.
In a study, the researcher may use the hypothesis based on a specific testable prediction; this is based on
a dependent and independent variable in a study. In result, the hypothesis researched will match what the
analyst is trying to prove to be true in the problem. The first step one must take when testing a
hypothesis is restating the question experience analyzed into an alternative hypothesis and null
hypothesis. The following scenario is as follows: "Do

Water Hypothesis Lab Report
Discussion
Hypothesis 1: Experiment 1, I accepted my oil hypothesis because the oil formed a thin even layer on
top of the water and resumed after I stirred it up with the wooden stick. Vinegar hypothesis: I accepted
because the vinegar was only identifiable by smell. Laundry detergent hypothesis: I accepted because the
laundry detergent contaminated the water by changing the color to greenish blue and formed bubbles.
They all had an effect on either the smell or consistency of the water. The detergent seemed to be the
most potent when it came to the water, only because it changed the smell, the color and the constancy of
the water.
In experiment 2, I accepted my hypothesis because the filtration experiment removed most
contaminants. The coagulants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In comparison, both Dasani and Fuji consistently had levels of zero. Based on my test results, I would
say that Fuji is closest to the purest because it had a filtration process called disinfection, fewer
contaminants and low levels of contaminates.
Bottled water is big business Cornell University states "major brands of bottled water use tap water as
their source, but they do put it through more treatment steps to ensure the water is of good quality"
(Cornell University, 2013). The EPA has certain standards and regulates treatment plants that test water
for almost 100 chemicals, and water suppliers must notify communities if their water is contaminated or
unsafe for consumption.
A possible factor that could have affected the results of my experiments were not properly cleaning out
the graduated cylinder between each use as instructed. Also, I purchased the e–science lab kit was three
months ago, stored in a room without climate control. The humid temperatures at that time could have
affected the water quality because according to the EPA "climate does affect water quality" (EPA, 2015).
Another factor that I'm sure affected my results were not paying attention to detail for experiment 3. I
may have emerged the test strips in the water samples too long causing miscalculation. I couldn't figure
out how to use my stopwatch. I begin to guess the time

Hypothesis and Research Question Essay example
Research questions are formulated in a study to inquire about variables, both independent and dependent
variables, and the relationship between them. Research questions are categorized into two, that is,
qualitative and quantitative research questions. Qualitative questions are used in qualitative research like
case studies, surveys and action research where the approach is non–numerical and analyses special
phenomena that occur in nature. Quantitative research on the other hand is more of a systematic
approach with measurable numerical quantities that go through analysis to prove a hypothesis. Finally,
the research hypothesis is either approved or disapproved with regards to the results of the analysis
(Laureate Online Education B.V. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It must be logical, and provide a concrete base for any differences between the variables. It must also be
simple and clear.
A hypothesis can state the following: there exists a positive relationship between employee performance
and flexible working hours. Whereas a research question could generally be: do flexible working hours
affect workers productivity? You can clearly see that the hypothesis states clearly and it is more specific
in its prediction unlike the research question (eNotes.com, Inc 2011).
Hypothesis is typically used in quantitative research only. Moreover, when a question poses an inquiry
on the relationship between two variables, a hypothesis is a statement declarative in nature of the
relationship between different variables (Pajares 2007). A researcher chooses whether to use a question
or a hypothesis depending on the purpose of the research, its objectives, the methodology for the
research and the preference of the audience to receive the research. A researcher must be able to interpret
the final outcome with reference to the research questions or the hypothesis used (Pajares 2007). A
research requires a minimum of two hypotheses namely a null and an alternative hypothesis.
So, somebody can make a certain observation and come up with a hypothesis about how and why a
phenomenon occurs the way it is. Hypothesis could be

A Hypothesis Without Conducting Background Research
It is well established that people became ill shortly after the picnic. The root cause of the problem is
unknown, and there are a lot of variables. By systematically using the scientific method this will enable
Earl to find an objective, and reliable conclusion to his dilemma. Making a hypothesis without
conducting background research would be futile. I would suggest him looking at his data more closely.
Observation is a critical process and maybe he should become more observant. He has begun to ask
questions, but only by asking the correct questions to the appropriate sources will he be able to find the
route cause. Earl also has state it was at the school picnic, it would be nice to know if it was preschool,
since younger children are more susceptible to food poisoning. Earl continues to observe by naming the
different foods that were consumed and that everybody ate something. He states that within 24 hour that
several people displayed symptoms of food poisoning. There were 30 people who became ill. Later, his
hypotheses are either the potato salad or that the under cook hamburger has contributed to food poison at
the picnic. At this time he has not run any experiments to ensure what made the people sick and even if
he did I can 't imagine him able to conducting the appropriate test. He will have to collect credible and
reliable information in the next process. Doing research will enable him to analyze what food source
caused the food poisoning. Lastly. Earl will have to

Physician Assisted Suicide Hypothesis
DISCUSSION
Out of the seven hypotheses stated three were supported by the research findings. These three hypothesis
were race and ethnicity will have no effect on favoring of physician–assisted suicide, gender will have
no effect on favoring of physician–assisted suicide, and those that favor abortion will be more likely to
favor physician–assisted suicide. Before speculation about why these three hypotheses are supported it
needs to be discussed on why two of the hypothesis were non–direction. Gender and race or ethnicity
was non–directional because the research could not see them as having an effect on whether or not an
individual favored physician–assisted suicide. However, they were still added because of the cultural
views and social norms that are placed on the individual depending upon how they identify themselves.
These cultural views and social norms could have caused a relationship to occur within the findings and
on that reasoning the two hypotheses were added. With that being stated, it is speculated that the
hypothesis of those favoring abortion are more likely to favor physician–assisted suicide is supported
because it is so closely related to pro–choice. Both physician–assisted ... Show more content on
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Age, political orientation, religious affiliation, and education were found to have no relationship toward
the favoring of physician–assisted suicide. It was thought that those younger in age, specifically eighteen
to twenty–five would be more likely to favor physician–assisted suicide. This was on the premise that
the younger generation would lean more toward pro–choice views. However, there was very little
variation between ages of those that took the survey. This is most likely due to the surveys being
distributed on a college campus where the age range is predominately eighteen to twenty–five. More
variation among the ages would need to be established for clearer

