Psychological Disorders And Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Psychological Disorders And Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Psychological disorder or mental disorder is a mind imbalance involving behaviors, thoughts and emotions that cause significant distress to self or
other. Great distress means that the person is unable to meet their needs, is a danger to himself and others, or the person is unable to function properly.
There are various categories of psychological disorders including, anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative disorder, mood disorder,
schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, personality disorders, cognitive disorders, eating disorders (Cave, 2002). These disorders are discussed
below.
Anxiety disorders. Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling of vulnerability, fear, and apprehension. Its symptoms include trembling, inability to... Show more
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Post–traumatic stress disorder manifests itself through the experience of traumatic experiences, increased arousal, diminished interests in daily
activities and avoiding reminders of the causes of the trauma. While an obsessive–compulsive disorder is a state of being preoccupied with a certain
compulsive performance of given behaviors and individual thoughts.
Somatoform disorder presents itself through the physical dysfunction symptoms with no identifiable organic cause. It comprises conversion disorder
and hypochondriasis. Conversion disorder or hysteria manifests itself through physical dysfunctions such as deafness, blindness, paralysis, numbness
among others. It allows escape from anxiety activities that are provoking(Cave, 2002. On the other hand, hypochondriasis symptoms include a person
having a belief that he/she has a severe illness that is not proven medically. It involves interpreting a small sickness such as a headache to be a
significant illness such as a brain tumor though no medical tests supports this interpretation.
Dissociative disorders occur when a part of an individual 's personality separates from his/her other parts. These leads to lack of consciousness,
memory loss and lack of integration of identity. It comprises of dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Dissociative
amnesia occurs
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Trust In The Medical Field Research Paper
What is trust and why does it seem so important in the medical field? Well trust is where you expose your vulnerabilities to people, but believing they
will not take advantage of your openness. Therefore in the medical field, patients tend to trust their doctors in the diagnosis used to cure them.
However, there are many situations when the patient does not trust the doctor and disregards their opinion. One topic that was discussed in class was
about hypochondriac. Hypochondriacs are individuals who are abnormally anxious about their health. These individuals are known to spend a lot of
time in the doctor's office because they are distressed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect, no matter how minor the symptom
may be.

Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in...
Review of APA Statistical Guidelines: "Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in Somatizing Patients"
The August 1999 article in the American Psychologist discusses proper statistical methods and how they should be utilized in journal articles. Using
some of the guidelines put forth in the article, I will attempt to show the extent to which Bach & Bach (1995) follow these principles.
The article in question investigates the role of alexithymia as a predictor of persistent somatization. The study was conducted over a two–year period
with the consent of thirty patients exhibiting somatoform and anxiety disorders. The personality trait of alexithymia is ... Show more content on
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No, not really, the population must be assumed by the subject matter. We are to assume that the study is concerned with people who have a somatoform
disorder or anxiety.
Sample
The sample is definitely outlined well in the article. The authors make it known to us that the participants for the study were volunteers from a previous
study about somatoform disorders. They clearly state the age ranges, sex, and education of all the patients.
Assignment
For the purposes of this study, nonrandom assignment was used. This was not stated but rather an obvious point. The procedure called for the
participants to all receive the same treatment throughout the study. A control group was not used so suspicions must be raised as to the validity of the
research.
Variables
In terms of variables, the study uses a simple approach to tackle this task. Each patient was grouped by whether or not they exhibited a certain
diagnostic disorder at the time of the testing. They were either a yes or a no for five different types of disorders.
Instruments
As far as questionnaires, these are the only procedural devices used in the study. The authors make it very clear as to what psychometric tests were
used. They describe each one and its purpose. The tests used were the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Whiteley Index, the Hopkins

Research Paper On Hypochondria
Hypochondria is an obsessive, irrational fear of having a serious medical condition, it's based on an individual's misinterpretation of symptoms,
despite medical reassurance that this individual does not have the disease or illness. Hypochondria are also called Hypochondriasis or Health
Anxiety, or Illness Anxiety. They say that Hypochondria is to be similar to those that have OCD except that people with OCD fear of getting a
disease while those with Hypochondria fear that they already have the disease or illness. It is said that some people with this disorder had a serious
illness in the past maybe during childhood. It can occur at any age in both men and women however it often starts in young adulthood and can last
many years. They also... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She had gone to the same doctor for years and instead of trying to find out why she always came in with a different problem he would prescribe her
more and more medications. She was on so many different medications at one time she had gotten pulled over by the cops because they thought she
was drunk. She ended up going to jail and my mom had to go pick her up. My mom then decided to find my grandma a different doctor and they all
went to the apt together and the new doctor took her off almost all the medications that she was on. My grandma had a hard time with this at first
because she thought she needed all those medications to help her. She then ended up going to see a therapist that helped her talk about all the different
things she feared and finally my grandma started to fill better about taking less medications. My grandma was a much happier person and lived a great
life till the end. It makes me sad that her old doctor would rather prescribe her medications rather than listening to her and trying to figure out why she
thought she had all these different things wrong with her. I hope that others don't have to go through what my grandma had gone

The Concept Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Intervention Summary
The cognitive behavioral therapy was developed in the early 1960s by Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist (Beck, 2017). The cognitive behavioral therapy
aim to break behavioral cycles by changing what a person think or what she/he do. The person or/and clinician start by looking at what might be
easiest/ quick to change. The principles and concepts of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is based on an ever–evolving formulation of the patient and their
problems in cognitive terms.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy requires a good client–therapist relationship and emphasizes collaboration and active participation. Also, Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy is goal–oriented and problem focused with initially emphasizes in the present. Likewise, it aims to teach the client to be his/her
own therapist, and emphasizes relapse prevention. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is time limited and sessions are structured. In addition, Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy teaches patients to identify, evaluate, and respond to their dysfunctional thoughts beliefs. Nevertheless, Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy uses a variety of techniques to change thinking, mood, and behavior.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a treatment option for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Learning how to manage stress and anxiety and identifying situations that are often avoided and gradually approaching feared situations. Also,
recognizing and engaging in enjoyable activities such as hobbies, social activities, and exercise. Likewise, identifying and challenging negative
thoughts and keeping track of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors to become aware of symptoms and to make it easier to change thoughts and behaviors.
Furthermore, basic skills include the patterns of sessions, active listening, body language, tone, open ended and closed questions, paraphrasing,
summarizing, note taking, homework

