Post-Traumatic Stress And Self-Efficacy In The Military

Post-Traumatic Stress And Self-Efficacy In The Military
Post–traumatic stress disorder was officially acknowledged as a psychiatric disorder in 1980, mainly in reaction to America's efforts in order to gain
some sense of the toll the Vietnam war had taken on those who participated in combat (Goodwin & Rona, 2013). Military personnel who have
participated in war often have an increased chance of experiencing post–traumatic stress disorder and depression. Understanding such disorders in
military and service members is vitally important. Post–traumatic stress disorder (also known as PTSD) and depression can manifest themselves
through a wide variety of symptoms; both, have a great and adverse effect on the overall lifestyle of patients. According to Kara Irwin (2014), a
researcher who conducted various... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Irwin suggests that veterans experience such difficulties as they attempt to make the transition from living a military life to a normal civilian lifestyle.
The study was conducted using DAPS, Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress, to determine if the veterans have PTSD. In addition, alcohol
consumption was monitored, as well as anxiety symptoms utilizing Beck Anxiety Inventory. Depression was also taken into account utilizing Becks
Depression inventory II. Once again, the results of this study correlate with what previous studies have suggested. There is a strong correlation
between serving in a war and depression. It is important to note that the study however didn't find alcohol abuse to hold a strong
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Post Traumatic Stress Condition Essay
Definition of Condition
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that may develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which severe physical harm
occurred or was threatened. Anyone who has gone through a life–threatening event can develop post–traumatic stress disorder including military troops
who served in wars; rescue workers for catastrophes for example 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C.; survivors of the
Oklahoma City bombing; survivors of accidents, rape, physical or sexual abuse, and other crimes; immigrants fleeing violence in their countries;
survivors of earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes; and those who witness traumatic events can also develop post–traumatic stress disorder Incidence
/prevalence
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
December 2).
Prognosis
Alost–traumatic stress disorder prognosis can be a positive one, but post–traumatic stress disorder treatment may take a long time. Post–traumatic stress
disorder can be caused by a variety of events, and its effects may be devastating and long–lasting. According to Eun Jung Suh, Ph D, an assistant
professor of clinical psychology at Columbia University in New York, the symptoms of post–traumatic stress disorder fall into three groups (Myers, W.
2011, January 18).
Medication may have the most impact when combined with a form of therapy known as cognitive–behavioral therapy, or CBT. "Psychotherapies like
CBT help to decrease fear and anxiety related to trauma," says Suh. "Therapy can also help patients understand and change how they think about their
trauma experience."
(Myers, W. 2011, January

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Paper
"According to the National Center for Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder, the most traumatic events most often experienced in women are rape."
(Goulston, 2008; pg 17) PTSD appears in people who have encountered a traumatic event during their lifetime. Not everyone who has experienced a
traumatic event may develop PTSD. "More than 70% of Americans suffer a traumatic event at some time in their lives. Of these trauma survivors, up
to 20% develop PTSD." (Goulston, 2008; pg 13) There are numerous of symptoms associated with post–traumatic stress disorder. Beckner & Arden
state that, a normal indicator to stress and trauma involves females experiencing physiological, behavioural and physical symptoms. (Beckner & Arden,
2008; pg 25) With physiological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can lead the females into Agoraphobia–fear to go to certain places or face situations, and have nightmares. (Goulston, 2008; pg. 54) As a result,
"the constant anxiety and intrusive memories often lead to avoidance and numbing symptoms." (Beckner & Arden, 2008; pg 37) They may often
suppress emotions to avoid any memories or feelings from the traumatic event in their lifetime. "Numbing occurs because there is no easy way to
block out the bad feelings without blocking out all feelings, including positive ones." (Beckner & Arden, 2008; pg 37) Females begin to withdraw
themselves from the company of friends and family and choose to isolate themselves. "People who have endured rape often assume that they are now
different and that no one could possibly relate to their experience." (Schiraldi, 2009; pg 9) They can also feel that they are not able to open up to
others with the fear of having to revisit the traumatic thoughts, fear of being judged. When a female keeps their feelings and thoughts bottled within
them, they have a greater chance of developing depression. Depression occurs and is known to be very common amongst females with PTSD. This
can result in one becoming lifeless, causing them to lose interest in hobbies, work, school, etc. "When you are depressed, few things are fun,
pleasurable, or fulfilling anymore, so you stop doing the things you once found enjoyable." (Beckner & Arden, 2008; pg 38) When all the
physiological symptoms add up, they can cause a females becoming at high risk of suicidal attempts or having thoughts about it, which can be major
affect to their lifestyle. This can then be connected with behavioural symptoms in

Introduction According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM–5), the projected lifetime risk for
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is 8.7% by the age of 75 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). While 8.7% may not initially seem like
much, that is almost 28 million people living in the United States who could develop PTSD by the time they turn 75. The most disconcerting aspect
about this statistic is that it does not include other factors that increase the risk of developing PTSD. The DSM–V diagnostic criteria for PTSD
expanded the scope of PTSD diagnosis by no longer requiring the individual to fear for one's life when exposed to a traumatic event; this illustrates just
how important a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though nationally representative epidemiologic information on PTSD is difficult to gather, the literature seems to keep growing. Trauma
exposure effects psychological and physical health, along with cognitive and social functioning. Even though they experience traumatic events, some
youths do not seem to experience any harmful outcomes. While others, especially youths who experience multiple events are significantly at risk.
Youth trauma exposure is linked to PTSD and a myriad of other psychological problems. More extreme forms of and more experiences of trauma
correlate with higher rates of psychopathology. Cognitive functions are also affected by exposure to trauma. In maltreated youths with PTSD, trauma
exposure has been associated with attention and problem–solving. Youths who were exposed to urban violence showed lower school attendance and
lower grades, along with decreased reading ability and IQ. Impaired self–esteem and disrupted interpersonal relationships are a few of the negative
social–emotional outcomes associated with trauma exposure (Davies–Mercier et al., 2017). Lower socioeconomic adolescent males have increased risk
of trauma exposure, even though males have reported higher rates of trauma exposure, females have reported higher rates of PTSD symptoms. Youths
are not the only group of people that are negatively affected by traumatic events and PTSD. In adults, some negative outcomes of