Null Hypothesis
As Sekaran states "the null hypothesis is presumed true until statistical evidence, in the form of a
hypothesis test, indicates otherwise" (Sekaran, 303). For scenario three, the researcher could state that
the null hypothesis could be "everyone is equal in their respective physical speed ability even one of
those people may see their athleticism different matched to someone else being sampled." Some may say
they are athletic and really only moderately athletic whereas someone may state they are only
moderately athletic but really are truly athletic. Sekaran also states "the purpose of hypothesis testing is
to determine accurately if the null hypothesis can be rejected in favor of the alternate hypothesis. Based
on the sample data the researcher

Research Questions, Objectives and Hypothesis
Research objectives are the goals of the research study. Research objectives specify the reason
researchers are conducting research. For example, researchers may want to better understand the
difference in pain scale results among subjects with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. In
this case the research objective would cause researchers to take steps to conduct scientific analysis to
determine the variations in pain experienced between a group of individuals without a diagnosis of TBI
and a group of individuals with TBI.
The research objective is to determine if there is a difference in perceived pain levels among patients
with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury as compared with individuals without a diagnosis ...
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This question guides the course of the research study and guides researchers in setting up the study
effectively and accurately. It is important, throughout the course of research, to ensure that additional
questions do not cloud the initial research question (Farrugia et al. 2010). This requires a focus on the
original research question and the ability of researchers to set aside additional questions that may arise
for later research studies.
A research hypothesis or alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis which researchers "want to support that
predicts a significant difference exists between the two groups being compared" (Jackson 2011). For
further description, Farrugia et al. describes the research hypothesis a hypothesis developed "from the
research question and then the main elements of the study – sampling strategy, intervention (if
applicable), comparison and outcome variables – are summarized in a form that establishes the basis for
testing, statistical and ultimately clinical significance" (Farrugia et al. 2010). The research hypothesis
differs from the null hypothesis and sets the course of the study, the study details and types of measures
used during the study. Jackson provides an example of a research hypothesis being derived from an
initial research objective when a researcher wants to illustrate that children who attend educationally–
based after school programs have higher IQ scores compared

Gun Control Hypothesis
Results The hypotheses tested for this study were college student females are more likely to support gun
control than college student males and college student Democrats are more likely to support gun control
than college student Republicans. In order to test both hypotheses, both of the independent variables will
be tested with two survey questions. The independent variable gender will be tested with the survey
statement, "There should be more gun ownership regulations." Measuring the level of which the
participant agrees or disagrees will give insight whether females or males favor more gun ownership
regulations. Second, the independent variable political, with the attributes Republican, Democrat, and no
affiliation, will be tested with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two variables used in the crosstab were the independent variable, political party, and the dependent
measure, level of agreeableness towards the statement, "More gun control–related laws will result in less
gun violence." For example, all of the Republican college students answered either "strongly disagree"
(25%) or "disagree" (75%) to the statement. Further, a majority of Democrat college students agreed
with the statement (75%) with the other 25% disagreeing. An interesting note however that 100% of the
non–affiliated college students disagreed with the statement aligning them more with the Republican
college students. These results support my hypothesis because the results show there are more
Democrats agreeing with the statement to have more gun control because it will cause less violence.
Also, the Pearson's R measurement (+0.312) showed there is a weak positive trend between the two
variables. In other words, if one is a democrat, one is more likely to agree with the statement. I have
confidence in these results, but would probably have greater confidence if the sample size was much

The Zoo Hypothesis
Possible Solutions Quarantine We really don't know anything about what kind of life may be out there.
There is no way of knowing if other civilisations would even welcome contact with us. It would be
completely reasonable to suggest that maybe they are lying low, hoping we don't ever notice them. After
all, we could be hostile and a threat to them for all they know. Once we have located them, they may feel
that it is possible we could come to visit, bring advanced weaponry and possibly even diseases,
contaminating their planet (AstroBioWeb). I believe this is an unlikely scenario, as I think it would be
highly unlikely for us to cross such a large distance (if it was even possible sometime in the future)
simply to attack or try to colonise a planet that has nothing to do with us. The Zoo Hypothesis This
hypothesis was posed by John Ball in 1973 (Ball, 1973). It basically states that we are being observed by
one or more civilisations for scientific purposes, or even as a novelty. It that was the case, they would
not want to disturb our natural behaviour and environment. This would suggest that they are far more
advanced than us, and see us as the equivalent of perhaps apes at best. They might even regard us as
being an endangered species, considering our slowly declining environment and general hostility
towards each other. This solution is of particular concern. If this is truly the case, what would happen if
we were successful in achieving interstellar travel, thus

