Wayca Capac Summary

Wayca Capac Summary
November ( 1524– 27 ) A land of wonders
Francisco Pizarro Made his first voyage to the new world in November
1524.
Pizarro's second voyage ( November 1526 to 1527) was much larger, with 160 men and several
horses carried in two ships.
April 1528 Puerto Pizarro
After spending seven months on Gorgon Island, Pizarro and his men set sail for Columbia and
Ecuador. They traveled down the mangrove coast. Here, they encountered more balsa rafts. The
Indians continued to sail the coast until they recognized there home town,
Tumbes. When the indigenous people saw the ship on the sea they were amazed. They prepared
foods for the Spaniards and sailed out to the ship to greet them.
Spring 1528 Death of the Inca
The Inca Governor at Tumbes sent his runners with all speed to the
Inca Wayna Capac. Who was near Quito resting after battle. The Inca
Wayna Capac was concerned about the outbreak of pestilence in the heart of his empire. The
outbreak of smallpox swept through his army taking out his trusted generals and catching the virus
himself. As
Wayna Capac's health worsened, he was asked to name his successor sources claim he choose his
son or his younger brother this decision led his empire to a bloody civil war.
Summer 1529 Audience with The King
Pizarro returned elated to Panama and there the partners formulated their plan of conquest. He then
took a ship to Spain looking for backers and royal approval. He was received a court by Charles V
and showed the king Peruvian
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Guns Germs And Steel Summary
Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond, a professor of geography at the University of California,
dives into the past, examining historical developments of societies compared to each other in the
form of time, resources, and environment. Diamond summarizes the book in one sentence: "History
followed different courses for different peoples because of differences among peoples'
environments, not because of biological differences among themselves" (Diamond 25). Diamond
explains that dominance over others reflects the environment in which the people lived, not the
people themselves. He backs this explanation with evidence from history in many different areas of
history.
Prologue – Yali's Question:
Chapter 1 – Up to the Starting Line:
Where did human evolution start? How did the earliest civilizations develop? Diamond elaborates
into the evolution of human civilizations from the beginning, comparing evolution rates of human
settlements. He explains that since Africa was settled first, they have a head start in development
over a continent like the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The more animals were killed, the lesser amount of animals exist, decreasing the amount of food
available for people, especially settlements that rely on hunter–gathering. Through time a gradual
change occurred with a switch to animal and plant domestication. More time needs to be put in to
the development but once the plant and animal counts start to thrive, the end result flourishes.
Domestication creates a larger food source, which can support larger populations. The food can be
stored for a surplus amount creating more time for technological advancements. Diamond explains
that one acre of domesticated food can feed 10–100 times more than hunter–gathers. Animal
domestication can be used for pets, help with crops, and horses can contribute in battle. If a
civilization didn't switch to domestication over hunting, they probably didn't last very

How Did Civilization Influence The Inca Civilization
The Inca civilization was an important part of our history. They lived in the Andes Mountains in the
1500's. They had many major technological advancements such as the astronomy and math. They
also had a great culture and literature. The Spanish Conquest completely changed the lives of the
Inca. The Inca was one of the most important tribes in the Andes mountain area at the time.
The Inca had a cultural legacy that still stands with us today. The Sculpture of Viracocha was a very
important artifact as Viracocha was believed to be the creator god . He was said to kill off an entire
race of disobedient humans to replace them with ones he formed from clay (Gale). The Incas were
one of many groups who lived in the Andes Mountains at the time. Over time they grew and
eventually started conquering people until almost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The empire constructed by Francisco Pizarro conquered the wealthy Inca Empire (The 1530s). We
often times call everyone who lived in the Inca empire Incas when during the time the emperor was
the only one who was allowed to be called an Inca. There were only 13 of them before the Spanish
Conquest occurred in 1532. They lived high up in the Andes mountains which was only below the
Himalayan mountains in altitude (Buell). Cajamarca now was a part of Peru where the wealth of the
Incas was clearly a part of. The Incas lived in thatched houses made of stone. The Incas were not the
first to live in the region as other civilizations thrived before them before they conquered almost
every tribe in the Andes mountain area (Deangelis). The Incas and other civilizations in the Andes
mountains were affected by the Spanish Conquest.
The cultural influences, their great achievements, and spanish conquest all greatly affected who the
Incas were and how they became so successful in the first place. They had many great achievements
but eventually the great civilization came to an

Francisco Pzarro Research Paper
Gonzalo Pizarro
Gonzalo Pizarro may only be known for being Francisco Pizarro's' younger brother but, he also
accomplished much in his lifetime. He began as his eldest brothers lieutenants but then set off on his
own missions. From his accomplishments he was greatly rewarded by the Spanish. He later set off
with a large army for an expedition to Quito.
Gonzalo Pizarro was born in the early 1500's in Trujillo, Spain. He was one of 5 sons of Gonzalo
Pizarro. He had four brothers: Francisco, Juan, Hernando and Francisco Martin de Alcantara. All his
siblings shared the same father, but there were three different mothers for all of the brothers.
Francisco was the eldest, Hernando was the second oldest, Juan might have been older than Gonzalo
but Gonzalo's birthyear is very unclear. Francisco Martin de Alcantara was the half brother to
Francisco on his mother's side, so he was not really blood related to the other Pizarro brothers. He
joined his half brother, Francisco Pizarro, and he led him on the 1532 expedition, where they
attacked and defeated the Inca Empire.
Gonzalo Pizarro set off to Peru on his brothers ,Francisco Pizarro's ,third expedition. He helped
conquer the Inca emperor Manco Compac during the battle of Cajamarca. Atahualpa became the last
emperor of the 300 year long civilization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was forced to surrender after he was abandoned by his comrades in battle and was captured by
Pedro De La Gasca. To this day some historians consider him to be the first leader of genuine
struggle by colonist of spain. A fact people remember Gonzalo Pizarro by is how he and his
comrades were left in vain by their lieutenant and were left with no other choice but to eat their dogs
and horses. Gonzalo Pizarro was also the bastard son of Gonzalo Pizarro Sr. and Maria Alonso. He
grew up illiterate and was also very cruel. He basically had absolutely no redeeming qualities about

