Fensive Realist, John Mearsheimer, A Man Many Ir Majors...

Fensive Realist, John Mearsheimer, A Man Many Ir Majors...
Two authors agree, and one, the offensive realist John Mearsheimer, a man many IR majors and
theorists have grown to know and love, continues to maintain his position. Mearsheimer's next book
should be called, Mutually Assured Destruction by John Mearsheimer. His Offensive Realist
perspective creates a "gloomy forecast" that he wishes to refute for the Chinese–American great
power debate. With this book being published in 2001 and the most updated copy in April 2014, it is
probably very interesting to read the first edition of this book in comparison to the most update
version. However that being said Mearsheimer's initial arguments of the chapter assigned, has
proven to be true. Recently assigned, was an article on the current situation in the South China Sea.
An imperative region specifically for the U.S and home to one of the busiest shipping lanes in the
World, Mearsheimer discusses in depth the Chinese position in this region. Mearsheimer gives an
extensive synopsis of his core elements of IR theory, but his main argument which all three theorists
seem to agree on is the American resemblance of China's geo–political strategy. While Ikenberry
and Glaser, focus on international diplomacy that must be taken to prevent major war and the dismal
likelihood of a great power war between these to powers. As more knowledge is gained on this
topic, it is extremely difficult, as a student to truly understand what will actually happen in the future
for China and the United States.
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Hegemony, Resistance, Revolt Essay
The conquest of Latin America was a fairly quick process in which the theme of hegemony was
vastly prominent. The cultures of colonialism and competitive nature to obtain wealth through
exploitation were the main driving force of hegemony. It is natural to exploit the people of lower
class or societal rank for one's own advantage, and that is what happened. As the pressure of power
and control became overbearing toward the people, resistance was sure to follow.
Looking at today's society, there is a lot of exploitation and hegemony among certain groups. Major
global conglomerates exploit the people of many poorer countries for cheap labor. To the people
overseas, they are receiving wages that are fairly high for their standards. ... Show more content on
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They were just born into the legacy of either carrying out an elite family business or working under
poor conditions to buy their own freedom. "Scott stresses the lack of consensus in social situations
of domination. The dominated know they are dominated, they know by whom and how far from
consenting to that dominion, they initiate all sorts of subtle ways of living with, talking about,
resisting, undermining, and confronting the unequal and power–laden worlds in which they live."
(Roseberry 357) Everyone lived their life and had to live with the grim situations. There was nothing
they could do but live in their situation, or revolt.
Looking at the hegemony hierarchy of Latin America, the top would be the king or leader of a
Spain. Then it would be the colonizers or Europeans residing in Latin America. Next in the
hierarchy would be the indigenous people, and then lastly would be the slaves. By looking at the
hierarchy, there is one thing that is certain. As long as there is hegemony within the relationship of
two groups, revolt or opposition is inevitable.
Fighting between the two groups was a brutal massacre. Technological advancement allowed the
colonizers to win most of their battles. Through this huge advantage, they displayed their hegemonic
presence. Fray Bernardino de Sahagun explains the war and pillaging against the

What Are the Implications of Thucydides' and/or...
What are the implications of Thucydides' and/or Machiavelli's writings for US hegemony today?
Thucydides and Machiavelli's analysis of power can be applied to contemporary US foreign policy
regarding the exercise of power and a diminished respect for law or ethics. Both philosophers play
an important role in the Realist theory where they are generally taken to prove the mutually
exclusive nature of ethics and politics as well as the inevitability of war. Firstly this essay will
discuss arguments for the existence of US hegemony today and how Thucydides and Machiavelli's
writings support this. Following this, the possibility of the diminished existence of US hegemony
will be argued, again using the argument's of the two ancient ... Show more content on
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Although Athenian's did claim hegemony through honour which was brought about through their
defeat of the Persian empire in the name of freedom, the Melian slaughter discussed by Thucydides,
showed that their influence over their allies was non–democratic and ultimately shows leadership
through arkhe. Lebow and Kelly suggest that currently, 'hegemonia is even more important than it
was in the Cold War' (Lebow, pg605, 2001) for the US. Wohlforth states that the US is the 'first state
in modern history...with decisive preponderance in all the underlying components of power'
(Wohlforth, pg7, 1999). When discussing power it is important to think about America's possession
of 'soft power...which is increasingly important in influencing international behaviour' (Lebow,
pg605, 2001) in terms of promoting western dominance in mainly cultural and ideological domains.
American's would like to believe their influence was democratic and embodies the cultural and
ideological 'benefits' of liberalism. Joseph Nye, Jr. stresses the increasing importance of soft power,
relative to more traditional forms of power that rely on coercion (Nye, 1999) which moves away
from the realist school of thought that relates to Machiavelli's and Thucydides' ideas of power.
On the other hand it is argued that, while still overwhelmingly powerful, America no longer
occupies the role

Analysis Of Neo-Realism : A Modification Of Classical Realism
Neo–realism: A Modification of Classical Realism
Kenneth Waltz's key argument is that states have little choice but to compete with each other for
power as there exists no higher authority that they can turn to in times of crisis. After all, stronger
states are less likely to be attacked than weaker states. Therefore, to survive, their main goal should
be to ensure that other states do not gain power at their expense. Waltz emphasizes that "the first
concern of states is not to maximize power, but to maintain their positions in the system." Neo–
realism's principal departure from classical realism is the "idea that international politics can be
thought of as a system with a precisely defined structure." It also breaks with classical realism ...
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But, Kenneth Waltz argues that the behavior of most of the nations contradicts this. He asserts that
Morgenthau fails to explain why other desires are unable to outweigh the fear nations may have
about miscalculation of their relative power. Waltz states that, "Unable to conceive of international
politics as a self–sustaining system, realists concentrate on the behavior and outcomes that seem to
follow from the characteristics they have attributed to men and states."
Neo–realists, on the other hand, view power as a possibly useful means to an outcome, instead of
seeing it an end in itself. Waltz argues that power is a useful means and rational statesmen try to
have an appropriate amount of it. Security becomes the ultimate concern for states and not power.
This, according to Waltz, is one of the most important modification or "revision of realist theory."
Another modification that Waltz highlights is neorealism's use of the concept of power as a defining
characteristic of structure. Neo–realist theory defines power as simply the "combined capability of a
state."
There exists a significant divide between neo–realists as well, which focuses on how much power
states want. Defensive realists, like Waltz, recognize that the international structure creates
incentives to gain power but, maintain that there should be a limit to it and that its unwise to pursue
hegemony. Offensive