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: A Case Study
Post–traumatic stress disorder is a psychological reaction occurring after experiencing a highly stressing event (as wartime combat, physical violence,
or a natural disaster) that is usually characterized by depression, anxiety, flashbacks, recurrent nightmares, and avoidance of reminders of the event
–abbreviation PTSD –called also post–traumatic stress syndrome (Merriam–Webster's collegiate dictionary,1999). It is mostly diagnosed by the
following; coinciding intrusive thoughts and nightmares, impaired cognitive functions and in most cases the tendency of the person to avoid the
situations that remind them of the trauma. These symptoms are thought start from the alterations in the stress response pathways which also involve
alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis' activity. According to Justice's et al. (2015) article: "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder–Like
Induction Elevates –Amyloid Levels, Which Directly Activates Corticotropin–Releasing Factor Neurons to Exacerbate Stress Responses", published on
the Journal of Neuroscience in February 2015, it is hypothesized that individuals who have suffered from post–traumatic stress disorder have higher
chances of experiencing dementia, in most cases alzheimer's disease, as they age. In addition, the hypothesis was explored using mouse models. The
control animals were subjected to just a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015) was published in the Journal of Neuroscience. It explores post–traumatic stress disorder, its pathophysiology and the conditions it may result
into. It is a research presenting the information obtained from testing post–traumatic like behaviors in humans and their pathophysiology using mouse
models. In addition, the article was published on 11th February 2015 on the Society of Neuroscience website as an official

Ptsd Barriers
Barriers to Treatment Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental disability that can stem from an individual experiencing a traumatic event in
his or her life such as a car accident, being raped or molested, warfare, or anything that is individually seen as harmful to self. According to The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Diagnostic criteria for PTSD
include: A history of exposure to a traumatic event that meets specific stipulations and symptoms from each of four symptom clusters: intrusion,
avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. The sixth criterion concerns duration of symptoms; the
seventh... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers have found that among the military service members who have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan and report symptoms of post–traumatic
stress disorder or major depression, only slightly more than half have sought treatment (Tanielian and Jaycox 2008). Considering the research that
suggest symptoms of PTSD increase over time without treatment, it should be paramount that veterans are able to obtain the proper care necessary
and within a timely manner to minimize or reduce the symptoms of PTSD. A veteran suffering from untreated PTSD is possibly precursor of a
recent statistics reported by the Department of Veterans Administration (VA) (2010), "a veteran will die by suicide every 80 minutes" a remarkable
statistic that yields evidence to a needed area of focus. The purpose of this study is to examine existing literature that explores potential barriers to
treatment for veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) diagnosed post combat with

Fear closing in, darkness rippling around you, pooling dark waves of anger, torment, pain, memories flash, memories so close you can taste, feel
them. Lost so very, very lost. The shuddering seizes you in its cold iron grip, you can't scream, run; all you feel is the pain. This is just a small
glimpse of what it is like to suffer from a crippling mental disorder such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.Just a small glimpse of what it feels like to
relive your worst memories over, and over, and over again, a never ending tunnel offear and loneliness.Now in the content of this research paper we
will delve into the tunnel of pain and dissect a disorder that has traumatized so many, and attempt to defeat your worst fear, your own memories.
18 veterans diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress disorder commit suicide each day. 126 each week. 6,552 each year. Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder goes by many names, the most common one being PTSD. PTSD has been around since human emotion, fear is simply a part of what we
are, and PTSD is a product of fear; a negative adaptation of how humans react to our worst nightmares. It is believed to have been first documented in
490 B.C. by a greek historian named Herodotus,in the manuscript of the battle of Marathon. He provides the account of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The average soldiers age at that time was 25, but really the youngest, 18 to 19 year olds were placed up front to see the first glimpses of the horrors of
war. The english researcher R.D. Lang documented that the insane response to the insane situation is sane behavior. He worked heavily with research
on schizophrenics and other mental diseases His research ended with a conclusion stating that many were the way they were because of massive
confusing situations they were put in, telling the patient one thing while their reality and treatment are the exact opposite, leading to mass confusion and

The topic of this paper is post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) viewed and discussed through a trauma theory lens. PTSD is typically associated with
veteran and military personnel; in fact, one in six Army and Marine veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, and women
are more than twice as likely to develop the disorder than man (Satcher, Tepper, Thrashwer, & Rachel, 2012). Although usually associated with the
military, PTSD affects many different facets of the population, such as minorities, the LGBTQ community, individuals with low socioeconomic status,
and individuals exposed to disasters (Satcher et al., 2012). The paper outlines what PTSD is, the effects of the disorder, the neurobiological component
of it,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, (D) negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic event, such as inability to remember an important aspect of
the traumatic event, persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world, persistent, distorted cognitions
about the cause or consequences of the traumatic event, persistent negative emotional state, markedly diminished interest or participation in significant
activities, feelings of detachment or estrangement from others, and persistent inability to experience positive emotions are another criteria of PTSD
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Lastly, (E) marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event (irritable

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay
According to the Mayo–Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as "Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a
mental health condition that 's triggered by a terrifying event – either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares
and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event" (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one
from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle played a role in a movie about a young military soldier called "American Sniper". The
soldier was on active military duty. He had been traumatized overseas by witnessing the violence of war along with the death of many of his friends.
When he returns to normal civilian life he had a very difficult time readjusting. He found himself having severe mood swings. At night he could not
sleep and would have severe nightmares that kept him up. Anytime a loud noise was to occur near him he would go into a protection mode. He was
diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Unfortunately at the end of the movie the disorder had taken control of his life and ultimately he did
indeed die by suicide. This movie shed the light to many Americans who were unclear as to what Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is. Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder is very common within the military. The onset of military Post Traumatic Stress Disorder usually sets in within one to three months
after experiencing a traumatic

The Lucid Dreaming And How Can It Be A Method Of...
Introduction
Those who experience lucid dreaming in the stage of REM sleep are aware of their dreams and able to control their dreams. Lucid dreaming could be
a possible treatment for those with post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who suffer from nightmares. During lucid dreaming in a nightmare, the
PTSD patients would be able to let go of their fear by recognizing the threats they have in their dreams are not real. PTSD patients can also
transform their dreams into something more pleasant or try to wake up from their sleep. A case study proved this idea to be true; the reoccurring
dreams the patients would experience were going away after they were introduced into lucid dreaming. Lucid dreaming could be difficult to
accomplish, but there are several techniques that can trigger lucid dreaming. For a period of time, researchers have been pondering and searching for
ways to help those who suffers from post traumatic stress disorder. This topic is interesting to investigate lucid dreaming and how can it be a method
of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. During this research, online, primary, and book resources were used. Therefore, this essay will deal
with the following research question: How can lucid dreaming be used as a method of psychotherapy in those who suffer from post traumatic stress
disorder?
What is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Post traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that is developed after experiencing a