Characteristics Of The Aztec And Incas
Before Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492 CE, the Aztecs and Incas had existed
there for hundreds of years. They were fairly isolated peoples, who thrived in Central and South
America respectively. The Aztec and Inca have different ancestral backgrounds; the Aztecs claim to
be descendants of the Toltecs2 while the Incas were a series of separate tribes that joined together3.
Trade between the Aztec and Inca were rare4, but they were mostly self–sustaining. However, they
both conquered mass empires and build large temples. Why was their conquest so successful, and
what
The Aztecs were influenced by the Toltecs, their self–proclaimed ancestors, who were "a warlike
people, no doubt conquering surrounding tribes and imposing tribute without any concern for
integration into the Toltec political and religious culture"5. To justify their conquests, Itzcoatl, the
third Aztec ruler, devised a new vision of the Aztec as the "chosen people" who were the "true heirs"
to the Toltec. The Aztec rewrote history to link the Aztec to the Toltec and to show that the Aztec
were the heirs, the direct descendents, of the Toltec nobility"7. The Aztecs were a war faring people
who engaged in such to acquire territory, resources, quash rebellions, and to collect sacrificial
victims to honour their gods. Warfare was a fundamental to the Aztec culture10; warriors were
trained from youth, in special military compounds where children learnt to master weapons and
tactics and were regaled

The And Reason For Jared Diamond 's Literary Work Guns,...
Summer Supplemental Reading Assignment
2015–2016
Questions and Answers
A. Yali's question is the pioneer and reason for Jared Diamond's literary work Guns, Germs, and
Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. The book becomes the answer to this inquiry started by the
curious mind of Yali, a New Guinean politician who had come across Jared Diamond in 1972. In
their conversation, Yali had simply asked Diamond "Why is it that you white people developed so
much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?" The
white peoples' large amount of cargo represents large amounts of wealth and power concentrated in
only the more developed countries of the modern world, and the black peoples' little cargo applies to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, therefore becomes perfectly exemplifies the proven resourcefulness
needed in the conquest of the New World because his attack used all the following elements:
– The first element that gave Spaniards an advantage was brought by their own people. Pizarro's
men were not the first to have come to the Americas. These previous Europeans had brought deadly
infectious diseases, such as influenza, measles, and typhus, with them that spread from tribe to tribe
and killed 95% of the Native American population faster than the conquistadors. Smallpox had been
the specific infection that caused the death an Inca emperor, his court, and his heir. Because of this, a
civil war for the control of the leaderless Incas caused separation between Atahuallpa and his allies
which proves how disease transmitted to peoples lacking immunity by invaders with immunity
decreased populations and aided the Spanish conquistadors take over.
– The next helpful element was the Spanish's most trusty companion, the horse. The Europeans had
already domesticated the animal and turned it into a tool of warfare when they introduced it to the
Native Americans. In battles, the cavalry had increased maneuverability and speed of attack, a
higher and therefore more protected area in the fight, and could terrorize and leave the soldiers on
foot and in the open

Incan War Dbq
You may ask, "Why were innocent Native Americans captured and slaughtered in their homes by the
deleterious Spaniards for no stable reason?" Well, here you'll find out. You may not know why or
how these Spaniards were driven to destroy the Native American population. But here, you will find
out why. The Spaniards had a few reasons to overthrow the Incas, but mainly because they wanted
to rule the world. They wanted to dominate the universe. But, the Incas did have lots of emeralds,
gold, and silver. They wanted that as well. The early Spaniards were very greedy and wanted
everything for themselves. The first place they overthrew was the Inca territory in Peru, which also
had the most emeralds and gold. They didn't break a sweat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In 1519, Hernan Cortes set sail toward Yucatan, Mexico. The Spaniards were excited for being able
to settle in this place for the first time. In Tabasco, Mexico Cortes ran into some resistant natives. He
cleared them out with ease, until they were forced to surrender. They gave him supplies and then he
left. His mind was set to conquering the Aztecs. He had heard of them and he knew that they were
very important in Mexico and he wanted to overthrow them. While they were parading through
Mexico they encountered the rivals of the Aztecs, called Tlaxcalans, which were another tribe in
Mexico. They became very important allies for the Spanish, during their upcoming siege on the
Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan. When Cortes arrived, the Aztecs actually though he was their God,
Quetzalcoatl, and their leader treated him with a big party. This was because their God was
supposed to be returning to Earth that day. The Spaniards wanted to make themselves look powerful,
so they fired shots into the air, to scare the Aztecs. They further entered the city and started to sack
the whole thing, with the help of the Tlaxcalans and Doña Marina. They took Montezuma (the Aztec
leader) hostage. Cortes manipulated him and ruled the city that way. While Montezuma was
captured and the Spaniards were ruling the city, another Spanish force arrived from Cuba. Cortes
stormed the