The Executive Of Directors ( The Collective ) As A Self...
This paper will be a literature review that discusses the notion that, the board of directors (the
collective) as a self–regulating social system. This will be achieved by a systematic review of a
collection of works in the area of corporate governance spanning the birth of the industrial
revolution to the modern day. The areas of emphasis will be a view to identifying the key concepts,
issues and laws created to better focus the actions of boards. In addition to identifying the locations
for each of these developments and how this has led to divergent practices across the globe.
Following the review of the literature the author of this paper will seek to discern the current
direction and nature of corporate governance in the future. The ... Show more content on
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As such, for the first time the owners of companies were not directly involved in the day to day
operation of the entities. This resulted in the formation boards of directors charged with overseeing
and charting the direction of these entities. This is now referred to as shareholder capitalism (Grant,
2012), where a firm is to act in the best interests of its shareholders.
This separation of the owners and managers of the business is the central reason for the existence of
what is now referred to as corporate governance. As discussed by Smith (Smith, 1776), Berle (Berle,
1932) and Tricker (Tricker, 2012), this created several differing schools of thought. Concepts now
referred to as agency, stewardship, resource dependence and enlightened stakeholder theories
combined with ideas such as managerial and class hegemony and evolving social stakeholder
philosophies will form the basis of our review into the abilities of boards to act in a self–regulating
manner. This paper will explore each of these in an attempt to discern if a pattern either has or is
likely to emerge that enables boards to form a self–regulating social system.
Agency theory as a concept was first posed by the economist Adam Smith (Smith, 1776). He
discussed the idea of how those charged with the custodial duty of leading entities they did not own,
would be inclined to act in their own self–interest and not in the interests of the

How Power Is Used For Concealing Relations Of Power
Power is usually described as "bad" and is mostly discussed by others about the abuse of power
however this is not true, power can be used to help or protect individuals, which is exactly what the
culture I had observed does. In this essay, I will examine the performances of power that is observed
throughout the ritual ceremony, "chanting" in the Buddhism culture, displaying how the religion is
used for concealing relations of power within this definite culture. Through this examination, I will
use the theories of Karl Marx (religion as ideology) and Antonio Gramsci (hegemony being concept
of power), to support the display of how the power distributes religion. By relating to the definition
of power, I argue that, for the members of this community, 'power' is about ease and security– no
inequality.
The first observation that I had seen to our visit to the "Fo Guang Shan Temple" that stood out to me
the most were the Buddha statues. Inside the shrine, in the prayer room, were five large Buddha
statues and each wall in the room was occupied with images of small carved Buddha's; both female
and male. Along the left side of the five Buddha's, was an image of Male Buddha and on the right–
side was an image of Female Buddha. I also noticed that people took off their shoes at the door
before they entered. When I entered the prayer room, the first entity I had perceived was that the air
was filled with the smell of very strong incense, used for offering the Buddha. People had

Liberal, John Ikenberry And The American Liberal World Order
In Liberal Leviathan John Ikenberry argues that the American led liberal hegemonic order has
reached a major shift in its authority within the liberal order. In the last two chapters of the book,
Ikenberry argues that the era of unipolar hegemony for the United States is ending, and that it will
eventually have to re–negotiate its balance of power with other emerging states. Critics believe that
the American liberal world order is no longer serving its original purpose, and is becoming a more
imperial order that is beginning to disintegrate. Ikenberry also highlights that there are many states
that could rival the overall hegemony of the United States. Overall the last two chapters of the book
argue that the United States needs to consider taking a new pathway so that the liberal order can
accurately serve its role for the challenges ahead. Ikenberry argues that there are many dilemmas
within the organization of the international world order. The liberal order is defined by its openness
and its rule based order. Order is maintained in these institutions when states agree to follow the
rules set by these institutions. The liberal order has sought to establish its rules in a non–biased
system that will not discriminate other states, so that the entire institution can agree on these
regulations. However, this has raised many serious dilemmas'. There seems to be concern of how the
balance of power operates. Ikenberry argues that the international order has been put into place

The Role and Nature of Power
Definition of Power
The role and nature of power is often contested in its definition and can be seen as a broad and
generic term. Building blocks of 'Power' include factors such as population, territory, wealth,
political stability and competence, and military strength (armies and navies). , Military power will
be used as the constituent of 'power' for this essay.
There are two important categories of power within the International System. These are
distinguished as Potential and Actual Power.
Potential Power
Based on population size and the level of wealth of a state. Population and wealth are the main
components of military power.
Actual Power
This is based on the military forces that directly support a state.
The Modern International System
The Modern International System timeline is surrounded Conjecture and dispute. However for the
purpose of this essay the systems timeline will be composed of three occurrences. These are:
16th Century
The Global Economic System arose where the European International System expanded overseas.
Expansion of Atlantic trade and Growth in economic riches going tonto Europe
17th Century
Treaty of Westphalia after the 30 year war and the rise of severing modern states
19th Century
Development of a Global Full International system (modern international system) through
Imperialism and American decolonization.
The full Modern international system involved military–political, economic and socio–cultural
interaction. General great

Weaknesses Of America
'The US stands taller and sees further.' Assess.
The study of International Relations surrounds itself in theories such as Realism and Liberalism,
with actors and power structures defining the discipline. Actors are key to the study; however, in the
twentieth and twenty–first centuries there has been a key dominant hegemon which rules over the
international community. Hegemony as defined by the Encyclopaedia Britannica, refers to the
supremacy of one group over another, often supported by legitimate norms and ideas, and in modern
society describes the dominance of a certain set of actions that allows for supremacy in certain areas
and a unipolar world. The United States of America emerged from World War II as the overriding
economic, political, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This economic control is central to a hegemon retaining control and power in a unipolar world.
Through its strong economic expansion and leading of the worlds trade with the US dollar (USD),
America's economic authority allows for continued control in the international community. A report
by Joseph Quinlan, Chief market Strategist for U.S. Trust details for international investors that the
domestic American market shows little signs of slowing down, even in the face of a growing
Chinese Economy. Quinlan explains that the U.S economy is the "largest and most productive in the
world", and this is further backed by the fact that America has just over 20% of global GDP whilst
only having 5% of the world's population as according to the World Bank. Continually, America's
economic dominance is displayed by the fact that America is one of the largest exporters of goods
and services with a totally of $2.2 trillion total exports in 2013. Although America has suffered with
the effects of the Global Economic Crisis (GFC) and a slump in the global economy, Foreign Direct
Investment in the US is 15% of the world's total, accumulating to $736 billion USD. Whilst the
American economy did suffer during the GFC, this doesn't dissuade from the fact that the American
dollar is the world's reserve currency, and

The Neo Realist Thinking Of Waltz Along With John Mearsheimer
Neo–realism, also known as structural realism or system level theory outlined in Theory of
International Politics (1979) has been Kenneth Waltz's response to the Realism theory by Hans
Morgenthau (1948). The neo realist thinking of Waltz along with John Mearsheimer, Robert
Keohane, Stephen Krasner, Charles Kindleberger and Robert Tucker George Modelski had a deep
impact both within and beyond the realist tradition. Unlike classical realism, Neo realism does not
consider human nature as relevant when it comes to the behaviour of states in international system
rather explains it in terms of structure of the international system. As per neo realists, the
international structure is predominately defined by their ordering principles (anarchy) and the
distribution of capabilities (power) across units. In the neo realist theory, power is simply the
combined capability of a state and changes in the structures can be explained by the distribution of
power across the states. Waltz claimed that any theory of international relations should be able to tell
both about the units–states– and the system as a whole.
This essay will focus on the neo realist approach of International relations and explain why,
according to the neo–realists, states want power and argue how much power states should aim to
control. The first section of the essay will introduce the concept of power within the international
relations context and then the second section will delve into the question of why in