Behavior Specialist Hypothesis
Behavior Specialist Hypothesis It is my hypothesis and opinion after the indirect assessments, interviews
and direct observation, that Shunaysha is a bright, likeable, young lady who exhibits the non–
compliance, argumentative behaviors and aggression, because she needs to develop more social
appropriate skills to handle peer conflicts and disagreements. In addition, she has to learn how to follow
instructions as given by her teachers although it may be an activity or academic assignment that is not
her preference. Throughout the observation, it was apparent that Shunaysha has the capability to handle
herself appropriately and complete the necessary task within the classroom. The target behaviors were
noticed sparingly, as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She has shown the ability to sit at her desk, complete her assignments, and participate in discussions.
The carousel at her desk is a great assets which prohibits the many distractions from other students.
Shunaysha is definitely aware of making better decisions when a teacher is presence as she is aware of
her surroundings. Her challenges are in the hallway, or when she goes to the bathroom, with limited
structure and support. A behavior intervention plan would be a great way to assist Shunaysha with
earning an incentive and working to continue to de–escalate her target behaviors and develop more
social appropriate skills. Shunaysha should be encouraged to be a leader and a helper, therefore keeping
her focused on positive goals to achieve. She needs to be given positive behavior praise throughout the
day with extra incentives such as; running errands to the main office, collecting and passing out papers,
extra computer time, (15) minutes at the end of the day to play a game with a friend, and other things
that she desires to earn. She needs to get "caught doing the right thing", and praised for her

Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is basically a process that uses statistical inference to test claims about population
parameters. In hypothesis testing we begin by making a tentative assumption about a population
parameter. This assumption is called the null hypothesis and is denoted by Ho. We then define another
hypothesis, called the alternative hypothesis, which is the opposite of what is stated is the null
hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is denoted by Ha. The hypothesis testing procedure involves
using data from a sample to test the competing claims indicated by the null and alternate hypotheses.
Testing the hypothesis is similar to a criminal trail. Ho: The defendant is innocent Ha: The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Testing this will entail taking a sample of the 2–liter bottles and measuring their contents. In terms of the
hypotheses formulation you give the company the benefit of the doubt and assume that their claim is
true. Using this approach the hypothesis will be stated as given below: H0: [pic]> 67 Ha: [pic]< 67
In a situation where we are testing the validity of an assumption, the null hypothesis is generally
formulated based on the assumption. The alternate hypothesis is formulated so that the rejection of the
null will provide statistical evidence that the stated assumption is incorrect.
Decision Making
A hypothesis–testing situation involving decision making occurs when a decision maker must choose
between two courses of action, one associated with the null hypothesis and the other with the alternate
hypothesis. For example, on the basis of a sample of parts from a shipment that has just been received, a
quality control inspector must decide whether to accept the shipment or return it to the supplier because
it does not meet specifications. Assume that a specification for the part indicates a mean length of 1 inch
per part is required. If the average length of the part is greater than or less than the 1inch standard, the
parts will cause quality problems. In this case the null and alternative hypotheses would be formulated as
follows: H0: [pic]=

Hypothesis For The Egg In Cranberry Juice
In biology class, we wondered what evidence we could gather through shell–less eggs so we could show
osmosis and diffusion through the egg inner membranes. My hypothesis for the egg in cranberry juice
was that the color would change to red. My hypothesis for the egg in La Croix would be that the texture
would become rougher and it would become smaller. My hypothesis for the egg in syrup was that the
color would become brown and the egg would become larger. I believe with the knowledge I had at the
time, that my hypotheses were not convincing because I did not explain why I thought the eggs were
going to change, I just stated it. In a controlled experiment, the independent variable is the only variable
that can be adjusted, while the dependent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We put our egg into syrup because we wanted to see if the color would change to brown and if the size
would change. The egg started out as whitish or light orange and changed to brown with bits of white. It
changed color because the syrup was trying to diffuse into the egg. However, because the egg had bits of
white, the color only stained the membrane. This means that the diffusion did not fully occur. The egg
initially weighed 88.3g but after the experiment, it had decreased to 48.39g. I believe this happened
because the egg was hypertonic, and so the size decreased. The texture of the egg started out as squishy
and slightly chalky and ended as being deflated and having a smooth membrane. The texture most likely
changed because the texture of the syrup diffused into it and changed it. The egg deflated most likely
because the egg was hypertonic. These changes show that the egg membrane is selectively permeable
because it let the egg albumen out of the egg, but the syrup was only able to color the egg and not diffuse
into the egg completely. I believe that passive transport happened, but precisely diffusion. If I could do
the lab just on these changes, I would keep the egg in the syrup for longer until it stopped deflating and
then find out

Pros And Cons Of The Null Hypothesis
The Null Hypothesis is the thought that "all vertebrates (with the exception of humans) are of equal
intelligence" (Pearce, 2008). The Null Hypothesis was proposed by Macphail (1982) and has since been
widely debated; we will break these debates into six categories for further examination.
Associative Learning
Associative learning is the capability of animals to learn associations between two stimuli or a behavior
and a stimuli. Associations can be made via classical conditioning or operant conditioning. One of the
biggest arguments against the Null Hypothesis is that the experiments done have been confined to a
species but not done in a cross–species design. This could mean that while one species may learn an
association through classical conditioning it may not be able to learn it through operant conditioning or
vice versa. As far as studies to date show, all vertebrae species are capable of forming associations
however further research is needed to prove if all vertebrae species possess the same processes in
forming associations.
Memory
There is evidence of memory differences across species. Some species have shown that their short–term
memory surpasses that of other species but there is no clear evidence if is it a result of different
processing mechanisms of memory. There is evidence that evolution may play a role ... Show more
Imitation was used to demonstrate that only some vertebrae species have demonstrated the ability to
imitate an action to achieve a goal. We cannot be sure that the species that have not demonstrated the
ability to imitate are not able to however as there are many reasons that could sway their performance.
The animal may not find the reward to be worth the action or it could be form an experimental design
flaw. Regardless future research will need to be done to further assess the ability of all vertebrae species
ability of social