Narcissistic Personality Analysis
The article defines Narcissistic Personality disorder according to the Diagnostic Statistic Manual–5 as a persuasive pattern of grandiosity, need for
affirmation, and lack of empathy". The author includes various sections that discuss details officers' pre–employment processes as well as the
evaluation given to determine any psychological defects. After physical test, background checks, polygraphs, and other interviews candidates are given
psychological evaluations to confirm that they are mentally able to make reasonable decisions in high stress situations for the public. The first
assessment given is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Invetory–2 (MMPI–2), which measures a police officer's psyche. It consist of 567 questions
that candidates... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was concluded that long–term studies should be done on police officers to compare scores they received from the MMPI–2 with their documented
work behavior, this is beneficial because it can be used to adjust the cut off scores from the MMPI–2. Also, corrections to the MMPI–2, L scale, and
NPI to follow the most recent diagnostic criteria for narcissism is a necessary measure. This will help prevent employing police officers with
narcissistic traits. The overall safety of the American public heavily depends on the mental health of police

Self Diagnosis Research Paper
Self–diagnosis with Dr. Google, Nurse Bing, and Therapist About.com.
By L.M. Morse
The feelings of fear and anxiety resemble a soda bottle that is shaken, the contents build up pressure that may explode into a very serious, if not
messy situation. The mind becomes disorganized and preoccupied with fears that are real or feel very real, as the heart mimics a fish flipping back
and forth as if it was dropped on dry sand. This feeling comes with waves of nausea, beads of sweat drip down over the clammy or hot skin like
condensation on a icy cold glass. A person may feel like Atlas, with the weight of the world upon their shoulders and dropping the ball is out of the
question. Who says that the ball has to be dropped? What if it could be handed to someone else for a few minutes? Would the world end?
Among millennials, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorder ahead of depression and substance issues. Twenty five percent of college
students have anxiety disorders, only ten percent of those college students seek out treatment. The prime reason why the rest are afraid to ... Show more
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This is a cause for concern since many users are developing traits toward a condition coined as "cyberchondriasis". Cyberchondriasis is a type of
hypochondriasis that develops when a person, who is on the internet, identifies with the symptom that lead to one or more conditions. The individual
then convinces him or herself that he or she is suffering from those conditions without an accurate medical diagnosis from a trained medical
professional. The majority of people are receiving misleading information regarding their health from the content they read online. By not seeking out a
mental or medical health professional, the online "guidance" may only intensify the problem over

Symptoms And Treatment Of Illness Anxiety Disorder
Even though the concept of Illness Anxiety Disorder has been around for many years, a lot has still been left undiscovered. The advancements in a
treatment or the root of the cause been left full of educated guesses and backed up with very little evidence. Those who have suffered from this haven't
had much assistance with this disorder that comes with a life time of stress and anxiety. Those with Illness Anxiety Disorder are usually just seen as
unreasonable and turned away by doctors or too terrified to even seek medical attention. The problem is in the excessive fear of the illness and with
that just being seen as over–dramatic or a joke is part of the problem as well. Hopefully in the years to come, this mental disorder will have more
answers surrounding it than questions and those in need of assistance and care will finally have access to it.
Illness Anxiety Disorder: The Mental Disorder Without a Home
For most people, hearing the doctor tell you that "Everything looks good" is a relief. This was just a routine checkup and the visit has just been
checked from your "to do list". This is not the case for some people, including Janet. In Janet's eyes, the "illness" is either being ignored or the doctor
simply doesn't understand her. And this isn't her first doctor's visit, this is the 6th clinical visit this month. She has come to her family dozens of
times to express her worry for her condition. Her family, who's first response was to be worried, has come to the

Research Paper On Hypochondriasis
Somatoform disorders are characterized by psychiatric medical condition identified by multiple medically unexplained physical symptoms. In other
word, this is an illnesses that that occurs in the body without any apparent physical cause. In order to qualify for the diagnosis, physical complaints
must be serious enough to interfere significantly with a person's ability to perform important activities, such as work, school and responsibilities, or
lead the person experiencing the symptoms to seek medical treatment. Under the condition of somatoform disorder, some patients identify themselves
as having hypochondriasis. Hypochondriasis is a somatoform disorder characterized by a medical illness where individuals are preoccupied with the fear

Forensic Assessment Paper
First and foremost as the clinician, an background description of forensic assessments should be discussed in order for understanding when discussing
a specific assessment related to Ana's case. Assessments could be used in all levels of criminal proceedings, starting with an evaluation of the clients'
level of capacity as well as evaluation of the clients' competency to stand trial. Assessors should assess research findings that are concerning correlations
between legally relevant behaviors and testing results. Generated hypotheses and test results should be confirmed a with third party data as well.
Confirmation is important during this time because the client may unknowingly or knowingly present themselves in way that may help the legal... Show
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The assessor wants to note that if Ana was assessed as a child, she would have been administered the MMPI–A. The standard scales of this test contain
9 validity scales, 10 clinical scales, 9 restructured clinical scales, 15 content scales, 15 supplementary scales, and 5 personality psychopathology five
scales. It is also important to focus on the 10 clinical scales when assessing the client because this section helps indicate the different psychological or
mental conditions. Within the clinical scale you have scales that assess for Hypochondriasis, depression, Hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity
/femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion. The hypochondriasis scale is used to assess the neurotic
concern over the clients' bodily functioning. The depression scale is used to assess and identify the clients' depression described as a dissatisfaction
with their own life and a lack of hope. The Hysteria Scale helps to identify individuals who display signs of hysteria when they are in stressful
situations. The psychopathic deviate scale is used to identify psychopathic clients, this scale also measures social deviation, lack of disobedience. Next
you have Masculinity/Femininity scale

Hysteria And Its Effects On Society
Hysteria, as stated by Dinwiddie, has been traced back to the Hippocratic School of medicine, perhaps even as far back as ancient Egypt. Hysteria is
when psychological conflict is turned into physical symptoms, such as when a patient complains of symptoms for which no clear physical cause.
Somatization disorder has often been linked with hysteria in the same ways that hypochondriasis has, however these two diseases are not the same. In
the past hypochondriasis was thought to be a somatization disorder, but has since been re–classified as an anxiety disorder by the DSM–IV (Ehrlich,
2013). A somatization disorder is a chronic condition in which a person has physical symptoms involving multiple body parts that have no physical
cause, it is currently one of the hardest diseases to diagnose. To be diagnosed with somatization disorder, a person must have four pain symptoms, two
gastrointestinal symptoms, one sexual symptoms, and one psuedoneurological symptom (Medina). Diagnostic criteria states that a person must exhibit
these symptoms for at least six months, however these symptoms do not have to occur throughout the entire duration. Along with these symptoms a
diagnosis must adhere to one of the following. After investigation the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, and when there is a
related medical condition, the symptoms must exceed what is to be expected from laboratory findings (Dinwiddie, 2013). To understand what
contributes to a diagnosis, one

