Civil War Medical Advancements

Civil War Causes
During the nineteenth century, the United States made many technological advancements, but
modern medical practices and treatment methods are indebted to the Civil War. This war is known
for its non–hygienic and stagnant ways because of the challenges and severity posed by the wounds,
infections, and diseases that both the Union and Confederate States experienced. While hundreds of
thousands of soldiers died during the Civil War, most resulted from diseases that were untreatable
and oblivious to medical personnel. Soldiers in the war not only had to fight in combat but also
battle disease, which pushed America to reevaluate their practices and theories to care for those in
the field.
The American Civil War is taught to students throughout the United States; this important and
dreadful war is one that is often misunderstood or forgotten. There were a number of events that
contributed to the uprising of the Civil War, some of which included the following: the future of
slavery, the Dred Scott Decision, Missouri Compromise, Abraham Lincoln's presidential election,
and Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel. Many of these causes occurred just before the war and slavery
was the preeminent reason that created the uproar. The South sought to remain a predominantly rural
and agrarian economy, on the other hand, the North was becoming industrialized and factory
production was rising. Lasting nearly four years, the Civil War began in part to the election of
Republican nominee Abraham Lincoln,
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Hand Hygiene In Acute Care
As early as 1825, recommendations for hand hygiene with solutions of lime chlorides and soda were
published (Boyce & Pittet, 2002). The first real evidence of the benefit of hand hygiene was noted in
1846 when Ignaz Semmelweis recommended physicians delivering babies wash their hands before
patient contact. The mortality rates of postpartum women dropped dramatically as a result of these
interventions (Boyce & Pittet, 2002). Despite, this new evidence some doctors continued to refuse to
wash their hands, stating that contaminated water was to blame ("Global Handwashing Partnership,"
2017). During the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale implemented hand hygiene practices as a
result of the poor sanitary conditions noted in the hospital. Again, ... Show more content on
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/Preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Healthcare–associated Infections. Retrieved
from www.cdc.gov
Chatfield, S. L., Nolan, R., Crawford, H., & Hallam, J. (2017). Acute care nurses' responses and
recommendations for improvement of hand hygiene compliance: A cross–sectional factorial survey
study. American Journal of Infection Control 45(6), 620–625.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.12.024
History: about handwashing. (2017). Retrieved from https://globalhandwashing.org/about–
handwashing/history–of–handwashing/ Huis, A., Hulscher, M., Adang, E., Grol, R., Van Achterberg,
T., & Schoonhoven, L. (2013).
Cost–effectiveness of a team and leaders–directed strategy to improve nurses' adherence to hand
hygiene guidelines: A cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 50(4), 518–
526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.11.016
Rigby, R., Pegram, A., & Woodward, S. (2017). Hand decontamination in clinical practice: A review
of the evidence. British Journal of Nursing 26(8), 448–451.

Getting Out of the Box
BSAD 157 Getting Out of the Box Paper November 9, 2005 The Box, Getting Out of the Box, and
What it Means to Me In the book, Leadership and Self–Deception, the author shows us how
leadership is affected negatively by something called Self–Deception. Self–Deception is a concept
where one blames everyone else for the problems that are going on, where you can only see things
from your perspective, you see through these rose–colored glasses that you don't know are on. In the
book they use the example of Ignaz Semmelweis, he was a doctor in the mid–1800s in Austria who
couldn't figure out why so many patients in his ward were dying. He tried everything he could think
of to change the situation. He set the standard regulations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This elderly woman viewed this couple as people who just wanted to sit next to each other, she
didn't know them, didn't owe them anything, however she offered her seat because she held the
needs and desires of the couple at or above her own. This brings us back to self–deception, the way
we get into the box is by deceiving ourselves, by looking through our glasses and determining that
we are more important than others, that we are worth more, that we work harder, etc. Once we
deceive ourselves is when we stop viewing people as people with compassion and start looking at
people as objects, pests, as means to an end. In the book self–betrayal is explained as: 1. An act
contrary to what I feel I should do for another, 2. When I betray myself, I begin to see the world in a
way that justifies my self–betrayal, 3. When I see a self–justifying world, my view of reality
becomes distorted, 4. When I betray myself, I enter the box, 5. Over time, certain boxes become
characteristic of me, and I carry them with me, 6. By being in the box, I provoke others to be in the
box, 7. In the box, we invite mutual mistreatment and obtain mutual justification. We collude in
giving each other reason to stay in the box. There are a couple stories in the book concerning this: a
man is awoken by his infant child crying. It was 1:00 in the morning and his immediate reaction was
to get up and tend to the baby so that his wife could sleep. However he did no such thing, instead he
lay in

Hand Sanitizer
Antisepsis techniques have been around since the mid 1800s, pioneered by Ignaz Philip
Semmelweis. Semmelweis determined puerperal infection was being transmitted by the hands of
students to women giving birth. Semmelweis implemented a procedure that stated: any attending
individual had to wash their hands in a mixture of chlorinated lime prior to caring for a patient. This
action alone resulted in mortality rates dropping an estimated 94% within a year (Zoltán, 2007). In
hospitals today, hand hygiene remains a staple in everyday practice, through the primary use of
alcohol based hand sanitizers. However, it is estimated that at any point in time there are over 1.4
million cases of healthcare associated infections (HAI) (Ontario, 2016). Annually, in Canada alone,
it is projected that eight thousand deaths occur in hospitals and associated health care facilities due
to infections resulting from lack of proper hand hygiene (Ontario, 2016). Alcohol based hand
sanitizer are a readily available and a time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Ontario Public Health; in addition to the price of soap averaging from $1.50 per bar,
the implementation of proper hand washing technique can annually save health care systems around
the world billions (Ontario, 2016). Statistics in the United States alone have shown that upwards of
4.5 billion dollars a year is spent on patients with HAI; a completely preventable expense. While in
Canada, expenses upwards of 40 to 52 million dollars are increasing each year in regards to
antibiotic resistant organisms (Ontario, 2016). In 2015 it was found that proper hand washing in a
1600 bed hospital can be associated with a decrease of eight million dollars spent each year from
hospitals budget (Ontario, 2016). A substantial savings considering the ongoing issue of limited bed
space and, which budget cuts most healthcare systems are facing in today's society (IPAC,

Ignaz Semmelweis Handwashing
How Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis Almost Saved Countless Lives in 1847 Since 1847, Ignaz Semmelweis
had been advocating in the medical community for the increase in the practice of handwashing.
Based on the work of medical historian Dr. Howard Markel, we know that Dr. Semmelweis
pioneered the medical field in prophylaxis (the prevention of disease) through his use of sanitation.
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis was a "prickly Hungarian obstetrician" at Vienna General Hospital (Markel
1). An obstetrician is a doctor qualified to care for women giving birth. He tested many theories as
to the mysterious cases of puerperal fever that plagued the maternity ward. In 1847 Ignaz
Semmelweis almost revolutionized medical care when he discovered the importance of
handwashing; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While he was correct in his theory about what was causing puerperal fever to plague his maternity
ward, his attitude towards his colleagues and his peers' own desires to maintain their reputations was
what caused him to be forced out of the hospital. Ignaz Semmelweis' superiors believed in the
miasmatic theory of disease; the theory that "bad air" caused disease (Neuhauaser 2). They did not
want to believe that they were the cause of such illness. Due to his superiors' disbelief of his
theories, Ignaz's assistant professorship was never renewed (2). Ignaz left Vienna and traveled to
Budapest, where he taught at St. Rochus Hospital. Ignaz started to berate doctors and nurses about
handwashing – he refused to accept any criticism. He sent a letter to his former colleague reading,
"Should you Herr Hofrath, without having disproved my doctrine, continue to train your pupils
[against it], I declare before God and the world that you are a murderer and the 'History of Childbed
Fever' would not be unjust to you if it memorialized you as a medical nero" (Neuhauser 2). Ignaz
Semmelweis felt bitter about his idea being rejected by his peers, and often berated other doctors
and sent hateful letters. Due to his behavior Ignaz Semmelweis was fired from his job, and was
committed to an insane asylum. Dr. Semmelweis died two weeks later in 1865 at the age of forty–
seven. Some claim that he