Gold Fish Hypothesis
The null hypothesis of this study is that there is no difference in metabolic rate of gold fish before and
after increasing environmental temperature.
The alternative hypothesis of this study is that metabolic rate of gold fish changes after increasing
environmental temperature.
Results
From a sample size of eight measurements taken from eight different gold fish population, a two–tailed,
paired t–test was conducted to determine the relationship between the metabolic rate of gold fish before
and after the increase of environmental temperature. As shown in table 1, for the control group, or the
population before the increase of environmental temperature, the mean amount of oxygen consumed per
hour per kilogram of fish was 267 delta[O2]/(hour*kg), with a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Discussion
The data received from the experiment displayed a p–value of 0.001, which was smaller than 0.05.
Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. In other words, the data showed that the metabolic rate of
gold fish changed after increasing environmental temperature. The metabolic rate of gold fish was
measured by the change in Oxygen concentration consumed by gold fish per unit of time per weight of
fish, which was delta [O2]/(hour*kg). The result of this study was significant because it contributed to a
previous gold fish study. According to a gold fish study conducted by F. E. J. Fry and J. S. Hart, the
cruising speed of gold fish was related to water temperature. More specifically, Fry and Hart concluded
that as water temperature increased, the cruising speed of gold fish also increased until when the
temperature became lethal to the fish (41–degree Celsius). Relating to Fry and Hart's finding, this study
suggested that gold fish's behavior related to water temperature in either one out of two possible ways
(Figure 1a and 1b). In the first case, as water temperature increased, gold fish received heat or energy
from the environment, resulting in

Pill Bugs Hypothesis
Discussion: The hypothesis that was tested was pill bugs are use to the cooler temperature of the room
and natural soil would travel a greater distance once they were in a hotter environment. The hypothesis
is rejected on the basis that the p–value of .760 is greater than .05. Furthermore, figure 3 supports this
rejection, since the averages are very close to each other and their error bars completely overlap. This
rejection means that once the pill bugs where in the hotter environment there was not difference in their
behavior compared to the cooler room temperature environment; they did not travel longer distances.
However looking at bugs D, F G and H in figure 2, there is a difference in distance traveled that appears
to be greater than

The Efficient Market Hypothesis
The efficient market hypothesis has been one of the main topics of academic finance research. The
efficient market hypotheses also know as the joint hypothesis problem, asserts that financial markets
lack solid hard information in making decisions. Efficient market hypothesis claims it is impossible to
beat the market because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and
reflect all relevant information . According to efficient market hypothesis stocks always trade at their fair
value on stock exchanges, making it impossible for investors to either purchase undervalued stocks or
sell stocks for inflated prices. As such, it should be impossible to outperform the overall market through
expert stock selection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fama stressed that market efficiency can be only tested jointly with some of the equilibrium models. The
efficient–market hypothesis requires all investors to have a rational expectation on the market, the
relational expectation is that average of information is correct and that updating the information is
necessary. Efficient–market hypothesis explains that when a investor is shown new information he may
overreact and some investors might not react at all, and this notion is accepted. Efficient–market
hypothesis only requires one basic thing, which are that when facing new information investors should
follow a distribution pattern. There are three common forms in which the efficient–market hypothesis is
commonly stated weak– form efficiency, semi–strong–form efficiency and strong–form efficiency. Each
form is different, and explains how markets work in the efficient market hypothesis. The weak form
efficient market hypothesis implies that the market is efficient, when we use the market information
given. The hypothesis also assumes that the future prices cannot be predicted by analyzing prices form
the past. The rates of return on the market should be independent, and past rate of returns have no effect
on the future rates to be determine. Also excess returns cannot be earned in the long run by using
investment strategies based on

Test Hypothesis
RESULTS The results of this study are presented in the order the hypotheses were tested. Analyses of
covariance were performed on all hypotheses and a level of significance of 0.05 was established as a
criterion for either accepting or rejecting the hypotheses. Hypothesis 1 Children in the test group will
attain a significantly lower mean total score on the RCMAS posttest than those in the control group.
Table 1 presents the pre and posttest means and standard deviations for the test and control group. Table
2 presents the analysis of covariance data, showing the level of significance of the difference between
the test and control groups' posttest mean scores. Table 1 Mean scores of the test and control groups for
the Total Anxiety subscale of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) ... Show more
Table 2 Analysis of covariance data of the test and control groups for the mean scores for the Total
Anxiety subscale of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Source of Sum of Mean F Significance of Variation Squares df Square Ratio F Main effects 48.900 1
48.900 .052 .047 Covariates 2433.333 1 2433.333 26.012 .000 Error 2339.678 25 94.568 Total cases =
22 Table 2 shows the F ratio for the main effects was significant at the s adaptation as measured by the
Self–efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6–item scale. On the basis of this data, hypothesis 3 was

Whitening Toothpaste Hypothesis
The hypothesis for this experiment would be, if the type of whitening product is altered, will the
whiteness of teeth increase? The idea of this experiment was to see what types or products or methods
help to whiten teeth better and faster than others.This science fair project is interesting to me because my
teeth are never white. I was curious as to which methods of cleaning would succeed in brightening teeth
faster because I may consider the options if I were to use a different whitening product or method. What
I hope to achieve through this project is to put the information out there about how teeth can be whitened
so somebody in need can stumble upon it. The definition of whiten is to make or become white. If teeth
are not whitening, teeth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hypothesis was supported because the whiteness of the teeth did change. The three teeth soaked in
peroxide increased in whiteness by two shades, three shades and two shades again, while the average
was around two point three repeating. The three teeth submerged in the homemade product which
consisted of lemon juice and baking soda, all increased by two shades of brightness every time. The
three teeth in the Crest whitening product increased by two shades, three shades, and three shades again.
The science behind the results of the experiment was mainly about the chemical reactions we allow to
take place on our teeth and in our bodies to make them appear more appealing to ourselves and other
people. Drinks or liquids with acid or sugars quickly break down our teeth's enamel every single time we
drink or consume them. Those acids and sugars sit on the teeth all day and break down your teeth's
precious enamel. Products such as the ones used in the experiment help to determine what type of
chemical reactions people should and should not choose to help break down stains and spots from teeth
to make the teeth appear brighter and more appealing to