How Did Antonio Gramsci Able To Maintain Their Power?
For centuries many significant people had huge impacts on society and how they should be
managed. Antonio Gramsci had a unique way of thinking that had a specific manner to determine
what is necessary for a successful revolution during the industrialization era. He had ideas and
questions about how the ones in power sustain their control. The Islamic State is a self proclaimed
modern government on the rise and their views on laws and military authority has spread
tremendously. Gramsci's concept has great similarities to how the Islamic State has been able to
expand and maintain their power. Gramsci's beliefs are used as a symbolic justification for a post
war strategy on modern society and The Islamic State seems to follow Gramsci's concepts and
theories. Gramsci describes various things needed to conduct a victorious revolution. He explains
how hegemony is used, which is a distinct form to instill dominance, leadership and fear onto
groups of people. The Islamic State portrays hegemony ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another variable Gramsci talks about that causes a heavy influence would be the culture that the
Islamic State follows. It is extremely important to preserve their culture and the way they were
taught to be uniquely different from any other government. By significantly reducing the civil
societies power, The dominant ones in power will maintain their authority. As reported by (Gina and
others 2014) Using an internal strategic analysis, they found support for the hypothesis that the
Islamic State is a movement that is very controlling. There are a few strategic resources and
capabilities that will allow the Islamic State to become a successful movement; a unique structure
and leadership, technological advances in media a cyber usage and an organization in a disturbed

Analysis Of The Advancement Of Postwar Order
Analysis of the Advancement of Postwar Order
By: Michelle Wyatt
PSCI 1051.001
Prof. Richard Ruderman
November 26, 2014
Ikenberry's book After Victory discusses how order is reestablished after war. In the book it explains
the different ways that order can be reestablished, and how postwar order has evolved from Balance
of Powers, to Hegemony, to present day Constitutionalism. He aims to address three main points
throughout his book: The choices that the winners of the war face in regards to establishing order,
the reasoning behind choosing their specific mode of order reestablishment, and the lasting stability
of 1945 postwar order (Ikenberry 3). In my analysis I explain the different modes of postwar
reestablishment, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Balance of Power, a type of post war order, could happen when weaker states form alliances with
each other in order to counterbalance the leading state. This would prevent the leading state from
having all the power, and would prevent tyranny of the leading state. This form of balance of powers
is coined "banding," because the weaker states 'band' together (Ikenberry 24). Also this form of post
war order allows for the weaker states to have some of their postwar demands carried out. On the
other end of balance of powers there is "bandwagoning," which is where the weaker states ally
themselves with the victor (Ikenberry 25). Bandwagoning ensures that the weaker states will not get
oppressed and also guarantees them protection due to their alliance with the leading state.
Although balance of powers seems like a great idea, it is not very stable. Alliances are constantly
making sure that they are in equilibrium in order to maintain balance with the opposing force. This
causes for shifts and gains in alliances. For example, if one side gains another ally, the other side
must find another ally as well. This constant checking of balance results in very complex, global
alliances. The downside to this is that when one member of your alliance is tampered with then the
entire

Portrayal Of Female Empowerment And Gender Roles Essay
In politics, power is a crucial component, and having authority over others is critical in legitimizing
that power. Women consistently lack agency and power, especially in political spheres. Fantastical
worlds, like HBO's television series Game of Thrones (GoT), portray women in roles of
empowerment, but their power is contingent on men and on their own sexuality. Despite gaining
positions in political power, women only attain that power or can only use that power in the realm of
men and masculinity. This essay argues that women in Game of Thrones, as political and non–
political actors, are only powerful to the extent to which it roots from archetypical masculine
characteristics and to which it advances their storylines from a man's standpoint. To do so, I will first
contrast political power and apolitical power, namely in terms of female participation and
involvement. Next, I will examine HBO's Game of Thrones in relation to its portrayal of female
empowerment and of stereotypical gender roles. This paper will then distinguish notable Game of
Thrones female characters as political powerful and apolitically powerful actors. This paper will
conclude with an analysis of how Game of Thrones magnifies women's roles in political power
while also generalizing women as powerful only in regards to their sexuality.
Power is central to politics and political action. The Oxford Dictionaries (2016) characterize politics
as "the principles relating to or inherent in a sphere or activity,

Hegemonic Masculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity
What is hegemonic masculinity? What are the merits and shortcomings of this concept?
In Connell's original conception, hegemonic masculinity can be understood as 'the pattern of
practice that allowed men's dominance over women' (1987). Hegemonic masculinity is the exclusive
masculinity of which only a few exhibit. The majority of men in fact experience complicit
masculinity, allowing them to dominate in the patriarchal system in which it created. Connell (1987)
believed it was this that created a social system, in which masculinity was dominant over femininity.
Hegemonic masculinity was also dominant over other forms of masculinity experienced by men
from various class, racial or sexual backgrounds. Throughout this essay, I first aim to explain
hegemonic masculinity in its original concept, as this is vital when examining the studies and
theorisations of masculinity that followed RW Connell's original framework. This will lead to an
analysis of its reformulation in 2005 and an explanation of how the values of the concept, that were
retained have been demonstrated in studies of masculinities in various institutions. The critiques the
concept faced will then be discussed in relation to its reformulation. Finally, the failure of Connell to
underestimate the importance of different masculinities in his original conception will be examined.
The use of different masculinities has highlighted the need for men to come away from behaviours
such as violence and homophobia. It is in

Cultural Hegemony In The American Dream
Peter Carey has applied the motif of "the American Dream" to illustrate the issue of cultural
hegemony, and the potential consequences of it in terms of a specific nation's cultural identity. The
outcomes of cultural hegemony may appear if a society is heavily affected by another one and
endeavours to adopt its culture in the pursuit of a better life. In American dreams, Carey depicts
idealized utopian scenario and corresponding loss of townspeople's cultural identity – this fantasy of
the "American dream" emerges like one of the story's main motifs. Parallel to their mystification of
the American way of life, the people of a place called Bacchus Marsh develop a negative attitude
towards their own town, being dull and insignificant, as depicted in the words of the narrator's
father: "nothing more than a stopping place. Somewhere on the way to somewhere else" (Edelson).
The exact location of the Carey's remote, no one–wants–to–live–in town is unknown, even though
there are some indications that it is in rural Australia. Carey uses figurative language and magic
realism to achieve a sense of hidden meaning. Some toponyms really exist, like the fictional Bald
Hill and actual ones with the same purpose of serving as lookouts – "On Bald Hill are half a dozen
telescopes through which the Americans can spy on the town..." (Edelson). The situational irony
takes the reader to the opening of the story and the narrator's depiction of the locals at the Roxy –
"for years we have watched