Culture is always changing and it defines an individual’s...
Culture is always changing and it defines an individual's every day life. Everyone experiences
culture differently, which it is why it is difficult to give a definitive definition. The simplest way to
define culture is as, an experiences that shapes a person's worldview. Some of the different factors
that shape culture are race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, religion, age, education and geographical
location. Culture is not static; it is spread amongst societies and embraced in different ways.
Learning about someone's cultural experience is the key to learning about that person and truly
getting to know them because their culture defines who they are.
It is always interesting to meat someone for the first time because the curiosity of who ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cultural lecture explains that change is spread in two different forms, invention and diffusion.
Invention is defined as the creation of something new whereas diffusion is a copy of something that
has already been invented.
An example of this is frozen yogurt. This delicious dessert is nothing new to people who live in Los
Angeles County; restaurants like Pinkberry, Yogurtland and Menchies have been around for many
years but for the people of Kern County the frozen treat is new. Frozen yogurt is a borrowed idea
from other cultures that eventually was brought to the United States, but even once it was in the
states it has taken a few years for the idea to spread. Learning about different cultures and wanting
what they have is the most basic example of how cultures change, spread and intertwine. Different
cultures can offer different things which can be beneficial to other cultures that have not yet
discovered a new technology or skill. The welcoming nature that some societies have of different
cultures is the reason why European culture was so easily spread but the same can be said about
cultures that did not embrace cultural change.
When Jared Diamond describes how western cultures eventually dominated the world in his book,
"Guns, Germs, and Steel", he fails to say why European culture swept the world. Diamond believes

Pizarro's Defeat Of The Incas
17. The main causes of low human population density in many Polynesian islands were lousy
climate and sparse natural resources. On Henderson, Rennell, and the atolls population density was
scant, for the islands possessed unfertile soil and limited fresh water. Low population densities were
also common on temperate New Zealand due to the icy temperatures that was incompatible with
some Polynesian crops.
18. Man–made constructions such as monarch–based governments allowed for increased human
population density in islands such as Hawaii. These governments in islands tended to gyrate around
hereditary chiefs who held the authority of a king along with utter control over the land they
commanded. This particular organization enabled the chiefs to draft commoners into laboring on
construction tasks such as feast centers, irrigation work, chiefs' tombs, and temples. Diamond argues
that without the rule of a chief, none of the above population–increasing construction projects would
have ever been achievable.
19. If I had witnessed Cajamarca prior to the overthrow of Atahuallpa, I would have certainly not
believed that Pizarro's overthrow of the Incas was possible. Pizarro had with him a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The role of technology played a primary part in the essential defeat of the Incan Empire. Advanced
technology basically led the Spaniards to their amazing victory. All of the Spaniards had with them
lethal weaponry such as guns, daggers, steel swords, lances, and numerous sharp objects that
penetrated the delicate armor of the Incas. Many of the Incas only possessed blunt wood weapons,
which had no real effect on the physical health of the Spaniards. Another form of advanced
technology that the Spaniards had with them was maritime technology; the technology that aided
them across the depths of the extensive Atlantic Ocean. It is obvious the Incas did not have maritime
technology, so when the Spaniards had reached South America they now had forceful weaponry to
protect them as

When the Spanish arrived at the Incan borders in 1528, the...
When the Spanish arrived at the Incan borders in 1528, the Incan empire spanned a great distance,
from Ancs Maya, Blue River, in Southern Columbia to the Maule River in Chile. The Inca Empire
originated from a tribe based in Cuzco under the rule of Pachacuti, the Incan leader from 1438 to
1471/1472, Cuzco soon ended up being the capital of the Empire. Pachacuti's would later rule the
empire.
The Inca believed that harmony between the relationships of the human being, nature and gods was
truly essential. They had multiple gods, but the main god was Viracocha, the Inca even considered
their emperors as demi–gods. They had several sacred objects and locations. The Vilcanota or
Wilcamayu, the "Sacred River" which is a section of the Urubamba ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the 16th of November 1532, while the natives were in a celebration in Cajamarca, the Spanish
captured Atahualpa by surprise during the ensuing battle. When Huáscar was killed, the Spanish
tried and convicted Atahualpa of the murder, executing him by strangulation.
After the Spanish had risen to power and Atahualpa was executed, several of Atahualpa's generals
started rebelling against the Spanish. Quizquiz defended Cuzco from the Spaniards and Ruminahui
burned Quito instead of letting it fall into the enemies hands. Nevertheless, the Spanish remained in
power and within two years, they seemed to be in firm control. However, one of the Incas the
Spanish had enthroned was plotting against them. Manco Inca Yupanqui, one of Atahualpas and
Huáscars many brothers, led over 100,000 Incan warriors in an attack against the Spanish in 1536.
He besieged Cuzco for more than six months and killed one of the Pizarro brothers before he was
forced away by Spanish reinforcements. He managed to escape and formed a rebel colony in the
mountains, which was not conquered by the Spanish for almost 40 years. During this time the
Spanish were destroying sacred lands, sacred objects, however they did not find the mountain city,
Machu Picchu.
After the conquest ended, 93%of the Inca population had died, according to Wikipedia, mainly from
smallpox and measles, the rest of the Inca were killed by the Spanish.
The conquering of Peru by the Spanish can be compared to

