Emergency Management Research Paper Types Disasters Effects Differences

Emergency Management Research Paper
Various disasters throughout the Nation remain a great threat to our communities. In most cases,
many of these disasters catch first responders and emergency managers off guard, and create
disruption in the lives and livelihood of individuals, their families, and communities. In this paper, I
provide an example and description of the three categories of disasters: natural disaster, accidental
human–made disaster, and deliberate human–made disaster. Additionally, I discuss psychological
effects of disasters and the differences that distinguish each disaster from each other. Lastly, I
conclude with future recommendations for emergency management as it pertains to the three
disasters.
Types of Disasters
Disasters can cause short–term and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disasters provide an opportunity to explore their psychological effects on first responders,
witnesses, and survivors. Each disaster had some, but not necessarily all, of the following effects.
PTSD was the most frequently observed psychological symptom in each disaster discussed (Carol,
Oliver, & Pandya, 2012). Those who survived Hurricane Floyd had experienced stress, irregular
sleeping patterns, shock, and survivor's guilt (Carol et al., 2012). Many of the survivors and
responders of the Texas Explosions and Virginia Tech shootings experienced major depression,
alcohol and drug abuse, and anxiety disorders (Carol et al., 2012).
Differences between the Disasters. One distinct difference is natural disasters cannot be controlled
by humans. The causes of accidental man–made disasters are complacency and negligence. Lastly,
deliberate man–made disasters leads to criminal charges and causes the most havoc amongst the
other two types of
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Valdivia Earthquate Analysis
When a major disaster hits, commonly the priority is saving lives, allocate communities in a safer
zone, repair and rebuild the affected areas with the goal to restore the normal life. However, this
reconstruction should be taken as an opportunity to include the changes in the environment and the
social structures. These changes should facilitate a reconstruction of a community with a stronger
natural and social resilience. The integration of these factors can be appreciated in Valdivia, Chile
which is closely related with Riñihue Lake as a natural and social resilient system.
INTRODUCTION
In developing countries, it is often to find response programs which allocates all the resources in
rebuild homes, clear and clean any visual trace, in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the physical perspective, the earthquake caused several major landslides, river blocks,
flooding and also modified or created new landscapes. These physical changes challenged the
community to make a quick adaptation and some major remediation to avoid post–disaster damages.
As example, we will analyze the Riñihue Lake, located 60 miles to the east from Valdivia.
Before the earthquake, the Riñihue Lake used the San Pedro River to discharge the water which
flowed to the Pacific Ocean. However, the earthquake collapsed the river, implying a steady increase
in the water level of the lake. This effect threatened the population of the zone and the city of
Valdivia, transforming this sequential effect in an imminent disaster which enforced the community
to take a protagonist role.
The national government, private sector and international agencies worked together to rebuild the
San Pedro river. After 2 months of work the river was restored and with a significant increased flow
capacity, which arose from 400 m3/sec to 7,000 m3/sec. This common effort strengthens the
community and created a major physical change in the

The Emergency Management Profession
The emergency management profession has developed the concept of the disaster cycle as a basis
for disaster management. The disaster cycle has four distinct yet interrelated phases: Mitigation,
Preparedness, Response, and Recovery. The concept of the cycle implies an ongoing process in
which communities, businesses, and individuals plan for and reduce potential disaster losses.
Historically, emergency management programs have focused heavily on the preparedness and
response phases, leaving limited resources to address the recovery and mitigation phases. This
research paper will discuss the basic goals of post–disaster hazard mitigation and identify areas of
concentration when developing strategies and making recommendations towards reducing and
eliminating the impact of future disaster events through a post–disaster redevelopment plan.
Although not all communities encounter disasters, it's important to note that all communities are
vulnerable to disasters and should prepare accordingly. North Carolina had 43 major disaster
declarations between 1965 and 2012 (FEMA, 2014). Of those 43 disaster declarations, 16 followed
hurricanes and three were due to tropical storms. The remaining declarations were categorized as
severe storms, flooding, tornados, or a combination thereof. In addition, seven winter weather
events, one abnormally high tide event, and four wildfires also resulted in major disaster
declarations.
Coastal storms are by far the most common disaster in North

The Challenges of Donation Management Essay
As human beings, most of us have a natural instinct to take care of each other in a time of need.
When someone falls, you stop and help them up. So when a disaster happens, people want to help
and make everything alright. Those near and far to the disaster may show up and volunteer. Others
want to help by supplying material needs to the victims of the hazard. They began making donations
in the forms of food, water, clothing, medicines or other needed supplies called in–kind donations or
some donations are in the form of cash. The outpouring of giving can be overwhelming in a positive
and negative way. Along with the hazard and its effects, someone has to manage the vast amount of
donations by organizing and distributing to the needy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The donated supplies need storing until distribution and when there is a large supply of donations,
storage can become an issue. Buildings or warehouses may have to be rented to house the donations.
Sometimes there are too many donations or too many of one particular item. Many times there are
not enough donated items to meet needs. Other challenges include items not being suitable
donations for a particular disaster area, for example coats in warm climates or damaged, expired or
unlabeled medications. Distribution of the items also is a challenge. Sometimes getting the much
needed supplies out to the vulnerable victims is difficult. All of these challenges mean extra work
and can be very overwhelming for volunteers and emergency workers. (McEntire, 188–189) In an
article by Dave Roos, he lists ten items that should not be donated for various reasons. These items
are used clothing, blankets, teddy bears, shoes, medicines, pet supplies, boxes of mixed items,
canned food and bottled water, unsolicited help, and your money to an unknown organization. When
these items are donated, hardships can be presented. The material items have to be handled and
inspected by trained volunteers which can become overwhelming. Some donated items are things
not suitable for donating such as stained clothing or torn and dirty toys. These items have to be
thrown away which adds to the workload of

Distinguishing the Difference in News Coverage among...
Distinguishing the Difference in News Coverage among International and Domestic Images Not
Included Identifying a Variance in News Coverage It became evident throughout our investigation
that separating domestic news source sites from international news source sites would be beneficial
in addressing our question of the variance in coverage among these news sources when identifying
natural disasters throughout the world. With the objective of properly addressing this inquiry, we
decided upon a proposition in order to accurately identify whether a difference in news source
coverage truly exists. Therefore, we propose that world reports provide more specifications about
international involvement in natural disasters rather than reports ... Show more content on
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Although the lack of articles was difficult to project, having more stories per news source would
prove to be increasingly beneficial when making statements regarding the objectives of each site.
Nevertheless, it is important to wisely use the stories we have in order to accurately make
distinctions between sources; therefore, it is imperative to discuss the role of geography and pictures
presented in the articles. A Geographic Input Because the objective of this project is to identify
differences and similarities between world news sources and domestic news sources with the given
tags, discussing the role of geography will be useful in order to understand what the differences and
similarities mean. The attached chart (at the bottom of this section) attentively illustrates what
region(s) of the world each news source focuses on. One obvious pattern is the amount of articles
CNN and CNN World have. Therefore, why is this pattern apparent? This pattern can possibly be
due to the fact that there is a quicker turnover with articles on CNN, or because CNN has an
objective of covering an array of stories in many different regions. Nevertheless, the larger number
of CNN and CNN World articles is helpful for comparing the news sources to one another. As well,
the current issue of the flooding and destruction in Indonesia