Hypothesis Of A Hypothesis Test
Hypothesis testing is very essential in statistical analysis. It is quite imperative to state both a null
hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis when conducting a hypothesis test because the hypotheses are
mutually exclusive and if one statement is true then the other is proven as false. According to Mirabella
(2011, p. 4–1) states that, "When we have a theory about a parameter (the average is...,the proportion
is....,etc), we can test that theory via a hypothesis test." Therefore, that is what we have used to
determine if the average age of Whatsamatta U MBA students is less than 45. We have to conduct a one
sample hypothesis test to prove if we can accept or reject the null hypothesis. In order to determine what
decision rule, which is the statement that tells under which condition to reject the null hypothesis, to
propose we must first determine if we are instituting a upper–tailed, lower–tailed, or two–tailed test.
There are many steps used when initiating a hypothesis test. First and foremost it is vital to specify the
null and alternative hypothesis, next we have to determine a significance level that is tolerable such as
0.05 which is your tolerance for error, and last we have to calculate the statistic that is comparable to the
parameters set by the null hypothesis.
Additionally, when utilizing hypothesis testing, we are attempting to determine whether or not to accept
or reject the null hypothesis. Furthermore, we have to determine if there is enough

Gold Fish Experiment Hypothesis
Hypothesis:
The null hypothesis is that subjecting goldish to darkness instead of ambient light will not have an effect
on the metabolism of goldfish, measured by levels of oxygen concentration. The alternative hypothesis
is that subjecting the goldfish to darkness instead of ambient light will have an effect on the goldfishes'
metabolism, changing the level of oxygen consumption.
Results:
The sample size for four groups measuring control and experimental subjects was eight (n=8). The fishes
varied in weight ranging from an average of about 7.2 to 10.1 grams, and out of eight trials, one
consisted of two fish undergoing control and experimental conditions to measure changes in oxygen
concentrations. The goldfish in darkness had a higher oxygen consumption rate of 347 mgO2/(L*hr)
than goldfish in ambient lighting, a rate of 259 mgO2/(L*hr). The standard deviations for the control and
experimental groups undergoing darkness was 81 mgO2/(L*hr) and 105 mgO2/(L*hr) respectively. An
unpaired t–test was recorded, and the p–value was 0.081.
Discussion:
Due to a p–value of 0.081, larger than 0.05, the null hypothesis fails to be rejected. This means that a
dark environment around the goldfish does not have a significant effect on oxygen consumption. The
consumption rates between goldfish under ambient lighting and goldfish ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The fishes varied in weight ranging from an average of about 7.2 to 10.1 grams, and out of eight trials,
one consisted of two fish undergoing control and experimental conditions to measure changes in oxygen
concentrations. The goldfish in darkness had a higher oxygen consumption rate of 347 mgO2/(L*hr)
than goldfish in ambient lighting, a rate of 259 mgO2/(L*hr). The standard deviations for the control and
experimental groups undergoing darkness was 81 mgO2/(L*hr) and 105 mgO2/(L*hr) respectively. An
unpaired t–test was recorded, and the p–value was

Hypothesis In Middle School
When I was in elementary school, my teachers used to tell us that a hypothesis was a question that we
wanted to investigate in the experiment. In middle school, my science teacher told us that a hypothesis is
an educated guess. In high school, I was told that a hypothesis is a prediction of what you think it's going
to happen in the experiment. Now as a college student, I taught that a hypothesis is a prediction of what I
think it's going to happen in an experiment or what do you think is the outcome if we test a particular
thing. In the reading Keeley's "What is a hypothesis" it talks about what is a hypothesis.
In the reading it says that a hypothesis is "a tentative explanation that can be tested and is based on
observation and/or scientific

Pearson Correlation Hypothesis
Statistical analysis. Initial examination using histograms showed that PSS scores were normally
distributed and salivary cortisol levels were skewed toward higher values. Therefore, log10 transformed
cortisol levels were modeled when the values were analyzed. The Pearson's product moment correlation
coefficient was used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between cortisol levels
and PSS scores. The Pearson correlation coefficient for this relationship was –0.256 with a p–value of
0.05. The null hypothesis was that PSS scores and salivary cortisol levels were related. The alternative
hypothesis was that PSS scores and salivary cortisol levels were unrelated. Since data was greater than
the p–value of 0.05, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis held true.
Results
Demographics
Demographic variables ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the end of the 1st trimester, 61% of women in their 20s had moderate cortisol levels, 31% had high
levels, and 8% had low levels. 70% of these women had moderate cortisol levels at the end of the 2nd
trimester, while low levels increased to 17% and high levels decreased to 13%. The percentage of
women who had high levels of cortisol increased to 52% at the end of the 3rd trimester, compared to
46% of women with moderate levels, and only 3% with low levels.
Women in their 30s had relatively consistent percentages of low, moderate, and high levels of cortisol
throughout pregnancy. 60% of women in their 30s had moderate cortisol levels at the end of the 1st
trimester, in addition to 26% having high levels, and 14% having low levels. At the end of the 2nd
trimester, 61% of these women had moderate cortisol levels, compared to 31% with high levels, and 8%
with low levels. By the end of the 3rd trimester, 57% of these women had moderate cortisol levels, 36%
had high levels, and 7% had low