Symptomology Case Studies
The case study of a 27 year old male who is experiencing symptomology characteristics of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder. Biedel (2014) characterizes
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder by psychiatric disorder resulting from a life–threatening event and requires a history of exposure to a traumatic event
that results in minimum threshold of symptoms and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. Due to the extensive list of criterion each section is
broken down into Criteria A– Criteria H and each criteria has certain requirements that need to be met to have this diagnosis (Biedel 2014). Josh meets
Criteria A because he witnessed a traumatic event in person, which was the murder of his fiancГ©, by a drunk driver. Criteria B–E requires the
individual to report symptoms from each of the four symptom clusters, Intrusion (Criteria B), Avoidance (Criteria C), Negative Alterations in Cognition
and Mood... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is "associated with increased activation in the amygdala in response to trauma–related stimuli" (Biedel 2014). Biedel
(2014) explains that this increased activity is likely to represent the substrates of fear and expression which may explain the extent of trauma memories
in Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder. It is clear that traumatic life events are contributed to Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder, therefore it would be helpful
to know whether or not Josh has experienced any previous traumas and his responses to those to aid in whether there may be a correlation (Biedel
2014). I believe this poses the question for further research as to whether or not an individual has been previously exposed to traumatic events and
whether or not they are more likely to develop Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder later on in life when re–experiencing a traumatic

The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder On A Family
The Effects of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder on a Family The symptoms of Post–traumatic stress can vary from patient from patient. Most common
symptoms are flashbacks, hyper arousal and avoidance. The first article is "Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Survivors of
Childhood Cancer and Their Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial." In this article the researchers put together a random wait list control trial. They
would have an intervention with the family of a cancer survivor that had post–traumatic stress symptoms from the family and child. The most common
psychological consequences of childhood cancer survivors and their mother and fathers are posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). When patients have
re–experiencing symptoms they usually have flashbacks. They relive the trauma over and over, including physical symptoms like their heart racing,
sweating and even horrible dreams. Hyper arousal symptoms is when the patient is easily startled. Then lastly avoidance symptoms is when people
diagnosed with Post Traumatic stress disorder stay away from places or objects that remind them of their trauma. In conclusion none of these
symptoms seem good at all so the research in this field needs to continue to grow to put a stop to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Next is the effects
that Post Traumatic Stress Disorders have on a family. The second article is, "Interactive Relationship Between Parent and Child Event Appraisals and
Child PTSD Symptoms After an

Anxiety disorders are the most predominant of all psychiatric diagnoses and affect about 18% of the population every year (Flanagan, Zaretsky, Moroz,
2010). Anxiety disorders can range from mild to severe depending on the disorder and have many different symptoms, treatments and can affect almost
anyone.
What is PTSD?
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a specific anxiety disorder characterized by exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving the personal
experience or witness of an event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of others or self
(Barlow). The response resulting from the event is an intense fear, helplessness, and horror. Exposure to this event may cause symptoms such as
persistent re–experiencing of the event, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, numbing of responsiveness, and symptoms
of increased arousal or hypersensitivity (DSM–IV, American Psychiatric Association, 2000). In order for the diagnosis of PTSD these symptoms must
continue for at least one month. This disorder causes significant distress and impairment in social, occupational and other important areas of
functioning for the individual and is not the same for each person ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When an individual is experiencing increased arousal the body is almost always in an alert state similar to how the body responded during the initial
traumatic event. This leads to exhaustion and can have may other physical health implications. Hypervigilance and an increased startle response are
other examples of increased arousal in individuals with PTSD and they may experience sleep disturbance, irritability, and impaired concentration
because of the constant "fight or flight" attitude and state

WHAT IS POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER? (PTSD)
"For God has not given us a spirit of fear but of power and of love and of sound mind." ( 2 Timothy 1:7, NKJV).
Suppose that each day one of the biggest challenges you face is the fear and pain of leaving the safety1 and comfort of your home. Presume you fear
that elements around you might trigger flashbacks from your past traumatic experience. Suppose you fear going shopping, to restaurants, and mingling
with crowds. Assume that you fear the possibility of panic attacks and emotional outburst. Imagine you are stuck in a mire of emotions, grief,
depression, and anxiety. Suppose your old self is gone, and you feel dead inside, without a soul. Suppose an invisible entity is in control of your life. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2.) Acute stress disorder is characterized by panic, mental confusion, dissociation, severe insomnia, suspiciousness, and being unable to manage even
basic self–care, work, and relationship activities.
(3.) Uncomplicated PTSD Typically involves re–experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance, emotional numbing, and symptoms of increased arousal.
(4.) Comorbid PTSD usually associated with at least one other major psychiatric disorder such as depression, alcohol, or substance abuse and anxiety
disorders.
(5.) Complex PTSD, exposure to prolonged traumatic circumstances, especially during childhood, such as childhood sexual abuse.
This mental affliction chains individuals to their past; they become stuck unable to escape the hurt and pain. This horrible illness attacks the injured
party's body spiritually, morally, emotionally, mentally, and physically.
THE HANNAH DIXON

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay
There are hundreds of different kinds of psychiatric disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM–IV).
One of them is called Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Based on the research, post–traumatic disorder usually occurs following the experience or
witnessing of life–threatening events such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or violent personal assaults like
rape (Harvard Women's Health Watch, 2005). The purpose of this paper is to discuss therisk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic
criteria and tests, treatment, prognosis and future research and approaches to treat this psychiatric illness of post–traumatic stress ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
5). In contrast, a post–traumatic stress disorder person's system would seem to be oversensitive. Source says the amygdala may look to be over
reactive in PTSD, but it posts a question upon if the amygdala is already over reactive in itself or it could naturally be over reactive responding to
trauma (Harvard Women's Health Watch, 2005). With the help of imaging techniques and its imaging studies, it shows that the hippocampus and the
anterior cingulated cortex found to be smaller in PTSD. The two areas of the brain which help maintain the amygdala in check seem to have trouble
functioning properly in people with PSTD (Harvard Women's Health Watch, 2005). Another thought that involves the pathophysiology of PTSD is the
role of basal catecholamines. However, the subject is controversial (Miller, 2000). There has been a hypothesis made that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
corticotrophin–releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations increase in people with PTSD from a study comparing combat veterans and normal
volunteers (Miller, 2000). As with any disorder of the brain, the complexities of PTSD are extensive and require a lot of integrating components.
Therefore, the pathophysiology of PTSD is unclear.
Clinical Manifestation Post–traumatic stress disorder falls into three general categories of symptoms: Intrusion,