Fema Research Paper
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) partners with Homeland Security to aid
Americans and people in other countries in case a major disaster occurs. They give out food and
water and help provide shelters to those who have lost their homes. But it has only been in recent
years after terrorist attacks on U.S. soil that Homeland Security has joined this group. This has
increased suspicions towards why a group that was created to fight terrorists would need to be
involved in aiding those who have been in an earthquake or flooding. Few Americans feel that they
have any hope of being able to truly count on their assistance because of this. But that isn't the only
reason. FEMA has been hiding several truths from Americans who falsely believe ... Show more
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High Amount of Losses
Unfortunately, FEMA already knows what most Americans don't. There will be a huge amount of
casualties because so few people are prepared for a state of emergency to happen. Because of this,
they are already prepared to bury thousands of people with a stash of coffins that they keep handy.
Although this sounds cruel, it should be used as motivation for people to not expect FEMA to be
their savior in case of a disaster. They have to be able to handle situations on their own instead.
As you can see, this organization is highly motivated to work against the American people, not for
them. That is why it is extremely important that people start preparing now for a possible crisis now.
Foods that have a long shelf life and don't need refrigeration are the most important to have on hand.
Freeze dried food can last for about 25 years, so it is the best to keep. But canned foods that can be
easily heated up are also important in case there isn't enough water to rehydrate it. These types of
foods are all easily found for sale at www.survivalcavefood.com. They come in airtight containers to
avoid pests from getting in them too. And the website has a neat calculator tool, so you can
determine how much food that you need to keep on hand per person to

A Comparison Of Hurricane Andrew And The Bangladesh Typhoon
Vulnerability of people in Hurricane Andrew and the Bangladesh Typhoon were different for these
two social systems despite the similarities of the two disasters. Hurricane Andrew took place in 1992
and was a category five hurricane which killed 23 people and left $26.5 billion in damages.
Bangladesh Typhoon took place in 1991 and was also the same storm intensity as Hurricane
Andrew, however, it killed 100,000 people and left millions displaced. "Humans are great
optimizers" (Walker & Salt, 2006, p. 28). Humans like stability and not variability, for it hooks into
something psychological that we like consistency and we want growth in a linear way, however, that
is not how it works. We do not see ourselves as part of the system, instead we want to understand
and control it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Social and ecological vulnerability to disasters and outcomes of any particular extreme event are
influenced by buildup or erosion of resilience both before and after disasters occur" (Adger et al.,
2005, p. 1036). In the Bangladesh Typhoon, major erosion occurred even after the storm had passed
causing agriculture to wash away. Additionally, many more people died in the Bangladesh Typhoon
compared to Hurricane Andrew and this could have been because people in coastal regions in the
United States are more used to having the resources and support when it comes to protecting
themselves from a natural disaster. Hurricane Andrew did result in larger damages compared to the
Bangladesh Typhoon and this may be because Florida, where the most damage occurred, is closer to
the coast compared to where the Bangladesh Typhoon did its most

How to Respond to Major Natural Disasters by Remote Sensing
How to respond to major natural disaster by using Remote Sensing
Introduction
The increasingly frequent disasters in the world are damaging people's property and security.
Moreover, the catastrophes bring massive negative effects on the development of society. In the
meanwhile, it is impossible to obtain the accurate data of disaster areas by traditional observations
or detection modes. Though natural disaster is a tough problem to human beings, remote sensing
(RS) could help people better deal with it. According to Mei (2008), remote sensing is a reliable
method of measurement which could acquire information about the property of a phenomenon or
object by an observation device which is not in physical contact with the phenomenon or object
under study. For example, bats are good users of RS. They can emit super sonic waves at 25000–
70000 Hz and receive the acoustic echo by which means they can locate their prey and navigate.
There are two main categories of RS data: aerial data and satellite data. High precision is the most
advantage of airborne images. Unlike aerial data, satellite data aim at collecting information from
wide range of areas.
There are numerous incomparable advantages of RS which could help respond to natural calamities,
such as wide field of view, non–contact and low cost. The advanced technology could fulfill ample
tasks because of its various kinds of probes. For instance, thermal infrared probes could collect
information to predict earthquake and

Doctors without Borders International
TYPE A PROJECT––MSF is a neutral and impartial humanitarian organization that aims first and
foremost to provide high–quality medical care to the people who need it the most. It does not
promote the agenda of any country, political party, or religious faith, and, as such, endeavors to
communicate its history, background, and capabilities to all parties in a given situation so that it may
gain the necessary access to populations in need..On any given day, more than 30,000 doctors,
nurses, logisticians, water–and–sanitation experts, administrators, and other qualified professionals
working with MSF can be found providing medical care around the world..In 2012, MSF medical
teams carried out more than 8.3 million outpatient consultations; delivered more than 185,000
babies; treated more than 1.6 million people for malaria; treated nearly 350,000 severely and
moderately malnourished children; provided some 284,000 people living with HIV/AIDS with
antiretroviral therapy; conducted more than 78,000 surgeries, and vaccinated 690,000 against
measles and 496,000 against meningitis
OPENING A PROJECT–When a crisis breaks, we act fast to gauge the needs, mobilizing MSF staff
already in the area or sending in an emergency team. In reality, these two groups often work closely
together and we can begin treating people even as we develop the full plan.
In Haiti, for example, our staff already working in the country treated the first victim of 2010's
earthquake within five minutes, even