Media And Society : Technology, Democracy And Capitalism
Media in Society (2013) is a cutting–edge media studies textbook written by a group of media
scholars: Richard Campbell, Miami University of Ohio; Joli Jenson, University of Tulsa; Douglass
Gomery, University of Maryland; Bettina Fabos, University of Northern Iowa and Julie Frechette,
Worcester State University. It serves as an analysis of the perpetual relationship between media and
society through three key concepts: technology, democracy and capitalism. These themes are
connected throughout the entire book, but more than anything, Media in Society focuses on
storytelling. As it targets a diverse audience, it does an excellent job exploring different stories the
mass media tells and the stories we tell about the media. Through a wide ... Show more content on
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Evaluation: arriving at a judgment about whether something is good, bad, or mediocre, which
involves subordinating one's personal taste to the critical assessment resulting from the first three
stages.
5. Engagement: taking some action that connects our critical perspective with our role as "global
citizens" in order to question media institutions, adding our own voice to the process of shaping the
cultural environment.
Repeated use of this process throughout the entire book stresses the importance of understanding
what we're consuming and what it means to be media literate. Media in Society takes teaching
media literacy a step further in its fifth stage of the critical process – Engagement.
"To be fully media literate, we must actively work to create a media world that represents broad
interests and tastes." (Media in Society, pg. 11)
This book offers suggestions and practices regarding media literacy that many others fail to do. That
is, what do you do now that you understand cultural, political, societal and economic influence of
the media? Media in Society reveals how you can use your media literacy skills to influence or
create media in which our world is accurately represented. For example, in the study of reality TV,
the authors suggest organizing and inviting reality TV producers to a conference that critiques and
offers suggestions regarding better storytelling practices (Media in Society, pg. 11).
Using narrativist, reflectionist

Theories Of Leadership : The Five Sources Of Power In...
Theories of motivation
The evaluation of power and influence has showed that they are closely related to the leadership
style that Carlos Slim lead. The five sources of power have categorized in two different category,
one is positional or organizational power consisting of legitimate, rewards and coercive; and the
remaining is personal power including expert and referent power (Combe, 2014). The personal
power is studied as more regarded in employee satisfaction, commitment, loyalty as well as job
performance (Lunenburg, 2012).
Sources of Power
Power is a source of ability to control other's actions (Combe, 2014). French and Raven had
originally developed the most influential theories in purpose of determining the sources of power
that leaders use to influence others. The five sources of power consist of coercive, reward and
legitimate where categorized in positional or organizational power; expert and referent are the
sources of power which categorized in personal power (French & Raven, 2004). Generally saying,
the personal power is more regarded to the job satisfaction of the employees, the commitment of the
organization, and job performance (Lunenburg, 2012). In contrast, the coercive power is a power
depending on fear which brings negatively consequences (Combe, 2014). Even though, these
sources of power have been defined their own definition, these powers should not be completely
separate from each other. Carlos Slim is a model leader who applies those powers together

Biographies Of Educational Hegemony By Karen Ho
Educational Hegemony
With the development of the society, education becomes a significant role in human's lives, and
people appeal to get the equal rights of education. There are too many people looking forward to
justice and liberation in this world. At this time, education is a way to satisfy people's spiritual and
material demands. Gradually, eople realize the importance of education, and they believe in the
changes that education brings to them. This is why people get into hegemony, which presents from
the ideology and cultural aspect of the society. However, when their rights are regulated by norms,
people will question whether the hegemony will help them live better. In Karen Ho's article
"Biographies of Hegemony", she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individual's life choice narrows by the social cognition. The educational hegemony plants root in
people's mind that Wall Street is the best place to work. However, Wall Street people must dedicate
their lives on a financial circle. Ho states the situation, "This early and intense branding of Wall
Street careers as the symbol of arrival, the equating of investment banking with 'career' in general,
serves to narrow students' notions of success and gives the impression that for graduates, there's
nothing else out there besides investment banking and consulting" (Ho 171). People who study in
top universities are told to work in investment banking and consulting as a success. People regard
their schools as a symbol to measure their abilities. This recognition can see as a stereotype, which
the graduates from famous schools must do several job in several fields, such as business, political
or economic. The ideological hegemony indeed gives people options to choose, but also limits the
options and closes people's mind to discover what they really want. The purpose of education is to
help people learn critical thinking. Once the hegemony appears, the ability of critical thinking is
deprived in some degree. Nevertheless, Nafisi as a female teacher realizes that the current school
environment always lets her feel helpless and she says, "Teaching in the Islamic Republic, like any
other

Cultural Hegemony In Australia
In comparison, knowledge and knowledge creation can be affected by cultural hegemony and
ideologies which could call into question its value. Hegemony is the idea that people in power
maintain power by influencing societies acceptance of their ideologies rather than using coercion
(Rachar 2013, p. 238). In this time and age, this is performed by the control of media resources and
Internet opinion (Kumar 2011, p.39). Media suppliers are highly experienced at emotive and
persuasive content and reap the financial rewards of ratings (Edwards 2012, p. 69). In Australia, it is
perhaps worth considering that a majority of our media, in particular, our newspapers are owned by
companies such as Fairfax Media and News Corporation (Finkelstein 2012, p. 58). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the advancement of current technologies, the world was reliant more upon the written word
to gain knowledge of current affairs and information of importance to their lives, this allowed for
greater control of knowledge sources and individual countries and communities could apply their
forms of cultural hegemony, with much greater ease such as Adolph Hitler's Nazi campaign
(Renders 2001, p. 89). The adoption of newspaper propaganda heralded in the Nazi party and their
systematic inundation of cultural hegemony, led to the acceptance of their ideologies and morals by
the people of Germany, who appeared to not even question the knowledge that was being provided
to be possibly false (Renders 2001, pp. 89–90). Knowing that those in the majority or in power can
have such a strong influence on knowledge, could alter the perception or trust of knowledge
negatively and devalue knowledge creation (Das & Teng 1998,

