An Investigation Into The Differences Between Retail And...

An Investigation Into the Differences Between Retail and...
An investigation into the differences between retail and investment banks
Over the past decades, retail banks have remained the main commercial bank for consumers, rather
than corporations or other banks. The investment bank has become more popular amongst
individuals, corporations and governments which are interested in raising their profits. Retail banks
and investment banks have different organizational structures and activities. So they have many
differences, such as services, customers and profits. And this report aims to distinguish between the
retail bank and the investment bank in order to identify their specific service areas. Firstly, the
author will review some literature focusing on the definitions. Secondly, the author will ... Show
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There are also many advantages of the investment banks which usually provide services for the
company. First of all, most of the investment banks are global company and it can provide services
more widely than the retail banks. Such as Morgan Stanley is a leading global financial services
firm providing a wide range of investment banking, securities, investment management and wealth
management It reports US$779 billion as assets under its management. Its headquarter located in
Midtown Manhattan , New York City. It has companies in 37 countries with over 1,200 offices,
employees dedicated to local businesses, government agencies, institutions and individuals. So the
investment banks can provide the services (such as trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments,
foreign exchange and commodities) all over the world. Secondly, the revenue of the investment
banks significantly more than profit of other types of banks. If you save your extra money in the
retail banks, you can only get the interest from the rates. But if you sand your money to the
investment banks you can get remarkable returns although it has a high risk. For example the
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American investment bank and securities. And it provides mergers
and acquisitions advice, underwriting services, asset management, and prime brokerage to its
clients, which include corporations, governments and individuals. Amazingly, the company in US
profits reached a
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Core Banking Solutions
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Title of the Project: Importance And Applications Of Core Banking Solutions (CBS)
Objectives of the Project Work: The major objectives of this project work are to: To evaluate the
advantages and disadvantages of CBS over traditional banking system To explore the technology
used in CBS with special reference to Shreyas Grameen Bank. To identify and discuss various
issues related with the automization of Banks. To define various Core Banking Services provided by
Indian Banks. To identify and determine the causes of CBS becoming a nightmare. To determine the
effects of the implementation of CBS on consumers, banks and the economy as a whole. To ... Show
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The study finds and concludes that performance of rural banks in India has significantly improved
after amalgamation process which has been initiated by the Government of India.
I. Introduction
Banks play an important role in mobilization and allocation of resources in any country. Rural
people in India are facing problems in the inadequate supply of credit. The major source of credit to
rural households, particularly–low income working households, has been the informal sector.
Informal sector advances loans at very high rates of interest; the terms and conditions attached to
such loans have given rise to an elaborate structure of intimidation of both economic and non–
economic conditions in rural population in India. RRBs were established in India in 1975 essentially
for the purpose of taking banking service to the doorsteps of rural people, particularly in places
without banking facilities.
The objectives as given in the preamble of RRBs Act of 1976 were "to develop the rural economy in
providing for the purpose of development of agriculture, trade commerce, industry and other
productive activities n the rural areas, credit and other facilities particularly to the small and
marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans and small entrepreneurs and for matter connected
therewith and incidental thereto"
In India rural people such as small and marginal farmers, landless agricultural laborers, artisans and
socially and economically backward castes and classes

Analysis of the Causes and Measures of Curbing Fraud in...
ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND MEASURES OF CURBING FRAUD IN THE BANKING
SECTOR.
BY
ESSIEN NSIKAK U.
A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES,
COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE (B.sc) DEGREE IN ACCOUNTING.
CERTIFICATION
I certify that this project titled "The Analysis of the causes and measures of curbing fraud in the
banking sector" was carried out by ESSIEN, Nsikak U. (05AA01752) under my supervision and is
found to be adequate in scope for the requirement of a Bachelor of Science Degree in Accounting.
_________________________ ______________________
MRS. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, it was recommended that The bank 's control system should be of high priority both at
management and operational levels, the regulatory authorities have a responsibility of exposing staff
to the dynamics of modern day banking operations, The level of punishment meted out to fraudsters
is not commensurate enough to deter others from committing such crimes in the future. The
penalties already in place should be reviewed. In this regard, a Nigerian version of the Sarbanes
Oxley act must be enacted and since the most important resource of any organization is the human
resource, there must be a standard audit department staffed with the best material in terms of
knowledge, experience, human relations, integrity, dedication and commitment to the success of the
bank.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page............................................................................................................I
Certification........................................................................................................II
Dedication..........................................................................................................III
Abstract...............................................................................................................IV

Acknowledgements.............................................................................................V
Table of

Shinsei Case Study Essay example
Shinsei Bank Case Shinsei bank has a rich history in terms of influence over the Japanese banking
sector. Of all the defining moments, there are a few moments that reflect the culture shift of Shinsei
bank from the more traditional Japanese approach to the more Western business model. These
moments include the denial by Shinsei to forgive 97 billion Yen in debt owed by Sogo, the creation
of the Shinsei Securities operations and the institutional banking department, being listed on the
Tokyo Stock exchange and the hiring of Tom Pedersen as the Chief Learning Officer All the above
moments are important because all reflect the shift from tradition and probably may account for the
current lack of culture or rift between the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although I agree with the use of "pay for performance" in theory, I do not agree with the two–tier
system as implemented by Shinsei. At Shinsei, it seemed that the two tiered system led to
resentment. As one employee put it "Frankly, for much of the first year the atmosphere in the bank
was like civil war...Everyone was fighting everyone else." The problem with pay for performance
systems is that detracts from team work as motivation for self reward goes against the idea of
helping colleagues. On the other hand, pay based on the organization profitability leads to star
performers being underpaid as well as social loafing. In order to effectively implement a pay for
performance system, an organization must be careful to avoid the negative side effects. What was
the aim of the values and vision exercise? How successful was it? The main purpose of the vision
and values exercise was to formalize and align the current values that were present within the
organization. By doing this, Pedersen hoped to align the values to the banks strategic plans. I think
Pedersen has done a great job so far in trying to bridge the gap between the employees and trying to
promote an organizational culture based on a common mission. His vision and values exercise was
successful. In addition, he adopted a new "360 Performance Evaluation" system for senior
executives and coaching session for evaluators so the evaluations were not inflated.

Legal Ethical and Regulatory Issues
Legal, Ethical & Regulatory Issues The online banking industry is a growing and a continually
evolving business. This paper will identify and describes the legal, ethical, and regulatory issues that
impact online banking the Websites. Business ethics examines ethical rules and principles within a
commercial context involved in e–commerce are faced with the same if not more legal issues as any
other business; these issues include, but are not limited to jurisdiction, contract, and legitimacy in
the banking.
Banks such as Wells Fargo, Wachovia, and Bank of America using Websites to conduct electronic
commerce should adhere to the same ethical standards that other businesses follow." (Schneider,
2004). Ethics play an integral role ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These hackers threaten our security and confidentiality every day by getting unauthorized access
and stealing our most valuable or sensitive information. Privacy and security concerns are not
unique to the bank industry; they are spread to personal information such as health or employment,
and other e–commerce transactions. The protection of this information has to be ensured by the
company or bank in order for customers to continue the relationship with such.
The bank industry is a pioneer in handling security and confidential information of customers. By
protecting their customers they protect themselves as well. Bank of America, Wachovia and Wells
Fargo banks are very careful with the information and security management protecting it is their
main goal and commitment as they all express it in their websites and in the face to face banks. The
banks try to provide the best service in every aspect and they assure customers their responsibility
toward the protection of the customer accounts going beyond their face to face business, it is
maintained over the phone and online as well.
Bank of America, Wachovia, and Wells Fargo guarantee online security, in the case a customer
reports fraud within 60 days of the incident, the bank compromises in refunding 100% of the
amount to the bank account. The security of the consumers depends on the consumers as well, they
expect customers to take some steps to prevent fraud like protecting passwords, installing a