How To Decrease Post-Traumatic Stress?
Environmental change could be highly threatening for kids in expanding countries. Natural disasters
affect every one of us, how an individual reacts and recoups from a disaster can decrease post–
traumatic stress. Natural disasters affect every one of us, how an individual reacts and recovers can
decrease the chance of post–traumatic stress. While fatal events can be disastrous to a group; the
effect it has on individuals can bring on constant weaknesses. The here and now and long haul
mental influence can uncover one's mortality and abilities to recuperate. Among my exploration I
will look at approaches to diminish the effects of a cataclysmic event by moderation and readiness.
Second, I will survey post–traumatic stress issue and how to perceive ... Show more content on
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in Kousky 75). They depend on guardians, who may be surprised or overwhelmed. Very young
children may not be able to present important information if they become separated from their
guardians. Some children require special care, special nutrition, and special supplies. Children's
physiology makes them weaker than adults to certain health impacts. They can also be at a point in
their development where health problems today can have long–term consequences. They may have a
difficult time processing emotional trauma. For all those reasons, a natural disaster may affect a
child quite differently from the way it affects an adult. Indeed, it may affect children quite
differently depending on their ages. (Hanna and Oliva)
Climate change may be the "biggest global health threat of the 21st century."1 As with many future
events that are hard to predict, people disagree about the ultimate nature and extent of climate
change. But many observers expect ... that rainfall patterns will change; that extreme weather events
will become more frequent; that sea levels will rise, with increased flooding in coastal areas; and so
forth. The other articles in this issue show that such changes may have serious repercussions for
children and families

Bp : The Spill Of The Gulf Of Mexico
On April 20, 2010, an explosion occurred aboard BP contracted Transocean Ltd Deepwater Horizon
oil rig stationed in the Gulf of Mexico. Eleven workers were killed instantly. Unfortunately, the BP
management did not wake up that morning (or countless mornings before) expecting the event to
occur for it took them almost 4 months to clean up the spill. The first month was spent forecasting
the rate of the spill and having President Barack Obama tour the site. Only on May 26, 2010 did BP
initiate the first form of clean up procedure known as "top kill". Needless to say, this attempt failed.
Thus, well over into the second month after the incident, oil remained leaking and BP had not yet
figured out how to contain it. Finally on July 10, 2010 BP removed a timeworn containment cap
from the well to install a new one. At last, on July 15, the oil stopped flowing freely. Noting that it
took BP over 4 months to replace a timeworn containment cap just to stop oil from contaminating
the Gulf of Mexico, it is readily questioned why such a well–established mega giant never
considered the chance of having a blast at an operating site. On the bright side, due to this incident
and similar others, numerous organizations have been formulating and establishing emergency or
disaster plans and policies to respond to a variety of disaster scenarios. Thus, suggesting that
contingency planning is imperative for an organization in the long run in order to avoid massive
instant loss since there

Social Vulnerability In Emergency Management
When a disaster hits an area it does not discriminate on where it hits or who is affected. When it
comes to effective emergency management it is important that managers take into account certain
preimpact conditions in order to properly prepare, mitigate, respond and recover from a disaster
regardless of the magnitude. One preimpact condition that is important to consider is the Social
Vulnerability. Social vulnerability is important because it assesses the resilience of communities and
how disasters or external stressors can impact them (Lindell et al, 2006, pg. 153). It is important for
emergency personnel to understand the social vulnerability of a community in order to alleviate the
amount of human suffering and economic loss that can occur post disaster. In order to determine an
areas social vulnerability the Emergency Management uses a system known as the Social
Vulnerability Index (SVI) for disaster management. The SVI take into account socioeconomic
status, household composition and disability, minority status and language as well as housing and ...
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SVI also aids Emergency Managers in the response and recovery because based on the known
variables, they are able to plan, train and prepare for the disaster and identify the communities that
are vulnerable and provide the proper assistance. SVI also effectively aids recovery measures as it
identifies the specific areas that will need continued support long after the

Effects Of Crisis On Children And Youth Essay
"Crisis can be defined as an unexpected occurrence that may have negative consequences, which
can lead to uncertainty, instability, and, in many cases, a need for immediate action or response."
(Stein, 2006). Not only can it be unexpected, but it can also be expected. Events such as a family
illness that leads to death could be expected but still create trauma. The main point of crisis is not
the traumatic event that is occurring, but the impact that it has on an individual(s). In order to
understand and respond to crisis, we must have a good understanding of what crisis is and its toll on
children and youth. When looking at crisis, we must examine three key factors in order to be
efficient in responding and taking appropriate action: They types of crisis encountered, the effects
that it has on children and youth, and what ways we can accurately respond to children and youth
who might be experiencing a crisis. It is imperative to respond promptly to crisis because it can have
a deep impact on a child or youth.
To examine how a crisis can impact children or youth, a deeper look at the levels of crisis must be
explored first. Crisis can range in type and severity from minor occurrences to extremely profound
events that can have an impact nationally and worldwide. Most schools will not encounter crisis on
a profound level, but will face crisis of some varying magnitude (Cowan, 2013). Crisis can be
categorized into two major types of disaster: human or man–made disasters and

Emergency Management Research Paper
Abstract This paper will discuss some of the forms of violence that occurs following disasters.
Natural and man–made disasters may result in significant devastation, causing a total collapse of the
affecting community, the law enforcement that oversees the community, availability of health care,
the displacement of people; all are contributing factors to potential violence. The resulting impact of
the affected community is significantly compounded on the most vulnerable. Emergency personnel
from their subsequent agencies are faced with the reality of potential violence against themselves
and the affected community. Mangers have to consider the social disruption caused by an event may
increase the possibility of violence, and that a reality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amount of anxiety and stress increases dramatically on a community following a natural or
man–made disaster. Although disasters aren't directly responsible for violence both in the short and
long–term after a disaster occurs, but they do contribute to the mental distress of those impacted by
the disaster. This mental distress is a direct result of the challenges that exist for the affected
population in meeting their daily essential needs. The lack of essential needs is compounded by the
lack of available health care as well as emergency services, resulting in a breeding ground for
potential violence. Planning for and taking new approaches towards mitigating violence after
disasters should focus primarily on ensuring assistance to the affected community is available, while
ensuring the fluidity of the responding agencies while managing their daily