Crickets Hypothesis
The null hypothesis of this experiment was that there would be no significant difference in preference by
crickets between environment with cinnamon and without cinnamon. The result showed that as the time
increase the crickets' movement actual become more stable. There is an equal net force of movement
from one side of the chamber to another. To test the significance of these findings, a Chi Square analysis
was performed. According to the Chi Square statistic, the null hypothesis should be accepted because the
Chi square value (4.50) is less than the critical value (11.07), thus making the cinnamon having very
little effect on the crickets' movement. Even the control group yields similar result, that there is no
difference of the sides that

Describe The Main Hypothesis Tested In The Study
1. Describe the main hypothesis tested in the study.
The main hypothesis being tested within the study was whether or not the fusiform gyrus was a Region
of Interest (ROI) that specialised in the perception of the human face. This main hypothesis was
confirmed in Part 1 of testing and was thus expanded in Part II and III, in which they eliminated
alternative hypothesis.
2. Explain why this new ROI technique is important for fMRI research.
The Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a functional neuroimaging procedure that used
MRI technology to measure our brains activity through blood flow changes and our voxels.
In past experiments the researcher would have been required to scan images of the entire brain for each
comparison, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain one of the alternative accounts of the function of the FFA and how the current study is able to
refute (prove wrong) this account.
Imaging studies in the past have reported that the region of the fusiform gyrus is more active during face
recognition than object viewing, during face matching than location matching and during viewing
normal faces other than scrambled faces or textures. This research was a great beginning, but it does not
establish that this FFA is specifically involved in face recognition, as there is a range of alternative
interpretations of what can activate our brains. These alternative interpretations include low–level
feature extraction, visual attention that is greater in faces and recognition of basic items and recognition
of human objects.
To test the first hypothesis the researcher ran an initial test to determine that the Region of Interest was
the fusiform gyrus. Following this he then measured the activity in this specific region to subjects using
four comparison tasks. Each of these tasks tested the alternative accounts that were previously listed.
Part III tested one of these alternative accounts for faces compared with another human object e.g hands.
In these tests the data that was collected displayed higher intensity reactions in the ROI when parts of the
face were compared to viewing human

Characteristics Of The Null Hypothesis
Our lab investigated the morphological characteristics of leaves found in the sun and shade on various
species of maple and oak trees around campus. Our null hypothesis was Acer and Quercus acclimate
similarly with regards to SLW (specific leaf weight), size, and sinuosity. Our hypothesis was Quercus
acclimation is greater than Acer SLW, size, and sinuosity. We tested these hypotheses by picking small
sections of a branches from both maple and oak trees. A group was assigned either a maple or an oak
tree, and needed a total of three different trees per group. Once three different trees were chosen, groups
needed three shade leaves and three sun leaves of off each different tree. In total, each group should then
end up with 18 leaves for testing. After collecting the leaves, we ran them through the LiCor 3100 leaf
area meter to identify the area of each leaf. Major results found by the classes' mutual data was each one
of our p–values were greater than .05. This means that we failed to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, the
lab results do not support our hypothesis that Quercus acclimation is greater than Acer SLW, size, and
sinuosity.
Introduction
In articles written by Thomas Jurik and Ulo Niinements and Kalevi Kull they discuss how sun and shade
leaves look different and why. Both papers suggest that sun leaves have thicker cuticles and are more
deeply lobed. In addition, sun leaves have less surface area to limit the amount of evapotranspiration that
occurs in the leaves

Hypothesis For Obesity
1. A null hypothesis would be that in the nature and nurture aspect there is no correlation between weight
control and obesity. A alternative hypothesis would be that in the nature and nurture aspect there is a
correlation with weight control and obesity.
2. A hypotheses involving the development of obesity is more than, just foods one consumes in order to
provide energy that is expanded into actual energy. A null hypothesis for the development of obesity
based on energy expenditures would be that there is no correlation between obesity and the availability
for cheap, calorie dense foods, and a culture where normal portions seem to get bigger and bigger. A
alternative hypothesis for the development of obesity that is based on energy expenditures ... Show more
When calorie intake is more than, output there will be an energy imbalance. An energy imbalance can
result in obesity (over weight). Fat distribution in the human body is linked to obesity. There are several
health problems that have to do with obesity. Some of these health problems include hypertension,
cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Hypertension often, starts from little physical activities.
Cardiovascular disease is due to a decrease in physical activities. Type 2 diabetes is when their is
enlarged adipose cells. All in all obesity is hard to escape but, one can do somethings such as physical
activity to lower the risk of obesity.
7. When their is any weight loss program it is important to talk to one's local physician. The website
www.ChooseMyPlate.gov can be a helpful tool in developing a plan for a sound weight–loss program. A
good weight–loss program should include a way to control one's calorie intake, increase one's physical
activity, and relaize that a healthy weight requires lifelong changes in one's habits. If one does all three
of these components then, one will find the success to weight loss and weight

Life Cycle Hypothesis And Permanent Income Hypothesis
The assumption that households like to smooth their consumption over their lifetime from year to year is
the key component for the Life Cycle Hypothesis and Permanent Income hypothesis for them to actually
hold. For people to be able to smooth their consumption, they have to be very forward looking and have
the ability to save and borrow to compensate for income changes. The extent to which this is true has
been a central idea to many economists and researchers and they all have evidence which backs up the
ideas of the theories. However, there is a lot of evidence that questions consumption smoothing being
realistic and true to all people in different stages of their life. To assess the vision of consumption
smoothing, we shall critically assess the idea and evaluate empirical evidence that have solely focused
their research on this including the retirement consumption puzzle. By looking at relevant articles and
journals which are focused on the reliability of the Life Cycle Hypothesis and Permanent Income
Hypothesis, we shall come to a conclusion on whether every household does infact smooth their
consumption or if it is just a handful of consumers that fit a certain criteria.
Both the Life Cycle hypothesis and Permanent Income hypothesis stress the point of a trade off between
saving and spending so that consumption is less volatile throughout a person 's lifetime. Whilst the Life
Cycle hypothesis demonstrate that households follow a pattern over their life in context of