Estimation of Production Function of Public Sector Banks
Economics I – Project | Estimation of Production function of Public Sector Banks | |
|
Contents
1. INRODUCTION 3 2. Methodology 4 2.1 General Approach: 4 2.2 Data Collection: 4 2.3 Data
Processing: 5 2.3.1 Nature of Banks: 5 2.3.2 Nature of Variables: 5 2.3.3 Assumptions in the
treatment of Variables: 5 2.4 Data Analysis: 5 2.4.1 Objective of the Analysis 5 2.4.2 Production
Function Relationship: 5 2.5 Limitation 8 3. Data analysis and Results 9 4. Conclusion 15 5.
Bibliography 16
1. INRODUCTION
The structure of the banking industry has undergone sweeping changes in the past two decades. In
response to heightened competition from non–bank financial firms enabled by technological
progress among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, only two input variable at a time is used, though several regression analysis have been done
for different combinations of input and output to get the most reasonable and best approximate
relationship. However, a bank uses any number of variables as input simultaneously.
A bank measures its performance among other parameters on how much Loan or Credit it has
disbursed in a fiscal year or how much Deposit it has collected from the customers etc. Though such
data in isolation may not be a true estimate of the efficiency of the business because unregulated
disbursal of loans may cause Non Performing Assets (NPAs) which will lower the Retained Earning
of the Bank but since the report is concerned only with the Production function of the PSBs hence
no comment will be made on this aspect. Similarly how competitively the Deposits have been taken
will not be a subject matter of this report. The Methodology of the report is to be first gather
relevant input/output data from authoritative source. The data so obtained are processed and any
assumptions made for their subsequent analysis is clearly defined. In the next phase the data
analysis is done wherein suitable regression technique is used to generate the relationship between
the input variables and the Production output. Finally the Interpretation is done to assign the
meaning to such endeavor. 3.2 Data Collection: The data for the Public Sector Banks (PSB) in India
for the following

Theories of Buyer Behaviour
Table of contents 1. Introduction..........................................................................................4 2.
Theories of Buyer Behavior........................................................................4 3. Segmentation Profile
of Comprehensive Buyer ................................................9 4. Buyer Decision Making
Process...................................................................13 5. Guidance of
Online................................................................... .............15 6. The trends on Banking Buyer
Behavior..........................................................16 7.
Conclusion...........................................................................................17 8.
References............................................................................................18
Abstract
Profile
Kazkommertsbank is one of the largest private banks in CIS and the market leader by total assets in
Kazakhstan. The Bank provides a wide range of banking and other financial services to corporate
and retail clients across the region. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The marketing communication had been defined long time ago and brought its own yield on
banking industry. Relationships are very important in striking marketing strategies.
Theories of Buyer Behavior
Buyer behavior theory, together with models derived from such theory, is intended firstly to identify
consumer variables, secondly explain relationships between the variables, thirdly develop
operational definitions for the variables, and finally specify cause–and–effect outcomes from
variable interactions. Neoclassical economic theory applied to consumer behavior tends to assume
that benefit (utility) maximization describes consumer behavior over a life time (Kivetz &
Simonson, 2002).
The exhaustive and earliest pattern of buyer behavior has been associated as consumer behavior
model. The importance of particular prototypes, were created by Howard and Sheth, who had done
the accent on the effectiveness in such individuals or single parties during the buying process. The
exhaustive patterns, had further attempts to create the purchasing process while the examination of
specific problems in banks' marketing or some particular industries. The organization behavior
theory, lately buyer behavior, transaction cost theories in economics and industrial organization has
made a significant influence on marketing industry. There had been done a big amount of researches
in a history of marketing communication,

Commercial Banking in Kenya
EGERTON UNIVERSITY TOWN CAMPUS
FACULTY OF COMMERCE
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, FINANCE & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
NAME: OCHIENG JARED OPONDO
REG NO: C12/60275/09
GROUP: A
FACULTY: COMMERCE
COURSE: BCOM 330; Financial Institutions and markets
TASK: TERM PAPER
TITLE: COMMERCIAL BANKING IN KENYA
PRESENTED TO: MRS. BOSIRE MARY
PRESENTED ON: 19TH October 2011
ABSTRACT:
This term paper analyses the commercial banking system in Kenya. In particular it focuses on the
history of commercial banks from a general perspective then narrows down to Kenya's context. It
looks at the importance of commercial banks in Kenya, the roles/functions of commercial banks. It
then focuses on the regulations that govern the commercial banks. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even after the introduction of coinage these Egyptian grain banks served to reduce the need for
precious metals which tended to be reserved for foreign purchases, particularly in connection with
military activities.
B: KENYAN CONTEXT

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
COLONIAL PERIOD ERA
The history of banking in Kenya dates back to the colonial period. Colonial rule brought in its wake
new forms of banking. British commercial banks started operations in Kenya during the 1890s. The
operations of these foreign–owned banks were characterised by high degree of concentration,
branch banking, an almost exclusive concern with financing external trade and for many decades, a
lack of interest in, or involvement with, the African population.
As Kenya became more and more part of this capitalist world economy, the banks established
themselves in the colony to provide services for financing exports and imports. Three British banks
dominated banking in colonial Kenya. The National Bank of India (later National and Grind lays
Bank) began operations in 1896. It was followed in 1910 by the Standard bank of South Africa (later
standard Bank and Standard Chartered), and shortly thereafter the national Bank of South Africa
entered the field. In 1925, the latter merged with two other British banks to form Barclays Bank
Dominion Colonial and overseas (later Barclays Bank).
Although their primary interest was to finance external trade, as time

Retention Strategies in Post Consolidation Banking...
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
The Nigerian banking industry is one of the most dynamic and competitive industries in the
Country. The banking industry has transformed rapidly in the last ten years, shifting from
transactional and customer service–oriented to an increasingly aggressive environment in which
competition for revenue is top priority.
The Nigerian Bank can now fit into the global definition of bank. Consolidation of the Nigerian
Banking sector is one of many reforms of the Gen. Obasanjo 's administration that Nigerians have to
embrace happily. (Victor E, 2007)
Prior to the reforms, the industry was highly fragmented, with many banks having very small and
undiversified capitalisation. With a much higher capitalisation base, ... Show more content on
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The regression in the nation's economy has taken its toll on both the private and public sectors.
Employee retention has therefore become one of the biggest problems in these sectors. As such,
many companies or organisation have had to downsize or reduce their staff strength by laying off
some. (Toluwani O, 2008)
The Consolidation in the banking industry has also given rise to competiton among banks for skilled
labour .Competition for talent is on the increase, and many companies are going to great lengths to
retain their best employees. This has further put pressure on these institutions to retain their staff
1.3 Research Questions
This research aims at providing answers to the following questions:
 What are the employee turnover costs
 What are the employee turnover pre and post consolidation era
 What are the constraints faced by employers
 What is the employee retention rate in pre and post consolidation era
 Profer various retention strategies solutions
 Identify reasons why people leave
 Identify reasons why people stay
 What are the factors contributing to retention
 What are the factors affecting employee turnover

 What are the role of managers in employee retention
 What are the relationship between recruitment and employee retention
1.4 Research Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between employee turnover pre banking consolidation era and
post consolidation era.
Ho: There is no significant difference