The Role Of Media And Its Impact On Emergency Management
Media's Role in Disasters
The following is a research paper on the role of the media in disasters. This paper will highlight the
various types of media and their impact on emergency management today. It will compare and
contrast the negative and positive roles the media plays in a disaster. It will then examine the
positive and negative roles the media plays in disasters and how this is relevant to emergency
management. The concluding section of the paper will highlight the various types of media and their
impact on emergency management today.
Positive Roles the Media Plays in A Disaster Communication is a core component of disaster
planning, response, and recovery (Houston, et al., 2015). An effective disaster communication
process may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During a disaster, the media helps in alerting and communicating evacuation procedures for
individuals in the disaster zone. They also help in updating the public as the relief and evacuation
process progresses. Information regarding available disaster relief facilities and the needs of the
victims can be conveyed through the media (Ghassabi & Firoozeh, 2015). After the disaster,
encouraging humanitarian aids from people, organizations and Non–governmental organizations can
be performed by the media. They could also follow up the rebuilding process, supervise the budget
spending in the disaster area and help to identify the weaknesses of the disaster management process
in an effort to prevent or better handle future disasters (Ghassabi & Firoozeh, 2015).
In most cases, the news media provides an important disaster management public service, using
platforms like broadcasting alerts, warnings, and advisories. The media can also provide information
to decision makers in the event of an emergency (FEMA, 1999). Government agencies may also rely
on the media to supply information and direction to the affected public, yet withholding
counterproductive information, and to stimulate volunteerism and donations from the public
(FEMA, 1999). Crowdsourcing social media applications, offer a powerful capability for the
collection of information form disaster scenes and visualizing the data needed for relief decision
making. Hence, in

Emergency Mangers
The constant threat of focusing events, places a high level of pressure on emergency managers to
respond appropriately to various levels of complex disasters. Past focusing events, highlight the
importance of communication and coordination before and after disasters. Consequently, citizens
expect emergency responders and government agencies to be accountable for rapidly responding to
disasters in an organized manner. Prior to a focusing event, it is beneficial for emergency mangers to
determine disaster risk prioritization. I present methods that emergency mangers can use to
determine these priorities. Lastly, I discuss the integration of geographic information systems (GIS)
to identify hazard zone areas.
One method to determine disaster risk prioritization is to conduct risk and vulnerability assessments
(Kapucu & Özerdem, 2013). Secondly, surveys can be given to citizens to determine how
knowledgeable they are about what to do if a disaster was to occur. This could be crucial in disaster
risk prioritization because if there is a noticeable disconnect in what to do should a disaster ... Show
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GIS is a strategic tool emergency mangers rely on to find hidden patterns, relationships, and trends
in certain hazardous and high risk areas in the community (Nirupama & Armnakis, 2013).
Furthermore, GIS provides various consequences for disasters that can occur in these locations. This
helps emergency managers create assessments on which critical services such as fire, emergency
medical services, and police are unable to respond to certain hazard zones due to the effects.
Additionally, since the GIS uses helicopters, planes, and satellites to capture pictures emergency
mangers and first responders are able to see what conditions look like on the ground to help
determine their avenues of approach and courses of actions (Kamien,

Power Outage In Chicago
Living in Chicago, which is known as Windy City, a natural disaster that would impact our
community would be a power outage. Last year our community experienced several power outages
due to strong winds. According to Nies & McEwen (2015), nurses aside of their personal duty of
developing a disaster plan for home and family, they have a duty towards their community where
they can assist by developing plans for disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery for
the facilities where they work or communities where they live. Collaborating with other health and
social representatives, they can assist in all aspects of emergencies and disasters that can occur.
Nurses can assist the community in power outage by providing teaching materials

The National Response Framework (NRF)
Introduction Disasters are incidents that most hope to avoid but in reality they happen often.
Preparation for these events is necessary if the damage and loss of life is to be mitigated. Several
events have occurred in the last decade that has increased awareness of the necessity of emergency
management. Events such Hurricane Katrina and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Both of these events had
massive death tolls and millions of dollars worth of property damage. They both resulted in a public
outcry for more effective intervention and assistance with disaster incidents. The National Response
Framework (NRF) was created after both of these events and in response to criticism of the prior
National Response Plan. The change of title from National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This means that a certain response is not required like a plan would necessitate. The size of the
disaster would dictate the size of the response. Not all disaster incidents require a federal or even
state response. The framework allows for part to be requested as needed. The local government can
request the help of the state and then the state can request the help of the federal government.
Though for some agencies to be involved on a local level the state or full federal invention is not
required. This way only the minimum level of assistance and resources necessitated are dispatched.
This also permits that resources and personnel are not wasted on one disaster that could be used
elsewhere. The scalability of response is key in creating efficiency and effectiveness within
emergency management. The final strength of the NRF is that is expressly informs state and local
governments of the available resources for receiving federal assistance. The emergency support
functions (ESF) chart shows the state and local governments exactly which bureaucratic
organization handles certain issues that may arise within a disaster incident. The chart also goes to
show exactly what each agency can do to assist the state and local governments. There are fifteen
ESFs below is a portion of the chart as an example. The NRF also informs the state and

Post Disaster Planning and Development for NGOs and...
Humanitarian and non–governmental (NGOs) organizations play a very important role in post
disaster planning and development because government cannot address everything, everywhere. In
fact, in many parts of the world the sitting government may not even be capable of addressing the
basic day–to–day needs of its population, pre–disaster. Traditionally, NGOs and humanitarian
organizational tackle issues such as human rights, advocacy, humanitarian aid, hunger, extreme
poverty, education, housing and vocational training. Now these organizations are responding to
disasters and working in the areas of reconstruction, risk reduction, mitigation and disaster
preparedness.
NGOs and humanitarian organizational structures are flexible. Organizational size, staff and
volunteer workforce can quickly expand or contract to accommodate the mission at hand. This
enables service delivery at a much lower cost than most governments, private sector and multi–
lateral agencies can provide. NGOs and humanitarian organizations work at the grassroots level so
while government may have the primary role of planning and managing all aspects of the disaster
NGOs and humanitarian organizational can supplement these initiatives by helping people
understand their rights and focusing on specific issues that assist vulnerable populations. This
bottom up community based approached can accelerate the whole community's recovery post
disaster.
In instances where the government cannot support disaster

The Government 's Support During Domestic Disasters
The political leadership The role of the FEMA is to coordinate federal government's support during
domestic disasters. There are some politicians such as former presidential candidate Mitt Romney
who believe states and the private sector should actually have the sole responsibility of managing
emergencies in response to to natural disasters in their jurisdiction (Duffy, 2012). But one has to
question; do states have the resources to manage their own natural disasters? Hurricane Katrina
shows us individual states do not have the resources necessary to recover from large disasters. It was
not until after the federal government responded with food, water, and man power that the states and
their citizens were able to get the relief they so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political connections or knowledge of elected officials in state and local government have a direct
impact on the amount of resources received or if it is even received. Garrett and Sobel give an
example where a governor submits a request to the president for disaster assistance. They add that
the president decides if a state is considered a disaster area, and that decision has a direct impact on
if the disaster relief funds are dispersed (2003). Over all, politicians want to ensure their political
capital increases. Therefore, their motivation is not only to deliver effective and superior services
during times of crisis but also capitalize on the occasion/crisis.
The business community/ Supporters and benefactors of the service
The community has a great deal of influence on the area's values, including the appropriate methods
of delivering care to survivors and living victims (Alexander 1993). Moreover, the business
community's ability to restart operation can change the perspective of the public as they can either
see the entire locality being handicapped by the incident or their ability to recover and function
effectively as a whole. Thus, when the general public experiences panic, the experience can further
be applied to economic behavior connected with the operations of businesses (Alexander 1993).
During natural disasters, there are benefactors and various