Ignaz Lister Research Paper
The perceptions and activities of Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister and John Snow would
reflectively be recognized as adding to the acknowledgment of germ hypothesis. In any case, it was
the lab inquiries about of Louis Pasteur in the 1860s and afterward Robert Koch in the next decades
that gave the logical verification to germ hypothesis. Their work opened the way to inquire about
germs and potential life–sparing medications.
Another great thing about the 18th century was that there were many inventions created. Most of the
inventions created during that time are still being used today. These inventions were used to help see
what a healthy body and what an infected body looks like. Some inventions gave doctors the ability
to hear a patient's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
René Laennec invented the stethoscope in 1816. He invented it because one time he was working
with a female patient and he needed to listen to her heartbeat. At the time the common way to do
this was to place your head on the patient's chest. His patient was overweight so he thought that the
head to chest method would not work so he needed something new. "He rolled up a sheet of paper
into a tube and placed one end on the patient's chest. The tube magnified sound, and Laennec found
he could hear her lung sounds easily by putting his ear to the open end. The rolled up piece of paper
was soon replaced by a hollow wooden tube. Laennec named his invention the 'stethoscope'. In the
1890s, the hollow wooden tube was replaced by the rubber and now plastic, binaural stethoscope,
much like stethoscopes that are used today. These stethoscopes have two ear pieces and a bell–like
end that is placed on the body. Stethoscopes are not only used to listen to the chest but also other
parts of the body such as the bowels and during pregnancy. Electronic stethoscopes that amplify the
sounds in the chest and produce graphs were first produced in the 1970s and continue to be refined."
"Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine." Stethoscope. N.p., n.d.
Web. 05 Mar.

Epidemiology Is Not For Diseases Among Human Populations
Background
Epidemiology is the study of how often diseases spread through a population. This information can
be used to help reduce the damage caused in future epidemics and also help to understand the best
way to treat patients of a current epidemic.
The word epidemiology comes from Greek, literally translating to "the study of what is upon the
people". However nowadays epidemiology is not limited to diseases among human populations,
epidemiology can now be the study of disease in any defined population.
Mathematical models of epidemics were not used until the early 20th century. When there were
early pioneers such as William Hamer and Ronald Ross who successfully created models that shared
similar properties to the disease.
History
Hippocrates
The timeline of epidemiology starts in Greece with a man named Hippocrates, though now he is
often referred to as "The father of medicine". Hippocrates was the first person to observe the link
between disease and the environment of the infected person, and he then began to think about
whether the link might be causal. Prior to this ground–breaking idea people had simply attributed
disease to a supernatural phenomenon and had not considered that there may be a rational
explanation for the spread of disease through the population. Hippocrates decided to investigate the
environmental factors involved with disease after he had noticed that different diseases occurred in
different locations (for example: Malaria only seeming to occur in

Outdated Facts About The Bible
Although many people believe that The Bible is an old dusty book full of outdated facts written
5000 years ago, I strongly believe and know that it's full of scientific and medical facts that do not
contradict the facts of modern day science. Despite the many refutations, The Bible was indeed
inspired by God. First and foremost due to the age of The Bible people think that it states the earth is
flat and rests on the back of a turtle or something. Because of that many Atheists think it's very out
of date so they never open it. Found in the bible,the book of Jeremiah was written 626 years ago and
in it it says, "It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as
grasshoppers" (Jeremiah 40:22). or another example was what Job wrote in 2000 BC "He stretches
out the north over empty space and hangs the earth on nothing. Job 26:7 With this we know that the
bible couldn't of been written by man alone, because 2000 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
What we discovered was that wash our hands in running water is a lot more effective at keeping
everyone healthy than washing our hands in still water. This was discovered by a Ignaz Semmelweis
a Hungarian doctor, who noticed that many women who were giving birth in hospitals were dying of
illnesses like the flu that was found on other patients. And Ignaz noticed that doctors who had
examined died cadavers moved from that and immediately went into to see a patient who was in
labor. But what Ignaz didn't know was that if he would of read the book of leviticus written by
Moses, Moses wrote "...he shall then wash his clothes and bathe his body in running water and will
become clean". The book of leviticus was written 3437 years ago way too far back in time to have
any human understanding about how germs and illnesses can be spread by not washing your hands
and that far back could have little to no understanding about

Quality Improvement
First of all, what is quality improvement? Quality Improvement (QI) has being define by the
Institute of Medicine (IOM) the way to which patient care services increase the possibility of
desired health outcomes and are consistent with the professional knowledge. "The roots of the
quality improvement movement can be traced back to the work of epic figures such as Ignaz
Semmelweis, the 19th–century obstetrician who championed the importance of hand washing in
medical care. In addition, Florence Nightingale, the English nurse, identified the association
between poor living conditions and high death rates among soldiers treated at army hospitals. Ernest
Codman, a surgeon, pioneered the creation of hospital standards and emphasized and implemented
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This methodology is a way to put the plan, into practice, monitor and act on failures. During this
time most people struggle with the new reality, and begin to learn the new behaviors, processes and
ways of thinking. The more prepared they are for this step, the easier it is to complete. For this
reason, education, communication, support and time are critical for employees as they become
familiar with the change. Throughout this process, employees should be reminded of the reasons for
the change and how it will benefit them once fully implemented. In the changing process the Do will
be implemented minimizing/eliminating friction, minimizing pressure, support surfaces, managing
moisture, maintaining adequate nutrition/hydration, Educating patients and caregivers Skin
inspection and

Louis Pasteur's How To Vaccinate Against Infectious Disease
Louis Pasteur discovered how to vaccinate against infectious disease, but it was a long process
before he got to that point. He first studied the process of fermentation, which is when sugars are
turned into alcohol. When a vinegar manufacturer wanted to know why his vinegar was spoiling,
Pasteur found that it was because yeast (a microscopic fungus) had come in contact with the juice.
He found that by heating the beet juice to a controlled temperature, the yeast was killed, and the
fermentation process was stopped. Today this process is known as pasteurization, and it is applied to
all kinds of food such as milk and cheese. He took what he had learned and eventually isolated the
organism that was causing silk worm eggs to be infected with disease and developed a method to
prevent the eggs from becoming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This saved the silk industry. Eventually, he applied his knowledge to the medical industry by asking
doctors to sterilize their medical instruments by heating them to prevent the spread of germs. After
two of his children died of typhoid fever, Pasteur wanted to know if there was a way to protect the
body from germs. When an anthrax epidemic broke out among animals, he discovered that the
anthrax bacillus was the carrier of the disease. By using the heating method he used to kill the yeast
in food, Pasteur heated the bacillus enough to weaken it, and then he injected it into the animals to
allow their bodies to build up a resistance against the bacteria. It worked, and Pasteur eventually
developed a vaccine for rabies and other infectious diseases like cholera and smallpox. Pasteur had
many questions that motivated his discoveries. Where are the micro–organisms coming from that
cause fermentation? Can the fermentation process be stopped? If fermentation can be stopped in
food, can that same concept be applied to protect the body from infectious disease? Then there was
the motivation initiated through the