Business in Singapore
Doing Business in Singapore
DOING BUSINESS IN SINGAPORE
1
CONTENTS
3 4 11 FOREWORD INTRODUCTION – Getting to know Singapore OVERVIEW OF LEGAL
ENVIRONMENT – Legal Framework – Handling Civil Disputes – Employment – Immigration –
Competition Act – Singapore's Free Trade Agreement (FTAs) STARTING A BUSINESS
BANKING RELATIONSHIP IN SINGAPORE – Introduction to the Financial Landscape in
Singapore – Banking in Singapore – Business Credit Facilities – Business Protection TYPES OF
BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS – Sole Proprietorships and General Partnerships – Limited Liability
Partnerships – Limited Partnerships – Companies – Joint Ventures – Foreign Companies –
Representative Offices – Incorporating a Company – Annual Requirements for ... Show more
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Geography
Singapore is an island that lies just off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula between the South
China Sea and the Indian Ocean. Its strategic location on major sea lanes has provided the country
with an economic importance in Southeast Asia. Singapore is often considered as a base for global
enterprises looking to expand into Asia and Asian enterprises looking for global connectivity.
Located at the heart of Asia, Singapore is sitting at the centre of business opportunities. Having the
four key attributes – Trust, Knowledge, Connected and Life, Singapore is being positioned as an
ideal city to Work, Live and Play. Singapore was ranked first in Mercer's Quality of Living Survey
2009.
ii. Working in Singapore
Singapore has a capitalised mixed economy. Having strong international trade links, Singapore
possesses one of the most open economies for international trade and investment. Singapore offers
foreign investors a pro–business environment, excellent infrastructure, highly–skilled and
cosmopolitan labour force, and a robust legal/judicial system. These competitive factors have set
Singapore apart from other locations, winning several accolades including: § The world's easiest
place to do business (Doing Business 2011 Report, World Bank); § Best Business Environment in
Asia Pacific and world–wide (Country Forecasts, December 2009, Economist Intelligence Unit); §
World leader in foreign trade and investment (The

Reserach Proposal on a Delivery Process of Customer...
Insert a title page
Md. Zahedul Islam premier university chittagong, bangladesh zahed_297@yahoo.com
+08801674957254
Please rewrite the content
Tables of contains
Page no. 1. Introduction ...........................................................02 2.
Objectives................................................................04 3. Research importance
implication.....................................04 4. Research Methodology.................................................05 5.
Research types...........................................................05 6. Questioner
method......................................................05 7. Data
collection...........................................................05 8. Population and
sampling................................................05 9. Timing.....................................................................06
10. Budgeting.................................................................06 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Banks also play an integral role in society, affecting not only spending by individual consumers, but
also the growth of entire industries. A bank is a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and
channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. A bank
connects customers with capital deficits to customers with capital surpluses. Banking means
engaging in the business of keeping money for savings and checking accounts or for exchange or for
issuing loans and credit etc.
The commercial banking system dominates Bangladesh's financial sector. Bangladesh Bank is the
Central Bank of Bangladesh and the chief regulatory authority in the sector. The banking system is
composed of four state–owned commercial banks, five specialized development banks, thirty
private commercial Banks and nine foreign commercial banks. The Nobel–prize winning Grameen
Bank is a specialized micro–finance institution, which revolutionized the concept of micro–credit
and contributed greatly towards poverty reduction and the empowerment of women in Bangladesh.
Banking is generally a highly regulated industry, and government

Impact of Ict on the Performance of Banks. a Case Study of...
impact of ict on the performance of banks. A case study of Barclays Bank Ghana Table of Content
Declaration i Abstract II
Ackowledgement.............................................................................................................III
Dedication.............................................................................................................................IV Table of
Content v Preamble 7 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF ICT ON BANKS 12 1.1
Electronic Banking......................................................................................12 1.2 The Concept and
definition of ICT.....................................................................................13 1.3 ICT in Banking ...
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The banking industry of the 21st century operates in a complex and competitive environment
characterized by these changing

Credit Risk Management and Profitability of Commercial...
CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT AND PROFITABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN
KENYA
BY
ANGELA M. KITHINJI
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, NAIROBI – KENYA.
akithinji@yahoo.com or akithinji@uonbi.ac.ke
OCTOBER, 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 1.1
Background ................................................................................................................................1 1.2
Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................................11 1.3
Objectives of the Study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has led to reduced interest income for the commercial banks and other financial institutions and
by extension reduction in profits (De Young and Roland, 2001; Dziobek, 1998; Uyemura and Van
Deventer, 1992).
Credit risk is the possibility that the actual return on an investment or loan extended will deviate
from that, which was expected (Conford, 2000). Coyle (2000) defines credit risk as losses from the
refusal or inability of credit customers to pay what is owed in full and on time. The main sources of
credit risk include, limited institutional capacity, inappropriate credit policies, volatile interest rates,
poor management, inappropriate laws, low capital and liquidity levels, directed lending, massive
licensing of banks, poor loan underwriting, reckless lending, poor credit assessment., no non–
executive directors, poor loan underwriting, laxity in credit assessment, poor lending practices,
government interference and inadequate supervision by the central bank. To minimize these risks, it
is necessary for the

Role of Bank Capital
Introduction
The main aim of this report is to identify the key roles played by bank capital in the banking
business. This report briefly outlines the main functions of bank capital and takes a brief look at the
benefits of bank capital to the bank and the banking industry. It is hoped that from reading this paper
a general understanding of the roles of bank capital in the banking business can be gained.
Bank Capital
A bank 's capital also known as equity is the margin by which creditors are covered if the bank 's
assets were liquidated. A bank must hold enough capital to protect lenders and depositors from
losses and also allow the bank to meet its customer requirements. Banks must maintain capital
levels equal with the amount of risks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Normally this risk can also be managed easily by hedging interest rate changes by the use of
derivative instruments.
However unanticipated system wide shocks result in a greater demand for liquidity and are far more
difficult to deal with. At such times significant liquidity demands emerge from both a banks asset
and the liability side. Refinancing short–term debt in the money markets is liability related and off–
balance–sheet exposures can unexpectedly come onto the assets side of the balance sheet. Therefore
a bank must be prepared when there is a market wide scramble for liquidity and be able to manage
funding challenges and unplanned asset expansions simultaneously by having sufficient bank
capital.
Promote economic growth
A strongly capitalized banking sector also is better able to promote innovation, whether in the form
of new products, new services or new distribution channels. Banks do not just hold capital to
overcome distress, but also because it provides them with financial flexibility. Banks with a strong
capital base can take advantage of growth opportunities. A strong banking sector made up of banks
with strong capital bases, is better able to supply credit to businesses and fund

Essay on The Return of the Ruined Banker
The Return of the Ruined Banker The setting for this ghost story was at Sturdivant Hall, in Selma,
Alabama in the 1860's.
Sturdivant Hall had been constructed in 1852. This stately mansion had six tall white pillars in the
front. There were many parlors downstairs and an abundance of spacious bedrooms upstairs.
There were large fig trees, shrubs, and scuppernong vines on either side of the home. A group of
visitors had gathered to take a to tour of this beautiful mansion; then, the guide revealed something
quite remarkable. (Windham and Figh, 79)
The guests were admiring the graceful proportions of the downstairs parlors and had made their way
to an upstairs bedroom. The guide was describing the rope–laced trundle bed and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Windham and Figh, 81) Life was good. Then, with a suddenness that shocked the entire
community, John
Parker's career ended in disgrace. The youthful bank president speculated in cotton and invested the
bank's money, only to lose it all, when the price of cotton dropped, and he could not cover the
losses. Because federal money was deposited in The First National Bank, General Swayne, a
commanding officer of the United States troops in the Selma district moved in quickly, closed the
bank and had Parkman arrested. (Windham and Figh, 81) Parkman was taken under guard to Cahaba
and confined in Castle Morgan, the prison which had only a short time before been used by the
Confederate government for the incarceration of Yankee prisoners. He managed to escape from that
prison; however, as he was climbing a prison wall, an alarm sounded, and some shots were fired .
There were several stories surrounding Parkman's fate. Some people speculated that he dived into
the nearby river and drowned. Other people claimed his body was buried under one of the huge trees
at the rear of Sturdivant Hall.
Although his death remained a mystery, students of the supernatural say that Parkman's ghost had
came back to try to clear his name about three years later, after the home had been sold. Some
servants who worked for Parker were so convinced his spirit