China's Sudden Rise to Power Essay
In the current anarchic world, The United States acts as the global hegemon. However, China's
recent rise to power has lead international relations experts, Ikenberry, Mearsheimer, Subramanian,
and Friedberg, to predict an upcoming power shift in the international system. China's increasing
control over the Asia–Pacific region has threatened U.S. power. According to Waltz, the realism
paradigm interprets the anarchic structure of the international community, as a constant power
struggle. Although each country may be different, to survive, they must all strive for power. Under
the liberalism paradigm, the system is still anarchical but cooperation may be achieved by shared
norms, and aligned political and economical interests. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Snyder claims that realism failed to predict the Cold War. Given this, Mearsheimer states "China
cannot rise peacefully." Since realists describe the world as a self–help system, according to Posen,
every country "must look to its own interests relative to those of others" and because "security is the
preeminent issue in an anarchic world, the distribution of capabilities to attack and defend should
matter." Thus, because China's strive for regional hegemony inevitably threatens the power dynamic
of the global system, the U.S. will, according to Mearsheimer, take an offensive realist approach that
will eventually lead to war. In addition, as seen in post–Cold War, economic stability greatly
determines the distribution of power. Friedberg notes, that the projected "speed and magnitude of
China's growth in recent decades appears to be unprecedented" and as early as 2015, "China's
economy could overtake that of the United States." Although the U.S. faces an unprecedented
challenge to economic power, according to Ikenberry, China has signaled cooperation by
"redoubling its participation in existing institutions, such as the ASEAN Regional Forum and the
East Asia Summit or working with the other great powers in the region to build new ones."
Nevertheless, following the actions of the U.S. post WWII, China strategically makes "itself more
predictable and approachable" to reduce "the incentives for other

The Rise Of China Is Destroying The United States
The debate on whether the rise of China is displacing the United States (US) as hegemon is a
contentious debate. While scholars on the one hand argue that this is the case, others refute this by
arguing that despite the increase of Chinese influence in the South–Pacific, it is still far away from
becoming a global superpower. Using the theoretical lenses of Hegemonic Stability, Balance of
Power, and Realism, this paper will argue that the rise of China as global hegemon lacks theoretical
support; while in fact China is growing militarily, economically, and politically, it will not replace
the United States (US) as Global Hegemon.
To contextualize, this paper will first define the concept of power and hegemony in International
Relations (IR). Cox (1983) took an adaptation of Gramsci's notion of hegemony to better fit IR
studies; he says the hegemony is determined mainly by preconditions such as of political, social and
economic superiority over other states. To illustrate this, the United States did not find another state
to confront its dominance and supremacy in the Post–Cold War era (Krauthammer, 1990) and after
its defeat of the Soviet Union in 1992. Thus, according to Cox's definition, marking the starting
point of the US' title of 'unipolar hegemon' that is arguably still prevalent today.
Moreover, this paper recognizes that polarity does not mean the same as hegemony. To elaborate,
hegemon states are the actors and polarity is the structure of the international

Neoliberalism And Video Games
What do Neoliberalism and video games have in common? Hegemony, as authors William K.
Carroll, Matthew Greeno, and Robert Cassar claim. Hegemony, a term coined by philosopher
Antonio Gramsci; is defined as "consent that is given by a civil society" (Carroll & Greeno: 122).
Through both articles, hegemony is seen as playing an important role in benefiting the "ruling class"
or the capitalists. It consists of a specific set of ideas which produce an subconscious consensus
among the population of which they struggle to deviate from, due to the consequences which may
arise if they choose to go against policies which support the economic good of the
neoliberal/capitalist system. As Cassar explains in his article, not only does the ruling class use their
power to reinforce hegemonic ideologies through multiple institutions but ... Show more content on
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video games) which individuals use leisurely to impose them as well. Carroll and Greeno argue how
consent through hegemony continues to sustain neoliberalism. They focus on three specific
elements: cultural fragmentation, dispossession and market insulation, and globalization–from–
above. As described by the authors, neoliberalism is comprised of elements such as privatization,
globalization or "free trade", and the prevention of democracy intervening with business and
economic growth. They also point out that the goal of neoliberalism is to "restore the optimal
conditions for capital accumulations" (Carroll & Greeno 126), even if it means that it serves as a
hindrance to social safety nets such as welfare, housing, and public pensions. Essentially,
neoliberalism which is considerably the modern form of capitalism, benefits the "ruling class";
through the exploitation of the working class. It is argued that

The Balance Of Power Theory
Balance of power theory represents a body of interrelated concepts for achieving security and
stability by maintaining an equal distribution of power throughout the international system. Some
critics contend that the theory cannot provide guidance to states in a unipolar system since it
developed out of centuries of multipolarity and decades of bipolarity. This assessment is incorrect.
Although a specific conception of balance of power theory may not provide guidance, an appraisal
of the concepts within its various forms suggests continuing relevance. This paper discusses balance
of power theory by examining the evolution of its structural and ideational variants, and asserts that
the concept remains relevant in a unipolar international system. The balance of power is a historical
concept with a variety of meanings. In Thucydides' account of the Melian dialogue, he indirectly
refers to countries balancing in response to growing Athenian power and aggression (Thucydides,
1972). Over 1200 years later, Hobbes described balancing in reference to the ability of a
confederacy of the weak to overwhelm the strong (Hobbes, 1996). Both Thucydides and Hobbes
reference a type of balancing aimed at reestablishing an equilibrium of power within the
international system. Gulick refers to this behavior by states as a doctrine of counterpoise, designed
to ensure the survival of individual states and to prevent a state from accruing predominant power
(Gulick, 1955). During the 19th

Neorealism : One Of The Feminist Theories Of International...
Neorealism is one of the strongest and most dominate theories of International Relations. The
creator of Neorealism, Kenneth Watts, argued that conflict among other nations was inevitable since
there was no international leadership. Due to this, neorealism believes that the international system
is anarchic. This explanation moves the realist theory away from human nature toward the
international arena called the system level. This is where states are the principal actors instead of
individuals. These states are characterized as self–interested and rational. The core assumptions of
neorealism investigates how the most powerful states operate and collaborate with other
governments in the international arena. Realism expresses a unitary state based on fear and power
seeking in order for national security. This does not mean that the structure of the international
system is chaotic and full of disorder, but there is no global authority that ensures security and
support on the international level. With this assumption, neorealist rely only on sovereignty and
must increase the distribution of power through their own interest only. This results of a state is
based on self–help actors that that are prepared at all times to fend for itself. For example, Kenneth
Waltz argued that "conflict was inevitable because there is no world government. We don't have a
higher body of justice that can enforce just laws in the international arena – there is no international
"911" that states can call if they are attacked. (Haupt 2016, T2L1, 8). Another core assumption is
that states are very wary of other states' motives. "States' seek to maintain their territorial integrity
and the autonomy of their domestic political order" (Mearsheimer IQ2 2015). Since neorealism is
fearful of other states, survival is a leading influence since their main pursuit is dominance of
another state. States' first priority of survival is to be very cautious of other states. States have no
one to ask for help when they are threatened which is why their is such a incentive for national
security. With this need for security, it intern creates a dilemma with other nations building up their
military for their own security. This is another reason why