Compare And Contrast The Inca And The Aztecs
Who were the Incas and the Aztecs? Who were the Spanish empire that was powerful? How did the
Incas and the Aztecs take a stand against the Spanish empire? The Incas were American Indian
people. They were originally a small trade located in the southern highlands of Peru. They built one
of the largest and most tightly controlled empire the world has ever known. They also did all of that
in less than a century. The basic unit of Inca society was the village, or the neighborhood. The
residents thought of each other as at least distantly related. The empire as a whole was divided into
four quarters with the capital, Cuzco at the center.and the Aztec empire flourished between c.1345
and 1521. The Aztec empire covered most of northern mesoamerica. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Spanish arrived to Aztec empire. The Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, whom they credited with the
creation of human was set to return to earth thinking that Cortes could be Quetzalcoatl. Cortés
entered the city the Spanish soldiers and the Tlaxcalans sacked it, while Cortés took Montezuma
hostage and ruled Tenochtitlán though him. While Cortés held Tenochtitlán thought Montezuma, a
Spanish force from Cuba landed on the coast of Mexico that had been sent by Diego Velasquez to
unseat Cortés. Cortes heard about this so he marched on the Spanish. Cortés defeated the Spanish
force but when he returned to Tenochtitlán he was met with shock. The Aztecs were in the midst of a
full rebellion so him and his men fled the city. Cortés regrouped and attacked Tenochtitlán in full
force in 1521. At the time the Aztecs no longer trusted Montezuma, they were short on food, and the
small pox epidemic was under way. More than 3 million Aztecs died from smallpox, and with such a
several weakened population, it was easy for the Spanish to take Tenochtitlán. The Aztecs were
strong and took a great stand against the Spanish even though they lost. They fought for their capital
even though there was a dangerous disease killing a lot of

Jared Diamond delves deep into humanity's history in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel in attempt to
answer a question imposed upon him by Yali, a New Guinean politician. Diamond weaves together
many theories and historical examples, such as the Spanish Conquistador Francisco Pizarro's defeat
of the Incas, to explain why humans have developed at vastly differing rates. Yali asked a question
that had stumped historians for decades and Diamond dissects and reassembles the phrasing often.
In order to give his most complete answer, the author takes a look at both post 1500s inequalities,
and differing rates of development throughout human times. The examination of Pizarro's defeat of
the large Inca force came first at the battlefield and continued ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By 1532, when the Spanish completely vanquished the Incas at the battle of Cajamarca, Europeans
had developed highly effective steel tools. As Diamond put it, "Far more important were the
Spaniards' steel swords, lances, and daggers, strong sharp weapons that slaughtered thinly armored
Indians" (73). He continues to speak about steel's protective ability, "The Spaniards' steel or chain
mail armor and, above all, their steel helmets usually provided an effective defense against club
blows, while the Indians' quilted armor offered no protection against steel weapons" (74).
Additionally the few Spaniards fighting were mounted and the author goes on to say, "the Incas, like
all other foot soldiers, were never able to defeat cavalry in the open" (74). Finally it is revealed that
the Incas were ill prepared for the Spanish, because of communication solely by mouth they
believed that Pizarro's men were weak and unorganized; "Atahuallpa had very little information
about the Spaniards, their military power, and their intents" (76). These conditions, along with many
others, led to the slaughter of tens of thousands of Inca

, Germs, and Steel Answers
Chapter 1
1. Human history began around 7 million years ago, as confirmed by the book as it states "Human
history, as something separate from the history of animals, began there about 7 million years ago
(estimates range from 5–9 million years ago)" on page 36.
2. Development of humans occurred on the continent of Africa. The book mentions "Their
[Humans] confinement to Africa, along with abundant fossil evidence, indicates that the earliest
stages of human evolution were also played out in Africa." on page 36.
3. The Giant Leap forward occurred 50,000 years ago according to the book's statement that
"Human History at last took off around 50,000 years ago, at the time of what I have termed our
Great Leap Forward." on page 39.
4. Diamond explains the mass extinction of large mammals by stating they had been killed by the
first arriving animals as he states, "An obvious possible answer is that they were killed off or else
eliminated indirectly by the first arriving humans." on page 43.
5. Diamond argues against the possibility of change in climate killing the mammals as he states
"Critic respond with a counter theory: perhaps the giants succumbed instead to a change in climate,
such a severe drought on the already chronically dry Australian continent. ... ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Infectious diseases contributed to civil war, which left the Incas very vulnerable to conquering from
the Spanish. This is declared by the book saying, "Atahuallpa and his army came to be at Cajamarca
because they had just won decisive battles in a civil war that left the Incas divided and vulnerable.
Pizarro quickly appreciated those divisions and exploited them. The reason for the civil war was that
an epidemic of smallpox, spreading overland among South American Indians after its arrival with
Spanish settlers in Panama and Colombia, had killed the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac and most of
his court around 1526, and then immediately killed his designated heir, Ninan Cuyuchi."on page

Trafficking In Peru
First of all, could the Peruvian Government win the battle? Illegal drug trade is one of the main
problems in the last century. A few days ago, I was informed that Maritza's son, a friend of my
childhood who lives in Peru, was involved in drug consumption and he died. She told me that she
did her best efforts to get her son to abandon drug use. But, she lost the battle. In the same way, as
national government of each country identifies interferences or threats against its state, it performs
its best efforts to eliminate these risks in order to raise life standards of people, to develop, to grow,
to improve its laws, and to get a better education among other things. The United States Department
Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Peruvian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These three factors conform one hard triangle difficult to handle and combat. The complex nature of
drug trafficking requires to take action in several fields of human activities, to enact strict legal
measures, the establishment of integral sustainable alternative development programs, and
strengthen the power of the State. For instance, not only is joint combat drug trafficking one of the
most significant problems for Peru, but also it is for all countries in the world, and eradication of this
trouble demands a global compromise. This is a long–term combat and with political will, it is
possible to win the