The Impact of Economic Meltdown on the Nigeria Banking...
ABSTRACT
This study tends to unravel the effects of economic meltdown on employee productivity in the
Nigerian banking system using the August 14, 2009 CBN intervention into commercial banks (as a
result of the meltdown originating from unsecured credits and poor bank management in the
Nigerian commercial banking system) as a benchmark to analyze the effects. Data was collected
from journals, interviews and direct data from specific units of the bank. The appraisal of the staff of
Intercontinental Bank was used to assess performance under the first hypothesis. The second
hypothesis tends to seek the staff opinion on effects of policy changes in the system and their
performance. The study suggests that the economy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this research work, the impact of the economic meltdown and recent banking reforms in
Intercontinental Bank Plc has been critically analyzed and its impact on employee performance will
be identified and ways to ensuring a positive productive effect will be discussed.
2.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
There has been a number of banking reforms in Nigeria with varying attendant effects. However, the
effect of the current reform originating from the conspicuous effect of the economic meltdown has
become of great concern. While the reform of 2004 cannot be exonerated from its attendant
casualties of job loss among others, the current reforms seems to have raised some dust. Following
the financial stringencies in the economy and the role of banks in a depressed economy, the CBN
governor, Mallam Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, on August 14, 2009 relieved some banks' CEOs of their
duties for wrong exercise of executive responsibility.
As the unexpected turn in financial market prevails, forecasting economic changes is growing more
difficult, employees which are the success tools of any organization are in no small way impaired in
their level of productivity. For most bank employees in Nigeria today, the economic crisis has led to
a wave of financial anxiety. Most bankers start to ask themselves questions like, "What if I lose my
job, will I be able to cater for my family and other needs?
The economic meltdown has put to threat job security and an enhanced sustainable juicy

Impact of Financial Regulations
2.2– INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Impact of Financial Regulations
The government in most developing countries intervened to provide more socially–optimal levels of
capital, synchronized with government development planes, and to provide finance for government
budget deficits through domestic financial markets (Alam,1989;Amsden,1989;
Bradford,1986,1987;Cho and Kin 1991; johnson,1985; and Lee,1992).The financial regulations
were designed and implemented to restrain market forces in the allocation of resources , to
encourage economic growth ,ensure financial stability and achieve other national goals.
Researchers (Romer, 1986; Eckaus, 1989; Solow, 1990; Murphy et al., 1989) justified the rationale
for government intervention in the context of industrialized nations. The regulations also had
frequently been justified in developed economies as a mean of maintaining financial stability
(Cheng, 1986).However; the historical evidence did not fully endorse the view that government
intervention ultimately delivers faster economic growth. The intervention led to more intervention
and soon the financial markets were dominated by government interference in terms of both the
direction and price of credit. A prevalent feature of this period was a very slow results from controls
on the financial system, and often a negative interest rates on both deposits and loans (Blejer, 1983;
Diaz–Alejandro 1985; Hanson and Neal, 1985;Fry, 1990; and Hanson and Rocha,1986).
Business in these countries

The Global Financial Crisis: Can Islamic Finance Help...
October 21, 2008
THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS: CAN ISLAMIC FINANCE HELP MINIMIZE THE
SEVERITY AND FREQUENCY OF SUCH A CRISIS IN THE FUTURE? by M. Umer Chapra*
(A paper prepared for presentation at the Forum on the Global Financial Crisis to be held at the
Islamic Development Bank on 25 October 2008)
___________________
* The author is Research Adviser at the Islamic Research and Training Institute (IRTI) of the Islamic
Development Bank (IDB). This paper is a revised and updated version of the keynote Forum lecture
delivered by him at the inaugural session of the Eighth Harvard University Forum on Islamic
Finance held on 19–20 April 2008 in the Harvard Law School. The views expressed in this paper are
his own and do not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The generally recognized most important cause is, however, excessive and imprudent lending by
banks.1 One cannot blame banks for this because, like everyone else, they also wish to maximize
their profits in a materialist cultural environment where maximization of income and wealth is the
highest measure of human achievement. The more credit they extend, the higher will be their profit.
It is high leverage which enables excessive lending. Excessive lending, however, leads to an
unsustainable boom in asset prices followed by an artificial rise in consumption and speculative
investment. The higher the leverage the more difficult it is to unwind it in a downturn. Unwinding
gives rise to a vicious cycle of selling that feeds on itself and leads to a steep decline in asset prices
followed by a serious financial crisis, particularly if it is also accompanied by overindulgence in
short sales. It is the combined influence of three forces which can help prevent the recurrence of
crises. One of these is moral constraints on the greed to maximize profit, wealth and consumption
by any means in keeping with the mores of the prevailing secular and materialist culture. The
second is market discipline which is expected to exercise a restraint on leverage, excessive lending
and derivatives. The third is reform of the system's structure along with prudential regulation and
supervision appropriately designed to prevent crises, achieve

Investigation of Online Service Quality of Hsbc, with...
Investigation of online service quality of HSBC, with regard to customer satisfaction
Case study based on HSBC Bank (UK)
BY
Nishar chozhivalappil
1092227422616
Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in master of business
administration at
University of wales
Student Name :
Date :
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
ABSTRACT
The theoretical methodology adopted in this research study has been developed according to an
existing methodology which was designed in measuring the quality of online services offered by the
HSBC bank. Mathematical analysis has been conducted on the basis of experiential data which has
been collected via quantitative research techniques along with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1:Data sources selection for the Literature Review 3 Figure 2. 2:Totasourceived Quality. 5 Figure 2.
3:perceived e–SQ Dimensions 11 Figure 2. : :E–S–QUAL Dimensions and Their Description 12
Figure 2.5 : eterminants of Customer Satisfaction 14 Figure 2. 6: Model for gauging the standard of
real–time services in the banking sector 17
Figure 3.1: Outline of the Chapter Three 22 Figure 3.2: Snapshot of Overall Research Approach 23
Figure 3.3: Research Onion 24 Figure 3.4:Different type of Research Strategy for This Research 27
Figure 3. 5:Population and Sample 31
Figure 4. 1:Conceptual Framework of the Research 42 Figure 4. 2: Data Analytical Approaches 42
Figure 4. 3: Scale Explanation 43 Figure 4. 4:Validation Criteria for research 44 Figure 4. 5:Gender
44 Figure 4. 6:Age 45 Figure 4. 7:Number of years customer

Problems, Solutions and Prospects for the Development and...
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
OF ACCOUNTING AUDIT MANAGEMENT ACCT 707 USENI YUSUF ONWUDE
MBF/ADMIN/0483/2009–2010 [pic][pic]INTRODUCTION SOLUDO.C (2004: 4) The Nigerian
banking system has undergone remarkable changes over the years, in terms of the number of
institutions, ownership structure, as well as depth and breadth of operations. These changes have
been influenced largely by challenges posed by deregulation of the financial sector, globalization of
operations, technological innovations and adoption of supervisory and prudential requirements that
conform to international standards. It is widely believed that savings and investment must go hand
in hand for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also different banks employ different banking applications software to gain competitive edge and
introduced various electronic products. The challenge here is that some of these ICT packages are
not compatible or were not properly understood before been introduced and banks have already
incurred huge costs in the acquisition of these technologies SOLUTIOS Economic environment:
With the federal government's intentions to increase the security, electrical and infrastructure aspect
of the economy, these banks have an opportunity to assist prospective business men tap into such
lucrative ventures. Prohibiting banks from using depositors' funds for proprietary trading, private
equity or venture capital investments. Close monitoring and stiffer penalties to banks that do not
adhere to the federal government's directive in helping other sectors of the economy grow especially
the manufacturing aspect of the economy. Regulatory, Supervisory and legal environment: Akpala
P.E (2OO6:8) Risk based supervision in place of compliance based, supervision was introduced, and
Closer Corporation between the various bodies should be strengthened. Corporate governance:
Reform measures will also include education of board directors on their responsibilities and on the
unethical and allegedly fraudulent activities and the penalties they carry. Prohibiting banks from
using depositors'