Depersonalization Research Paper
Depersonalization Derealization Disorder Is characterized by a persistently or repeatedly feelings of being you are observing yourself from outside
your body or have a sense of thing around you are not real or both. This kind of feelings is very disturbing and are similar to living in a dream. It is
considered depersonalization/derealiztion disorder when these feelings keep occurring or never completely go away, and accompanied by intact reality
testing. The disorder is common after traumatic experiences, do not attributable to the physiological effects of substance, medical condition or do not
better explained by another mental disorder. Depersonalization–derealization disorder can be severe and may interfere with relationships, work and
other... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gold presentation the most interesting about was realized how much people's future could be affected by a traumatic event without realizing it. In
many situations, we judge anyone who has a problem, without being able to help and understand the reason of it. I respect all therapists who have the
opportunity to help many people dealing with trauma because it is a vital and motivating job that can save lives. It is essential to be able to identify
and find a professional with a corrective action to help face the problem. What is the difference between Factitious Disorder and Munchausen's
Disorder? There are condition where intentionally the individual forged the illness or cause it to obtain attention, sympathy or emotional feedback.
Therefore in Munchausen Disorder they achieve this goal through exaggerating those symptoms, intentionally faking it, than even deliberately creating
real symptoms. They created complications as contaminate their own body fluids, injecting themselves bacteria in order to create illness that will then
lead to primary emotional gain. What is the difference between Factitious Disorder and

Hypochondriasis Outline
Hypochondriasis Definition An anxiety disorder in which an individual worry excessively that they are or may develop serious illness. According to:
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001236.htm Cause Beliefs Family history of health anxiety Stressful or Traumatic event Chemical imbalance
Risk Factors Stress Threat of serious illness Serious childhood illness Worrying personality Excessive health–related internet use History of personal
traumatic experience Signs and Symptoms Paranoia Anxiety Chronic fear of serious illness Many physical complaints that change overtime
Compulsive behavior Repeatedly going over thoughts Tension and stress in daily life Confusing normal bodily sensations as a serious problem... Show
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Nursing Interventions Provide safe environment. Rationale: Reduce risk of harm to self and others. Assess client's level of knowledge about how
emotional stress influence physiologic functioning. Rationale: Help establish effective teaching plan. Provide accurate information about condition.
Rationale: Help reduce anxiety. Avoid excessive reassurance Rationale: May reinforce undue worry. Encourage client to use positive self
–talk.
Rationale: Help change behavior and feelings by changing thoughts. Teach client techniques to manage anxiety. Rationale: Help reduce level of anxiety.
Teach client/family methods to distinguish between panic attack and serious physical illness. Rationale: Family members are greatest resource for
helping plan patient care. Administer medication (Xanax) per physician's order o Avoid other CNS depressants o Monitor LOC o Monitor CBC, liver
and renal function during long–term use; may cause decrease hematocrit and neutropenia. o Flumazenil is antidote for toxicity or

George Kimball Mental Illness
The movie Send Me No Flowers is centered around George Kimball, a man that constantly thinks he is becoming ill and ignores any person that tells
him different. When at the doctor's office because of a "worrisome" chest pain, George overheard the doctor speak on the phone about a patient that
was dying. Due to a misinterpretation, George automatically assumed that he was the patient being discussed. When reviewing his behavior, it is
evident that George has the somatoform disorder, hypochondriasis. Symptoms of this disorder are interpreting normal sensations (headaches, chest pain,
stomach aches, etc.,) as symptoms of a deadly disease and ignoring physician reassurances that they do not reflect a serious illness. Since
hypochondriacs doubt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This concern later ripples into a series of important events that allow the plot to develop, such as picking his wife's second husband for when he
dies and buying cemetery plots for the three of them. George does all of this without notifying his wife of what he believes to be his imminent death.
When he eventually does tell his wife that he thinks he is dying, she takes care of him and he progressively seems to "get worse" with each passing
day. It is clear that the sympathy he received encouraged his complaints and led to the self–induced illusion that his body was slowly dying. In the end,
they both find out in different ways that George's chest pain had been due to indigestion and the confusion is cleared up. The entire situation showed
George that he was overreacting. The audience can tell that he has overcome his hypochondria because the movie finalizes with a picture of his entire
medicine cabinet being empty. In reality, hypochondria is an illness that persists for several years but can normally be cured with persistent therapy.
George receives no remedial treatment in the movie but an effective form of therapy, based on research, would be cognitive–behavioral

Defining Stress
Part A– Defining Stress:
1.Medicine Net defines stress in this manner: "Stress is a physical, mental or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. It can be either
internal or external stress."
2.Physiological effects:
1) Gastrointestinal: when you are stressed the brain becomes alert to the sensations in your stomach. Your stomach can react with nausea or pain. If the
stress because long–term or chronic, you might develop ulcers.
2) Cardiovascular: short–term stress can cause an increase in heart rate and increase in the amount of blood pumped to the body and therefore increasing
blood pressure. Long–term stress/chronic stress can contribute to long–term problems for the heart and heart vessels. Can increase the risk for
hypertension, heart attack or stroke.
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reason #1: Because if stress is not dealt with or someone is not coping well with internal or external stress they can develop many physiological and
psychological illnesses that might lead to more stress in their lives because their bodies are not performing well due to stress. So it end up being a
stress cycle.
Reason #2: Because stress affects many people and most people do not know how to deal or cope with stress. So it is important for the problem of
stress to be drawn attention to so that people can be taught how to cope or deal with stress.
6.Social withdrawal and isolation: if someone start isolating themselves from their group of friends or from social interaction will other people then
maybe they are stressing over something. They might want to be left alone so they can figure out how to cope with what is stressing them
Frequent headaches or bodily/muscular pain: this might be the result of the stress on their body. That is why they have frequent bodily pain and/or

Symptoms And Treatment Of Hypochondriasis Disorder
Hypochondriasis Disorder
Hunter Boumans
Central Louisiana Technical Community College
DEFINITION–
Also referred to as "Illness anxiety disorder (IAD)", these patients are convinced they have a certain disorder or disease despite not having any
symptoms or possibly having mild symptoms. They may worsen their symptoms on purpose or fabricate symptoms to exaggerate to the physician that
they have the diseases (different from malingering because with this, they believe they have the disease). These patients are genuinely worried for their
health and when medical exams reveal that there is nothing wrong with them, severe anxiety may consume them to the point that they develop an actual
illness.
POSSIBLE CAUSE–
The exact causes remains unknown, but is believed to be psychological impairment owning to environmental factors.
RISK FACTORS–
According to Cleveland Clinic: o HX of childhood illness o HX of childhood neglect or abuse o Possible symptoms such as severe headaches o
Severe life stress o Having another mental disorder (Major depression, phobia, anxiety, schizophrenia)
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS–
According to Psych Central:
1.The time the disturbance has affected the person must be longer than 6 months
2.The disturbance is not better accounted for by another underlying psych disorder
3.The disorder causes distress in their work life, social life, and other areas of daily functioning.
4.Misinterpreting minor symptoms often
5.Visiting the doctor