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Papers
There are numerous different mental disorders that people are diagnosed with on an everyday basis. Some mental disorders are genetic, but yet other
disorders come from the things that people encounter in life. One mental disorder that is being diagnosed more often every day is called Post
Traumatic Stress disorder. This is a disorder that does not discriminate based on genetics, race, age, or even sex. Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
can occur after someone goes through a traumatic event like combat, assault, or disaster. Thus, the public domain owes its citizens to educate and
address PTSD. PTSD is a very common and often neglected or overlooked problem. This disorder can be diagnosed to anyone that experienced
traumatic events. Post–traumatic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A victim should seek help as soon as they can. Dealing with PTSD symptoms immediately could help the person from potentially getting worse.
Finding out more about what treatments work, where to look for help, and what kind of questions to ask can make it easier to get help and lead to
better outcomes. There are many different styles of treatment, one of them being trauma–focused cognitive–behavioral therapy. This treatment involves
carefully and gradually exposing the person to thoughts or situations that remind them of the trauma. This treatment can help the victim because it can
teach them that it is okay to think about the events that happened. Another treatment style is family therapy. Because PTSD affects the family also, this
type of therapy can be more effective. Family therapy helps the loved ones understand what the person is going through and communicate better. An
uncommon type of treatment is EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). An article on HelpGuide.org explained how EMDR works:
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) incorporates elements of cognitive–behavioral therapy with eye movements or other forms
of rhythmic, left–right stimulation, such as hand taps or sounds. These work by "unfreezing" the brain's information processing system, which is
interrupted in times of extreme stress ("Post–Traumatic Stress

Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder
Todd Hollibush
University of Tennessee
N560
Etiology
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) evolved from when man first experienced trauma at the beginning of time. In 1980, PTSD was added to the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–III) for the first time. (Friedman n.d.) This was a paradigm shift made by the American
Psychiatric Association, because for the first time the causative factor was an outside influence rather than an inherent source. The diagnosis of PTSD
cannot be made without the criterion on of a "stressor" or catastrophic life event. Individuals have different copying mechanisms. This explains why
some individuals do not develop PTSD, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is now listed under the category, Trauma–and–Stressors–Related Disorders. (Friedman n.d.). Onset of symptoms must have had been compounded or
originated after exposure to a traumatic incident. (Friedman n.d.). A person is exposed to an actual or threatened death, injury, or sexual violence.
Symptoms include:
Intrusive– These are the most characteristic of PTSD. The encounter elicits distressing emotions. These emotions are exhibited in nightmares and
daytime dissociative reactions known as flashbacks. Remembrance of the traumatic event can elicit emotional, mental, and physiological responses.
These responses can be reproduced with auditory and visual cues in patients affected.
Avoidance– Behaviors exhibited by patients with PTSD to lessen the chance of exposing themselves to he original adverse stimuli. Patients utilize
methods to reduce the severity of the physiological reaction if confronted by adverse stimuli. Some individuals may express the hallmark signs of
agoraphobia in order to avoid thoughts and situations that may evoke disturbing

Research Based Interventions Paper
Research– Based Intervention on Post– Traumatic Stress Disorder
Erica Mariscal Vigil
PSYCH 650
Dr. Harry Beaman
05/25/15
Research– Based Intervention on Post– Traumatic Stress Disorder
According to Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley (2013), Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is a "disorder that occurs following an extreme traumatic
event, in which a person re–experiences the event, avoids reminders of the trauma, and exhibits persistent increased arousal". An example may be, a
person who observed or experienced something extremely frightening, may feel that their life or the life of others may be in danger (Butcher, Mineka,
and Hooley, 2013). People with PTSD may feel frightened and feel that they don't have control over their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study also examined the connection between avoidance symptoms and the decreased ability of Veterans diagnosed with PTSD to express emotions
in the relationship, the results showed that the avoidance symptoms interfered with intimacy and contributed to the problems in maintaining and
building positive relationships (Price & Stevens, 2012).
Sleep Critical to Effective PTSD Treatment
According to this study, sleep is critical in the effectiveness of PTSD treatment. It suggests that poor sleep can impair a person's ability to fully benefit
from exposure–based treatments for PTSD (Wood, 2014). Researchers believe that by treating sleep before treating daytime symptoms of PTSD and
test if people who are sleeping better thrive more from exposure therapy (Wood, 2014). Studies done on animal conditioning offear showed that the
animals' rapid eye movement was disrupted in animals with a conditioned fear (Wood, 2014). " For their study, researchers recruited 42 healthy
volunteers who were tested over three consecutive days and nights. They found that increased safety signaling was associated with increased REM
sleep consolidation at night. They also found that the quality of overnight REM sleep was related to how well volunteers managed fear conditioning"
(Wood, 2014).
The Causes of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder According to the Biopsychosocial Model
The causes of PTSD based on the biopsychosocial model can be made up of frequent "anxiety or

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay
Among those who served in the Vietnam War, 84.8% of those diagnosed Post
–Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms,
even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of
those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and
Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course it is to be taken into account that these numbers are
based on those who admit to experiencing symptoms and seek treatment. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder statistics are exceedingly difficult to gauge
among veterans. According to the following source, "it is possible to have undiagnosed PTSD for 30 years and not realize it" (Veterans and PTSD).
Symptoms may not be diagnosed anywhere from 1 year after service to a lifetime. Also, it must be taken into account that after retiring many veterans
may lose touch and not receive treatment for symptoms or further affiliate with the military. In the 1980s, regarding PTSD in Vietnam veterans, it was
found that 15%–30% of veterans reported having PTSD; however, in 2003 a new study found that four out of five reported symptoms. In regards to
treatment there are good treatment options available for those who have been diagnosed as Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder. When first diagnosed, it
may be