The Discovery of Antibiotics
The discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century was a major advancement in medicine. At the time
of the discovery, war was taking place, which resulted in a plethora of infected wounds. Antibiotics
can be described as a use, laboratory effect, or an action of a chemical compound (Clardy et al).
Selman Waksman first used the term in 1941 when describing the small molecules made by
microorganisms that prevent the growth of other microorganisms (Clardy et al). Antibiotics helped
control the infection which allowed many who were injured a second chance to live. The antibiotic
that was first discovered and used to cure war infections was penicillin. Since the discovery of
antibiotics, controlling infections and diseases became easier, ... Show more content on
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The peptidoglycan coat in bacterial cells is formed by a crystal lattice structure that forms linear
chains from a pair of alternating amino acids. The cross linking of peptidoglycan strands by the
transpeptidase enzyme forms an uneven cell wall. Antibiotics, notably penicillin, interfere with this
cross–linking, which destroys the bacteria cell wall. More specifically, antibiotics work by attaching
to specific sites on the ribosome, which affects with the bacteria's function during protein synthesis.
The small or 30S ribosomal subunit has binding sites for tRNA molecules. These sites are known as
the aminoacyl (A), peptidyl (P), and exit (E) sites. The process known as "decoding" oversees base
pairing between the codon of mRNA and the anticodon of tRNA at the A site, allowing the 30S
subunit to distinguish between the similarities of the tRNAs (Brodersen et al). Because most
antibiotics bind to ribosomes, its main target is the rRNA, which results in most of the binding sites
being near the mRNA and the tRNA binding sites, or at sites that undergo structural rearrangements
during the processes of decoding or translocation (Dallas et al). In all, the antibiotic prevents the
bacterium from creating its cell wall, which essentially kills the bacterium (Brodersen et al).
The appearance and spreading of antibiotic–resistant pathogens have given rise to many studies
involving the genetic

Essay on The Changes In Medicine In The Nineteenth Century
The Changes In Medicine In The Nineteenth Century
The nineteenth century was one of the most important eras in the history of medicine as many new
cures and technologies were discovered. At the beginning, many poor people still lived in houses
without proper sanitation, worked in dangerous factories and drank water from polluted rivers.
By the end of the century, social conditions had improved, medicine was more complex, treatments
were more widely offered and technology was more advanced along with many other
improvements. But why did these changes occur? What caused them? Why did they occur during
the nineteenth century and not before.
During the nineteenth century, Britain became the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This report recommended that the government should organise proper drainage and refuse
collection, provide a pure water supply and appoint a Medical Officer of Health. However, these
changes were not implemented until thirty years later when Parliament finally agreed.
There were a number of reasons why the government's view of health conditions in towns changed
in the 1870's. The health in towns was still very bad and there were a number of cholera epidemics,
including the famous one where Dr. John Snow linked cholera to polluted water. In 1861, Pasteur
proved that germs cause decay. It was Robert Koch who linked the germ theory and disease with
actual proof in 1878, a few years after the Second Public Health Act had been passed, but many
people believed that he was right before he proved it. One of the most important reasons was that in
1867, the vote was given to all male householders. Before, it had just been the rich that had voted.
The rich lived in the towns, owned houses where disease was kept to a minimum and lived, on
average, twenty–five years longer than the urban working class. The Public Health Act was
extremely successful and by the end of the century almost all towns had hygienic sewers and water
systems.
The Industrial Revolution meant that the government was more aware of the health of ordinary
people and they tried to make

Taking a Look at Streptococcus Pyogenes
"Streptococcus Pyogenes is a Gram–positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming coccus that occurs in
chains or in pairs of cells." (Todar's Online Book of Bacteriology) In history, Streptococcus
pyogenes got its ill repute as the cause of puerperal fever, a life–threatening disease that was seen in
women after childbirth, until Ignaz Semmelweis exposed that it could be stopped by physicians just
washing their hands before each vaginal examination.( Live Strong) S. pyogenes is one of the most
frequent pathogens found in humans. An estimate of between 5–15% of humans port the bacterium
S. pyogenes without any symptoms of illness. S. pyogenes can be usually found habituating in the
respiratory tract of humans. Several infections cause by Streptococcus Pyogenes includes
pharyngitis, or better known as strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and rheumatic fever.
(Todar's Online Book of Bacteriology)
Morphology and Classification
Streptococcus pyogenes is categorized on the origin of colony morphology, hemolysis, and
biochemical reactions. .Streptococcus pyogenes is a sphere–shaped bacterium or cocci that appear in
chain–like constructions. It stains purple when the Gram stain system is used. This indicates that
S.pyogenes is a gram positive bacterium. When the bacterium is grown on agar with sheep blood, it
appears as a glowing colony with a region of hemolysis surrounding the colony. This is a result to
the precise enzymes that are produced by Streptococcus pyogenes. S.

How Does Proper Hand Hygiene Affect Nursing
Proper Hand Hygiene and its Effect on Nursing
Melinda R. Smith
Montgomery College Proper Hand Hygiene and its Effect on Nursing The first and foremost item of
importance incoming Nursing Students learn is how to practice proper hand hygiene and specific
techniques to attain it. It makes one wonder, while it is common sense information today, what lead
to the discovery that unclean hands spread disease? When did proper hand hygiene finally take root
as a standard practice? While Florence Nightingale first identified the relationship between nursing
and infection control (Smith, 2009), it was a by–chance discovery, which was then studied and
tested by Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis (Hardy) that lead to the conclusion that proper hand washing ...
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It wasn't until the 1980s , 140 years after Semmelweis' discovery, that a landmark in the evolution of
concepts of hand hygiene in healthcare was represented . The first national hand hygiene guidelines
were published, and were essentially issued in countries in the Northern Hemisphere – USA,
Canada, and some European countries (World Health Organization, 2006). The WHO expresses it
was only twenty years ago that the CDC recommended antimicrobial soap orwaterless antiseptic
agents (alcohol based solutions such as the Purell Sanitizer) be used in more clinical settings and
especially upon leaving the rooms of patients with multi–drug resistant pathogens. When thinking of
the numerous outbreaks and increased prevalence of various diseases over my lifetime – the flu,
pneumonia, VRE, MRSA, C. dificile – I cannot help but be extremely grateful that healthcare
workers practice proper hand hygiene. Without their extreme conscientiousness and precautions,
those diseases could be a infinitely more trouble for the world population. Today, Semmelweis is
considered a pioneer of antiseptic procedures, due to his discovery of the value of handwashing
(Hardy). Today, I am relieved that his discovery keeps our world optimally

Late Middle Ages
Learning about some of the famous people that have died over the course of the plague, allows us to
see how history was impacted throughout time and modern medicine had a starting point. The
plague had produced both negative and positive consequences.
The late middle ages appears to be when the most devastating effects on population occurred,
therefore resulting in what is known as one of "the deepest ever recession in history...and
consequently the reason the Middle Ages come to an end" (Galan, 2013). Agricultural supply
became problematic because the fields on which it grew were not farmed and what was growing
there began to rot. This in turn led to an increase in the price of the products and only those with
sufficient money could afford them, while the others had to suffer. Another impact the plague had
back in the early years was the reduction in amount of people who worked. Everyday so many
people were dying, which led to the workforce having a shortage of ... Show more content on
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Nevertheless they also faced hardships and scrutiny as the people learned that God could not cure
them or eradicate the disease (Whipps, 2008). The Church did assist in outlawing what is known as
pseudo–flagellants. The flagellants performed the act of beating themselves in public in order to
seek penance for the sins of the community, but the pseudo–flagellants had no desire to beat
themselves, instead they performed sex acts in public (Damen, 2015). Other effects that the plague
had on history is that the well–known symbols for death include the Grimm Reaper, Dance of
Death, and The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and they were created in the 14th and 15th
centuries based on the horrific deaths that were occurring from the plague (Damen,