Summary: Bi-Weekly ILP Review
CM was out on vacation for the period of 8/15/2015 to 8/24/2015. On 9/1/2015, CM met with the client to complete Bi–Weekly ILP Review. Client
arrived early for the meeting. She was alert, satisfactorily groomed, and casually dressed. She was cooperative and appropriate in the meeting. She
made eye contact appropriately. The client described her mood as "good" Her affect was in appropriate. She doesn't appear to be in distress. CM
inquires how the client has been doing since the last Bi–Weekly ILP Review. Client replies " she is good". She continues to relate she doesn't make
anyone aggravate her. She also mentioned lately one of her male friend graph hole of her cell number, and he calls her every day. CM inquires how
it got hold of her cell# client replies "she doesn't know". CM advised the client if he continues to harass her two things she can do: One file a police
complain or change her cell number. CM... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
due to her medical condition. Client is WECARE/FEDCAP and she is temporarily exempt from work. CM requested for the client to submit all HRA
correspondence for CM to contact client worker. Client PA case is active. She is currently receiving $22.50/Bi–week and Food Stamps $194.00. Client
Medicaid is active and she is under Fidelis managing Care. She also submitted NY State of Health Correspondence dated 8/15/2015, stating that the
client is eligible to purchase qualified health plan at full cost through NY State Health. The eligible period is effective 9/1/2015. Client reported she
already has medical service through Fidelis Medicaid Manage Care Client reports SSI Fair Hearing was scheduled on 8/6/2015, client mentioned
WPA Law Project is assisting the client to hire a SSI lawyer. Client continues to reports she suffers from, hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Psoriasis, H/O
stroke, chest pain. She takes the following medications: Lisinopril 5mg, and Hydrocortisone Cream

Dissociative Disorders Chapter 7 Analysis
Chapter 7 covers the fundamentals of somatoform disorders and dissociative disorders. After reading this chapter, I became really interested in
somatoform disorders. Somatoform disorder is physical pain due to psychosocial reasons and often misdiagnosed. Just like the story in the beginning
of the chapter described the man who was paralyzed but did not have any physical wounds. This a strong example of how powerful the mind. This was
discussed briefly in previous chapters, but I better understand the concept of this somatoform disorders. People with hysterical somatoform disorder
have changes in their physical functioning. Conversion disorder is a psychosocial conflict that affects the voluntary motor and sensory functioning.
Somatization disorders have a long lasting physical... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disorder focuses insecurities and imagined/minor defects in their appearance that negatively impact their life. These insecurities can range from
wrinkles, size of nose, and body odor. I can definitely relate to this disorder. In the book, it states that this disorder begin in adolescence years and that
is where it started with me. When I was in middle school, I became very self–conscious of my appearance. The size of my head was my biggest
insecurities. Even though I learned to love myself unconditionally and understand that kids can be cruel, it was a horrible experience. I used to get
picked on daily for my head size and started to believe it was true. I would cry myself to sleep and try to google how to make my head smaller. I
prayed every night for the ideal look I wanted. I even wore hairstyles that covered my face. It really did take a toll on me. I remember thinking about
suicide. After my mother found that out, she took the initiative to remind me I am beautiful every day and I got my features from my family. Luckily,
I grew out of it and accepted me for me. I realized the girls who tortured were jealous of

Hypochondriasis Research Papers
Somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that cause unexplainable physical symptoms. The DSM IV lists the symptoms as
weakness, seizures, or abnormal movements that are not attributable to a general medical condition or to feigning and that are judged to be associated
with psychological factors. Hypochondriasis is defined as "an overwhelming fear that you have a serious disease, even though health care providers
can find no evidence of illness" (University of Maryland Medical Center). Although it is widely believed to be a stable and chronic condition with a
low remission rate, studies show that patients exhibit significant declines in symptoms yet continue to meet the DSM's diagnostic criteria over an
extended time period.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This new DSM–V term focuses on basing diagnosis on positive symptoms, rather than the absence of a medical explanation of somatic symptoms.
"While DSM–IV was organized centrally around the concept of medically unexplained symptoms, DSM–5 criteria instead emphasize the degree to
which a patient's thoughts, feelings and behaviors about their somatic symptoms are disproportionate or excessive " (American Psychological
Association). The DSM–V now defines conversion disorder as functional neurological symptom disorder due to overlapping symptoms and lack of
medical evidence. Another key change in the DSM–V criteria is that while medically unexplained symptoms were a key feature for many of the
disorders in DSM–IV, a somatic symptom disorder diagnosis does not require that the symptoms are medically unexplained. The criteria for conversion
disorder has been modified to underscore the the essential importance of the neurological examination and in recognition that relevant psychological
factors may not be demonstrable at the time of

Hypochondriasis Essay example
Hypochondriasis is a mental illness wherein an individual is preoccupied with the fear of having or the idea of having a serious disease. It involves the
misunderstanding of bodily symptoms. The sensations of most hypochondriacs are intense and disturbing, leading to incorrectly connecting the
symptoms to a serious disease. It said that hypochondria is caused by a patients excessive worrying with having or developing a disease. Often these
patients seek medical attention, but a doctor's reassurance does not help the situation. Hypochondriacs will still think they are sick no matter what the
do. Generally, patients who suffer from hypochondriasis also suffer from anxiety. There are many effective treatments for hypochondriacs such as
...
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They often seek medical assistance, but a Doctor's reassurance has no merit for the patient. A patient, who is preoccupied with bodily sensations for
less than six months, are classified as having a somatic disorder. If the complaints persist, the patient is then labeled as a hypochondriac.
There are many causes for a patient to be a hypochondriac. When a hypochondria learns of a new disease and its symptoms, he/she excessively worries
that they have or developing the disease. Attention can intensify a bodily sensation. By watching medical shows, a person can connect bodily
sensations felt with a disease described on the show. The misinterpretation of the bodily sensations is what causes a patient to be a hypochondriac.
Hypochondriasis might also be caused by anger deep within a person. Rather than letting their anger out towards people, a person turns their anger
into physical symptoms. The life of a hypochondriac is usually unhappy and depressive. A hypochondriac will fell hopeless and have a lack of
interest in life. Lastly, hypochondria can be triggered by a previous illness experienced or by a relative's sickness. Someone who was treated with
cancer might be more preoccupied with bodily sensations and will connect them to a disease. Hypochondriacs have a fear. They fear that they will be
struck with an illness. There are many causes why a person becomes a hypochondriac and most being psychological.
Many