What is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Post–traumatic stress disorder, also commonly known has PTSD, can occur when someone witness something
traumatic event, can only be diagnosed after 6 months after the event. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder causes a chemical change in the brain.
Who can be affected by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Anyone including children. Soldiers are affected by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Soldiers
are more affected by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, according to TheUnited States Department of Veterans Affairs11% of soldiers have been affected
by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. About 20% of all adults have suffered from Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder at some point in their life's. About 15%
girls and 6% boys ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some adults feel hopeless, have anxiety, have depression, have chronic pain, problems finding employment and keeping a job, problems with
relationships, having problems with drugs and alcohol, and they might have more suicidal thoughts.
Can Post traumatic stress disorder be cured or grown out of? No cure exists for Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder has with most other mental illnesses
but the symptoms it causes can be controlled though. How can you cure the symptoms caused by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Theirs a couple
different ways you can do to get rid of the symptoms there's psychotherapy like counselling, some medications like antidepressants, Anti–anxiety
medications, Prazosin, or even medical cannabis if you are in one of the stats where marijuana is legal.
What can you do to help yourself? The first thing you should do is go and join a group of people who have post–traumatic stress disorder and make
friends with someone who has post–traumatic stress disorder. Start exercising once or twice a week because it will helps distract your mind and it
might even help out your self–esteem. And don't turn to drugs or alcohol even though they might make you forget about the event for a little bit. They
don't last forever and they will make it even worse in the long

Influence Of A Caregiver 's Personality And Resiliency On...
The Influence of a Caregiver's Personality and Resiliency on Their Likelihood of Developing Secondary PTSD Amanda Nuckoles Middle Tennessee
State University 2014 The Influence of a Caregiver's Personality and Resiliency on Their Likelihood of Developing Secondary PTSD Post–Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been studied extensively. The majority of the population has experienced an event that was traumatic enough to potentially
cause Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder with it also being common for most people to experience more than one event with the potential to induce
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (Kilpatrick, Resnick, Milanak, Miller, Keyes, Friedman, 2013). Studies have shown that veterans diagnosed with
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder show an escalation in the anxiety levels that is much greater than soldiers that have not been diagnosed with PTSD as
well as higher than the general fit population (Olatunji, Armstrong, Fan, & Zhao, 2014). Further research has been done on Mental Health
Professionals which seems to suggest that burnout and being a novice in the field contribute to the stressors just as much as the idea of Secondary
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder which is also referred to as Vicarious Trauma and Secondary Traumatic Stress (Devilly, Wright, & Varker, 2009).
Veterans with Post–Traumatic Stress often become very reliant on their significant other. Studies have even shown that veterans are requesting more
and more for their

Ptsd Essay
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) PTSD can be traced back to antiquity. It was called "soldier 's heart" during the American Civil War and
morphed into "shell shock" in the First World War and "battle fatigue" during the Second. It became "operational exhaustion" in Korea and PTSD only
after Vietnam, when the American Psychiatric Association added the term to its list of recognized mental disorders (Thompson, 2015, pg. 41). PTSD
was originally observed in the military context, but more recently it has been recognized in the context of serious medical illness (Palesh, 2013, pg.
252). By including civilians and acknowledging PTSD as a mental illness that can affect anyone, studies have since shown that women are more
vulnerable to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amygdala appears to be active in dear acquisition, or learning to fear an event, as well as in the early stages of fear extinction or learning to not
fear" (Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder). Also researchers have studied and delved into the effects of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The prefrontal cortex
is the area of the brain that is involved in tasks such as decision–making, problem solving, and judgment. "For example, when [the PFC] deems a
source of stress controllable, the medial PFC suppresses the amygdala––an alarm center deep in the brainstem that controls the stress response"
(Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder). "PTSD is not diagnosed until at least one month has passed since the time a traumatic event has occurred" (Joseph
Goldberg, 2014). If the doctors see the symptoms of PTSD they will then go ahead and evaluate the patient by performing a complete medical history
form and then physical exam follows. The next step is for the patient to be sent a psychiatrist, psychologist, or another medical health professional to
help the patient treat his or her mental illness.
"Approximately twice as many females as males are diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder" (Christiansen, 2015, Pg. 7). One of the main reasons
this is presumed is the higher percentage of rape amongst women. Women who had been raped and that also participated in a study about PTSD hosted
in Sweden have shown definitive

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is caused by Physiological Changes in the Brain
People who have been in combat overseas are usually involved in some sort of traumatic or life threatening event. Therefore, the majority come
home with some type of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder also known as PTSD. For the most part soldiers find a way of going around the question
and tell doctors they do not have PTSD, they are in good health. Consequently, for those in the military there will always be the stigma of appearing
weak for trying to get help. Soldiers will always be concerned with the stigma of PTSD following them and tarnishing the rest of their career. They
truly need to be familiar with what is happening to their brain and the hazards of not seeking help. Furthermore, scientific research will show Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder is caused by physiological changes in the brain directly correlated with a traumatic event. It does not mean something is
wrong with them. However, they should seek medical help from a doctor to see all the option they have to get help though this tough transition.
In order to help our brothers and sisters, we must attempt to understand what Post Traumatic Stress disorder actually is. We have to look at what areas
of the brain are affected. There are three regions of your brain that become agitated and begin to change due to post traumatic stress, the hippocampus,
amygdale, and the medial prefrontal cortex. The region that is affected the most from

For centuries mental illnesses have been seen throughout the human race. In the beginning these unseen illnesses were misunderstood by many
including the doctors of the time. As time passed scientists began to learn more about the universe and the science advanced. Within the last couple of
decades the human races understanding of science has grown exponentially. With a better understanding of how the human mind works the scientists
have discovered a plethora of mental illnesses. One such illness is post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post–traumatic stress disorder is a mental
illness that affects a person's sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person
not affected by post–traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. "If the fight or flight is
successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipated allowing the victim to return to a normal level of functioning" (Rothschild, 1998).
In a person affected by post–traumatic stress disorder this reaction is changed. "People who have PTSD may feel stressed or frightened even when
they're no longer in danger" (National Institutes of Health, 2015). One may develop post–traumatic stress disorder at any time in their life for many
different reasons. PTSD is a disease commonly associated with war veterans. This is due to the experiences of war being so traumatic that it

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Sarah Batson
Eastern Florida State College, Melbourne
CLP 2140 03M
Abstract
In today 's society, it has become prevalent that the amount of individuals suffering from mental illnesses is rapidly increasing. This paper will focus
on one of the disorders associated with mental illness – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The introduction will define and describe the disorder, and the
following paragraphs will discuss causes, symptoms, target populations, treatments, and theory. PTSD affects people of all ages in all walks of life. It
has a debilitating effect on its victims, and studies are still being conducted to further explore its impact.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
The DSM–5 defines Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as the result of "exposure to a traumatic event that causes feelings of extreme fear, horror, or
helplessness." (Ozer, 2004, p.169) Trauma is viewed differently by people, so the question is raised of what events are considered traumatic and to
whom? (p. 171) Statistics from an updated U.S. National Comorbidity Survey show that the disorder prevails in 6.8% of adults and one third of those
affected suffer from an extreme case. (Bisson, 2007, p.790) There is not one particular event that triggers PTSD. People can be affected by many
different situations and anyone can develop the disorder.
Since there are no proven preventative methods, it 's difficult to identify who will develop PTSD. A