Hospital Based Shootings
"A disaster is an event that is a natural or man–made occurrence that can disrupt or destroy the lives
of those it affects" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014). "Management of a disaster includes four phases;
prevention, preparedness, response and recovery" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014). To date there have
been 154 hospital–based shootings, which resulted in 235 dead or injured. (C.Catlett, 2012). The
purpose of this paper is to identify emergency preparedness and response to hospital based
shootings, and the role of the public health nurse in such a disaster.
The Role of the Nurse
According to The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), "An active shooter is defined as an
individual who is actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people ... Show more content on
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A study by Johns Hopkins observed that healthcare workers are predominantly vulnerable during
active shootings. According to the John Hopkins study "The rate of assaults on them is 8 in 10,000,
compared with 2 in 10,000 for the private sector". (hopkinsmedicine.org, 2014) Drills and training
courses have risen across the United States in the aftermath of active shootings. Professional nurses
can collaborate with law enforcement to conduct hospital drills that include industry guidelines,
safety rules, staffing suggestions, checklists and scenarios for planning a similar event. In Los
Angeles a workshop that role plays with plastic weapons, demonstrates to facility workers that they
can defend themselves during such emergencies. (calhospitalprepare.org,

Mass Casualty Incident Essay
Mass casualty incident by definition is "any incident, which because of its physical size, the number
and criticality of victims, or its complexity, is likely to overwhelm those local resources which
would typically be available (Mass, 2017)." Many actions are taken initially upon the choice to
make a pronouncement to classify a situation mass casualty incident. These consist of initial actions,
which can include assessment of the scene, request for additional resources such as chemical
isolation as an example, scene set up, such as triage area and transport. All of these beginning stages
will likely be performed by a medical officer who will assign roles for personnel to fulfill. As a
nurse things to do to prepare to be part of that team are to understand the triage classifications. This
important and can be difficult to achieve especially in a situation where people who may be badly
injured yet classified as "green" are calling for help. Doing triage exercises and becoming familiar
with the type of injuries that come from a mass casualty incident, and having the ability to stabilize
a patient that may need intervention to stay alive are ways to prepare in case of a mass casualty
event. For a nurse that is not assign triage, getting used to keeping annotated abbreviated written
records of events ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Is it a fire, a chemical spill, a tornado, a multiple car accident scene? This will define who the
hospital needs to contact and establish communications with. "Hospitals rarely have the capacity to
handle a surge of patients, especially those with critical need (Hospital, 2017)." Making space
available in rooms with negative air flow and ICU care are some challenges. This would prompt a
need for communication and transport to hospitals in the region that could help with stabile patients
needing continuing care from a hospital without the needed resources

What Are A Strategic Manager?
The first question to seek to answer is, 'What is a Strategic Manager?' 'What are their roles &
responsibilities and what attributes do they require?'
A Strategic Manager within the Public Services or external environment domain must view each
action as it relates to the organisation 's larger strategic mission. They would ensure safety
objectives/procedures are in place so they also help to avoid/minimise potential risks. A Strategic
Manager always has excellent analytical and problem–solving skills.
But within Public Services, a Strategic Manager could find them selves fulfilling a dual role, i.e. that
of a Upper Manager, who has responsibility for how their operations and how their employees will
work to meet the functional objectives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That said, whether a strategic, a functional, or a combination of both, this category of manager
would need to produce strategy policies, which outline how functional departments will reduce the
organisations risk. The main objective would be to reduce the risk of any emergency plan failing, by
ensuring they have worked with every organisation to ensure every possible outcome has been
covered.
A Service Delivery strategic policy document would present a co–ordinated approach and
integration between all Public Services disciplines, other directorates and associated input partners
and organisations. It would contain a full description of the assumptions and philosophies that led to
the creation of a strategy document, including the explicit assumptions regarding future
management structures. These differing Public Services Organisations are after all only there to get
things done. They do not rest and are continually changing and adapting to meet the shifting
demands of their environments. That said, Strategic Manager must be able to embrace change to suit
the latest strategic qualities called for. In essence, these planned strategic activity changes are
designed to improve the organisations effectiveness.
It is through a dynamical and continuous process, that individual organisational disciplines within
the Public Services system actively gather information from

Altruism : A Concept Of Altruism
Concept: Altruism Altruism derives from the French word autrui, meaning "other people". The
simple definition: feelings and behavior that show a desire to help other people. The full definition:
unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others. (Merriam Webster Dictionary). People are
willing to help others in times of need when a disaster happens regardless to their circumstances.
This shows the heart of individuals toward others survival and recovery.
Purpose of Concept Analysis The purpose of this concept, is to improve a concept analysis of
altruism to observe the characteristics and attributes of the concept according to the eight steps of
Walker & Avant's method. In this analysis of the concept of altruism, I will identify critical attributes
of the Walker & Avant's method.
Uses of the Concept
The term altruism was coined, in French (altruisme), by Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in the first
volume of his Système de politique positive (1851–1854; System of positive polity). The first uses
in English followed in the 1850s and 1860s in works by British thinkers sympathetic to Comte,
including George Eliot, G. H. Lewes, and John Stuart Mill (see Dixon, 2005). In the Comtean
system, "altruism" stood for the totality of other–regarding sentiments. (Thomas, 2005)
The concept of Altruism is the thread that ultimately holds many lives, families and communities
together. In this concept analysis of altruism, it will demonstration how people's values lie in
assisting in

The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster
Disasters come in many shapes and sizes. While many are unavoidable, such as natural disasters,
disasters with a largely human element can be prevented. While disasters often seem unpredictable,
the clues are often there in front of us so long as we have the ability to recognize them and the
ability to do something about them. This analysis explores the advantage an ergonomic approach
provides in uncovering these clues and how that approach can provide creative solutions that benefit
both the individual component and overall system function symbiotically.
To illustrate these points this exploration utilizes the context of the Hillsborough stadium disaster.
This disaster involved the crushing deaths of 96 individuals at a football game at Hillsborough
stadium in 1989 (Taylor, 1989). There are many easily identifiable factors that contributed to this
disaster ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these characteristics fall under the guise of an emergent property of a system. An emergent
property is defined as "... conjoint actions [that] cannot be characterised by the sum of any
individual causes" (Johnson, 2006). An alternative way to understand emergent properties is that
they are properties that would not exist in singularity, but only exist when in the right context,
interacting with one or multiple elements of the system.
An emergent property to the Hillsborough system is a basic as a crowd. A crowd does not exist on
its own, but rather comes to exist when it is comprised of many types of stakeholders (spectators,
stewards, police, and more) in the context of a specific space (the stadium). An ergonomist is clearly
not required to identify a crowd as being a component of the system, but an ergonomic approach can
reveal the properties of that crowd and how it impacts the