Anxiety Disorder Case
It has been established that Karen's problems are not physiological. The case shows that she is overly obsessed with the desire from anything that
could jeopardize her health. For example, she constantly sanitizes her hands and also uses glasses to shield the eyes from the fluorescent rays. Most
of the things that may be affecting Karen could be beyond her control, but she doesn't admit this. She also hates hospitals as she believes they are
hotbeds of illnesses. Based on the symptoms reflected in Karen's case, there is a high likelihood that she might be suffering from illness anxiety
disorder, hypochondriasis. It is a disorder that is closely related to the Somatoform disorder. First, she's preoccupied with the worry of her symptoms
being a clear indication of a brain tumor even though the CAT scan revealed no results of such an illness. She has nosophobia. Possibly, this anxiety
could have been triggered by the previous loses of close relatives, including her father from cancer and grandmother from suicide. Even if doctors were
to calm her down and reaffirm that she's healthy, the patient may never believe them and may end up switching from hospital to another, looking for
someone with the kind of diagnoses that she expects (Weck, Neng, Richtberg, Jakob, & Stangier, 2015). Sometimes it gets to a point where she may
pay more to get the expected diagnosis. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Weck, Neng, Richtberg, Jakob, & Stangier (2015), anxiety symptoms are significantly reduced through exposure therapies like response
prevention, consistent reassurance, and acceptance. The focus should be on encouraging the patient to manage the symptoms rather than eliminating
them. In additional to the standard care, mindfulness–centered cognitive therapy would be highly helpful to

Essay on Robert Ressler Coined the Term Serial Killer
"We serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands, we are everywhere. And there will be more of your children dead tomorrow." (Ted Bundy).
Serial killers are not always those people that look like monsters or behave in strangeous ways. Sometimes they are the successful people, the ones that
have a family and a job. The term "Serial Killer" was first coined by Robert Ressler, former director of the FBI's Violent Criminal Apprehension
Program. Serial killers are often defined as people that kill two or more people over a period of more than 30 days with "cooling off" periods between
each kill. Many historical criminologists suggest that serial killing has been a component of society since the beginning; suggesting that old stories ...
The triad includes fire–setting, animal cruelty, and enuresis (bed–wetting). A highly debate issue around serial killers is the reason behind their actions.
Although many theories exist about the reason why serial killers act the way they do, the most common theory is that they are searching for some
type of psychological satisfaction. A very common theory behind the reason of the actions of serial killers is the social control theory. This theory
states that serial killers behave the way they do due to their inability to cope and adapt to society. Another well–known theory is the neutralization
theory. This theory states that murderers sometimes move from an invisible "baseline" and commit illegal actions while sometimes moving back and
acting in a conventional way. The last theory is the labeling theory. This theory, created by Erving Goffman, states that people act the way they do due
to the labels that society has created for them. Therefore, if a kid is labeled as a troublemaker at a very young age, it is more likely that he will
continue with this behavior through adulthood. From Ted Bundy to BTK to the "Zodiac Killer", serial killers have been around the United States for a
long time, but none is better than Richard Chase, or better known as the "Vampire of Sacramento", to investigate the reasons behind serial killers.
Born on May 23, 1950, Chase was raised in a very strict house and was constantly abused by his parents. As a

Essay on Disorders Assignment
Disorders Assignment
Last Name: Robles, Princess
Read each case below and determine what psychological disorder each patient might have. In your own words, state your reasons why. Type your
answer directly below each case.
A. Case: James had a very difficult time in Kindergarten. He could not perform simple functions such as cutting, drawing, and writing. His teacher said
that he had trouble staying in his seat and paying attention. Instead, he often spent his 4 hours a day in class laying on the floor under the table or
wandering aimlessly through the classroom touching everything. James was unable to stay on task no matter what he chose to do.
I believe James has Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) because he has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe Isabel has Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) because of her uncontrollable obsessions with certain thoughts that results in compulsions
which is an impulsive behavior that are performed repeatedly. As stated "she packs and repacks her books."
According to psych central website's article, OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and disturbing thoughts (called obsessions) and/or
repetitive, ritualized behaviors that the person feels driven to perform (called compulsions).
C. Case: Carla was the driver of a car that was involved in an accident. Her friend, who was in the car with her at the time, was killed. After that,
Carla became very preoccupied with her health and thoughts of death. She reports that her health anxieties came in waves and describes one of the
worst episodes. Shortly after college, Carla became convinced she had lupus and the idea totally consumed her. She says that all she could think about
was dying, lupus, and being sick for the rest of her life. Though her doctors and friends and family tried to reassure her, Carla's thoughts persisted.
I believe that Carla has a Hypochondria because she honestly believes that she has lupus. Although her doctors and family and friends reassured her
that she does not have lupus, she is obsessed worrying about her idea of life–threatening disease and that she will be dying soon.
According to Family Doctor website's article Hypochondriasis is one the somatoform disorders.

Validity Scales Essay
Validity Scales: After considering each of the validity scales, it is difficult to determine if the profile is valid. There are two possible interpretations of
the validity scales. One possibility is that the client is not experiencing distress, and is experiencing an unusual degree of satisfaction and enjoyment
with his life and relationships with others. The hypothesis that the client is mentally healthy is challenged by the VRIN, K, and S scores, which suggest
that the client has engaged in self–favorable reporting. The other possibility is that the client is, in fact, experiencing distress and has engaged in
self–favorable reporting. If the client is faking–good, then he has done so in such a manner that successfully hides the cause of... Show more content on
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The client's moderate elevation on the hypochondriasis scale could be due to either a physical disability, which would be typical of people his age,
or it could be a sign of a failure to mask his distress. Furthermore, if distress was being conscience minimized by the client, then he failed to minimize
hypochondriasis related distress as well as most of the other scales. The client's highest score is on the psychoasthenia scale, which is scored as
slightly under clinically notable distress. In the case that the client is self–favorably reporting, it is possible that the client's Psychoasthenia is in
clinical range. The client adheres to traditional masculine roles, and has energy to engage in activities despite his age. The client has a strong
relationship with his family and enjoys social interactions. The client feels loved and is not reluctant to trust others. He does not endorse states of
depression or suspiciousness, and he effectually balances states of introversion and extroversion. Judging by the clinical scales, no apparent signs of
clinically relevant distress or pathology are noticeable. Further investigation is needed to determine if the client have motives to engage in
self–favorable reporting to conceal his