Events and Treaties of World War I
Introduction In history class we are currently discussing the events and treaties of World War 1. I found this subject very interesting and the fact that
many soldiers suffered from Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder piqued my curiosity. My teacher discussed how towards the end of the war soldiers
portrayed symptoms of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder and often fled during war which led to most of them being captured by their government and
killed. I want to learn more about this topic because it is very interesting to me. I also want to learn more about why instead of finding out why the
soldiers were acting out of the ordinary they just killed them. While I am researching this topic I hope to become better with my time management
skills and also become an all–around better writer. This research question will help me evolve into a better world learner because it will help teach me
some things about the history of our world. World War 1 occurred between a number of different countries. Post
–Traumatic Stress Disorder during
World War 1 also not only affected Americans it affected other countries as well because of the shell shock soldiers were experiencing in the trenches. I
am planning to take many different approaches when I am answering this question. I plan on researching many different first–hand accounts while also
using different books and internet resources. I hope to be able to get accounts about what happened from generations of people whose families actually
went

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, also known as PTSD, was recognized as a disorder with specific symptoms and was added to the Association's
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1980. Before this acknowledgement, father of psychology, Sigmund Freud, had a developed
theory on it. Freud's Seduction Theory states: "both forgotten childhood trauma and a variety of adult stresses could cause neurosis" (Davis 1).
Although not declared an official disorder until the 20th century, characters in literature have displayed the symptoms of PTSD and committed horrific
acts as a result of the stresses they underwent earlier in their lives; a modern psychologist is calling this The Medea Complex.
As Jacobs's contribution to the American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. Mrs. A, came from a family of seven, being the youngest of five in a family that had a father who never hugged or kissed anyone, including his
wife. Only one of her brothers had a remotely close relationship with their father. Her brother, close after being presented with a part of the family
business he became very ill. During this time, her brother became a highly religious person. Jacobs assumed: "Mrs. A fell in love with Mr. A
become she was a member of the clergy of that religion. He was very successful at what he saw was his chosen business, and it was on the basis of
this similarity between her brother and Mr. A that Mr. A became Mrs. A's hero" (Jacobs). Jacobs hypothesized whether or not Mrs. A married Mr. A,
who did not love her because she was subconsciously guilty of having negative feelings towards her

Post–traumatic stress disorder is a common type of anxiety that occurs when someone experiences traumatic events, such as wars, accidents, violent
crimes, deaths, torture, kidnapping, fires, burns and so on. Post–traumatic stress disorder can occur anytime during a human being's life after an event
that makes the person fear their safety or well–being. Post traumatic stress disorder affects everyone differently as the tolerance of our nervous system
responds to stress, anxiety, or fear contrastively. Signs and Symptoms: 1.Feeling of helplessness or losing control 2.Feeling of intense distress when
reminded of the trauma 3.Feeling of mistrust or betrayal 4.Sleep disturbances 5.Difficult concentration 6.Feeling detachment from people

Support System For Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
3
Support System to Post Traumatic Stress disorder Patient in U. S.
Debora Anderson
Augusta Technical College
Running head: SUPPORT SYSTEM TO POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PATIENT IN U. S.
Debora Anderson
Support System to Post Traumatic Stress disorder Patients in America
Post–traumatic stress syndrome is an anxiety disorder that differs from other disorders due to its origin, or traumatic event. The severity, duration, and
proximity to the event are some risk factors of the disorder. Post–traumatic stress situations are most associated with war and battle. However, sexual
abuse, emergency workers and anyone involved in a catastrophic event can have symptoms relating to post–traumatic stress. Previous presence of a
mental illness can make a person more vulnerable to the onset of stress related disorders. Anyone who has previously had a post–traumatic stress
episode remains vulnerable and can, depending on the circumstances encounter reappearance of symptoms. Sometimes, the aftermath of PTSD take the
form of depressions, anxiety disorders, or abuse of alcohol or drugs. The use of drugs and alcohol could be an attempt on the part of the person
suffering to alleviate his anguish or numb fear of threatening situations (Weiss, Garvert, & Cloitre, 2015). PTSD can have important consequences on
the functions of daily life and can influence several areas of social and emotional behavior .Developing avoidance issues can negatively affect the way
sufferers

The Fire Service Advances And Changes
As the fire service advances and changes there will be continuous stress and dangerous/ traumatic events that impact the firefighters mental health in
a negative way. These mental health issues are labeled as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and firefighter suicide. There are large arrays of
people who believe that firefighters were brave and no situation would ever change a firefighter's way of thinking. However, as time moved on side
effects from the emergencies that firefighters were responding to, began to present sides of mental health problems. This report will provide detailed
facts such as the result, impact, or other subjects in relation to the two main issues above. Firefighter deaths are rising rapidly, members of the fire
service need to be educated on PTSD and suicide to provide treatment before another devastating event occurs in result of the issues effects.
To quickly define PTSD, negative thoughts from a shocking or traumatic incident. PTSD first discovered thousands of years ago in the military,
soldiers at this time had a great deal of horrific situations that have affected these soldiers. From that time to the present day medical and behavioral
professionals have researched/ studied symptoms/ signs of PTSD, as well as, a way to provide treatment– which is proven to be highly successful.
Professionals can create a plan for the patient that best suits their needs to cure the disorder. The act of suicide has been committed for an extremely
long time;

Natural Disasters
Zyy06mku SWK
Psychological Consequences of Earthquakes
Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and cyclones, floods, and tornadoes are some of the traumatic experiences that may cause
posttraumatic stress disorders. This type of disorders and other disaster related psychological problems are prevalent after natural disasters. As a result
it is important to analyse those individuals that develop psychological problems especially to prepare and plan interventions both in the short and long
term after disaster (CoЕџkun, CoЕџkun, 2000, p: 68). Earthquakes have quickly become one of the most highlighted natural disasters. Unlike other
natural disasters, earthquakes occur without warning, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the same year on 21 September 1999, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale struck Taiwan. The Chi–Chi earthquake caused
more than 2.300 deaths, injured more than 8.000 people, and damaged or destroyed more than 100.000 homes and many survivors showed the
symptoms of disorders and post traumatic stress disorders (Chen et al., 2007). Researches showed that the rates of post traumatic stress disorder, major
depression, and minor psychiatric morbidity in the early stage after the Chi–Chi earthquake were 37%, 16%, and 89.9%, respectively (Chen et al., 2001
p:13). On the other hand another study showed that the psychiatric disorder among Chi–Chi earthquake survivors within 6 months of the disaster
reported that the prevalence rates of post traumatic stress disorders and major depression were 7.9% and 9.5% respectively (Chou et al., 2005). The
risk factor of post traumatic stress disorder included female sex, lower educational level, and greater trauma exposure (Lai et al., 2004). In the
research Chen et al. found that two year follow up of the Chi–Chi earthquake stressed on that the long term impact of a major disaster on the survivors.
They also found that the prevalence of psychiatric problems after a severe earthquake in Taiwan was comparable with the post disaster rate reported
elsewhere (Chen et al., 2007) and can be compared with the earthquake in Turkey in same year.
Another natural occurrence happened in the

Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder a type of mental health disorder that occurs after experiencing a traumatic event or a series of events that creates
psychological symptoms that eventually lead to behavioral changes. This happens to people who have witnessed terrorizing circumstances. It is
normal for your mind or body to be in shock after being in a catastrophic circumstance, with PTSD your nervous system gets stuck in a shocked state of
mind which eventually leads to PTSD. This may take hours, days, or possibly months following the event for symptoms to side. There are four
symptom groups, recurrent, extreme avoidance, negative changes in thoughts and mood, and being on guard all the time. When experiencing recurrent
symptoms you go will have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two proven types of treatments that help well with PTSD which is consoling and medication. With consoling you can learn techniques and
to cope with your disorder. Some remedies include trauma therapy which has three phases, Achieving patient safety, reducing symptoms and
increasing competencies, Review and reappraisal of trauma memories, and consolidating the gains. Trauma therapy is a skills building phase that
allows you to learn more about PTSD and the patients personal triggers and helps you determine a care plan that will work for you. Exposure therapy
is another tool. Exposure can be done all at once, this is called "flooding" or gradually to build up tolerance, in return it will help you desensitize
yourself from the experiences. This allow the patient to pull everything out in a controlled manner and then put it away in the organized way that
non–traumatic memories are stored. Lastly is somatic therapy. Somatic therapy is a mind to body connection, (Bell, A.) wrote that "According to
somatic therapy theory, the sensations associated with past trauma may become trapped within the body and reflected in facial expressions, posture,
muscular pain, or other forms of body language." Somatic therapy is a therapeutic process that will help you move towards healing and growth. For
patients suffering from PTSD working on a healthy life style balance including diet, exercise,

Traumas caused by stress if elongated, can progress into PTSD, or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Stress is something that is manageable and it may
not be easy. However if stress develops after a traumatic event than PTSD can occur. After something traumatic happens the body and mind go into
shock. With PTSD a patient's mind stays in shock. PTSD is a usually severe stressor. It comprises a forceful fear within those that have it. This
disorder can only be diagnosed one month after a traumatic experience. Patients will, physiologically, re–experience the event over and over again.
They will seem distant and depressed and avoid things. These traumatic experiences differ from people to people. Traumatic events that cause PTSD
can range from death... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are 4 components when diagnosing PTSD. A person that has had direct experience in a traumatic event or learn that the event happened to
someone close to them. The other two components from the DSM are witnessing an event in person or having repeated contact to excruciating details
of a disturbing incident. After someone has had one out of the four above than doctors look at the re–experiencing. There are several ways but only one
is required when diagnosing. These ways include: images, dreams, hallucinations, flashbacks, and thoughts. People who have PTSD can trigger these
re–experiencing's by any number of things. It could be a firework going off, a familiar face, a photo graph or someone talking about a similar event. It
is said that adults with PTSD re–experiences through observation while children's can be triggered by play. These triggers need to be avoided. In the
DSM–5 a person with PTSD may have a negative disposition. They may not be able to remember and important part associated with the event. PTSD
leaves patients with abnormal behaviors. They can be careless or angry and even fearful. Another symptom is sleep deprivation. None of these can be
associated with a medical condition or substance

Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder Research Paper
Post–traumatic–stress–disorder (PTSD) is part of many veteran's lives in the U.S. today. PTSD is a serious mental and emotional disorder that people
often don't understand or don't know about. It's defined as a mental illness that develops after a person has lived through a traumatizing event, such as
sexual assault, physical abuse, threat of death, or serious injury. Most people who experience a distressing event don't develop PTSD, but for those who
do, it's extremely terrifying to go through. Many U.S. veterans have to deal with serious emotional and mental trauma after their time of fighting is
over. There aren't any statistics that show exactly how many people and veterans in the U.S. have PTSD, because most veterans don't know they
have a mental disorder. They don't seek help; therefore statistics aren't certain. Studies have shown that at least 70% of adults have gone through a
traumatic event, and 20% of those people develop PTSD. That's approximately 31.3 million people. Further investigation confirms that women are
more likely to develop the illness than men are; approximately 1 out of 10 women will or have had PTSD. Combat veterans are even more likely to
be diagnosed with PTSD after returning from the military, and an estimated study says that one out of every five veterans have or will develop the
disorder. The military consists of 17% women, and 71% of those women develop PTSD from sexual assault within the ranks. These are studies and
estimates

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been the focus of considerable attention, and some controversy, since it was formally recognised in 1980
by the American Psychiatric Association. This essay will discuss the history of this relatively new diagnosis and its place within the DSM–IV–TR,
whilst three perspectives of pathological reaction to trauma, namely, socio–cultural, psychological and biological factors will also be compared. In
conclusion this essay will discuss how the three perspectives contrast and contribute to our understanding of PTSD. PTSD is a common anxiety
disorder in Australia with a twelve month prevalence of 3.3% (McLennan 1997, p.18), and in its more serious forms, it is a chronic and disabling
psychiatric disorder... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
174). Untreated, PTSD symptoms can last a lifetime, impairing health, damaging relationships and preventing people achieving their potential.
However, prospects for recovery are good when treated correctly (Kinchin 2005, p. 199). According to Foa (2008, p.26), PTSD is seen to be a
'multi–faceted disorder' that poses a number of significant notional and practical challenges with regard to achieving an accurate assessment.
Several strategies may be adopted by primary health care providers to assist patients with both acute and chronic forms of PTSD and various
scales exist to measure severity and frequency of PTSD symptoms. Because not every traumatised person develops PTSD, researchers are still
trying to understand what causes, and increases, the risk of developing PTSD. So far, most of our knowledge of PTSD comes from war survivors,
people who lived through concentration camps, and victims of combat from WWII, Korean and Vietnam wars (Bootzin & Ross 1988, p.176). Based
on research to date it is believed that PTSD is caused by a combination of several factors including social, biological and psychological and each help
contribute to our understanding of the disorder. Socio–cultural FactorsAccording to Parson (1994, p.158) race, sex, ethnicity and