The Melian Dialogue Analysis
The Melian Dialogue has maintained significance for millennia because of its clarity, its honesty,
and its continued relevance, up to the modern day. When the Athenians did away with "specious
pretences" (Betts, 2017), they opened up a number of salient issues that have troubled decision
makers from time immemorial. Among these timeless questions, the Melian situation hinges on one:
whether the Lacedaemonians would come to their aid. In the general form, the Athenians phrase it as
"expediency goes with security, while justice and honour cannot be followed without danger"
(Betts). For contemporary purposes: a rational, international actor will not risk their own state
security for an ally's without a controlling, practical interest. As a corollary, the Athenians add that
"what an intending ally trusts to, is not the goodwill of those who ask his aid, but a dedicated
superiority of power for action" (Betts). In language less burdened by 2,500 years of translation: the
ideological or moral justifications for an alliance are superseded by the ability for the intervening
partner to win the conflict. This paper will examine relevant, contemporary theories and case studies
to determine if the Athenians' warnings still hold true – do allies only intervene in the interests of
their own security? Or can other factors (e.g. shared identities, common ideologies) overcome an
actor's international inertia? Before applying Thucydides' questions to modern statecraft, it's
necessary

Henry Gulliver Vortex Sutra By Alan Ginsberg
"Few people today would reject the idea that capital and capitalism 'influence' practical matters
relating to space, from the construction of buildings to the distribution of investments and the
worldwide division of labour." (Lefebvre p.10) Space whether physical, abstract, or representational
are controlled by the means of production, and the absolute value which can be fetched at the
highest price. Through the work of Henry Lefebvre, Production of Space discusses the different
aspect space influences in our lives right down to the core identities we take on as humans. Whether
it's the life of an artist or that of an employee who life is run by the clock, space and the use of space
defines who and what our needs are. To better describe Lefebvre's ... Show more content on
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In, Wichita Vortex Sutra, Ginsberg considers subjects in abstract reasoning, to make larger
connections on a global scale. One way he does this nicely is when he writes," Drawn from the
shores and farms shaking from the high schools to the landing barge blowing the air thru their
cheeks with fear in Life on Television."(Ginsberg p5) The abstract of war was only but a fantasy
until soldiers were taken right of the schools to fight another unjust war. For many Americans and
other countries who question the rationality of this war Ginsberg describes the brutal destruction that
lasted twenty years. Such notions that fighting would bring freedom as seen post the destruction of
Vietnam after the dropping of the Atom bomb. Not only is he describing actual even and lands
forever destroyed by nuclear radiation but his description is unrestricted in a way that makes it
abstract in the full scale as he glosses over, what feels like a reflection written in the third person,"15
years ago– to Independence where the old man's still alive who loosed the bomb that's slaved all
human consciousness and made the body universe a place of fear–" (Ginsberg p.12) His language is
a clear representational effect of space permanently altered by American forces. Where his writing
displays abstract concepts are seen in this series of words, "American Eagle beating its wings over
Asia million dollar helicopters a billion dollars' worth of Marines" (Ginsberg p.5) The incorporation
of symbolism in abstract form in glaring the reader in the face, once the question is raised, of what
does the bald Eagle mean to the United States as a reference of freedom? While his metaphorical
connection to national freedoms has a tremendous price tag on it. Yet he goes on to write, "Lincoln
Nebraska morning Star– Vietnam War Brings Prosperity," (Ginsberg p.6) What cost millions of
dollars in the

Neorealist and Neo-Marxist Approaches to Globalization
Phuong tran – university of sheffield | Critically compare the neorealist and neo–Marxist approaches
to globalization. Which approach is most useful in your view? |
Neo–realism
According to Jackson and Sorensen (2003), the leading contemporary neorealist thinker is
undoubtedly Kenneth Waltz (1979). His starting point is taken from some elements of classical and
neoclassical, such as independent state existing and performing in an anarchical international
system. Waltz's Theory of international Politics (1979) seeks to provide a scientific explanation of
the international political system. A scientific theory of international relations leads us to expect the
certain pattern that states to behave in predictable ways. In Waltz's view the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
International change takes place when great powers rise and fall and followed by the shift in the
balance of power (Jackson and Sorensen, 2003).
The international system is a self–help system; states are obliged to look after themselves, because
there is no one else to look after them. Waltz does not assume that states are pursuing the increase in
their power and the importance of them between others states, necessarily aggressive body, but he
does believe that they desire to preserve themselves. This means that they are obliged to be
considered with their security, national defence and obliged to regard other states as potential threats
(Brown, 2001).
Waltz believes that bipolar systems provide more stability and thus provide a better guarantee of
security and peace than multipolar systems. 'With only two great powers, both can be expected to
behave in a way to prolong the system' (Waltz, 1979). That is because in maintaining the system
they are maintaining themselves. According to that view, the Cold War was a period of international
stability and peace. (Jackson and Sorensen, 2003)
Neo–Marxism
The writings of Karl Marx (1818–83), according to Mingst (1999), are fundamental to the Marxist
school of thought, even though he did not directly state all the issues that are today encompassed by
Marxism. The theory of Marx on the evolution of capitalism based on economic change and class
conflict: the capitalism of nineteenth century

Restraint By Barry Posen
In his book Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy, Barry P. Posen argues against the
current U.S. Grand Strategy of Liberal Hegemony and offers Restraint as an alternative. Since
World War II, the U.S. has relied on Liberal Hegemony, which emphasizes military action. After the
Cold War, Liberal Hegemony gained support as the U.S. dominated the unipolar order with the
desire to spread democracy. Posen argues that Liberal Hegemony has performed poorly and will
continue to underperform. The strategy is costly, wasteful, and counterproductive because it
increases military costs, underestimates the U.S.'s strength, and depends too much on a disappearing
U.S. power advantage. Its emphasis on military intervention leaves the military excessively large
and expensive, and encourages adversaries to balance against ... Show more content on
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Liberal Hegemony allows allies to cheap ride and reckless drive and burdens Americans by war
causalities, draining money out of the economy, and increasing the national deficit. Contrastingly,
Posen's Restraint calls for a decrease in defense spending and a "maritime" military strategy of
disproportionate U.S. influence over global communications. Presently, the U.S. enjoys command of
the seas, air, and space and military control over communications, called "command of the
commons." Restraint aims to preserve U.S. influence in Eurasia and address new security threats at
the least political, military, and economic cost. The goal is to develop a military strategy and force
structure that requires less than 2.5 percent of the GDP to support it and to give allies more
responsibility for their security. The money saved can assist in long–term deficit reduction and
reduce the internal economic threat and external

Hegemony In American Foreign Policy
Hegemony is one of few different logics pertaining to American foreign policy. It is defined as
"preponderant influence or authority, especially of one nation over another" (Callahan, 2004, p. 12).
In other words, the United States can be seen as the dominate nation over all other nations. This
concept was first mentioned in Notes on the Southern Question (1926) by Antonio Gramsci and was
defined as "a system of class alliance in which a 'hegemonic class' exercised political leadership
over 'subaltern classes' by 'winning them over'" (Ramos Jr., 1982). The logic of hegemony, as it
relates to American foreign policy, is based on the idea that the United States would use its influence
over other countries in order to provide leadership. Through