Emergency Management
In order to understand the historical context of the emerging discipline of emergency management
and how it is a continuing evolving process we need to look at our past. Throughout the history of
mankind there have been disasters, with them being either man–made or by Mother Nature. In each
of these instances we have taken what we have learned and tried to apply it, to make sure that a
disaster on that scale doesn't happen again. One of the early examples that explains why there is an
emerging discipline of emergency management happened in 1803. In this year a congressional act
was passed to help a small town in New Hampshire that was devastated by a fire, and was an early
example of the federal government becoming involved in a local disaster ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After the attacks, a five color homeland security advisory system was put in place to warn citizens
of another possible attack that could occur, which helped reduce the nation's vulnerability to
terrorism and minimizing the damage from potential terrorist attacks (Haddow et al., 2014). This
type of response showed how the government would handle a new type of threat from a new enemy.
While there had been terrorist attacks beforehand, they were never to this scale, and the attacks
prompted a new type of response by the government on how they would handle this new emerging
emergency, i.e. the creation the five color system mentioned earlier, warning of the potential threat
of another attack. One could make the argument that the response made by the government after the
events of 9/11, were very similar to the governments response to the threat of nuclear fallout with
the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In both cases there was a new threat and the government had
to come up new ways of thinking in order to not only deal with an emergency but how to warn and
prepare its citizens should the worst occur in the future. We saw that after the attacks there were
major changed made and major precautions put in place across the country in order to protect
people. Some of these include tighter security checkpoints at major airport, sports stadiums and
theme parks, and a weekly if not daily update on what color threat level we were currently at given
by the news. While some people may not have liked the changes made, they showed how the
practice continuing practice of emergency management had made our lives safer and that the
government is on the lookout for our safety and to try to prevent something like it from happening
again in the

Rhetorical Analysis on Energy Disaster
Dana Trimmer
Rhetorical Analysis In Michael T. Klare's "The Coming Era of Energy Disasters," he seems to focus
on the major risks off shore drilling the causes and the effect on the environment. The overall
argument conveys that unless the oil industry and the consumer take an alternative route to
dangerous oil drilling "more such calamities are destined to occur" (Klare 1). Klare is very vocal in
criticizing of the BP executives concerning the Deepwater Horizon disaster. He proceeds to state the
fact the chief executives of BP chose to call the accident and oversight "a fallacious, if not outright
lie" (Klare 1). Klare's article offers four scenarios that point to the escalating chances of major
disasters if oil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While this is very plausible it has not happened to the Hibernia at the present time. Klare's
persuasive appeal tends to lean more on the readers emotions. His scenarios tend to try to spark
anger by the reader. Klare uses scenario number two to raise the awareness that Nigerians are
already impoverished and are being used by the government unfairly. Klare in one hand has his
audience feeling poorly for the Nigerian workers and in the other suggests, do to "the pipeline
vandalism, kidnappings and militant takeovers of oil facilities" (Klare 3) that America has reason to
aid the military. Klare has his audience upset and emotionally unsure that simulates his imaginary
scenario. Klare escalates the insurgence of the
Niger Delta region, placing the Nigerian oil output down to a third of its capacity" (Klare 3).
Klare angers his readers by having them believe they will be "paying $5 per gallon of gasoline in the
United States and convincing them the economy is headed for another deep recession" (Klare
3). This is Klare's strategy for all of his scenarios. It is interesting that throughout the article
Klare is very anti–oil drilling and uses very harsh examples and words, but finishes his article on a
softer note with a disclaimer. Klare reminds his intended

National Incident Management System Analysis
Major emergencies, acts of terrorism and disasters have become more frequent in recent decades.
These disasters affect more and more people, taxing local state and federal resources. Mass casualty
incidents are commonly classified as disasters due to a large number of individuals affected by the
event. Many lives are saved if the affected communities are prepared organized and have developed
emergency response plans in place before the disaster. Also, survivors of mass casualty incidents
often suffer from ill health and disabilities placing, even more strain on emergency responders. In
these disaster situations, the local emergency responders are the first to arrive on the scene and
began rescue efforts. As the incident escalates, more resources from local, private, state and federal
levels respond to the scene. Due to a large number of people affected by the incident, ... Show more
The challenges associated with MCI's can be mitigated with thorough and practiced emergency
operation plans. These plans should utilize the National Incident Management System (NIMS) as
the foundation for the development of the plan. Using the NIMS will allow responders to tailor the
plan according to how many patients, casualties, and a large number of walking wounded that will
need treatment. When sufficient warning is provided the number of patients will be minimized, but
plans must accommodate a large number of evacuees. These evacuees will need timely and pertinent
information to evacuate safely and efficiently. Developing emergency operation plans well in
advance of any disaster or mass casualty incident will ensure sufficient and appropriate resources
will be

Creating a Social Program Essay
Creating a
Creating a Social Program
Axia College
HSM 240
It takes the collaboration of many different agencies and organizations to ensure that all U.S.
citizens enjoy healthy and fruitful lives. Through these planned, ongoing collaborative efforts,
available resources can be maximized to provide the greatest benefit and support for all of our
communities. Disaster programs are particularly important in bringing stability back to families and
allowing the affected communities to continue to thrive after the chaos of the initial trauma. The
phrase 'it takes a community to raise a child' has been used to indicate that we all have to work
together to raise productive, healthy children. The same proves true for our country ... Show more
The responders put themselves at risk by coming to the aid of others. Their commitment to the
situation is part of their reward. Our mission in this new organization is to provide services to assist
families who suffer the effects of natural disasters. These services will include medical services,
temporary shelter, water, food and counseling to all families in need. We will work with other
responding agencies to provide clean up and expect to remain on site until such time as the area
becomes self– sustaining. We will bring in food kitchens and provide prepared meals both at these
stations and in a meals–on–wheels service. We will also provide potable water and emergency
contact services. Management of donations both at the collections and distribution levels will have
to be a part of the organizations services. This management includes supplies for medical care and
clean up and will involve securing a warehouse site in conjunction with other providers. Blood
drives will have to be arranged. Financial assistance for those left destitute will also be required.
Shelter, baby supplies and free day care are essential components of service provision so that
parents can return to gainful employment as soon as possible. With regards to organization
budgeting, staff will be comprised of both paid staff and volunteers. Both groups will require
adequate and appropriate training. Funding for