PTSD Research Paper
Taela Butler
Miss. Sykes
English III Honors
7 April 2014
Living with Post– Traumatic Stress Disorder
Today, hundreds of thousands of service men and women and recent military veterans have seen combat. Many have been shot at, seen their buddies
killed, or witnessed death up close. These are types of events that can lead to Post– Traumatic Stress Disorder ("Post Traumatic Stress DisorderPTSD:
A Growing Epidemic. ") Anyone that has gone through a traumatic event can be diagnosed with PTSD but research shows, military men and women
are more susceptible to having PTSD (PTSD: A Growing Epidemic.) And, with little help from the US, many Veterans do not get the help they need or
get treated for PTSD. Military men and women begin to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 30% of the men and women who have spent time in war zones experience PTSD. (Military.) The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
estimates that PTSD afflicts almost 31% of Vietnam veterans, as any as 10% of Gulf War veterans, 11% of veterans of the war in Afghanistan, and
20% of Iraqi war veterans. An additional 20 to 25 percent of all military men and women have had partial PTSD at some point in their lives (Military.)
People with PTSD often have anger issues and emotional problems. It is likely for them to have thoughts of suicide and feel completely disconnected
from their lives and from other people. They have lived through a drastic trauma that is hard to overcome and go on with their lives. PTSD effects
everyday interactions and feelings. Post– Traumatic Stress Disorder affects the daily lives of the people suffering from it. Some may need
accommodations at work depending on their personal severance of the disorder. People with PTSD miss more days at work and work less efficiently
than people without PTSD (PTSD Effects.) Certain symptoms of PTSD, such as difficulties concentrating and problems sleeping may make it difficult
for a person with PTSD to pay attention at work, stay organized, or make it to work on time. People with PTSD also have higher rates of
unemployment than people without PTSD. (Military)
As you

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is on the Raise Essay
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is defined as mental health disorder triggered by a terrifying event (Mayo Clinic). This ordeal could be the
result of some sort of physical harm or threat to the individual, family members, friends or even strangers (NIMH). While PTSD is typically associated
with someone who has served in the military, it can affect more than just that genre of individuals. It could affectrape victims, victims in a terrorist or
natural disaster incident, nurses, doctors, and police and fire personnel and bystanders. PTSD can manifest itself in many forms. The primary signs and
symptoms of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder include but are not limited to re–experiencing symptoms (flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of those who do, 8% of men and 20% of women will develop Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (August 2013).A study was done on 810 nurses from a
University hospital by having them fill out a detailed questionnaire. Of the 810 nurses, 332 responded by completing their questionnaire. The results
showed that 22% had symptoms of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder and 61% met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD (Depressed Anxiety, 2009). This
study shows a high rate of PTSD among nurses but the percentages could be higher due to many not reporting or admitting they have symptoms.
Another study done in Australia showed that nurses in remote areas are more likely to experience violent crimes in the workplace which can lead to
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder. In this study 349 nurses working in remote areas of Australia responded. 88.5% were female in the age range of
20–68 years. In the 12 months preceding the survey, the workplace violence incidents that were the highest are verbal aggression (79.5%), property
damage (31.6%), and physical violence (28.6%) (trends in workplace violence in remote areas). This survey provides a statistically significant
correlation between workplace violence and PTSD symptoms. It is no surprise that Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is on the rise and is considered an
occupational hazard for nurses. The National Institute of Mental Health calculates that 7.7 million adults or 3.5 % of the adult population

The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
In recent years there has been much dispute over the effects of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, on the armed forces. Post–Traumatic Stress
Disorder is a medical condition that affects the physiology of the brain. It commonly affects those who have experienced or witnessed stressful events,
such as war. PTSD was generally referred to as "shell–shock" in the military, until an improved and more inclusive definition of the disease was
discovered. Wartime environments contain a multitude of factors which are all potential causes of PTSD such as duress accredited to resounding
explosions, pressure to survive, being far from home, and moral injury. Even though PTSD manifests itself so frequently in soldiers, there is little
care provided for treatment of PTSD. This is a dangerous issue considering the close link between PTSD, suicide, and depression. Readily available,
empathetic, and compassionate health care is a necessity for combatting this illness. Soldiers fight to protect the lives of American citizens, and
deserve to be protected by those for whom they fought. The military should provide more funding, and better, more available health care for their
soldiers because of the rise of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder in the armed services and the unfavorable effects it has on the armed services. To fully
understand Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder, one must begin at the diagnosis. Soldiers are trained how to shoot guns, disable improvised explosive
devices (IEDs), and

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes Symptoms and...
78, 921. Seventy eight thousand, nine hundred and twenty one. This is the number of soldiers wounded or killed in action, received an amputation, or
suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury during Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. What this number does not include are the
39,365 cases of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (more commonly known as PTSD). (Department 2009) Although we usually think of war injuries as
being physical, one of the most common war injuries is Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder, and the effects can be devastating to a redeploying soldier who
has come in contact with severely traumatic experiences. PTSD is an anxiety disorder in which patients who have experienced extremely frightening,
threatening,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If uncontrollable events are experienced with a sense of fear, hopelessness, or horror for extreme periods of time, a person cannot "snap back." Some
of the most common causes are actual or threatened death, either the death of others or the perceived inevibility of your own death. A feeling of
vulnerability towards ones physical integrity can cause extreme stress eventually developing into PTSD. Learning of the unexpected death of a family
member or friend can also have devastating effects to a person's mental health. The surprise of the death seems to have a much greater affect on a
person than does a death that seems imminent. A very confusing point in today's study of the disorder is why some experience PTSD while others, who
in the same situation, do not. Some theories for this phenomenon are a person's inherited predisposition to mental illnesses, a person's temperament, or
the regulation of chemicals and hormones by the brain in response to stress. (Post–traumatic 2009) One of the biggest problems with the disease is the
inability of sufferers to realize they have a problem, or their inability to receive help. One of the best ways to combat this problem is the
encouragement of friends and family to encourage help when signs are exhibited. Some common signs are detachment or avoidance of things once
enjoyed or people close to the person. If a person seems to be showing signs of an inability to maintain close relationships, PTSD could be a

Post-Traumatic Stress And Self-Efficacy In The Military

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