Three Main Psychological Disorders
Three Main Psychological Disorders Introduction Psychological disorders are also referred to as mental disorders. This can be defined as
psychological symptoms or behavioral patterns that affect multiple life areas of an individual. In addition, they are likely to cause distress for patients
who experience the symptoms. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder develops because of traumatizing events that threaten the
safety of an individual making him/her feel helpless. Often, people relate PTSD with soldiers in the battlefields and combats from the military.
However, any overwhelming live occurrence is expected to trigger PTSD. This occurs in case the event was uncontrollable and unpredictable.
Posttraumatic stress disorder has the possibility to affect individuals who have experienced a catastrophe, the witnesses and those who help in the
recovery operations such as the law enforcers and emergency employees. In addition, it can take place in the family and friends members of the person
who experienced the actual trauma. PTSD has a different way of developing depending on each person. While its symptoms are likely to develop after
some days or hours of the traumatizing event, sometimes it takes years, months or even weeks before they appear. Sometimes, these symptoms can
emerge suddenly, gradually, or over time. Anything that reminds an individual of the original traumatic event is likely to trigger the symptoms. This
includes smell, certain words

What Is Ms. Lewis's Elevation In Hypochondriasis?
Results from the MMPI–2 indicate elevations in several clinical scales. Firstly, Ms. Lewis showed an elevation in hypochondriasis (Hs). This suggests
that Ms. Lewis presents with somatic problems which may include: fatigue, chronic pain, and muscle weakness. Personality characteristics may
include: pessimism, defeat, dissatisfaction with others, indirect hostility, dullness, selfishness, narcissism, a lack of enthusiasm, and lack of ambition
(Butcher, 2010). Secondly, Ms. Lewis had an elevation in the hysteria scale (Hy), which is related to repression and denial of conflict and is similar to
the Hs scale due to the endorsed physical complaints that include headaches, chest pains, muscle weakness, and irregular heartbeat. Individuals with...
Lewis is over exaggerating her symptoms or possesses multiple mental health problems. Her symptoms reported in the clinical interview are consistent
with the various elevations within the scales and subscales of the MMPI–2. Elevations in the Hs scale suggest Ms. Lewis is suffering somatic
symptoms. This is consistent with the elevations in the Hy scale, which indicates that Ms. Lewis denies conflict, has little insight when acting out, has
little anxiety, tension, or depression unless she's reacting to stress, and indirectly expresses anger or resentment; these issues may manifest as somatic
symptoms. Specific elevations in the Harris–Lingoes subscales Hy3 and Hy4, indicate that Ms. Lewis is experiencing problems sleeping, is
uncomfortable, and expresses little to no hostility. The Pd scale indicates that Ms. Lewis has rebellious tendencies, does not take responsibility for her
problems, and has poor family relationships. Further elevations in the Harris–Lingoes scales Pd2, Pd4, and Pd5 suggest that Ms. Lewis has gotten in
trouble with the law or at school, feels misunderstood, alienated, unhappy, and may indulge in excessive alcohol use. The Pa scale elevation suggests a
mistrust in others, the need to be guarded, hostility, and resentfulness. Additional Harris–Lingoes elevations indicate that Ms. Lewis is hypersensitive,
lonely and searches for risk or excitement. The Pt scale suggests that Ms.

Full Blown Hypochondriasis
One recent study suggests that full–blown hypochondriasis is fairly rare, although lesser degrees of worry about illness are more common, affecting
as many as 6% of people in a community sample. Hypochondria is an irregular anxiety about one's well being, particularly with an unjustified terror
that one has a severe sickness. A lot of people worry about medical symptoms, but not everyone has hypochondria. Having an unidentified illness can
cause anxiety. In this case, one should get a second opinion. This does not mean that said person is a hypochondriac. However, if you search your
symptoms yourself, there is a high possibility that you can find something that matches. Minor illnesses, like the common cold, can match much more
serious disorders.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She has been diagnosed with intellectual disability and a drug addiction along with hypochondriasis. On average, she is in the hospital once or
twice a week, frequently changing her doctor or even hospital. This woman knows of her disorder, but has actually claimed to be cured and told
her family that they no longer need to worry about her with this disorder. After her family came back the Caribbean, she claimed to either have
yellow fever or malaria, depending on who she was talking to. When asked about her illness on December 13th, 2014, she again refused to admit
that she had the disorder, that she had been cured of it. In an ironic twist, she had to hang up to go to the doctor for a test due to a mini stroke she
had a few weeks prior. When she was in the hospital for this, she had to get a nurse to give family members a diagnosis due to the lack of belief they
held for her medical

Hypochondria Research Paper
For my weekly paper, I read an article named "How to Cope With Hypochondria." This article was about how people manage their lives with having
hypochondria. Hypochondriasis is when people get minor symptoms like a headache and they assume that something dangerous is occurring to them
like a brain tumor, heart attack, cancer, etc. In general, hypochondriacs make a big deal of minor symptoms. A professor named Catherine Belling
wrote a book where she talks about hypochondriacs. Catherine says that hypochondria isn't a psychological disease and that people often think that
hypochondriacs just want attention. Hypochondriacs go to the doctors often and they want doctors to do medical tests on them that are useless. They
torment themselves by thinking that they have a very bad disease. Whenever hypochondriacs go to the doctor and he tells them that they just have a
minor symptom, they get mad because the doctor doesn't tell them that they do have the frightening disease/symptom that they are saying. Some ways
to cope with hypochondria are: don't search for any symptoms you are feeling on the internet (sometimes it tells you that you have a bad disease and
makes you feel worried), go with only one doctor (going to a lot of doctors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This article relates to PowerPoint slide fifteen for the reason that it talks about hypochondriasis ("psychological disorder in which a person is
preoccupied with minor symptoms and develops an exaggerated belief that the symptoms signify a life–threatening illness"). Hypochondriac people
don't believe doctors that they don't have a serious illness. What I learned about hypochondriasis is that people who have it exaggerate to the point
where they believe that they have a deadly illness for just having a headache. I believe that this is a good example of hypochondriasis because it talks
about what it is and what you could do to manage being with

Symptoms And Treatment Of Celiac Disease
Countless plagues, disorders, and diseases have cut many human lives short over the 160 thousand years since Homo sapiens evolved from their
ancestors. Since then, human's increasing knowledge of medical science has allowed for them to thrive for much longer than their primitive
predecessors. These conditions have evolved in a costimulatory way with all species throughout life's evolution, and although some of these situations
are beneficial (symbiotic) many diseases benefit only one organism at the expense of another (exploitative). Much like an exploitative situation an
organism can cause a disadvantageous situation for itself, such is the case in hypochondriasis which is when a person believes that they have an illness
and starts to develop symptoms because of this belief. Celiac disease is an intestinal disorder caused by an autoimmune response to an individual's own
tissue, this is triggered by the ingestion of anything which contains gluten or gluten–related products. On the other hand, Non–Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
(NCGS) mimics some of the symptoms found in Celiac disease and it is generally a self–diagnosed disease. From this, it is clearly seen that NCGS is
a primary example of hypochondriasis. Celiac disease is a very real, documented medical phenomenon while NCGS, with little proof of its actual
existence, is nothing more than a placebo that has started to affect (for the most part) those in Western society.
Glutenin is a protein which gives bread dough its