Philipus Paracelsus Research Paper
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, usually known as Paracelsus, was
born in Einsiedeln, Switzerland on either the 11th November or 17th December 1493. This was the
time of the Renaissance. He died on the 24th September 1541. During this period of time surgery
was practiced mostly by barbers, who used the same tools for both their trades. Medicine was
primitive and painful in this era. There was much controversy over how to manage wounds, for
example the argument of whether or not pus was good. Cauterization, or the burning of a wound to
close it, was the main way to stop bleeding. All in all, most medicinal views were based off of
unproved theories. Magic was not used in healing at this time as witch burnings were still taking
place. It was very taboo, and had no place in healing where he worked. As a wizard, Paracelsus is
credited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He opposed most of the normal beliefs of his time, instead saying that illness was the result of the
body being attacked by agents from outside the body. He was against excessive bloodletting, saying
that the process disturbed the harmony of our systems, and that our blood could not be purified by
having decreasing the amount within us. He spent some time as a military surgeon, where doctors
thought that infection was a natural part of the healing process. He stood for cleanliness and
protection of wounds and the regulation of diet. The popular ideas of that time opposed these
theories and suggested sewing or plastering wounds instead. Paracelsus introduced the use of
chemicals and minerals in medicine. His views were that sickness and health in the body relied on
the harmony of man (microcosm) and nature (macrocosm). He used this analogy not in the manner
of soul–purification (as the others of his time did) but in the manner that humans must have certain
balances of minerals in their bodies, and that certain illnesses had chemical remedies that could cure

Ethical Dilemmas
When one thinks about the topic of clean, numerous ideas appear in one's mind. Nonetheless, clean
is defined as "to be free from dirt, marks, or unwanted matter" (Oxford English Dictionary). Thus
speaking, clean is considered to be something that can protect us from germs, diseases, and other
toxins. Therefore, the settings that we choose to put ourselves in on a daily basis is considered to be
either clean or dirty. With that being said, you're more at risk for developing a disease or getting a
simple sickness (i.e. cold) if you aren't cautious and your surroundings. Everyone has their own
specific definition of clean. What may be considered clean to one person could be viewed as a
disaster to another person. Therefore, when you're talking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This is especially vital if you're working in the medical field, as it can determine if an individual
lives or dies. Almost all patients know that doctors have their own ethical protocols and procedures
to follow. However, what these patients don't know is that they also have their own set of ethical
considerations that doctors must take into account to make sure they get the best care possible.
Some examples of these ethical considerations that patients possess are the following: asking the
hospital staff to clean their hands before touching them; make sure that anything that is going into
your body is something that is absolutely necessary; ask questions to the physician, even if they
might sound silly to you; choosing a surgeon with a low infectious rate; ask surgeons to keep you
warm during surgery, as it helps protect against infectious diseases; and ask the surgeon to limit the
number of people that are in the operating room (Insurance Advocate, 119). As you can see, there
are many ethical considerations that patients have. The ones listed above are only a handful of many.
We must remember that back in the day, some of these things weren't out into place until something
horrific happened. Therefore, even if these "requests" seem as if they're common sense, these are
things that you're able to ask/request from your physician and have the legal right to do as well. Part
of the reason why is because a sick individual has the right to the best care possible. However, none
of this can be done without taking into account the ethical considerations of the patient and
reminding the patient that they have the right to these ethical

Vaccination Argumentative Essay
Vaccinations and immunization have been proven to be effective towards diseases thus not leading
to fatalities or serious effects towards the human body, risk of side effects from vaccines outweigh
the risk of contracting the disease. Sometimes people don't get vaccinated because of personal
beliefs but the government insist they must be up to date on all there vaccinations in order to attend
a public school. Vaccines have saved a tons of lives. "Straight Talk about Vaccination" The invention
of vaccines is as useful as Ignaz Semmelweis hand washing theory. Ignaz found out that is he
washed his hands before delivering a baby the risk of that baby becoming sick was decreased.
Vaccines are almost as useful as that theory. Vaccines are unnatural, and natural immunity is more
effective than vaccination. "Pros & Cons" Natural things will always be better but in this case the
natural way is not the best way. Vaccines have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without vaccines there would be people that would have a dangerous disease like poliomyelitis
(Polio). That disease is very horrifying because it can cause paralysis from the waist down leading to
limb deformities." Should Any Vaccines Be Required for Children" Polio almost eliminated from
the Western hemisphere in the second half of the 20th century. Vaccines can cause serious and
sometimes fatal side effects. Vaccines are here to help your immunes system with the hard viruses
that have no cure. "How Panicked Parents Skipping Shots Endanger Us All" What really is
unfortunate is that the doctor doesn't know how you will react to the vaccine so that's why it could
be fatal to some people the anaphylactic shock could kill them. There is always a way to stop the
reaction so it will be safe for patient. That's why vaccines get a bad rap on them because some
people have horrible allergies to the substance in

The Infectious Nature Of The Disease
Throughout history there have been many diseases that have baffled medical professionals. The
early study of a diseases origin has ensured the survival of mankind against wide spread death and
illness. Puerperal, also known as Childbed Fever, is a disease that causes widespread death and
infection in women soon after childbirth. (science/puerperal–fever) The infection can affect any part
of the female reproductive system. (science/puerperal–fever) Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian
physician, discovered that puerperal was an infectious disease that can be controlled by the use of an
antisepsis technique. (Merckle) He also discovered that it was infectious and contagious.
(science/puerperal–fever) Without the implementation of antisepsis ... Show more content on
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(Control) Countless numbers of women perished before the need for proper handwashing came to
light.
Ignaz Semmelweis discovered the need for proper handwashing procedures when he began work at
a local maternity clinic in Vienna. (Zoltan) Semmelweis made it his mission as a physician to back
any inquiries that he made with scientific evidence. (Admin) Many women gave birth at home
during this time period, but those who went to local clinics found themselves at risk of contracting
this deadly disease. During this period in history, it was still believed that the origin of infectious
diseases was caused by miasma, overcrowding, and poor ventilation, Semmelweis dug further to
discover the true origin of the disease. (Zoltan)
Against his chief's wishes, Semmelweis conducted a series of experiments to determine if there was
a pattern in contraction of the illness. (Zoltan) He studied two sets of patients. The first set of
patients that he observed were looked after in a maternity ward that was primarily staffed by male
doctors and male medical students. (Davis) The second set of patients were attended to by female
midwives only. (Davis) Semmelweis observed that the patients that were being cared for by male
staff were contracting the illness at a much higher rate than that of those being cared for by female
staff members. (Davis) He observed that the position that the mother gave birth in had no effect on
whether or not she contracted the disease in either