Electronic Banking System in Nigeria
Guaranty Trust Bank Plc over more than two decades has distinguished itself as a leading institution
and a major contributor to the economic advancement in Nigeria.
Guaranty Trust Bank Plc with its headquarter at Victoria Island, Lagos as at December 2011 had an
operating income of N141.729 billion, net income of N52.654 billion, total asset of N1,525.010
billion and a total equity of N235.911 billion and it had more than two thousand,five hundred
employees in Nigeria. Its subsidiaries include Guaranty Trust Assurance Plc, GTB Registrars Ltd,
GT Homes Ltd, GTB Assets Management Ltd, and GTB Finance B.V Netherlands. Guaranty Trust
Bank has over 160 branches in Nigeria and runs nationwide more than 230 ATMs. As one of the
first banks in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also imagine a man so busy at work in Ibadan taking just three minutes break to log on to the
website of his bank and transfers some fund directly from his account into that of his daughter
schooling in Abuja and within another two minutes, the daughter recieves a notification of the
amount credited to her account to which she has full access, note that all the banking transactions
took just five minutes to complete irrespective of the distance between the entities involved. All
these can only be made possible through the adoption and inception of electronic banking system in
a nation.Customers in developed countries enjoy faster and easier service but this modern banking
system has not been fully adopted in developing nations like Nigeria.
Another issue is the security challenges that electronic banking system is presently faced with in
Nigeria. Most of the older customers are not so familiar with the card payment system and how to
keep the card from fraud perpetrators now to talk of knowing its benefits.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Considering Guaranty Trust Bank Plc, Nigeria as a case study,this present research questions were
processed to solve the problems associated with the adoption of electronic banking in Guaranty
Trust bank and the banking industry in general in terms of connectivity to the internet.
The

The Impact of Information Technology on the Bank...
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE BANK PERFORMANCE
(NIGERIA IN PERSPECTIVES)
BY
HASSAN KAWU A DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING NIGER STATE POLY BIDA CAMPUS
ABSTRACT
Some of the topical issues posing serious challenges to both the public and private sectors are
advances in technology. The sector that has been most radically affected by these developments is
the financial sectors. The information technology has become a critical business resource because its
absence could result in poor decisions and ultimately business failure. In this regards, the writers
intend to find out the impact of the information technology on the Bank performance.
INTRODUCTION
Today, many banks in Nigeria has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. In diagnosing the banking industry, it is clear that it is an information based industry dependent
both on the existing automation to operate its business with high productivity, and emerging
applications to determine its future effectiveness and market share. 4. The introduction of
information technology has made the Automation of strategic importance. With the computer hard
and software without supporting these processing efforts, banks would drown in a sea of paper,
making its running costs very high, and its service inefficient. 5. It is abundantly clear, that the
information technologies are critical to banks survival and success. 6. The strategic importance of
information technologies (computers) to the banking industry is becoming generally accepted. 7.
Advances in Information Technology are so rapid that significantly faster, processing speeds and
less expensive multi–function computers system are making automation cost– effective 8.
Development of friendly and proven programming tool and packages significantly reduces the cost
of computer installation. 9. Information Technology is believed to be the tool to assist in the
effective and efficient management of banking business.
APPROACHES USED BY BANKS TO COMPUTERISED THEIR OPERATIONS There are two
major approaches used by banking industry in Nigeria to computerize their operations. 1. Front
Office Automation 2.

Banco Santander and the Acquisition of Abn Amro and Abbey...
Introduction and facts
1. Banco Santander
Banco Santander was founded in Santander and is the largest bank of Spain. Grupo Santander,
which is the 'umbrella' above the different activities and bancs in different countries, has almost
130.000 employees and 69 million customers. It is the twelfth largest financial group of the world
by market value.
2. Abbey National
Abbey is the sixth largest bank of the United Kingdom, with a leading position in the United
Kingdom mortgage market, a well–built distribution network, an established brand and a wide
portfolio of clients. In 2004, the bank was acquired by Banco Santander for EUR 15,6 billion and
became a wholly–owned subsidiary of Grupo Santander.
The two main business divisions are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in April, the Royal Bank of Scotland got in touch with ABN AMRO to propose a deal in
which a group of banks including RBS, Fortis and Banco Santander Central Hispano would jointly
bid for ABN AMRO and thereafter, break up the different divisions of the company. According to
the proposed deal, the RBS would takeover ABN 's Chicago operations, LaSalle, and ABN 's
wholesale operations while BS would take the Brazilian operations and Fortis, the Dutch operations.
What followed was a bidding war and in October 2007, the group finally won the bid for Dutch
bank ABN Amro for $99,1 billion in the largest financial–services takeover ever.
Cultural contrasts:
Individualistic – Collectivistic
According to Hofstede, Great Britain is an individualistic country (score: 89), Brazil is a more
collectivist country (score: 38) and Spain is in the middle with a score of 51.
In a collectivist country an organisation puts the stress on the training of skills. That is what
Santander does with Abbey: they train the employees to improve the customer service
If we presume that the training of the UK employees happens after the working hours, they have
less personal time. But personal time is very important in an individualistic country, as Great Britain
is according to Hofstede, so this can create dissatisfaction among the UK staff.
In a collectivist country

Analysis on Capital Structure, Dividend Policy & Working...
SELDOM CORPORATE India recognizes a PSU (Public Sector Unit) and considers its executives
worthy of an award for efficiency and business performance. In the corporate arena, ICICI, HDFC,
HSBC etc. are the banks which are always considered for one award or the other. Some PSU banks
have won awards in the past but those awards were for achieving computerization and other such
'achievements'. Seldom has a a PSU bank been seen by corporate India as a potential avenue and as
one capable of scaling new heights in the banking industry with the presence of more competitive
private banks.
But now SBI has started to dance, to jump and to take big strides for achieving the business goal,
which hitherto have been the characteristics of the small and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, a good dividend policy under which the company declares a regular growth based
dividend, the company is bound to be benefited by that which is communicated to the potential
investors that is visible by the rocketing prices of the stock price of SBI.
Apart from this, management at SBI is working up to the mark as it is functioning under a proper
planning regarding how much to pay out as dividend and how much retain for future investments.
To meet its financial requirements, SBI plans really well.
State Bank utilizes it cash adequately to meet its funding requirements. Being in banking sector,
where the depositors can demand their money back at any time, the bank needs to maintain the
flexibility in its cash reserves and so has to declare the dividends sensibly and thus a sufficient cash
balance has been maintained by the bank which is shown below:
________________________________________________________________ 2006–07 2005–06
2004–05 2003–04 (in Rs. Crores)
Cash and equivalent begin of year 44,560.00 39,322.10 43,566.62 45,181.02