The Five Characteristics Of The Five Sources Of Power
A leader has many important characteristics. One of these important characteristics is power.
Without power, leaders would not be able to influence their followers to achieve their goals
ethically. There are five main sources of power for leaders. The influence that leaders have using
these sources could be either negative or positive.
My Research to Answer the Question:
In 1959 John French and Bertram Raven stated significant theories regarding the source of power in
their article "The Bases of Power" and suggested that there are five sources of power. These sources
are placed into Organizational Powers and Personal Powers. Organizational Power contains
Legitimate, Coercive, and Reward power while Personal Power contains Expert and Referent power
or Connections power (Merchant., n.d.). Raven then added another power source called
Informational power six years later (Prescott, 2015). Other sources of power that are not part of the
theory that French and Raven stated are Moral power and Political power.
Legitimate power, also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I agree with this statement due to the fact that employees who are working without job security, and
are working out of fear rather out of love will not work effectively, nor will they be loyal to their
employers and would quit when they get the first chance to or find another job. The employee would
oblige to the task in fear of facing the consequences of not doing it (Prescott, 2015). In order for this
to happen, the followers must believe that the leader has the ability to what he or she is threatening
to do (Leadership Power, n.d.). Thus, this power gives the leader control over behaviors and causes
the employees to stick to the rules and guidelines of the organization but it could also cause the
followers to be unhappy (Prescott, 2015). An example could be that of a mother who threatens her
child to go into a time–out if he or she fails to behave in

Political Hegemony In Canada
Political hegemony, a process by which the state exercises its power at a variety of levels, is
particularly important when studying women and gender because the construction of the state is
dependent upon its ability to integrate and control its citizens. In Sisters or Strangers? the collection
of essays explores numerous ways in which the British and then Canadian state integrated and
controlled its diverse population. Using three chapters, "Sisterhood versus Discrimination: Being a
Black African Francophone Immigrant Woman in Montreal and Toronto" by Gertrude Mianda,
"Jell–O Salads, One–Stop Shopping, and Maria the Homemaker: The Gender Politics of Food" by
Franca Iacovetta and Valerie J. Korinek, and "Turning Strangers into Sisters? Missionaries and
Colonization in Upper Canada" by Cecilia Morgan, in addition to class discussions, I will address
who the state is interested in controlling, how they go about doing this, how the concept of gender is
employed within this process, and how women have resisted these hegemonic processes.
Firstly, Gertrude Mianda's chapter examines black immigrant African women's experiences in
relation to gender norms and the domestic sphere in Canada. Within this chapter, Mianda notes how
the state utilized a number of strategies in controlling these black immigrant women. For instance,
the percentages of African immigrants to Canada has increased over the decades (Mianda 268), and,
"[l]ike most permanent migrants, Africans who establish themselves ... Show more content on
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I explore how the state controlled the voices, diets, and bodies of various women directly correlated
to issues of gender, and how some of these women have resisted political hegemonic processes. As
political hegemony allows a state to employ its power over a variety of people, the essays in this
textbook aid in understanding the interconnectedness of the British and Canadian state with gender
in how it controls its

A Critique Of Capitalism And The Power Of The Bourgeoisie...
Critical Theory is defined as "is a critique of capitalism, its appropriation of the surplus value of
collective work, and its commodification of every aspect of our modern society" (Ward, p.1). In this
essay I will argue that although perhaps not inherently intentionally, both liberal and realism, in all
of their forms, represent hegemonic ideology, and that this has been proven throughout history, and
therefore support much of Marxist theory surrounding capitalism and the power of the bourgeoisie
class, both on a domestic and global scale.
Critical theorists share 4 assumptions: firstly they dispute realism in their belief that human nature is
effected majorly by social changes, as opposed to the belief that states dominate and that
technological progress has no effect on the autonomy of states. This is supported by liberalist
thinking in the development of international institutions, the process of globalisation has
dramatically changed the way states behave, something that realists choose to ignore. They believe
that this is due to struggles throughout history, which supports the idea of hegemony in that states
that have been successful in both economic terms as well as within warfare are more able to shape
social change and progress. Critical theory also emphasises the importance of emancipation, which
links back to the Marxist thought on which it is based, as it highlights the importance of citizens,
and critiques both liberalist and realist thought in its belief that

India 's Economic Hegemony Over The World
During the nineteenth century, Britain exerted economic hegemony over the world. After World War
Two, the economic hegemonic power shifted to the United States, and the United States has
sustained this power ever since. Today, the United States remains the global economic hegemonic
power with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) almost double that of any other country, with a 2013
GDP of $16.8 trillion. Unchallenged since the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet
Union in 1992, the United States has enjoyed a period of unipolarity in global economic affairs.
However, the emergence of economic giants, China and India to name a few, could threaten to alter
the 21st century balance of power by challenging the United States' ... Show more content on
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A nation that achieves economic hegemony must stand ready to stabilize financial flows in when
global crisis arise, for example natural disasters. To continue as a hegemon, the nation must prevent
other nations from replacing its economic power. It is of vital importance to the Intelligence
Community to assess other countries' potential for challenging the United States as a global
economic hegemon. Both India and China are viewed globally as emerging global economies. The
recent economic rise of China and India should attract a great deal of attention. Together, China and
India account for one–fifth of the global economy and are projected to represent a full third of the
world 's income by 2025. Routinely, one finds a "Made in China" label on manufactured goods or
utilizes a company's help line that is located in India. As the world becomes increasingly aware of
the growing economies of India and China, one can articulate how India stands a greater chance in
challenging the United States' economic power based on reviewing their capital, labor force, and
resources. To begin, an analysis of capital reveals China has overtaken Japan to become the world's
second largest economy. China's growth rate of 9 to 11 percent annually over the last 20 years, ranks
first, with India not far behind at 8 percent in recent years–while the United States, Japan, and
Germany have been growing at a steady 2 to 4 percent. China's sustained high rate of growth is
unprecedented in the

Examples Of Cultural Hegemony In Doris Lessing
Thesis Statement
Understanding the facts that are presented by Gramsci, Raymond and Althusser, regarding the
growth of the theory of cultural hegemony that is typically originated from Marxist ideas and the
post colonial theory, it is indispensable to apply this to the novels of Doris Lessing. The novels of
Lessing are written mostly about women who lived in the colonial countries and have experienced
the problems of the colonizer and repercussion of colonization. The novels chosen for this research
are The Grass is Singing, The Golden Notebook and The Children of Violence series. The projected
thesis aims to study the hidden injuries of a class which is hurt by the so called rulers. It is the aim
of the scholar to bring out the elements which reveal the dignity of the oppressed, and the
economism and politics of the author as externalized in the selected novels. The main aim is to study
the elements hegemony in these novels. There is great evidence that can be culled from these novels
about the fragmented societies where gender, race and class determine the destiny of people. The
author uses a conventional tone in her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much of her work is concerned with the everyday and inner lives of sensitive, receptive women.
Lessing was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 2007. The Swedish Academy described her as
"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a
divided civilization to scrutiny". Lessing was the eleventh woman and the oldest person yet to
receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. The premier and foremost literary honour was given to a
woman who has analyzed and judged human nature in the second half of the 20th century like no
other literary writer, when Doris Lessing won the Nobel Prize for Literature in