Health Studies, Early Briton and the Nhs
The W.H.O. (World Health Organisation) defines health as, "Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well–being and not merely the absence of disease infirmity" (1948). This
definition stands to this present day, and is the most commonly referred to by health professionals
and text books. Before the 1700's popular belief of illness and disease would have been the presence
of evil spirit or curse interned inside the patient. Trepanning was a method where a hole was drilled
into the skull of the patient to let the evil spirits leave the body................wies and semmille?????
The biomedical model of health views the body as a machine; if it becomes dysfunctional it can be
fixed. The biomedical model which was developed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means both a direct interaction between mind and body as well as indirect effects through
intermediate factors. The biopsychosocial model determines someone's current state of health. This
view is contrary to the model embraced by the Biomedical model stating that "we are our genes, and
our genes determine our future health. It is the biopsychosocial, and the medical models, against our
genes." Ignaz Semmelweis was a Hungarian physician whose work demonstrated that hand–
washing could drastically reduce the number of women dying after childbirth. This work took place
in the 1840s, while he was Director of the maternity clinic at the Vienna General Hospital in Austria.
surgeons did not scrub up before surgery or even wash their hands between patients, causing
infections to be transferred from one patient to another. Doctors and medical students routinely
moved from dissecting corpses to examining new mothers without first washing their hands, causing
death by puerperal or 'childbed' fever as a consequence. As dissection became more important to
medical practice in the 1800s, this only increased. Through vigorous statistical analysis,
Semmelweis figured out where the problem lay and introduced rigorous hand–washing rules in the
maternity ward. Deaths were drastically reduced. William Harvey was both a

Essay on Biography of Sir Joseph Lister
The Father Of Modern Surgery The hospital environment has not always been a place of sterility
and extreme cleanliness that is associated with it so readily today. Prior to the work of Joseph Lister,
the hospital was a place to go to die, not to be cured. If an individual was able to survive the pain
and torture of surgery without anesthesia, a postoperative infection would most certainly be their
ultimate demise. Thanks to Joseph Lister, later known as Baron Lister, a hospital is now a place of
healing and cleanliness, not one of death and filth. Lister's Early Life: Joseph Lister was born to
Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabella Harris on April 5, 1827 in Upton, England. Upton was a small
village outside of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lister realized the importance of the work of his ancestors, but was appalled at the fact that outdated
material could be learned for hundreds of years. Lister was lucky to be entering medical school in a
time when many important changes were taking place. Medical students were now allowed to
dissect human bodies, previously thought to have been grounds for execution and certainly morally
apprehensible. The methods by which students learned were also modernized, and the public view
of surgeons was being changed. As late as the early to mid–1800's surgeons were not considered
worthy of the respect of physicians, and were not permitted by law to practice medicine. As the
technology surrounding surgery was enhanced, the surgeons began to gain respect in their own right.
The use of ether in surgery as an anesthetic allowed the surgeons to concentrate more on detail and
less on speed. Prior to ether, the surgeon's speed was the only way to minimize the pain of the
patient. Lister was a very sympathetic person, and strove early in his career to change the previously
accepted conceptions of surgery. When Lister began his education surgery had a mortality rate of
over 50%. This was accepted by society, but not by Lister. He set out very early to change this
problem. Joseph continued his education and questioned

How Did Urbanization Change Throughout The 19th Century
The disease environment of a particular area can be shaped by a number of things, some of which
are economic, social, and political shifts in the area. During the 19th century as urbanization and
industrialization grew economic, social, and political changes occurred. While these major shifts
changed the dynamics of cities they also changed the dynamics of disease.
Industrialization and urbanization created a social shift that caused a new working class to emerge
which brought on new health problems, behaviors, and interactions. Many new occupations that
were brought about came with health hazards that affected the workers and the poor. Working
conditions were very unsafe and with different occupations came different ailments. For instance,
chimney sweeps often got scrotal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these changes in hospitals over time were caused by new processes emerging. When
hospitals first became institutions during the 1770's they were seen in a negative way and they were
seen that way for a while. For example, John Howard did an inspection of Europe's hospitals around
1780 and described hospitals as "hotbeds of infection" and said that surgery was "known to be safer
at home" most likely because hospital gangrene was a concern and led to little to no operations
being performed in hospitals. In addition, the term "hospitalism" which was coined by Simpson, a
professor of surgery, and was later defined by Erichsen, a surgeon, as "a general morbid condition of
the building, or of its atmosphere, productive of disease" led to hospitals being seen negatively.
Simpson and Erichsen believed in the destruction of contaminated hospitals. Likewise, Florence
Nightingale, a miasmatist, "many hospitals were a gateway to death" because of the terrible smells
that they often had. Moreover, hospitals were seen as disorderly and the nurses had no formal
training so the sick were often weary of going to the

Voltaire 's View Of Oppression From The Authority
It is dangerous to be right in matters about which the established authorities are wrong.
– Voltaire
The struggles against authority, repeatedly and continuously, take place in the history. As for those
fighters, Voltaire, a famous French writer and thinker, once put forward an idea, "It is dangerous to
be right in matters about which the established authorities are wrong."() The word "right"
contrasting to "wrong" means the truth. An "established authorities" could be regarded to the
dominant powers controlling and guiding people, such as long–existing conventions held and
propagated by the power–holders or the influential experts in specific fields. The article will support
the idea of Voltaire by providing sufficient and concrete evidences. It is reasonable that people might
suffer the possibility of oppression from the authority, when the ideas of the former contrasts to the
latter who tend to retain its status. The challenger is dangerous in the way that the power of
authorities, at most time, overwhelm them; the characteristic of opposing ideas invites the
oppression by authority. It is possible to receive potential danger from the authority, while some did
succeed in the struggle.
It is obvious that the comparison between two power is usually dismatched. The opponents are often
overshadowed by the authorities, in turn, the opponents are weaker, two aspects in particular.
Convention gets in the way of innovation and rebellion. It also restricted by the contemporary

Arguments Against Moral Conformity
Social conformation may just be the embodiment of self doubt, and the manifestation of deformed
logic, but it could also be the justification behind humanity's sustainability and prosperity through
the ages. Adolescents within this blossoming modern teenage society are constantly being enticed
with suggestions, recommendations, and advice from peers, idols, and media. However, how does
this play into the molding and creation of current and future generations? It seems to be that many
people's desire to fit in or be accepted within society are so severe– that they will completely
disregard independent thought, as well as the verifiable truth. Conformity may not be great for you
specifically, but it may be profitable for your species. The goal of society (as a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Have you ever stopped to consider why you buy your food at a supermarket, and don't randomly eat
the mushrooms growing in your yard? This is a good example of beneficial conformity. Ancestors of
the past have taught us that eating untested food could result in destructive side–effects, and thus
eating what everyone else deams safe is a practical option. Another reason a person may crave to
conform– by either behaving accordingly to set standards, or by agreeing with something you may
generally disagree with normally, would be for others acceptance. Those that go along to get along
assist in maintaining a tranquil and harmonious society for people to live in. Getting along with
those around you is also good for protection purposes. Our antecedents have proven to us that there's
safety in numbers, apparent both with previous security against wild animals, and now with natural
resources and other cultural–based threats. In this way, people conform and will object against true
facts– if it means that others will accept and welcome them. Sometimes having an opinion that
differs from the rest will be correct– but that