Fdi in Banking Sector
oreign Direct Investment as seen as an important source of non–debt inflows, and is increasing
being sought as a vehicle for technology flows and as a means of attaining competitive efficiency by
creating a meaningful network of global interconnections.
FDI plays a vital role in the economy because it does not only provide opportunities to host
countries to enhance their economic development but also opens new vistas to home countries to
optimize their earnings by employing their ideal resources.
India has sought to increase inflows of FDI with a much liberal policy since 1991 after decade's
cautious attitude. The 1990's have witnessed a sustained rise in annual inflows to India. Basically,
opening of the economy after 1991 does not live ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Better Risk Management
As the banks are expanding their area of operation, there is a need to change their strategies exert
competitive pressures and demonstration effect on local institutions, often including them to
reassess business practices, including local lending practices as the whole banking sector is crying
for a strategic policy for risk management.
Through FDI, the host countries will know efficient management technique. The best example is
Basel II. Most of the banks are opting Basel II for making their financial system more safer.
Financial Stability and Better Capitalization
Host countries may benefit immediately. From foreign entry, if the foreign bank re–capitalize a
struggling local institution. In the process also provides needed balance of payment finance. In
general; more efficient allocation of credit in the financial sector, better capitalization and wider
diversification of foreign banks along with the access of local operations to parent funding, may
reduce the sensitivity of the host country banking system and lead towards financial stability.
Source : "Economic Review", RBI Annual Report 2005–06.
So due to the aforesaid benefits economy has consistent flow of FDI over the past few years. In
addition to that, the govt. has also taken step to enhance the FDI (eg. Telecom, civil aviation) FDI
up to 100% through the Reserve Bank's

The Effect of Deregulation Policies on the Profitability...
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Organization, corporations or establishment, just like the governments are governed by rules and
regulations, in the same way every economy set out goals, which it achieves, through various
means. Vibratory and fiscal policies are the stimulant to any nation economic development,
especially with regards to Nigeria. However, in this study, the attention of this is mainly on the
influence of deregulation on banks profitability in Nigeria. The discussion on the deregulation can
be effectively carried out without understanding what monetary policy is all about. In this content,
monetary policy could be defined as a policy which deals with discretionary control of money ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These objectives were to be achieved through a determined price system and deregulation of
economy.
Deregulation is regarded as a major policy or strategy for revitalizing the economy. This is based on
the fact that determination which embraces the removal of inhabiting controls on business and
economic activities, will encourage competition, increase the level of investment and efficient
allocation of resources. The financial sector and the banking industry in particular regarded as the
oil that keeps the wheels of economy moving, has continued to experiences the force of deregulation
in different areas of it operations. The deregulation of the industry started in 1987, with the
liberalization of interest rate. The reform exercise has affected other areas of banking activities,
against this background. The study will focus on the deregulation on the banking industry, process
of deregulation, dimensions of deregulation, evaluation of reforms and effects on the banking
industry. In the process of analysis, reference will be on the zenith Bank plc and Diamond Bank plc.
1.2 Statement of the problem: The banking industry, due to its intricate nature has been encountering
problems, such as capital inadequacies, excessive liquidity, bank distress and subsequent legibility
in order to minimize and eradicate

Commonwealth Bank
Commonwealth Bank
This paper will show the situational analysis of commonwealth bank, it also analysed the
organisational structure and its strategies. Because every business needs to take some action that
will help them keep a good position in the market, but before taken any action they have to do some
research the find to cause of problem in order to identify the resolution. The results and useful
information during this analysis will help the organisation to choose suitable strategies, develop that
management strategies and improving the service operation, which is going to help them achieve
their objectives. At the beginning it will be presented brief history of commonwealth bank and
following by their operational service, problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also have some management problem because in year 2001, the boards of commonwealth
have made wrong decision about their business strategy due to the decreasing of their profits in year
2001 – 2002, then they made the adjustment on their strategy and start doing well again.
Current situation
The current situation of commonwealth bank is stay in a very good position because they have
become the leader of retail bank in Australia, which is best in customer service. They also have good
reputation because they have donated some money to public, supported sport events and helped
environmental saving program. Their current financial situation; at 30 June 2012 their net profit
after tax on statutory basis increased 11 per cent to $7,090 million and on cash basis, up 4 per cent
to $7,113 million, fully franked final dividend of $1.97 per share, an increase of 5 per cent on the
prior year. The dividend payout ratio (cash basis) was 75%. The Group has $718,229 million in
assets (InvestSMART, 2012). According to the figure above you will see that commonwealth bank
has made more profits if compare with last financial year. So, that's mean they have done the right
thing, used suitable strategies and well management within the organisation.
Commonwealth strategies
Strategic vision
To be the best of the Australian financial services organization with excellent

The American International Bank Case
THE AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL BANK CASE
* Summary of the Situation
Tamara Long sat in her office reflecting on the tough past 6 weeks. She was the head of the
international department at the American International Bank (AIB). Six weeks ago, the Chairman of
the bank had called Tamara into his office. A bulletin had just come over the bank 's wire indicating
that a military coup had taken place in Portugal.
The bulletin also reported that the new military dictator had frozen all foreign assets in Portugal and
had imposed strict currency controls to keep capital from fleeing the country. When the Chairman
heard about this, he asked Tamara a perfectly logical question:
What was the bank 's exposure in Portugal?
It had taken Tamara over a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She had complete confidence in their judgment and was kept informed through monthly reports as
well as phone conversations on any major transactions. Tamara made semiannual visits to all the
branches and quite often would accompany the CEOs of major clients when they went abroad to
arrange for mergers or acquisitions.
During these trips, Tamara made sure that the local branch manager accompanied her on all client
visits. Once every quarter, each branch manager visited headquarters in New York to review clients,
discuss plans, and exchange ideas. Tamara would try to schedule these meetings so that as many
managers as possible would be in New York at the same time. This afforded a chance for the
managers to meet and to exchange information about mutual clients. All in all, the working
environment at AIB was competitive but cordial, and there was a feeling of trust and mutual respect
among management personnel.
Each of the branches had a computer. These ranged in size from an IBM 4300 system at the London
office to minicomputers in all the other offices. London was the most automated of the overseas
offices; it was the largest, and it also had a thriving trust operation and a merchant banking business
(securities transactions). The other offices used their computers to maintain branch financial
records, bank ledgers, and information needed to prepare government regulatory reports. Other than
monthly

Consumer Behaviour Towards the Islamic Banking – “Customer...
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this current era, businesses play the most important role in developing a country's reputation. It is
because a nation's wealth is determined by concerning on certain aspects as one of it is the
economical factor. As far as we know, businesses are the main sectors of a nation where it decides
the economical status of a nation.
Apart from that, banking operations are also one of the factors which contribute to the economical
growth of a country. The main core business of the banking corporation is being a financial
institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into
lending activities, either directly or through capital markets. Moreover, a bank also connects the
customers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Syariah prohibits the fixed or floating payment or acceptance of specific interest or fees (known as
Riba or usury) for loans of money. The word "Riba" means excess, increase or addition, which
according to Syariah terminology, implies any excess compensation without due consideration
(consideration does not include time value of money). However, these principles may have been
applied to historical Islamic economies and in the late 20th century that a number of Islamic banks
were formed to apply these principles to private or semi–private commercial institutions within the
Muslim community.
In early Islamic banking, a number of economic concepts and techniques were applied, including
bills of exchange, partnership (mufawada) such as limited partnerships (mudaraba), and forms of
capital (al–mal), capital accumulation (nama al–mal), cheques, promissory notes, trusts,
transactional accounts, loaning, ledgers and assignments. Organizational enterprises independent
from the state also existed in the medieval Islamic world, while the agency institution was also
introduced during that time. Many of these early capitalist concepts were adopted and further
advanced in medieval Europe from the 13th century onwards.
Besides that, Islamic Banking is growing at a rate of 10–15% per year in this modern era with the
signs of consistent future growth. Islamic banks have more than 300 institutions spread over 51
countries, including the United States