Ap Psychology Chapter 3 Summary
Serena Rodriguez PSY 215–03 01/30/2018 Chapter 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment 1.What is the purpose of psychological
assessment? The purpose of psychological assessment is to figure out whether an individual exhibits abnormal behavior, what symptoms they have,
why they are demonstrating that behavior, and it there is a way to assist the individual. There are several psychological or clinical tools that
psychologists use to determine someone's abnormal behavior. These tests include observations, tests, and clinical interviews. For a psychological
assessment, the tool used must be standardized, reliable, and valid. This means that when a particular assessment is administered there must be certain
procedures followed as well as set ways to interpret results. When referring to the assessment's reliability, clinicians mean... Show more content on
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Personality tests are actually considered more valid, reliable, and standardized than projective tests because they are primarily computerized or
answered with paper and pencil. The ten scales of MMPI are social introversion, hypomania, schizophrenia, psychasthenia, paranoia, masculinity–
femininity, psychopathic deviate, hysteria, depression, and hypochondriasis. Social introversion measures traits such as shyness and sensory overload.
Hypomania measures overactivity and emotional excitement. Schizophrenia measures deviant behaviors and uncommon thoughts. Psychasthenia
measures compulsions and phobias. Paranoia measures heightened suspiciousness. Masculinity– femininity measures the difference between male and
female responses. Psychopathic deviate measures lack of emotion and disregard for social norms. Hysteria measures the avoidance of conflicts through
mental signs. Depression measures hopelessness and a negative outlook. Hypochondriasis high level of concern regarding possible medical

Hypochondria Research Paper
How much power do our own thoughts have on our health? We have all heard of the term "self–fulfilling prophecy" but, can this actually apply to our
bodies and well–being? Defined as an illness anxiety disorder, hypochondria is a very serious fear and disorder that without proper care, can take
over your life. Despite the lack of an actual medical condition, the perception of a person suffering with hypochondriasis leads them to believe they
have a serious illness. On the other hand, psychosomatic disorder is an illness that affects not only your mind, but your body as well. Those that have a
psychosomatic disorder tend to already have some sort of sickness, but can make their sickness or symptoms worse just by mental factors such as stress,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the common symptoms of a regular hypochondriac include frequent doctors' visits, avoiding exposure to the world due to fear of contagious
diseases, obsessive research about illnesses and various symptoms, and fear that even the smallest sign of something health related may be a terminal
illness such as cancer. This kind of hypochondriac truly believes they are ill although their doctor has told them they are perfectly okay, and often need
extensive reassurance that there is nothing wrong with them. The depressive hypochondriac is more emotionally invested in their fear and usually
believe they are dying. This kind of hypochondriac suffers most from delusional thoughts, believing surely that they are dying and having no clue of
how irrational their thoughts are. Because of this, the depressive hypochondriac is more at risk for committing suicide than others. Lastly, the
somatoform kind of hypochondriac has actual physical symptoms and believes there is a serious reason behind those symptoms, but does not think
absurdly about what they may or not have. More easily put, the somatoform kind of hypochondriac does feel sick, does believe they have something
serious that is related to their symptoms, but does not think they are dying or will die because of

Disadvantages Of Cbt Research Paper
Types of CBT CBT FormCBT can be performed by : Individual therapy– Personal sessions with a therapist Group therapy – With a few individual
who wish to solve similar problems Self–help book – Where you carry out exercises from the book Computer program – Known as computerised CBT
(CCBT) Aspect of CBT CBT differs from other psychotherapies because it is: pragmatic– it helps identify specific problems and tries to solve it highly
structured – rather than discussing about the individual's life, the patient and therapist will discuss specific problems and set goals for the patient to
achieve focused on current problems – it is mainly concerned with how the individual think and act now rather than attempting to resolve past issues...
Once the problem establishes, a well–tolerated and efficacious antidepressant should be replaced as indicated for the comorbid condition (Eg. 6–12 mg
for a single depression or indefinitely for recurrent depression and an anxiety disorder). If used for hypochondriasis alone, adjust the dosage to
maintain the patient on the lowest effective dosage, and reassess the patient from time to time to determine the need for continued treatment.
However, there are some mild side effects that will subside in a week during the consumption period. The common side effects are : Nausea
Dizziness Insomnia Weight gain or loss Headache Diarrhea Vomiting Prozac (fluxotine) is one type of SSRI which is approved by the FDA and is
commonly used to treat of

The Basis Of Hypochondriasis : Why Is It An Under...
The basis of Hypochondriasis:
Because physical well– being is essential to our survival, it is not surprising that most people experience health–focused thoughts and concerns from
time to time. Among those suffering from serious medical illnesses and those at risk, health concerns serve an adaptive function as they motivate the
person to attend closely to bodily sensations to ensure that serious signs and symptoms are dealt with in a timely fashion. In fact, as part of their
self–care, at risk patients are often instructed to monitor their bodies for possible symptoms. In other instances, intense health concerns develop in the
absence of organic pathology, such as when individuals perceive themselves as seriously ill on the basis of a misinterpretation of benign bodily
sensations (e.g., "This headache means I have a brain tumor," "My stomach pain is caused by a rare gastrointestinal disorder"). Hypochondriasis
involves a pattern of intense health anxiety that is based on these sorts of misattributions1 .
Why is it an under–diagnosed problem?
Patient's struggling with these disorders are often first encountered not by Psychiatrists, but in General & Speciality medical settings. When patient's
are faced with serious physical symptoms that cannot be adequately explained, the high level of anxiety can motivate them to seek repeated evaluations
and treatments that are often unnecessary may be even harmful. When the physician is unable to find a cause for a patient's complaints,

Conversion Disorder Case Study
Choice "A" is the best answer. Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, consists of symptoms of altered motor or
sensory function that do not correspond to a recognized neurologic pattern or syndrome, with an onset related to a major psychological stressor. In this
case, the symptoms of right foot and left hand weakness do not correspond to a myotome, and the patient exhibits contradictory examination findings
(e.g. diminished foot dorsiflexion on the exam table, but absence of foot drop on ambulation). She recently had a major psychologic stress in being
diagnosed with Crohn disease. Conversion disorder occurs much more commonly in women than in men. Choice "B" is not the best answer. Delusional
disorder