Is Hand Washing Really Effective at Reducing Infections in...
This essay will be discussing how effective the hand washing technique has been in reducing
infections in hospital. The hand washing technique has been around since the mid–1800s, helping to
reduce both hospital and community acquired infections, such as MRSA and C–diff, which both can
be passed on by touch. It will establish how effecting the hand washing technique is and how can it
be more effective.
Hand Hygiene among health care workers today plays a central role in preventing the transmission
of infectious agents. It has been determined that many germs and infections, have been passed to the
patient from a health care worker. In 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis, a surgical assistant at Vienna General
Hospital conducted a study of puerperal fever causing a high maternal and neonatal mortality. He
conducted two studies for different classes of patients. The treatment was given by the medical
student and midwife in both classes individually. He found that the death rate in the first was
13.10% and the second class death rate was 2.03%, but could not explain his findings. However he
subsequently deduced that the medical student's hands were contaminated causing a higher death
rate. He noted that physicians and medical students were contaminating their hand while performing
autopsies and later attending the examination of women without washing their hand washing. Cross
infections in hospital is commonly spread by contaminated hands and equipment. Some bacteria will
inhabit and

Medical Advancements In The 1800's Essay
How would you feel if everyone you knew had a deadly virus that was known but not curable? You
had to wear a mask around them, unable to hug or shake their hand. Due to the medical
advancements made in the 1800's, we can still go about our lives and smell the roses.
The medical field has ameliorated the world since the 1800's. Some of the important discoveries
included vaccines and inventions. These developments supplemented the world we live in today.
The developments in the 1800's made the medical field a lot facile and productive. In
1853, Charles Gabriel Pravaz used his syringe for the treatment of aneurysm. Wood used his syringe
for management of neuralgic pains. Joseph Lister developed the use of antiseptic surgical methods
in 1867. He had also just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phenol is an extremely poisonous compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to an
aromatic carbon ring. Not long after Listers development, German glass blower F.A. Muller used
Herchel's ideas to create the first known glass contact lens in 1887. Some say Swiss Physician,
Adolf E. Fick and
Paris optician, Edouard Kalt created and fitted the first glass contact lenses to correct vision
problems in 1888. Aspirin was developed in 1899 by Felix Hoffman. Aspirin is a juice from willow
tree bark used as early as 400 B.C. to relieve pain. It is also known as salicylic acid.
Discoveries on the 1800s such as Thorium being discovered by an amateur mineralogist, Morten
Freeman 2
Thrane Esmark and identified by a Swedish chemist, Jӧns Jacob Berzelius in 1828. Thorium was
used for dental fillings for cavities. Subsequently in 1898, it was found to be radioactive.
However, thorium does not rely on its radioactivity. In 1818, James Blundell performs the first
successful transfusion of human blood. He performed this act to a patient for the treatment of
hemorrhage. He performed ten transfusions, five of which proved beneficial to his patients.

Ignaz Semmelweis
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was born on the 1st of July 1818. He was one of the most important
medical figures of his time. His discovery concerning the prevention of puerperal fever shown in
him many qualities such as brilliant fact–finding, logical analysis such as using statistics to come to
answer and keen thoughtful reasoning. The highly successful hand washing made him a knowledge
growing, leading star in antisepsis during his era (known as the prebacteriological era), in spite of
much opposition and resistance. Semmelweis was born in Tabán. The fifth child of a rich
shopkeeper of German Origin. His elementary school was Catholic Gymnasium of Buda. He
finished his schooling at the university of Pest between 1835 and 1837. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This startling hypothesis led Semmelweis to devise a novel system of prophylaxis ( to stop rather
than cure or treat a disease) in May 1847. Realizing that the smell from the hands of the dissectors
reflected the presence of the incriminated poisonous matter, he suggested the use of a solution of
chlorinated lime for washing hands between autopsy work and examination of patients.Despite early
protests, especially from the medical students and hospital staff, Semmelweis was able to enforce
the new procedure vigorously; and in barely one month the mortality from puerperal fever declined
in his clinic from 12.24 percent to 2.38 percent. Semmelweis refused to communicate his method
officially to the learned circles of Vienna, nor was he eager to explain it on paper. However finally
two articles were wrote in his behalf, explaining the etiology of puerperal fever and strongly
recommending use of chlorinated lime as a preventive. Although foreign physicians and the leading
members of the Viennese school were impressed by Semmelweis' apparent discovery, the papers
failed to generate widespread support. During 1848 Semmelweis gradually widened his prophylaxis
to include all instruments coming in contact with patients in labor. His statistically documented
success in basically eliminating puerperal fever from the hospital ward In the meantime he began to
carry out animal experiments to prove his clinical conclusions with the aid of the physiologist

What Is Primum Non Nocere?
Nazarko, L. 2014 Fundamentals of infection prevention and control British Journal of healthcare
Assistants Vo108 No 03 Pg. 116–123 More than 2400 years ago, Medical Pioneer Hippocrates (430–
370BC), in writing his Oath, set high ethical standards for future physicians to follow, then, and
now. One key ethical principle of Hippocrates was "Primum non nocere", or "First, do no harm",
and it became one of the most important parts of healthcare. This statement remained an aspiration,
rather than a reality for centuries, because staff caring for sick did not understand the fundamentals
of infection control. In the mid–19th century, medical students and Doctors went from post mortem
examinations, to attending women in child birth without washing ... Show more content on
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He also introduced carbolic acid (known as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and clean
wounds, which led to reduction in post–operative infection, and made surgery safer for patients.
Lister instructed surgeons under his responsibility to wear clean gloves and wash their hands before
and after operations with 5% carbolic acid solutions. Instruments were washed in the same solution
and assistants sprayed the solution in the operating theatre. In terms of my job description and
personal development, hand hygiene remains the key measure for Health Care Associated Infections
(HCAI). As a health care worker I have a duty of care to adhere the essential principles of infection
control, standard precautions. Hand hygiene is widely acknowledged to be one of the important
precautions to reduce the spread of diseases. Hands should be decontaminated before direct contact
with patients, and after any activity, including the removal of gloves. In order to prevent the spread
of infections, health care workers must: Use personal protective equipment, safe handling and
disposal of waste. Hand preparation increase the effectiveness of

Anatomical Theory Of Disease Essay
In this paper I am going to discuss the differences between the Humoral concept of disease, the
anatomical theory of disease, the germ theory of disease and the differences between each theory. I
am also going to look at the historical significance of these theories and how they apply to health
and wellness in today's health care. The humoral theory comes from an ancient Greek theory that
states that the human body is composed of four basic humors. The Humoral theory is derived from
the word "humor," but in this context, means "fluid". The Humoral theory is related to the theory of
the earth and the four elements. These elements are better known as earth, fire, water and air. The
balance in these earthly elements allows the earth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fundamental concept of this theory states that microorganisms can invade the body and cause
certain diseases or even death. Before this theory was accepted many people believed that a disease
was a punishment for a person's evil behavior not a medical problem. These three theories differ
because they all covered different barriers when it came to treating and understanding diseases. The
Humoral theory began with the four–elements and the anatomical theory allowed us to take a deeper
look into the functioning of the bodies systems. This helped us to learn what was happening in the
body, in the body systems and in the organs. Without these two studies we would not have come to
the Germ Theory. Even though each theory is different in concept each theory was important and we
would not have been able to progress along to the next theory. If we would not have had the germ
theory we would not have discovered the need for vaccines or discovered antiseptics. These theories
also allowed physicians to learn to look at diseases on a micro (small scale) instead of just a macro
scale or "big" picture. I feel that these theories have led to significant changes in health care over the
years. These theories have allowed scientist to discover not only how to cure some disease but also
how to prevent diseases from spreading. Scientists were able to develop vaccines, antiseptics, create
personal protective equipment and enabled the public