Guns Germs And Steel Part One Analysis
In the book "Guns, Germs, and Steel" by Jared Diamond, Part One talks about what happened on the
continents before 11,000 B.C, geography on the Polynesian Islands, and more importantly what
happened in Cajamarca to the Inca emperor Atahuallpa when he was captured by the Spaniards.
Jared Diamond will explain what happened at Cajamarca and why it was important or more
specifically a turning point between different societies. However, he didn't go into detail about other
battles because he feels as if the advancement in technology was clearly shown better in Cajamarca.
Jared Diamond dedicates a whole chapter to the battle at Cajamarca in Part One because of the
technological reasons shown in this particular battle. First of all the Spanish conquistador Francisco
Pizarro, who was also referred to as King Charles 1 of Spain, planned to capture the Incan emperor
Atahuallpa. However there were some minor issues, "Pizarro, leading a ragtag group of 168 Spanish
soldiers, was in unfamiliar terrain, ignorant of the local inhabitants, completely out of touch with the
nearest Spaniards (1,000 miles to the north in Panama) and far beyond the reach of timely
reinforcements" (66). Pizarro still managed to capture Atahuallpa though. Even with all these
obstacles in his way, he managed to capture the emperor who had an army of 80,000 soldiers. They
both had something in common, they ruled over a nation of people. However, Pizarro and his group
of 168 soldiers were far better trained and were actually armed with guns. They had armor to protect
them while the Indian soldiers had nothing to defend themselves thus creating this "turning point"
that Jared Diamond is trying to show here. The Spaniards were from a whole different society than
the Indian soldiers, "Although the Spaniards' superior weapons would have assured an ultimate
Spanish victory in any case, the capture made the conquest quicker and infinitely easier" (66).
Again, Spaniards had far better weapons than the soldiers. The Indian soldiers had none! If the
Indians were brought up in the same society as the Spaniards, then the event would have been
different. The Indian soldiers would actually be armed at all times (like the Spaniards) and be alert
in case anything

The Triumph of Food Production over Hunting and Gathering...
The human race was once completely dependent on hunting and gathering as its source for caloric
intake. Today, this is not the case. We live in a society that is continuously becoming more global,
and the large global population is being supported by modern food production. But what factors
caused this switch to take place from hunting and gathering to food production? The main
contributors over the last several thousand years include: the increase in calorie yield, the stability,
and the benefits derived from domesticate–able animals that can all be attributed to food production.
To better understand how these three contributors interact with and influence one another, it is
beneficial to examine Abraham Maslow's well–known Hierarchy of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These changes can spontaneously produce instability that would ultimately leave hunting and
gathering societies with "the constant threat of extinction."
In contrast, a lifestyle where food production is dominant has an increase in predictability when it
comes to calorie retrieval. When a person plants crops, they can reasonably approximate the time of
year that the crops will be available to harvest. Once the crops are harvested, the farmers are able to
use what they need, and then store what remains for future use in their permanent structures. It
varies from year to year, but eventually a pattern is established and the society is able to have a
surplus of food. And thus the physiological needs are met and maintained.
This extra food gives many benefits to food producing societies that hunting and gathering societies
do not see. The most easily observable would be the dramatic increase in population potential. The
estimated population growth rate of early agricultural societies was "around 100 times greater than
those" of hunting and gathering societies. After a few thousand years, food producing societies
would easily have overcome the numbers of their hunting and gathering rivals. The societies
practicing food production would come to dominate the globe simply by their ability to populate if
time was the only factor that they had to work with.
This look

Guns Germs And Steel
In Jared Diamonds book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, he outlines the major factors that have
contributed to both European colonization, and subsequent Indigenous defeats, as well as to
globalization. Specifically, I will be expanding on the factors that contributed to Fernando Pizarro's
miraculous, and somewhat unlikely defeat of the Incan emperor Atahualpa at the battle of
Cajamarca. Francisco Pizarro's defeat of the Incan Emperor Atahualpa with only 168 Spaniards
compared to an Incan army 500 times more numerous is seen historically as being a success by
Diamond. This success can be seen as being a conglomerate of different attributes rather than one
single reason. To begin, the Spanish's far superior technological advancements gave them a ... Show
In his book, Technology, Disease, and Colonial Conquests, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries:
Essays Reappraising the Guns and Germs Theories, he argues that Cajamarca itself could be
considered more of a coup d'etat than an actual battle. As Raudzens explains, according to the
Spanish chronicler, Garcilo de la Vega, the "battle" was a diplomatic conference, where the guest
negotiators happened to turn on their hosts, when they were themselves most vulnerable. To
Raudzens, this "battle" seems to have proven nothing about the military power of the Spanish, but
rather of their nastiness over the Incas. Another point expanded on by Rautzens is the "Guns and
Germs" theory propagated by Diamond. To Rautzen, the technological implications of the battle
were a greater factor than that of disease, as disease did not directly impede on the battle itself. As
Garcilo de la Vega described about the battle, the Spanish's battle tactics consisted of cannon and
Gun fire, followed by a charge of 62 cavalry, and lastly completed with armored men on foot. To
Raudzen, many of these points are over–dramatized in many accounts. Both the horses, and the guns
of the Spanish inhibited a large shock effect among the Inca, but their guns could only fire once and
were few. As for the horses, the majority of the fighting was taking place in an urban setting, which
limited their maneuvering ability. Also the Incas did possess body armor, though it was not up to par
with that of the Spanish's steel.He also agrees with most scholars, (e.g. Diamond, Ibid, Hyman and
Orish) in that the majority of the fighting took place with swords. He ends by suggesting that rather
than Pizarro's victory being one of a technological sort, it was one in which was more marginal than