Information Technology and Innovation at Shinsei Bank
9–607–010 REV: OCTOBER 4, 2007 DAVID M. UPTON VIRGINIAA. FULLER Information
Technology and Innovation at Shinsei Bank Jay Dvivedi looked once more at the proposal in his
email inbox, sighed and closed his laptop for the night. He owed his boss, Shinsei CEO Thierry
Porte, a response and he knew that he would need to send it in morning. One of the heads of
Shinsei's business units had approached Porte directly with a proposal for a new, off–the–shelf
customer relationship management (CRM) system for his business. He wanted to fund it and
implement with his own personnel, but he needed approval from Porte. Before Porte responded he
had requested input from Dvivedi. When Dvivedi discussed the idea with his team the opinion was
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shinsei's Predecessor: LTCB LTCB, was established by the government in 1952 to provide long–
term funding to rebuild Japan's basic industries after World War II. This strategy proved successful
until the 1980s when financial deregulation diminished the demand for loans by traditional
borrowers and LTCB aggressively expanded in the real estate and construction markets. Because of
Japan's booming economy, land prices were skyrocketing and many loans were provided based on
land collateral rather than an appropriate analysis of risk or future cash flow of the borrower. When
the asset bubble burst and land prices plummeted in the early 1990s, banks were left with an
enormous amount of bad debt. In spite of the increase in non–performing loans, Japanese banks
were slow to take action. At the time, many still believed that the fall in land prices was temporary
and that they could wait out the crisis. Furthermore, Japanese banks placed great importance on
long–term relationships with their borrowers and were reluctant to raise lending rates in what
seemed like a temporary business slowdown. LTCB desperately explored ways to save itself.
Conditions continued to deteriorate, however, and its stock price continued to fall. On October 23,
1998, LTCB finally collapsed with nearly $40 billion of non–performing loans and was
nationalized. The failure of

Financing Your Business
Introduction to Business
Rebekah Benson
Maria Scioneaux
American Intercontinental University
Financing Your Business
ABSTRACT
Finances can be described in many ways. Throughout life we all use finances in some type of way.
Whether it's loaning money to a friend or borrowing money from the bank. Without financing we
would not be able to complete most of the things that we need to do in our day to day life. It plays a
very important role. There are many different ways to financing your own business. Whether you
use the stock market, an investment banker or any of the numerous other organizations that are
made available to you. What are the risks involved with using an investment banker? What is the
stock market? What is financial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second would be stock, you gather funds from investors so the burden of cost is not completely
yours, but the setback is that you will need to share profits and keep investors happy. You can also
borrow the money from friends or a lender to finance this idea. Borrowing will give them the
financing to use for startup costs and any other expenditure that occur. They can also make drafts for
day–to–day borrowing and manage the cash flow. In addition, they can attract outside investors by
selling shares of the business to venture capitalists. As with everything, there is a down side with
borrowing money. If the company does not produce enough revenue to cover borrowed funds used,
the ability to pay back the money borrowed would become an issue. In turn, this could potential
create future issues with the bank, as the bank could become unwilling to finance any additional
loans for the business. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the best management decision would be to sell the license of the company. It would
ensure the growth of the product and take it to a greater level. As previously stated, it would open
them up to greater markets, since this product has the usability in other items. The cost to
manufacture the item would not be that great of expenditure to the company. As a second option,
they could try to borrow the money needed

Rural Banking
RURAL BANKING IN INDIA
Introduction
Rural banking in India has been the subject of study Survey Committee Report in 1954, literally
thousand of reports have examined and investigated the problems relating to the credit delivery for
agriculture and rural area. Latest magnum opus on the subject is the National Agricultural Credit
Review report 2000. The Expert Committee on Rural Credit (Chairman: Professor V.S.Vyas)
submitted its report in 2002.One more High Power Committee headed by Professor Vyas set up by
the Reserve Bank of India recently to review and advice on improving credit delivery to agriculture
has also given its report.
As ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rural households need credit for a variety of reasons. They need credit to meet short–term
requirements of working capital and for long–term investment in agriculture and other income–
bearing activities. Agricultural and non–agricultural activities in rural areas typically are seasonal,
and households need credit to smoothen out seasonal fluctuations in earnings and expenditure. Rural
households, particularly those vulnerable to what appear to others to be minor shocks with respect to
income and expenditure, need credit as an insurance against risk. In a society that has no law of free,
compulsory and universal school education, no arrangements for free and universal preventive and
curative health care, a weak system for the public distribution of food and very few general social
security programmes, rural households need credit for different types of consumption. These include
expenditure on food, housing, health and education. In the Indian context, another important
purpose of borrowing is to meet expenses on a variety of social obligations and rituals.
If these credit needs of the poor are to be met, rural households need access to credit institutions that
provide them a range of financial services, provide

Risk Management in Banking Sector
Summer Training Project Report
ON
Risk Management in Banking Sector
Summer Training Project Report Submitted for Partial Fulfillment for the
Award of the Degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(MBA)
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Prof. S.P Jain
SUBMITTED BY
Varun Sharma
0871913907
GITARATTAN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL
(Affiliated to GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY)
ROHINI, NEW DELHI – 110085
(2007–09)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my heartiest gratitude to Mrs. ANITA KHANNA (CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
OFFICER – PNB) for giving me an opportunity to prepare a report on the project assigned to me. I
am also thankful to Prof. S.P Jain, faculty, Gitarattan International Business School, Rohini. Under
their guidance I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study aims at learning the techniques involved to manage the various types of risks, various
methodologies undertaken. The application of the techniques involves us to gain an insight into the
following aspects: An overview of the risks in general. An insight of the various credit, market and
operational risks attached to the banking sector The methodology related to the management of
operational risk followed at PNB. Tools applied in for measurement and management of various
types of risks. Having an insight into the practical aspects of the working of various departments.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The report seeks to present a comprehensive picture of the various risks inherent in the bank. The
risks can be broadly classified into three categories: Credit risk Market risk Operational risk
Within each of these broad groups, an attempt has been made to cover as comprehensively as
possible, the various sub–groups
The computation of capital charge for market risk will also be taken practically as also the assigning
the ratings for individual borrowers. PNB is also under the key process of testing and
implementation of Reuters "KONDOR" software for its VaR calculations and other aspects of
market risk.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1. The major limitation of this study shall be data availability as the data is proprietary and not
readily shared for

Information Technology and Innovation at Shinsei Bank
9–607–010 REV: OCTOBER 4, 2007 DAVID M. UPTON VIRGINIAA. FULLER Information
Technology and Innovation at Shinsei Bank Jay Dvivedi looked once more at the proposal in his
email inbox, sighed and closed his laptop for the night. He owed his boss, Shinsei CEO Thierry
Porte, a response and he knew that he would need to send it in morning. One of the heads of
Shinsei's business units had approached Porte directly with a proposal for a new, off–the–shelf
customer relationship management (CRM) system for his business. He wanted to fund it and
implement with his own personnel, but he needed approval from Porte. Before Porte responded he
had requested input from Dvivedi. When Dvivedi discussed the idea with his team the opinion was
divided. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 Information Technology and Innovation at Shinsei Bank 607–010 LTCB did not have much
presence in retail banking, with only two dozen branches throughout Japan, while major commercial
banks had several hundred branches. The bank sold debentures (instead of receiving deposits) to
high net worth individuals, but those individuals conducted their banking transactions at other banks
which had a broader branch network. Shinsei bank needed an entirely new business strategy, and
that, decided Yashiro, would be to serve retail customers. To create a retail banking business from
the ground up, Yashiro needed the help of a visionary and technologist. Dhananjaya "Jay" Dvivedi
looked like the right man for the job. An experienced manager of technology and operations with
whom Yashiro had worked at Citibank Japan during the 1990s,4 Dvivedi had an engineering
background and sought to apply manufacturing principles to the development of the new IT
infrastructure. Retail Banking Business The traditional methods of retail banking in Japan were
anything but convenient. Business hours ended at three o'clock in the afternoon (to allow time to
reconcile computer system information with the databases), no ATM usage outside of business
hours, fees for ATMs, no Internet banking, long lead times for new account openings, separate
accounts for each type of financial product, and other inconveniences had been an unavoidable,
bitter pill for people managing their money in Japan. Yashiro and