Null Hypothesis Essay
For this study a large population of a number of colleges were gathered together to record the number of
students that applied to medical colleges and then recorded the number of students that were accepted
into medical school. After, everyone entered in their data, they separated the students by ethnic
backgrounds into males and female categories to see the different percentages of the number of students
from each ethnic group that were admitted into med school. The test that I will be doing is a Chi–square
test. The null hypothesis is that there is no preference of the colleges that students pick, they usually pick
anything that they believe that they can get into. The alternative hypothesis is that there is a preference to
the schools ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This research project was conducted using four colleges to compare their numbers of Ethnic students
that they accept into medical school. The colleges that were used were Baylor College of Medicine,
Cornell University: Weill College of Medicine, Harvard College of Medicine and New York University
School of Medicine. When figuring out the relationship between the Races and the College's accepted
rates, the critical value on the distribution was found to be 16.919, because the alpha was not given so
since it was not stated so assume it to be 0.05 and the degrees of freedom is 9. Using the Chi–square
table and matching the d.f. and the alpha, we figured out that critical value would be 16.919. Solving for
the Chi–square following the formula of the χ² = ∑ [(O –E) ²/E], the final solution would be χ² ≈
325.497. We than can conclude that there is enough evidence to reject the Ho; the medical schools and
the % of accepted students that are accepted into college are not independent of each other. The way to
avoid errors into this study, were not trying to include colleges that did not accept any of the ethnic races
that were include and find colleges that all the races all applied

Principles of Choosing a Null Hypothesis
In the earlier post about bioequivalence, I briefly mentioned the formulation of hypotheses for testing
bioequivalence. The null hypothesis states "Bio–inequivalence", while the alternative states
"Bioequivalence", as formulation (I).
H0: bio–inequivalence; Ha: bioequivalence (I)
One might argue that the null and alternative hypotheses are incorrectly reversed, since what we
generally do is to put statements like "no difference", "no effect", "equivalent", or "equal to 175 lbs" as
null hypotheses. Is this argument correct? To answer this question, we need to answer the simple yet
fundamental question: how are the hypotheses established.
Let's first be clear of what a null hypothesis is. According to Wikipedia, as quoted below.
In statistical inference of observed data of a scientific experiment, the null hypothesis refers to a general
or default position: that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena,[1] or that a potential
medical treatment has no effect.[2] Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis – and thus concluding
that there are grounds for believing that there is a relationship between two phenomena or that a
potential treatment has a measurable effect – is a central task in the modern practice of science, and
gives a precise sense in which a claim is capable of being proven false.
The definition gives several clues to choosing a null hypothesis. I try to summarize the rules of choosing
a null hypothesis as the three following

Hypothesis Social Work
ASSIGNMENT SW–4 ON RESEARCH IN SOCIAL WORK HYPOTHESIS
NAME= ITULUNGBE
ROLLNO= G2015PH006
COURSE= MASW PUBLIC HEALTH 2ND SEM
SUBMITTED SUBMITTED TO BY
DR. YASIR BHAT ITULUNGBE
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20–03–2016
INTRODUCTION
Hypothesis is an assumption which is base on reasoning about the studied of the research topic. The
word hypothesis is a combination of two words the first one is hypo, which means under or less than or
tentative. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accept exploratory research in which formulation of hypothesis is impossible. Hypothesis is the main
phenomena of all the research to be carried out successfully because it is base on the reality assumption
and understanding after reasoning the factual problems. Hypothesis is the main key to success the legal
research without hypothesis a research is unfocussed. The hypothesis gave genuine idea and clarity of
particular research. The non–legal doctrine research can be known as research which is based on the
empirical study by using either primary or secondary data, relying solely on observation and experiment
not on theory. The empirical research is an enquiry that attempts to discover and verify general rules
allowing us to understand why human beings behave the way they prefer. In conclusion both researches
are equally important because it differ from each other with different

Gull Hypothesis
To understand how we can apply these calculations to our results, we formed a null hypothesis relating
to the data. The null hypothesis states that there is there is no statistically significant difference between
the observed results from our F2 cross and the expected results ratios we received to the ratios we would
expect). If there is no statistical significance, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and tentatively accept
our previous hypothesis that the autosomal vestigial wing trait will be inherited in a 3:1 ratio and the sex
linked white eye trait will be inherited in a 1:1 ratio.
In order to test the null hypothesis, we must calculate the chi square (χ²) values and the degrees of
freedom that are based on the numbers of each fly phenotype (including gender) we observed and what
we expected. By using the ratio to calculate the number of each phenotype we ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although we did not use this fly as a parent in the F2 cross, we did end up with a completely white fly.
When looking at this fly, we were unable to determine if it was a male of a female due to the fact that it
had no visible striping pattern or sex combs (colorless). Due to the fact that all the other fly offspring
exhibited the predicted phenotypes, we cannot state with certainty that we made in error in the selecting
the correct genotypes and phenotypes of the P1 flies. This pigment–less fly is likely the result of a gene
in the fly that determines albinism. Albinism is a rare gene in organisms. It is typically inherited via
autosomal recessive inheritance, meaning the two parents of this specific albino fly must have also been
heterozygous for the albinism trait (SOURCE F). Of course, this is assuming that the colorless fly is a
direct result of inheriting two albino alleles from the parents. We also can consider DNA errors,
environmental factors, or errors in the initial F1 cross that could have led to this completely white