Cortes Research Paper
Cortes showed up to the Aztec's land planning on conquering it to be part of Spain. He did not want
to negotiate with the Aztecs, he just wanted their land, with or without them. The Aztecs thought
that he was a God and gave him extreme amounts of gold when he first arrived, but that did not
satisfy Cortes. Cortes held a meeting with the leader of the Aztecs, Montezuma, and captured him,
causing the Aztecs to fight the Spanish to get their leader back. Once the Spanish started to make a
move to defeat the Aztecs, they realized that they were all dead or extremely ill. This was because
the Aztecs were not immune to the Spanish diseases that came into their land, spreading over their
people. Cortes eventually got the Aztec land, making it a part of Spain. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He was very interested on exploring and getting rewarded for doing so. He sailed to Tumbes and
took his 180 armed men to the Incan town of Cajamarca up in the Andes Mountains. Pizarro met
with the emperor, Atahuallpa, who had just won one of the largest battles in Incan history, and was
feeling unstoppable. Pizarro invited the emperor to a feast of honor and the emperor came. On the
day of the feast, the emperor arrived with around 1,000 unarmed men. Pizarro sent a priest up to
Atahuallpa to change his ways to Christianity, but the emperor refused, resulting in an immediate
ambush from Pizarro and his armed men. The Incan soldiers could not fight back due to the surprise
attack and lack of artillery, and were slaughtered, but the emperor was captured and brought with
Pizarro. The emperor offered to give Pizarro his treasure and Pizarro accepted, but still brought him
to be killed because of his past intentions and murders. Atahuallpa was sentenced to death by the
Spanish tribunal and died from iron collar. Spain profited from these voyages because they could
expand their country and be given treasure, making their country higher than

Inca Empire Research Paper
The Inca were once one of the most advanced societies and largest empires in the early 16th century
Americas. They had an expansive empire that spread throughout South America, including what is
present day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and northern Chile. With a successful monarchical government
and large military system, the Incas also had complex irrigation systems and technologies that were
ahead of their time. The Spanish first arrived in 1527 while the Incas were still a thriving society led
by Huayna Capac who had kept the country unified. However, by the early 1530s, there was a
schism in the Inca Empire between the two sons of Huayna Capac, Huáscar and Atahualpa, who
were fighting for kingship, dividing the empire in two. The Spanish, led ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Spanish Jurisdiction was implemented, striping the Incas' economic, social, and political power. The
Spaniards attempted to convert the Incas to Christianity but most Incas were confused by the nature
of the religion and did not want to participate. Hernando Pizarro observed how religion and
traditions were a large part of Inca life meaning they were unlikely to give it up. When Atahualpa
was presented with a Bible, he threw it on the ground and stated, "I will not leave this place until
you have restored all that you have taken in my land. I know well who you are and what you have
come for." Atahualpa did not want to give up his religion and accept Spanish beliefs like the
Spaniards wanted him to. After the disbandment of the Inca people, the Peruvian government was
created by the Spanish, and the Inca were forcibly incorporated into the Spanish colonial society.
The Spaniards also erased Inca culture through replacement of Incan architecture and traditions. The
Inca had a distinct architecture that showed not only their innovations like stone work and single
rooms, but also their power in South America. Once the Spaniards arrived though, the architecture
of the Incas was lost and replaced with work of the Spanish showing their power and wealth that
they brought to South America. The Incas' fancy and elaborate cities were also looted by the
Spaniards. Graves were raided and gold was stolen. Atahualpa's palace was stripped of its silver
plaques that decorated its entrance. With the creation of Peru, Incas were marginalized and made to
accept Spanish culture and government at the loss of their

Guns Germs And Steel Essay
Guns, Germs, and Steel is a well written book by James Diamond exemplifying the true meaning of
human geography. One of the essentials to fully understand geography is to know about human
geography, sometimes also known as cultural geography. Human geography or cultural geography,
is the study of why people are where they are. Human geography is also the relationship of cultures
around the world and how they relate to their origin. Throughout the book, Diamond examines the
conflict of the book: why are some societies more advanced than other societies? While Diamond
was researching bird evolution in New Guinea in the year of 1972, he met Yali, a native of the
island. Yali asked a very important question, "Why is it that you white ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The majority of Indians knew what was edible and what was not, but they did not use that to their
advantage. In one case, Highlanders, people from the highlands of New Guinea, would bring a
supply of food for their trips. But, if the trip went longer than expected, or they ate more food than
intended on one day, they would slowly suffer and eventually die because they would not eat food
they did not pack. On the other hand, Indians did have knowledge in domestication. They
domesticated small animals that "yielded food, clothing, or warmth. But none of them pulled plows
or wagons." A downside to having some of the domesticated animals was disease. Of having
domestic animals, that was the worst thing the animals did to the native people. Today, people are
immune to most of the diseases spread by animals in the centuries before us because bodies today
are different then they were a few hundred years ago. Another thing the Indians were good at was an
organized system of people. The Indians created groups of people called bands (smallest), tribes,
chiefdoms, and states (largest). Of all of those, only the two biggest, chiefdoms and states had a
monopoly. Both of those monopolies were well run. Indians were technologically behind, but they
mostly made good out of what they had. James Diamond put in lots of time and effort to complete
his book, Guns, Germs, and Steel. Diamond looked through, many books,