Scotiabank Analysis
Executive Summary This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the Bank of Nova Scotia's
primary business operations including their marketing and information technology (IT) systems and
the company's overall financial status and profitability. The methods of analysis used include
secondary research of industry data, company reports, recent financial disclosures, as well as
inquiries in various electronic databases. The purpose of this report is to determine whether or not
the Bank of Nova Scotia, more commonly known as Scotiabank, is a good employer for recent and
future Haskayne School of Business graduates. Extensive research has determined that the banking
industry is in an unstable state. The industry's profits have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The objective of this report is to analyze and evaluate Scotiabank's primary business activities and
financial data to determine whether or not it would be a good employer of recent University of
Calgary graduates. This report includes sections such as company introduction, marketing and
operations management, corporate social responsibility and recent issues, and financial information.
The research methodologies for this report include secondary research from databases, such as
SEDAR, Mint Global, and Canadian Newsstand, as well as research conducted on the World Wide
Web. Group members applied their knowledge from lectures and labs in order to analyze the sources
and extract and interpret the relevant data.
Company Introduction
Scotiabank is

Public Finance Institutions in India- a Brief Discussion
Public finance institutions According to sec 4A of companies cat 1956: (1) Each of the financial
institutions specified in this sub–section shall be regarded, for the purposes of this Act, as a public
financial institution, namely:– (i) the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited,
a company formed and registered under the Indian Companies Act, 1913 (7 of 1913);
(ii) the Industrial Finance Corporation of India, established under section 3 of the Industrial Finance
Corporation Act, 1948 (7 of 1948);
(iii) the Industrial Development Bank of India, established under section 3 of the Industrial
Development Bank of India Act, 1964 (18 of 1964);
(iv) the Life Insurance Corporation of India, established under ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2005 ICICI acquired Investitsionno–Kreditny Bank (IKB), a Russia bank with about US$4mn in
assets, head office in Balabanovo in the Kaluga region, and with a branch in Moscow. ICICI
renamed the bank ICICI Bank Eurasia. Also, ICICI established a branch in Dubai International
Financial Centre and in Hong Kong. 2006 ICICI Bank UK opened a branch in Antwerp, in Belgium.
ICICI opened representative offices in Bangkok, Jakarta, and Kuala Lumpur. 2007 ICICI
amalgamated Sangli Bank, which was headquartered in Sangli, in Maharashtra State, and which had
158 branches in Maharashtra and another 31 in Karnataka State. Sangli Bank had been founded in
1916 and was particularly strong in rural areas. ICICI also received permission from the government
of Qatar to open a branch in Doha. ICICI Bank Eurasia opened a second branch, this time in St.
Petersburg. 2008 The US Federal Reserve permitted ICICI to convert its representative office in
New York into a branch. ICICI also established a branch in Frankfurt. *2.Industrial* Development
Bank of India The Industrial Development Bank of India Limited commonly known by its acronym
IDBI is one of India's leading public sector banks and 4th largest Bank in overall ratings. RBI
categorised IDBI as an "other public sector bank". It was established in 1964 by an Act of
Parliament to provide credit and other

Comparative Study of Customer Satisfaction Between Public,...
A Comparative Study of Banking Services and Customer Satisfaction in Public, Private and
Cooperative Banks N.Amuthan, Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, A.G.Government
Arts College, Tindivanam, Villupuram Distsrict, Tamil Nadu. Keywords: Transaction based Banking
services, IT enabled banking services, Customer satisfaction, Service Quality. Abstract The banking
system is facing challenges with stiff competition and advancement of technology. It becomes
imperative for all service providers to meet or exceed the target customers' satisfaction with quality
of services expected by them. Hence the present research is attempted to study customers'
perception of quality of services, both transaction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reform process started in the early 90s has given the industry a great opportunity. Not only must
the sector become more efficient it must also identify sectors having growth opportunities and
devise strategies to move savings into these sectors. 1.1 Current Scenario Currently, the overall
banking in India is considered as fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach even
though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector banks. Well computerized
private sector banks are beginning to compete seriously with the nationalized banks. They aim at a
profitable and wealthy part of the market and, in contrast to the nationalized banks, do not recognize
any social responsibilities to small account holders or to a rural and semi–urban clientele. Almost
80% of the business are still controlled by Public Sector Banks (PSBs). PSBs are still dominating
the commercial banking system. The banking system is facing the challenges with stiff competition
and advancement of technology, the services provided by banks have become more easy and
convenient. The competitive character has been promoted by facilitating the entry of foreign banks.
The country is flooded with foreign banks and their ATM stations. Efforts are being put to give a
satisfactory service to customers. Phone banking and net banking are introduced. The entire system
has become more convenient ad swift. Time is given more importance than money.

Information and Communication Technology (Ict) and Banking...
ISSN 2039‐2117 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 2 (4) September 2011
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Banking Industry
Alawode, Ademola John+ Emmanuel Uche Kaka**
*
Department of Computer Science, Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria ** First Bank
Nigeria PLC, Ahoada Branch, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Abstract Information and Communication Technology, the language of the new age and its grammar
which is Science has become an indispensable and veritable tool for enhancing effectiveness and
efficiency in all other aspects of life. Banking industry has learnt the grammar and understands the
language of the new age and tremendously transforms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 (4) September 2011
imperative in the industry. This study evaluates the response of Nigerian banks to this new trend and
examines the extent to which they have adopted innovative technologies in their operations and the
resultant effects. Information and Communication Technology Information Technology (IT) is the
automation of processes, controls, and information production using computers,
telecommunications, software and ancillary equipment such as automated teller machine and debit
cards. It is a term that generally covers the harnessing of electronic technology for the information
needs of a business at all levels. Communication is the conveyance or transmission of information
from one point to another through a medium. An example of how ICT has had an impact on the
Banking Industry is that its emergence allows banks to apply credit–scoring techniques to consumer
credits, mortgages or credit cards. Hence, products that used to be highly dependent on the banks´
evaluation of its customers have now become more standardized. Other examples of ICT impact on
the Banking Industry include the increased process efficiency, which can reduce costs in banks, and
the branch renewal, where focus is gradually shifting away from traditional brick and mortar banks
towards the dual–bank concept

Deutsche Bank’s Pan-European Retail Banking Strategy
BUSI 3312
Group Case Study– BUSI 3312
"Deutsche Bank's Pan–European Retail Banking Strategy"
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for BUSI 3312
August 7th, 2012
Table of Contents
Heading Page
Problem Statement 2
Data Analysis 3
SWOT Analysis 3
Strengths 4
Weaknesses 4 Opportunities 5
Threats 5
Key Decision Criteria 6
Alternatives 8
Alternatives Analysis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Deutsche Bank has a lot of options that could all be beneficial to the future success of the bank. 3.
If Deutsche Bank was to merge with Dresdner Bank the connections and networking has already
been accomplished. 4. If Deutsche Bank continues with it Pan–European retail banking strategy
they already have Bank 24, a division that is already retail banking oriented.

Weaknesses
1. The management of Deutsche Bank can not get along with the management of Dresdner Bank
making if difficult if not impossible for the organization to make the merge. 2. This inability of the
management to get along with the management of another firm could cause problems in the future if
they can't get along with the management of other businesses in the future. 3. Moving into other
countries in Europe is very expensive. 4. If the bank moved towards the retail banking strategy, that
kind of banking is low–margined and therefore may deter investors fearing less return on their
investments.
Opportunities
1. Deutsche Bank has a new goal expanding throughout Europe. 2. The banks online banking
platform provided a powerful selling channel. 3. With the advent of the euro the ability of operating
a bank a pan–European market became a lot easier. 4. Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank could
merge and expand into investment banking. 5. Deutsche Bank already controls Bank 24 and it
would be easy to shift

An Investigation Into The Differences Between Retail And...

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