Analysis Of The Article ' Adaptation ' How Can Cities Be...
An analysis of Eric Klinenberg article "Adaptation: How can cities be climate–proofed" Global
warming and climate change exist and the two have called for a world attention to reduce their
impacts. The Great 8 nations, including U.S., have convened various global summits where heads of
states come to debate how to counter the increased climate change. Various recommendations have
been proposed to counter the effects of climate change and device ways in which the change can be
accommodated. This paper will discuss the rhetorical questions asked by the author in the journal
article. In addition, the paper will attempt to answer some of the questions posed by Eric
Klinenberg, the author of Adaption. The journal article is titled Adaptation: How can cities be
"climate proofed". The author poses a rhetoric question to his audience which entails the American
population as well as the global population. The title puts to task the reader's mind on what to expect
in the article. He takes us back to July 1995 when the effects of climate change was felt in an
American state of Chicago. The state was hit by a scorching heat wave which resulted in the death
of seven hundred and thirty nine people. The residents who were affected comprised mostly the
African–American population. The African–American community were the highest occupiers of
Englewood and Auburn Gresham areas on the South of Chicago. This community was highly
characterized by high poverty levels and high crime rates due to

Is National Preparedness Month A Disaster?
Did you know that September is National Preparedness month? This recognition serves as a
reminder that we must always plan to be ready for a disaster (CDC.gov, 2015). Disasters are sudden
events, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage or loss of life. Merriam–
Webster defines it in this manner; something (such as a flood, tornado, fire, plane crash that happens
suddenly and causes much suffering or loss to many people; something that has a very bad effect or
result. In addition, a complete or terrible failure.
When a disaster occurs, communities turn to hospitals not only for care of their loved ones, but also
for food, shelter, and to coordinate relief efforts and recovery (Aha.org, 2012). Hospital
administrators have the enormous responsibility of ensuring that key tasks are taken care of
beforehand. For instance, threat analysis, disaster plan, a well–defined leadership structure, strong
emergency communication system, and resource management. Therefore, the only way to deal with
a disaster is through preparedness, response, awareness, and recovery.
Preparedness
Preparedness deals with the state of being prepared (Merriam–Webster Dictionary, n.d.). Being
prepared or preparedness, means to plan for events such as these through analyzation and
assessment. Knowing what to plan for takes the guess work out of the development of such a plan.
Administrators must never underestimate the importance of being prepared.
America 's hospitals serve by

Essay about Emergency Management During a Tornado
Introduction
A tornado is a naturally occurring phenomenon. The capability a tornado has for destruction can
create a major disaster event requiring a response from local, state and federal agencies. This paper
will examine the May 22, 2011 tornado that struck Joplin, Missouri. It will identify and compare the
response from local, state and federal perspective. This paper will also identify specific emergency
management functions that appear executed well and those that may not have been.
The Disaster
May 22, 2011 a supercell thunderstorm spawned the tornado that "roared through Joplin at 5:45 PM
Central Daylight Time (CDT)" (Masters, 2011). This mile wide, two hundred mile per hour winds
EF–5 tornado killed one hundred and fifty eight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also includes individuals, families and communities, who continue to be the nation's most
important assets as first responders during a disaster" (FEMA, 2012). These principles allow for a
response the takes advantage of available resources responding to an event do so in an efficient
manner.
In preparation for a disaster, the community in Joplin embraced the Whole Community approach. In
doing so, the community responded in large numbers. While a positive, there were some negative
aspects to this level of response as well. On the positive side, the response of first responders
quickly met the needs of survivors. Medical personnel and emergency medical services quickly
established a field center for triage and treatment for those needing medical assistance after the
tornado. Because FEMA's Whole Community approach asks a community to look beyond what is
considered traditional disaster management models, "the City of Joplin used social media to
communicate emergency information to the public and conduct outreach to support long–term
recovery" (FEMA, 2011). Because of the full commitment to the Whole Community approach,
responding to this disaster in a positive manner was possible. That is not to say there were no
negative aspects. In most cases, the Whole Community approach worked for Joplin. The exceptions
to this statement do exist. The largest negative from the response came from those coming to the aid
of those needing assistance in Joplin. "The

Crisis Response Time for American Red Cross Essay
(1)
Since the writing of this case, the American Red Cross (ARC) is on record as having conceptually
addressed its infrastructure and operational hurdles. However, very few strides have been made to
reverse stakeholder perception crisis response time, relief dispatch strategies, and the ethical
dilemmas plaguing the organization. Governmental mandates that streamlined the board and that
established accounting /reporting parameters have done little to modify the organizations operational
culture.
Since 2002, the organization has had seven CEO's. This high turnover has prompted concern from
stakeholders and government officials. Records indicate the organization now has approximately
35,000 employees and its volunteer pools still ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These re–occurring incidents have shaken the confidence of stakeholders and have begun to have an
adverse impact on donor perceptions of the integrity and validity of the efforts promoted by ARC
(Welch, 2012).
In March 2012, local leaders and the United Way demanded answers from Red Cross Panhandle
Chapter regarding the distribution of $282K that was raised from wildfire relief donations. These
funds were raised in 2010 and by the time the inquiries began many of the 2010 ARC staff in this
chapter had been replaced under the government restructure. As such, new staff found itself in a
quandary as it sought to address the questions and accusations being hurled (Welch, 2012). The
tangible numbers that were eventually conveyed indicated that of the $282k raised, $119k was
actually given to victims and $60K was used to restock inventories. This account still left $103K
unaccounted for. The next speculation that surfaced was revolved around why the funds were not
distributed for the purpose for which it was collected? A spokesperson for the local ARC chapter
communicated that, personally, he [did] not like this [situation] and he acknowledged the top two
previous chapter officials made errors. It was noted that these same two officials left the company in
May of 2011 for what ARC labeled as "personal reasons". In response to the local chapter's inability
to provide acceptable disclosures regarding how funds were