Evidence Base for Anxiety Disorders
1. Introduction This paper provides a brief overview of evidence based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. It addresses the following
questions: How common are anxiety disorders? What psychological treatments have empirical support? What recovery rates can be achieved with these
treatments? How enduring are their effects? Is there value in combining psychological treatments with medication? Psychological treatments can be
delivered in a variety of formats. This paper restricts itself to the traditional, and most extensively researched, format of face–to–face contact with a
fully qualified therapist. For most anxiety disorders the therapy sessions are once weekly for 60–90 minutes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No other psychological treatment was considered by NICE to be effective in anxiety disorders in general. However, Eye Movement Desensitization
Reprocessing (which some people argue is a form of CBT) was supported in posttraumatic stress disorder. NICE has not yet commissioned guidance
for the two remaining anxiety disorders (social phobia and specific phobia) or for a closely linked condition that is common in primary care
(hypochondriasis/severe health anxiety). However, the RCT findings for each of these disorders are very similar to those obtained in the four
disorders that are currently covered by NICE guidance. In particular, for each disorder there are RCTs that show that CBT is: superior to no
treatment5–9, superior to a similarly credible alternative psychosocial treatment5 7 10 11, and at least as effective as medication12–16. No other
psychological treatment approach for these disorders has been supported in randomized controlled trials. Although non–CBT approaches have not yet
received significant support in RCTs, a recent non–randomized comparison between CBT and two other therapies has been interpreted by some media
commentators as evidence that non–CBT approaches are as effective as CBT. This interpretation is unwarranted. In the study17 NHS therapists
working in primary and secondary care were invited to use a standardized symptom questionnaire (the CORE–OM) with their patients and to submit the
questionnaires to a central

The Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory Was Founded By...
MMPI–2 History The Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory was founded by Hathaway and McKinley in the late 1930s. This test was than published in
1942 by the University of Minnesota press. In 1989, Yossef Ben–Porath, W. Grant Dahlstrom, and John Graham, revised in 2001 and updated to
MMPI–2 in 2008– 2009. Now The reason behind MMPI–2 was to be able to give people a more modern perspective view on mental health and
developing a scale for assessment for psychiatric patients This test was to be able to discover and assist in helping .... MMPI–2 has exactly 567 test
items and it takes 90 to 60 minutes to complete. Anybody can be able to purchase the answer sheets and test booklets .The English softcover test
booklets come in a package of 10 and are available for $32. The Answer sheets come in a package of 25 with the price of $20.50. The newest version of
the MMPI–2 RF, contains a shorter amount of questions that consist of 338 answer choices. Purpose and nature of the test The purpose and the nature
of the MMPI–2 test was created to help determine psychopathology and personality structure in Adults. This test was clinically used to be able to find
numerous of experiences or behaviors that result in symptoms that consisted of mental illness. It also includes an evaluation of personality, as a
measure mental distress, and could identify abnormal or maladaptive behavior. After finishing this test their answers are found in the 4 validity and 10
clinical scales. There are exactly 5

Essay on Hypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder
Hypochondriasis as A Mental Disorder
Headache = Tumor. Cough = Tuberculosis. Mole = Skin Cancer. Such is the thought process of a hypochodriac. As defined in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual–IV (DSM–IV), hypochondriasis is an unrealistic interpretation of one's bodily sensations as abnormal, leading to the fear and belief
that one has a serious disease (1). This preoccupation with having a serious medical condition is one of the somatoform disorders and may be
considered more as a symptom than a disease. In fact, hypochondriacal symptoms often appear as a part of other mental disorders, including forms of
depression or schizophrenia (2). For this reason, a close investigation of hypochondriacal behavior is necessary to ... Show more content on
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With numbers such as these, the issue of understanding more about these symptoms has become important within the medical world. These pursuits
have resulted in four etiologic theories regarding hypochondriasis, a combination of which could hold the answers to this disorder.
The first of these theories relates to the amplification of normal bodily sensations, or when individuals "...attribute pathologic meanings to normal
somatic sensations and functions." An example of this would be to attribute swollen lymph nodes to a malignant disease, as opposed to a simple viral
infection. The consequences mostly affect the individual's psychological and behavioral well–being, which leads to the focus of the second theory.
Based on Freud's psychodynamic hypotheses, there is a belief that "unconscious conflicts are the result of traumatic or frustrating childhood experiences
being reawakened in adult life by similar stress or frustration." Consequently, particularly high–stress/tension situations could arouse subconscious
feelings of guilt, anxiety, and fear for a person, and their inability to express these emotions verbally may lead to physical manifestations of conflict.
The remaining two theories take a more behavioral–oriented approach. The third

Essay On Somatoform Disorders
Unlike many easily diagnosed psychological disorders, somatoform disorders are unique because they are much more difficult to diagnose.
Somatoform disorders are described as psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but there is no medical cause. While a person with a
somatoform disorder reports physical symptoms, no biological cause exists. In the middle ages, somatoform disorders were believed to be a spiritual
disorder of evil and demonic possession, and in the 17th century, it was said that "hysteria could stimulate any medical disease. Freud explained the
syndrome of hysteria as "conversion of emotional distress into physical symptoms" Kallivayalil, R. A., & Punnoose, V. P. (2010). While there is no
definitive cause for most of the somatic symptom disorders that have been established, "genetic and environmental influences appear to contribute to
somatization. Somatic symptom disorders have been linked to internalizing genetic risk factors and share genetic overlap with other mental disorders,
including eating disorders. Somatization may involve abnormalities in tryptophan catabolism, resulting in lower serum tryptophan levels than controls.
This finding is limited to the research domain at present and is not a diagnostic test" Somatic Symptom Disorders. (n.d.).... Show more content on
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This pattern usually begins before a patient is 30 years old and their symptom history includes various pain issues, gastrointestinal problems such as
diarrhea or vomiting, sexual symptoms such as low libido, and symptoms that would suggest a neurological problem. Undifferentiated Somatoform
Disorder Similar to somatization disorder, except for the fact that a patient must complain of one unexplainable symptom for at least six

Munchausen Syndrome Research Paper
Munchausen Syndrome is considered a mental illness because it is associated with emotional difficulties. Munchausen Syndrome is one of the most
severe types of factitious disorders. This mental illness is named after Baron Von Munchausen. The exact cause of Munchausen Syndrome is not
known. Some theories suggest that people with Munchausen's experienced child abuse or neglect during their childhood. Most of the symptoms in
people who have this syndrome are related to physical illness such as: chest pain, fever, or stomach problems. Munchausen can be used to refer to all
factitious disorders. This information refers to the more of the physical symptoms. People with Munchausen Syndrome often exaggerate or produce
their symptoms. They may lie

Psychological Disorders And Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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