Primordial Soup Hypothesis In The 1920's
After researching each of the assigned hypotheses, I do not believe in any of them. I believe in the Bible
and everything in it. It was difficult at first to get over the fact that I had to research and write a paper on
things that I do not believe in. It was hard for me to stay focused on each hypothesis because of my
belief that God created the earth in six days and rested on the seventh day. I truly believe it did not take
any longer than that.
Primordial Soup Hypothesis 1,2
The Soviet Biologist Alexander Oparin created the Primordial Soup Hypothesis in the year 1920s'. The
scientist claimed the origin of biomolecules came from the transformation, during the gradual chemical
evolution of molecules that contain carbon in the Primordial Soup in other words; life began in a pond or
ocean when chemicals combined and evolved into the first species on Earth. There is no evidence found
to prove this theory. Even recently ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a paper dated December 20, 2012 by Ed Yong, "Lane and Martin argued that hydrogen–saturated
alkaline water meeting acidic oceanic water at underwater vents would produce a natural proton gradient
across thin mineral 'walls' in rocks that are rich in catalytic iron–sulfur minerals. This set–up could
create the right conditions for converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen into organic carbon–containing
molecules, which can then react with each other to form the building blocks of life such as nucleotides
and amino acids." The evidence used to support their theory was that deep–sea thermal vents have tiny
thin–walled pores that generate complex proteins and RNA by producing a proton gradient. Recently,
geologists took tests on the areas around the deep–sea vents and found them to have helpful information
that would help them search into life on other planets. From what they have found and know about these
deep–sea vents they believe that the origin of biomolecules started at these

Null Hypothesis Essay
Our data from cross 1 resulted in failing to reject our null hypothesis of no difference between the
expected and observed results. This means our cross followed the expected 1:1:1:1 ratio of sex–linked
inheritance. When looking at our results from the pooled class data, the room for human error while
performing the crosses is very likely since we had 8 different groups. There is a good chance not every
group properly carried out their cross and therefore provided skewed results which in turn caused our
chi–square to be skewed so high and our null hypothesis rejected. For our second cross, which should
have also followed a sex–linked inheritance pattern, the data caused us to reject the null hypothesis
because our observed numbers were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This cross was also expected to yield a 9:3:3:1 ratio. Our observed data did not follow the expected
pattern and therefore we had to reject the null hypothesis. Our F2 generation only produced vestigial
offspring which must have been due to human error in crossing our F1 generation offspring. There must
have been all vestigial winged phenotype placed in the F2 cross to produce an all vestigial generation.
This error could be fixed by re–crossing the F1 generation carefully, making sure the offspring were in
fact all wild–type, which should then produce the expected 9:3:3:1 F2 generation. When looking at our
class data, the numbers even out a bit more, but the observed vestigial offspring still skew much higher
than they should be and still don't allow us to fail to reject the null hypothesis. Based on our results, the
vestigial phenotype was what was skewed higher than it should have been. Since the entire F1
generation should have been wild types (e+evg+vg) to produce the correct ratio, it is possible that some
of the crosses had original vestigial parents mixed in with the wild type offspring being crossed, which
could have been the cause for our skewed results. In all of our crosses there was room for error that
could be prevented in a future study. Our method design for anesthetizing the flies could be made more
efficient. There were multiple times our flies were killed while in the

Biology Lab Hypothesis
Method For Science Fair
Question and Hypothesis:
Topic: Getting taller from other than DNA and genes
The question formulated for this study was, "Can you get taller from other than DNA and genes?"
Before research, a hypothesis was made, stating, "Yes, it is possible to get taller from other than DNA
and genes." In order to conduct a valid conclusion for this question, extensive research was executed.
Procedure and Research
To create that hypothesis 4 main research topics were analyzed: Physics of growing, history of what
people did to get taller, the groups of people that would be interested, and everyday life factors that
change your height.
Physics of Growing
Physics of growing start from the growth hormones, as they are the thing that tells your body to grow.
First the GRH travels through the hypophyseal towards the anterior pituitary gland, (growth releasing
hormone) this causes the GH (growth hormone) to be released from the pituitary gland into the blood.
Then the liver is stimulated by the GH and creates insulin–like, a protein that helps multiply cartilage
cells beneath bones, which makes you grow. Other than GH, genes and DNA is the base on choosing if
you are going to be tall or not. However, children who are tall, but their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First, in the nutrition category, supplements, protein, and minerals are all major factors for a tall person.
The most crucial supplements for growth is Calcium, Zinc, Magnesium, and Chromium. By using these
supplements you will grow taller, Japan for an example, changed the general Japanese height by 3cm.
For protein, eat lots of lean and white meat, if you are a vegetarian there are many other alternatives to
meat. Minerals that factor in height gain are Calcium, Fluoride, Phosphorus and Boron, and Chromium.
Also, drinking lots of water helps since it lets blood carry the nutrition throughout your body

Experimental Hypothesis
1. What 3 dialects were examined in this article? The 3 dialects that were examined in this article were
African American Vernacular English, Chicano English and Standard American English.
2. What hypothesis was tested in Experiment 1? What were the general findings of the experiment? The
hypothesis involves a relationship between the racial and ethnic communities of a certain geographic
area. That relationship is based on the dialect type of the applicant, and on the success in establishing an
appointment to see an apartment. The general findings showed a configuration of a possible
discrimination, associated with 3 dialects by geographic area. The experimental hypothesis was
supported.
3. What issue from the first experiment were

A Rostrata Hypothesis

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