American Hegemony And The Failure Of Nato 's Liberal...
Evan C. Shoaf
Professor Dominic Tierney
POLS 004: International Politics
09 October 2014
American Hegemony and the Failure of NATO's Liberal Institutionalism Liberal institutionalism
provides policymakers with a vision of an idyllic world that is useful for communicating, with heavy
rhetorical flavor, lofty promises to both a domestic and international audience. Theoretically and
empirically, however, the theory fails to stand up against the necessary scrutiny. First, liberal
institutionalism has failed to present itself as a successful challenge to realism, which remains a
more compelling paradigm in the study of international relations. Two of the major faults of this
theory involve its refusal to recognize the basic balance–of–power interests at play as well as its lack
of focus on explaining how international institutions can prevent the domination of one power. The
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) provides a useful lens for examining the issues with
institutionalism, as it demonstrates that international institutions are, in fact, a reflection of realist
tenets. More specifically, the United States' determination to maintain its European hegemony
through NATO offers several compelling reasons to criticize institutionalist theory. The country's
roles in NATO in the 1990s revealed the extent to which liberalism has failed as a major paradigm
of international relations. While international institutions at times may seem to foster cooperation
among states, NATO

Causes Of Hegemony
hegemony will make a strong country easy to launch a war, to seize the colonies, thus breaking the
balance of power.
Hegemony has created a power imbalance for the First World War in one of the causes of the
outbreak. The content of the First World War was the hegemony of the imperialist countries.
Western major powers have strong military and comprehensive strength, so they wantonly plunder
the colonies, bully small countries and regions, carve up the sphere of influence. They all want to
become kingdom to dominate the world of imperialism. "By destroying France as a Power,
Germany would destroy the balance of power in Europe, and would threaten to bring Britain's
global supremacy to an end." We can see that when some countries are too powerful to be called the
overlord To the interests of small countries, so the surrounding countries tend to be united, because
the defeat of hegemony is equal to save their own. So hegemony to people to bring no good, only
the dispute. The largest empire, the territorial area of about a quarter of the world, France also has a
lot of colonies. Before Europe has been in peacetime, the gradual establishment of alliances between
countries, but each alliance will involve a lot of interest. At the end of the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries, France and Germany continued to have friction, especially in colonial issues. Because
France is the second colonial power after the United Kingdom, North Africa became the important
place for their

The Presence of Different Elements of Power in the...
For this assignment, my group decided to visit the Solel Congregation of Mississauga to observe a
Jewish religious service. This essay will argue the presence of different elements of power in the
synagogue we visited as discussed in Malory Nye's Religion: The Basics. The reverence for the
Torah resembles Michel Foucault's idea of the power of the panopticon, which parallels the distinct
power of the Torah. I will also argue that, based on the interactions between the rabbi and the
participants at the service, Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony was not properly represented in
the synagogue. The first interesting observation that I made was the different in behavior in relation
to the different occurrences during the service. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The action of touching the Torah with the shawl or inanimate object and proceeding to kiss it was
specific to the Torah; only the Torah received this special action. In this way, the Torah appears to
represent one of the varieties of the panopticon Foucault suggests, where certain behaviours and
actions were directly related to the understanding that the Torah was present. Further, even though
the Torah does not possess the ability to constantly observe the actions, almost all of the individuals
within the synagogue were influenced by the presence of the sacred text. The relationship between
the circulation of the Torah and the unique behavior parallels the power that constant surveillance
has over individuals within the panopticon. Despite these similarities, Nye mentions a key
characteristic of Foucault's panopticon, where "power is exerted within the field of social
relationships" (Nye 2008, 73). Simply put, the Torah is incapable of forming the social relationships
that is unique to this theory. As such, some elements of Foucault's panopticon can be applied to this
situation, but it is clearly not an ideal example of this concept. Another observation that was made
while attending the service in the Solel Congregation was the inclusion of the different perspectives
and opinions of the people who attended the

Pros And Cons Of Anarchy
Over the course of human events, philosophers have presented their ideologies about what roles a
government should have as well as what are the functions of that said government. At many times,
these philosophers have clashed in their ideologies however, each philosopher recognizes one
possible state of being; anarchy. Anarchy is a state of disorder in which there is no official form of a
systematic government rule. Philosophers such as Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Mearsheimer,
Ikenberry, and Gilpin all acknowledge and agree that a state of anarchy can exist but they disagree
in whether anarchy is good or bad. Anarchy in a state of nature is conflictual, thus it is a problem.
Politics in a state of anarchy is either conflictual by nature or can lead to prospects for cooperation.
Aristotle argue that anarchy, in a state of nature, is conflictual, and Locke argues that anarchy can
lead to cooperation. In an anarchic society there are no laws, limitations, or regulations and as a
result there is chaos which lead to arguments and disputes. In a systematic government, there is
stability and security; you have someone of a higher status to go to find a solution to your troubles
but when you get rid of the hierarchy people lose that sense of security and stability and as a result
are forced to provide these securities form themselves. From what Aristotle states "Hence it is
evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political animal. And he who
by

The Balance Of Power Theory
The balance of power theory represents a body of interrelated concepts for achieving security and
stability by maintaining an equal distribution of power throughout the international system. Some
critics contend that the theory cannot provide guidance to states in a unipolar system since it
developed out of centuries of multipolarity and recent decades of bipolarity. This assessment is
incorrect. Although a specific conception of balance of power theory may not provide guidance, an
appraisal of the concepts within its various forms suggests continuing relevance. This paper
discusses balance of power theory by examining its evolution, and asserts that the concept remains
relevant in a unipolar international system. The balance of power is a historical concept with a
variety of meanings. In Thucydides' account of the Melian dialogue, he indirectly referred to
countries balancing in response to growing Athenian power and aggression (Thucydides, 1972).
Over 1200 years later, Hobbes described balancing in reference to the ability of a confederacy of the
weak to overwhelm the strong (Hobbes, 1996). Both Thucydides and Hobbes reference a type of
balancing aimed at reestablishing an equilibrium of power within the international system. Gulick
referred to this behavior by states as a doctrine of counterpoise, designed to ensure the survival of
individual states and to prevent a state from accruing predominant power (Gulick, 1955). During the
19th Century, European powers

Fensive Realist, John Mearsheimer, A Man Many Ir Majors...

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Fensive Realist, John Mearsheimer, A Man Many Ir Majors...