Argument That Scientists Should Provisionally Accept...
Paper Assignment: Carl Hempel One issue that Carl Hempel addresses in his book, "Philosophy of
Natural Science," is an argument that scientist should provisionally accept a hypothesis that is
confirmed, although not proven, is completely warranted. This argument is driven by the theory that
if a hypothesis has successfully passed many different tests, then it should completely reasonable to
accept even if it may eventually change or dismissed as determined incorrect. Either way, a
confirmed test should lead to successful and positive results and possible a future complete and
accurate answer. I agree with his argument and believe that scientists can rationally accept
hypotheses as I will discuss in further detail throughout this paper. Hempel believed in
"Sophisticated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead scientists begin with a hypothesis to explain why there is a problem and then gather
evidence or data to test it" (Hankinson, Lesson 4b).
Hempel emphasizes on the term "confirmation, arguing that you are not proving hypothesis, but
rather confirming or not confirming an educated guess by performing scientific tests and gathering
data. He states that in the "Logic of Confirmation," no matter the how much successful predictions
there is, it cannot prove an empirical hypothesis" (Hankinson, Lesson 4b). He says that this is not
deductively valid. Hempel's argument is that with so many tests that there would yield an infinite
number of confirmations which gives scientists a good reason to provisionally accept the hypothesis.
I believe that one of the Hempel's problems with the induction for the limits of confirmation is that
"simply confirming a hypothesis with a test does not constitute or make the hypothesis correct. It
could lead to a simple confirmation that there is some validity in the guess and testing has indicated
that to be true, but it may not truly be

Germ Theory: Microorganisms Invade The Body
The germ theory states that certain diseases are caused when microorganisms invade the body. Louis
Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch are the developers of the germ theory. Until the germ theory
was accepted, many people believed disease was a punishment for bad behavior. When many people
got sick, people blamed it on swamp vapors or foul odors from sewage. The development of the
germ theory was made possible in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries using lavatories and
equipment to study bacteria. In the nineteenth century improvements in microscope technology
allowed microbiologists to invalidate more on the germ theory. The invention of primitive
microscopes by English scientist Robert Hooke and the Dutch merchant and amateur scientist Anton
van Leeuwenhoek gave the scepter it's the ability to study the microorganisms and determine if they
caused diseases. Louis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was later proven in 1976 by German physician Robert Koch that bacteria can cause diseases.
Through this he discovered the organism that causes tuberculosis. Robert Koch showed that
organisms can be identified as the cause of diseases. He laid the foundation for modern medical
microbiology. Koch's work was influencing the development of the germ theory and Joseph Lister
was was influencing surgeries in the operating rooms. Lister began soaking surgical dressings in
carbolic acid which prevented infection. Other surgeons started doing the same and it controlled the
spread of infectious microorganisms. Many people did not know that giving healthy people vaccines
can prevent the spread of disease could prevent the spread of disease. Once scientists showed that
microbes can cause disease in humans, disease transmission reduced in hospitals and the
community, and there was the development of new techniques to find out the organisms that were
causing

Theme Of Equality In Ayn Rand's Anthem
Intelligence can be uncomfortable, but innovation can be downright frightening. No one likes being
forced to see the world in an entirely different way just because of one factor. Though Equality 7–
2521's actions may have seemed harmless, to the government this creation seemed like the catalyst
into evil. Often times the proposal of new ideas is met with great opposition and criticism. This is
seen in both the world of Ayn Rand's Anthem with society's extreme prejudice to new ideas and in
the past with fellow scientists to Ignaz Semmelweis' scientific proposals. Both innovators' works
were negated and they were in turn ostracized for their works. Even though their situations were
quite different, both Semmelweis and Equality showed similar ... Show more content on
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Equality created this "lightbox" when alone and depressed in a hidden tunnel beneath the world he is
confined to. This experiment was an accidental strike of genius born out of his fear and worry over
his transgressions and self–hatred at not living the life he wanted so badly. His proudest
achievement in life occurred when he was at his lowest point. Semmelweis was the head of a
maternity ward/student practice where the death rate was so high that women off the street would
rather give birth on the street than risk going inside. He was losing patients left and right and in
great frustration he threw himself into an extensive study to see what was going wrong. He found
that these student practitioners germ covered hands were transferring over to the patients often times
killing or severely weakening them. Both were perfect examples of innovation by necessity to prove
to themselves that they had worth in the desolate lives they lived. This innovation in hard times
required resilient behaviors on behalf of both men to stand firm and continue working even when all
the odds were pitted against them. Equality needed a way to show the Council that he was more than
just a damned, ostracized street sweeper. His creation was his way to do just that. He thought that
his "sins" would be forgiven in exchange for his great gift to mankind, but instead he was

Ignaz Semmelweis Research Paper
Ignaz Semmelweis was a Hungarian physician in the mid 1800s. The work he did on antiseptic
procedures challenged medical ideas at the time and made way for new ideas and discoveries.
Semmelweis worked in two hospitals and oversaw the delivery of babies. The first was run by
medical students and physicians, and the second by midwives. He observed that the hospital run by
medical students and physicians had a much higher rate of puerperal fever (which is a disease that
causes the death of mothers after delivery) than the other hospital run by midwives. Through
analysis of cases and a method of excluding other possible causes, he came up with a hypothesis that
the higher rate of infections in women delivered by physicians and medical students was connected
with their handling of corpses during autopsies before coming into contact with the pregnant
women. This explained why the second hospital, in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
At that time the germ theory had not been developed, and they had no idea about microbes and their
effects. Instead, they believed that diseases were caused by 'bad air', and the hospital managers
believed the drop in deaths was a result of the recent installation of a new ventilation system.
Diseases were also often blamed on an imbalance of the 'four humors' of the body. These humors
were thought to be linked with liquids in the body, which is why bloodletting occurred. A large
misconception that was held by nearly all doctors, and was considered conventional wisdom, was
that each case of a disease was unique and the result of a personal imbalance. They diagnosed and
treated every case differently so did not think about causes that may have been environmental.
Doctors, not knowing of microbes, were highly offended by the suggestion that their hands were
unclean, and so refused to wash

Analysis Of Stephen Gordon's The Well Of Loneliness And...
The two readings The Well of Loneliness and Anne Lister's Diary are about lesbians in different
periods in history. In the 1800s, non–normative identities were nonexistent, so Anne Lister felt
unique and did not face any evident negativity. On the other hand, Stephen Gordon's period was
exposed to non–normative identities and had a negative view of it. Thus, leading to Stephen
receiving negativity for her identity. Firstly, Stephen Gordon's family had a negative vision of non–
normative identities and expressed it to her while Anne Lister's family never indicated any thought
on it. Secondly, discrimination became more common in the 20th century which impacted Stephen's
perception of herself. Lastly, relationships between women in the 19th ... Show more content on
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Therefore, making Anne feel unique and confident unlike Stephen. This is showing the difference of
Stephen and Anne's perception of identity because Stephen was feeling unwanted and a sin while
Anne felt unique and could express herself.
The second difference is how Stephen faced discrimination while Anne didn't encounter any
negativity. After the 19th century, people started to become familiar with non–normative identities
and became intolerant of people with those identities. For example, when Angela told Ralph about
Stephen's letter and her affairs with Roger, Ralph had an issue with Stephens letter but ignored the
affair. Ralph got angry and said, "I'd hound you out if I thought that there'd ever been anything
between you two women" (Hall, 200–201). Yet, he never said a word about how Angela and Roger
had an affair. He thought that a letter that a woman wrote to another woman was worse than a man
and a married woman having an affair. Another example is when Angela tries to convince Ralph that
she does not like Stephen by insulting her. Angela does not want to get betrayed by Ralph so she
said that Stephen is a "pervert" ... [and a] "degenerate creature" (Hall, 200) for liking women. This
made Stephen feel unworthy of love because Angela was the only woman that she was in love with.
Anne Lister would talk about how it was easy to