Guns Germs And Steel Chapter 1 Summary
Summer Assignment Prologue: Yali's Question Yali's question is "Why is it that you white people
developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our
own (pg. 14)?" Diamonds first consideration was if they succeed in explaining how some people
came to dominate other people, may that not seem to justify the domination? Second, doesn't
addressing Yali's question automatically involve a Eurocentric approach to history, a glorification of
western Europeans and an obsession with the prominence of western Europe and Europeanized
America in the modern world? His third objection was don't words such as "civilization" and
phrases such as "rise of civilization," convey the false impression that civilization is good, tribal
hunter–gatherers are miserable, and history for the past 13,000 years has involved progress toward
greater human happiness (pg. 17–18)? Part One: From Eden to Cajamarca Chapter One: Up to the
Starting Line The Great Leap Forward was a time between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago, in which
human beings experienced huge advances in their ability to create technological and artistic
artifacts. The people that were impacted by the "Great Leap Forward: were the Cro–Magnons ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the first farmers chose large berries to domesticate because they were more appealing than
the smaller berries. Also, the smaller berries were not worth getting sunburned and mosquito bitten
for (pg. 117). Bitterness affected which wild berries people would take home to eat. For example,
almond trees have a mutation in one gene that "prevents them from synthesizing the bitter–tasting
amygdalin (pg. 118)." The cultivated banana was selected long ago to be all flesh and no seed. It
inspired modern agricultural scientists to create seedless grapes, oranges, and watermelons (pg.

The Fall of the Inca Empire Essay example
The Inca Empire, the massive nation that extended 2,500 miles along the western coast of South
America and had a population of over 7 million at its peak. It included all of what is now Ecuador
and Peru and most of Chile. Known as "The Children of the Sun", they excelled at craftsmanship,
weaving, and culture ("Children of the Sun"). A very religious people, they worshiped the Sun as
their supreme god and held religious festivals monthly to appease these gods. Although they did not
value it aside from its beautiful appearance, the Inca Empire was home to millions of pounds of
solid gold and silver. The Inca had no use for it except to use it to craft decorations and statues. In
fact, an Inca citizen valued cloth more than they valued gold ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With them, they brought the lethal disease smallpox over from Europe. Smallpox had been
spreading south towards the Inca, and in 1524, it reached the Inca capital of Cuzco. The aging Inca
emperor Huayna Capac caught a very serious case of it and died in 1525 (Somervill 8). On his death
bed, Huayna Capac appointed his heir. He chose his first son, Ninan Cuyochi to rule as emperor.
However, he included one condition: if a high priest saw deathly omens for Ninan, a replacement
should be picked. Sure enough, a high priest of did recognize deathly omens for Ninan Cuyochi, and
only weeks later, he died of smallpox, just as his father did. With Ninan's death, an impending
problem arose – who would become emperor? Huyana Capac had not specified who would take
Ninan's place in the event he died. So, his three remaining sons were all candidates for the throne.
Huyana's second oldest son, Huascar, claimed the throne before his two other brothers, and therefore
was crowned emperor. The two remaining brothers, Atahualpa and Manco Inca, were content to
remain governors and did not challenge Huascar. However, Huascar, fearing they would conspire
against him, demanded Atahualpa come to Cuzco and speak with him. As Nigel Davies put it,
"Atahualpa was commanded to present himself in Cuzco and warned that if he failed to obey...an
army would be sent to fetch him" (182). Now

What Are The Achievements Of The Aztecs
In the history of the Incas, who came from Peru, they had created one of the largest empires. They
also "developed a complex administrative system and a large network of paved roads that welded
together the populations of many tribes under a single government" (Brinkley, 3). The Incas first
appeared in the Andes in 12th century A.D. They were ruled by emperors who helped expand their
land by taking over other kingdoms and valleys. Just like the Aztecs, the Incas were also affected by
the Spaniards diseases, killing a large amount of the population.
The diseases killed the emperor and his successor which sparked a power struggle over the throne
which a man named Atahualpa won. However, the battle left him needing to make his army strong
again, which is when Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, came. He landed in Tumbes and
with his small army, went to an Inca town named Cajamarca where he ambushed Atahualpa and
thousands of other Incas. Once he gained reinforcements, he proceeded to the Inca capital, which
was easily overtaken because once again, the Spaniards technological advancement was powerful. ...
The Europeans had their own as well. Magellan's expedition was "the first known circumnavigation
of the globe" (Brinkley, 9). He was the first to cross the Pacific ocean, and proved that the world
could be circled as well as being larger than what the Europeans had thought. Vasco de Balboa was
the first European to "gaze westward upon the great ocean that separated America from China"
(Brinkley, 8). Marco Polo was one of the first to travel to Asia and return with goods that the
Europeans had wanted from the East such as "exotic spices, cloths, and dyes" (Brinkley,

Guns, Germs, And Steel
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Prologue:
1. Yali's question puzzles over why the white people have become more successful than others.
Diamond states that Eurasian societies were set to dominate from before 3000 B.C. He wants to
know why other races are unable to be as advanced with technology and power.
2. Diamond's first objection is implying that if we explain why some people rule over others we're
okay with the domination by others. His second reason explains that Europeans are disappearing
anyways and it's wrong to talk about them dominating the world. His third objection states that we
must understand other societies and that the question implies that some are better than others.
3. A "Eurocentric" approach to history is a way of teaching history, mainly focused on Europe, while
ignoring the other countries such as China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, or other societies.
4. Diamond believes that everyone's intelligence is based on where they live and grew up. One
major point explaining that Europeans are not more inborn intelligent than New Guineans, is that the
New Guineans need intelligence to live in the wilderness. Another is the lack of entertainment and
distractions they have which doesn't negatively affect their brain development.
5. Passive entertainment means little to no interactivity due to entertainment such as television,
videogames, or radio. While Americans are busy spending hours with these activities, New
Guineans are out doing something that encourages them