Class Inequality Impacted Individuals On The Lower End Of...
Many individuals in the country are struggling to make ends meet on a good day, so what happens
when disaster strikes? They are unprepared, have a harder time recovering, and their risk and
devastation are increased in the disaster. Class inequality impacts individuals on the lower end of the
scale. They have less access to resources to prepare themselves before the disaster strikes, and after
disaster strikes they have even less resources to recover with. Lower class individuals are also at a
higher risk of devastation during a disaster because they cannot always escape before the disaster
hits or have the potential to live in areas that are less likely to be affected. Individuals with less
resources are often times unprepared for disasters because all of their time, money, and energy is
spent on what is currently happening. For many, they cannot afford to pay all of their bills on time
and cannot put money back for emergencies that may or may not happen. A lot of individuals with
lower incomes or no incomes are already living in places that are unsafe, and many do not own their
own homes and do not have renter 's insurance because in their opinion that is an extra unnecessary
bill. Some individuals are not healthy enough to prepare for disasters because they cannot afford
health care and can barely work enough to stay in poverty and out of homelessness. In the case of
homeless individuals, they have no resources whatsoever. If they live in shelters or on the streets

Cert Disaster Response Paper
"CERT educates individuals about disaster preparedness for hazards that may impact their area and
trains them in basic disaster response skills, such as fire safety, light search and rescue, team
organization, and disaster medical operations." (2016). There are ten regions for all the states.
Tennessee being in region four, along with Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North and South
Carolina. The goal and priorities for CERT is to be able to assist the general public, and the first
responders with any type of disaster or hazard. Whether it be domestic, or terror. "FEMA's mission
is to support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build,
sustain and improve our capability to prepare for, protect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By these members going through training, that gives me some type of relief. Something that was
spoken daily in our police academy that I find to be fitting for this is, when you least expect it,
expect it. Natural disasters are something know really expects to happen until happens. By having
these contingency plans in place, and being able to have a group of people ready to go at a phone
call should make their communities feel better. Something that I did not think about was the size of
the communities. Bigger cities will have more first responders, but also more area cover. What about
smaller communities? The amount of first responders will be lower, and with that comes training for
some unlikely candidates. Teenagers. High Schools now are beginning to show high schoolers what
to do during certain situations, while waiting for first responders. Once again, I find this to be a
great thing. The great thing about involving the youth is that it teaches something that can use for
the rest of their lives and continue to improve on using. For those that decide to go to the military,
become a first responder, or even a cadet in a police department, will give them a little bit of an idea
what is expected to happen in that line of work. Being prepared always is the plus side. Which is
was CERT is for. Always ready to go, and they do so swiftly and smoothly. The response out here
for the train derailment was quick, not to mention they worked along side the first responders, police
officers, and the military. So they are always continuing to improve and gain more and more
experience. I know that for a fact that the military has a lot to offer when it comes to training for
disasters, and hazardous

Bexar County Emergency Management
In today's world, emergencies of all types occur frequently. They include floods, hurricanes,
earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, infectious diseases, wildfires, anthrax threats, riots and civil
disturbance, and terrorism, to name a few. There must be plans already in place to deal with the
potential hazards and detriments of these emergencies. Preparedness in the field of emergency
management is defined as "a state of readiness to respond to a disaster, crisis, or any other type of
emergency situation" (FEMA, 2016). There are five phases of emergency management: prevention,
preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation (Bexar County Emergency Management, n.d.).
Prevention is the first phase of emergency management. While not all disasters can be prevented,
preventive measures are designed to provide more permanent protection from disasters. Well–
organization evacuation plans, environmental planning, and design standards can all help lessen the
loss of life and injuries (Bexar County, n.d.). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is vital for officials from all levels of emergency management to collaborate and communicate
effectively as they strive to deliver timely response services and effective disaster relief efforts.
Otherwise, delays can occur from any number of agencies when responding to disasters. In addition,
it is vital to maintain updated contact information for each organization that will be part of the
emergency management planning and hold regular meetings with the representatives of each
organization (Margaris,

The Danger Of Atomic Weapons
Amid the Cold War, the danger of atomic weapons put the destiny of millions in the hands of a
couple of individuals. Be that as it may, reacting to today 's difficulties, the dangers of terrorism and
normal debacles requires the wide engagement of common society. The terrorists ' picked
battlegrounds are liable to be possessed by regular folks, not warriors. What 's more, more than the
loss of honest lives is in question: an atmosphere of apprehension and a feeling of feebleness despite
misfortune are undermining confidence in American goals and powering political demagoguery (van
Rensburg, Pearson & Meyer, 2015). Maintaining the United States ' worldwide administration and
financial aggressiveness eventually relies on upon reinforcing the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Amid the epic battles of the American Revolution, the American Civil War, and the two world wars;
intermittent monetary downturns and the Great Depression; and the occasional scourges of seismic
tremors, pestilences, surges, and storms, Americans have drawn quality from affliction. Every era
gave to the following a feeling of certainty and good faith about what 's to come. However, this
supply of independence is being drained. The United States is turning into a weak country. An
undeniably urbanized and suburbanized populace has grasped without a moment to spare ways of
life fastened to ATM machines and 24–hour stores that give moment access to money, nourishment,
and gas (van Rensburg, Pearson & Meyer, 2015). At the point when the force goes out and these
present day comforts fall flat, Americans are debilitated. In the interim, two years of citizen
resistance have stripped away the methods important for government laborers to give help amid
crises. Most city and state general wellbeing and crisis administration offices are not subsidized
satisfactorily enough for them to do even their normal work. An influenza pandemic or other real
fiasco would totally overpower them. A report on debacle readiness discharged in June 2006 by the
U.S. Branch of Homeland Security found that just 25 percent of state crisis operations arrangements

Contingency Planning Essay
News stations cover various disasters every single day. Sitting behind the screen, people effortlessly
deceive themselves into thinking that they will not face similar situations. However the reality is that
not only are everyone potential victims of such scenarios, but they are also liable to the aftermath of
the incident and its ripple effects. Acknowledging the possibility of experiencing a disaster is the
first step towards effective recovery and responsiveness. The next step is to formulate a response
system to various disaster scenarios and test it out. During the formulation of a plan, the disaster
scenarios and objectives need to be agreed upon while concurrently managerial and technical
actions are thoroughly defined (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,
2007, p. 68). Evidently, there are costs associated with developing a contingency plan which in the
short–term may appear unnecessary; nevertheless as a response to the increasing number of
disasters, contingency planning is essential to scheme to allow an organization to swiftly return to its
operations while avoiding superfluous costs and minimizing casualties as a result of the increase in
the overall effectiveness of response to an emergency or critical situation.
The need for contingency planning primarily roots from the trend of exponential increase in the
number of disasters. The World Disaster Report (2004) concluded that:
Over the past decade, the number of natural and

Emergency Management Research Paper Types Disasters Effects Differences

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