19th Century Advancements
The use of technology has address the way we live. This change became known in the 19th century
which was an era of great changes on evolution. Most importantly the 19th century was a time of
development in fields on mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology that lay the ground work for
the technological advances of the 20th century. The 19th century also brought the era of
industrialization. Which started in Great Britain and later distributed around the world. In this essay
I will explain the advancement in science, technology and commercial culture that the 19th century
have discovered and it have made a difference in our daily life. The discoveries found in the 19th
century by Ferninand J. Cohn (1828–1898), Joseph ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most worldwide technological creation that today work as a great transportation tool was
the New York's first subway line on October 27, 1904 known at that time as the Interboro Rapid
Transit that are today known as the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 lines. This lines were open after four years
of tunneling and over 700 miles of track in the world's most extensive rapid transit system. By the
end of the century there was able to create combustion engines that powered cars, boats and cycle.
On December 17, 1903 two bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio, named Orville Wright (1871–
1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867–1912) flight in the age of airplane with their flight over the North
Carolina coast. All this great technological growth are what create a society of diverse materials.
The use of transportation is what helps the human being get to work on a daily basics. In the present
day there are no human being without a cellphone or a house phone which help communicate
thoughts from one house or place to another. Am truly glad this creation have lasted to my present
time and as technology still evolve there are becoming more comfortable to use. The T.V are no
longer black and white and if they used to show only few channels are now over million channels in
different languages. Another great example of the development in technology is the way knowledge
in school is being distributed. The old fashion way of writing in a board is with chalk, now we have
smart

Hospital-Associated Infection
Hand hygiene has been identified as one of the simplest, but the most significant measure to prevent
and control the spread of hospital acquired infections (WHO, 2009). Furthermore, it is also
considered a cheap measurement for infection control (Allegranzi et al., 2007). Hand hygiene
compliance among healthcare workers is underutilised and interventions to develop it are absent
sustainability in developing countries (Gould et al., 2008). In the mid–1880s, the Austrian physician
Ignaz P. Semmelweis was the first doctor who reported the critical role of the hands of the
healthcare providers in transmitting hospital acquired infections (Allegranzi and Pittet, 2008).
Hospital–acquired infections (HAI) remain a big challenge to the patient safety (WHO, 2009). It
affects hundreds of million individuals worldwide ever year (Allegranzi et al., 2007). Healthcare–
associated infection is regarded as one of the main reasons for long staying longer in hospitals,
increasing the cost of the patient treatment, and causing higher morbidity and mortality rates
(Mathai ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, limited resources; for example the unavailability of running water, towels, and hand
washing products are key factors for non–adherence to hand washing (Alp et al., 2011).
The current review of research investigates the electronic database for original research and the peer
reviews of studies published between 2005 and 2015. The primary aims of the literature review are
to understand the impact and effectiveness of interventions on improving hand hygiene behaviour
among healthcare workers, and to highlight the significant role of improving hand hygiene in
reducing the hospital acquired infections particularly in developing

Cause And Effects Of The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution had to be the biggest recent event that impacted peoples' lives. It changed
the way people lived, new technology and innovation, and the start of the modernized civilizations
that we live in today. The Industrial Revolution affected men, women , and children alike. From the
small rural communities that self–made merchandise to large corporate industries that urbanized
society and laid the foundations of the society we live in today. Before the Industrial Revolution
most people worked in cottage industries, meaning that people made their goods in their homes.
People bought raw material from merchants and one person had to perform all tasks from start to
finish in order to create a product. That started to change when the Industrial Revolution began. The
Industrial Revolution was the development of new power sources to run mechanized production
equipment and the establishment of new production techniques, including interchangeable parts. It
started out in the United Kingdom during the early 1700s in an effort by manufacturers to reduce
labor costs. The Industrial Revolution soon hitted American shores during the 1800s. Plenty of new
innovations came with the Industrial Revolution. A spinning jenny was a device made which
allowed one person to spin many threads at once. This innovation increased the amount of finished
cotton that one can produce. A water frame was a water wheel where rollers produced yarn of the
correct thickness, while a set of

Science Revolutions and Inseases in Inventions Essay
Science Revolutions and Inseases in Inventions
Over the past millennium there have been several significant scientific revolutions that have led to
an increase in the amount of inventions within that field of science. Yet some scientific revolutions
have been restricted to a containment of research within the field and thus meant that no inventions
have occurred. Specific reasons for the increase in research are basically because new inventions
can help the needs of humans, yet the argument against the increase of inventions is because some
revolutions are not accepted or cannot be researched any further.
The argument can be supported with a significant amount of evidence that shows that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although he sparked off a scientific revolution which saved human lives his theory was largely
ignored as doctors found it hard to accept that they were killing there patients and that diseases were
contagious and transferable. But eventually Semmelweis's ideas did create new inventions such as
the Penicillin founded by Fleming, the discovery of soap by Marie Curie also supported the
arguments that Semmelweis proposed. His revolution was seen as an inspiration to Florence
Nightingale who became a hero during World War I for her life saving discoveries.
The scientific revolution that Francis Crick and James Watson set off is a clear example that if a
scientific revolution occurs it will cause an increase in the amount of inventions. Crick and Watson
discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and recognized how two pairs of
complementary bases would have identical shapes if held together by hydrogen bond. The find was
seen as the discovery of the century and it meant that Crick and Watson had little difficulty for
others to accept their discovery. The discovery sparked off many new inventions and industries, the
find meant that Genetically Modified food could be made, cloning of humans and animals was
accomplishable and it helped to create new medicines to save lives.
Although it can be said that there are

Analysis Of George Orwell's Animal Farm
"Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it," said Spanish philosopher George
Santayana. This brilliant message shows to be present in George Orwell's satirical novel Animal
Farm. In this book, Orwell uses farm animals to illustrate the true nature of the communist Soviet
Union under Joseph Stalin. There are many examples in this book and in real life that show the truth
of aforementioned Santayana's statement, for if one does not remember the past, they are only
allowing it to repeat. Therefore, learning from the past is an effective way to prevent future mistakes
because not doing so has significant repercussions, there are instances of the method working, and it
can prepare us for the future.
Firstly, not looking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He sent troops into Russia in 1941, expecting a quick and easy victory (Defense Media Network),
but weeks of fighting quickly turned into months, and the Russian winter was upon them. However,
the troops did not retreat. Ultimately, some froze to death. If Hitler had looked to the past to
Bonaparte's decisions, he might have realized that retreat was necessary for future victories, but he
did not. Thus, he paid a heavy price in frozen troops and artillery for not looking back to the past.
Secondly, learning from past mistakes shows to actually be an effective method. While there are no
instances of this in Animal Farm, there are plenty of examples that can be drawn from real life.
There have been studies that show that us learning from our past mistakes is a psychological way of
learning (Psychology Today), for it is a large part of trial–and–error. Trial–and–error is described as
"a finding out of the best way to reach a desired result or a correct solution by trying out one or
more ways or means and by noting and eliminating errors or causes of failure" by Merriam–
Webster's Dictionary. This learning method was exercised by early humans to the fullest extent.
Scientific Development and Misconceptions Through the Ages: A Reference Guide, an informative
book on scientific development, states that, "Through process of trial and error and observing what
animals ate, some berries were grouped as poisonous or not good to eat" (Krebs 105). This refers to
how early humans

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