Informative Speech On Mayan Civilization
Today I will be talking about the Mayan aztec and Inca. These three Indian groups did amazing
thing and they are the ones who helped start this world. We will be talking about what their
civilization was like. Their god and emperors etc. These three are very extraordinary there ways are
best. I will also be talking about their religion. And the their great wars. They had a good way of
sacrificing to their gods. At sometimes they had some harsh punishments. Now shall we dive into
this.
The Maya are probably the best–known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica. From the late
eighth through the end of the ninth century. K'inich Yax K'uk Mo. Reign of K'inich Janaab Pacal I or
Pakal the Great, king of Maya Palenque. Their civilization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It lasted just shy of 100 years, from CA.1438 AD although it wasn't a long life for them. The Inca
Empire, also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre–
Columbian America. Atahuallpa, also spelled Atahualpa (born c. 1502–died August 29, 1533,
Cajamarca, Inca empire. After the Incas provided Pizarro with the silver and gold, Pizarro had
Atahuallpa killed. Atahualpa was killed in 1533. The Spaniards destroyed the Inca civilization. In
1530, Pizarro returned to Panama. In 1531, he sailed down to Peru, landing at Tumbes. Atahuallpa,
the 13th and last emperor of the Incas, dies by strangulation at the hands of Francisco Pizarro's
Spanish conquistadors. The 'Battle' of Cajamarca was the unexpected ambush and the seizure of the
Inca ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532.
Qhapaq hucha was the Inca practice of human sacrifice, mainly using children. The Incas' social
structure was divided into four levels: Sapa Inca, royalty, nobility and the ayllu. 1410 –

How To Write A Chapter Summary Of Guns Germs And Steel
Jared Diamond was an American scientist who wrote the book, "Guns, Germs, and Steel" in 1997.
"Guns, Germs, and Steel" explains how some societies are materially successful than other others in
areas such as food production, geography, use of steel, domestication of animals, and immunity to
germs. It was a winner of the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction and it was also a national best seller.
According to Diamond, Human ancestors moved to Eurasia around 1 to 2 million years ago and
after human fossils began to resemble modern Homo sapiens and archaeologists called that period
the Great Leap Forward. According to "Human Evolution and the Great Leap Forward – By
Advocate De Waal Lubbe," Scientists have estimated that humans branched off from their common
ancestor, with chimpanzees, about 5–7 million years ago. Several species and subspecies of Homo
evolved and are now extinct. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo Sapiens
Neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe. Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and
250,000 years ago. According to the book, Diamond argues that cities require plenty of ... Show
The Neolithic Revolution involved far more than the adoption of a limited set of food–producing
techniques. It provided surplus of food and it created the division of labor, trading economies,
political structures, and hierarchical ideologies. The Old World was the pioneer at domesticating
crops and animals to support and live off of, to survive. Animals were used as food but also used to
pick food as well, so they worked for twice the help. The New World New World grew their own
crops as source of food but did not have much of animals help to aid the process, which then made
them more dependent on space around them as opposed to being able to start their own civilization
anywhere they

Inca Civil War Research Paper
Ariel Durant wrote, "A great civilization is not conquered from without until it has destroyed itself
from within." The Inca Civil War was the beginning of the downfall of the largest civilization in the
Americas. The Inca Civil War lasted from 1529 until April 1532 in Peru and Ecuador. The
administrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cuzco (modern–day Peru).
The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century. The Incas
had no written language. Most of what is known about the Incas come from artifacts and the
Spaniards. The Inca Civil War was a war between two brothers, Huascar and Atahualpa, that took
place after their father Huayna Capac. Huascar and Atahualpa both doomed suitable for the
succession of the Inca Empire so, the war began. The Inca Civil War was a conflict that divided a
civilization, resulted in significant changes that made the empire more vulnerable and caused the
downfall of the Inca civilization.
II. Origin, Lifestyle, and Religion
Origin
The Inca Empire was short–lived. It lasted just shy of 100 years due to the collapse of the empire in
1532. There are many legends and myths about how the Incas came to be. According to one legend,
the creator god ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shortly after Atahualpa's escape, he moved his armies to that city of Ambota where they defeated
Huascar's men and captured, tortured, and killed the head general Atoc. After that battle, Atahualpa
continued to move south into Huascar's land winning every encounter. Atahualpa made his way into
Cajamarca and tried, but failed, to peacefully gain loyalty from Huascar's men. This then resulted is
Atahualpa to become very violent, murdering in large numbers, which resulted in Huascar's men
surrendering. Atahualpa's army pushed south winning more and more battles. Huascar attempted to
send another army to meet Atahualpa but was captured. Atahualpa had won the

The Spanish Conquests And The Spanish Conquests
The Spanish Conquests were led and completed by extraordinary, Spanish soldiers that received no
help from translators as they obliterated the inferior, native culture! Right? Well, not quite. In fact,
these are the very myths that Restall's book sets out to disprove. From the time they were recorded
in ink as primary sources to even now when historians heatedly debate historic events, facts have
been misconstrued. Nevertheless, these biased stories have been blindly accepted as truth because
sources were not cross–checked, inaccurate primary sources were accepted, and later history
changed perceptions of earlier events. Most of the problems with primary sources stem from the
Spanish playing down their mistakes and uncertainties and enhancing their successes in the foreign
land. The continual reliability on just well–known, primary sources gives a very one–sided view of
history which has spawned a plethora of inaccurate information. Readers should take away from
Restall's analyzation that just ordinary businessmen, along with indigenous groups and Africans
sought riches in the Americas. While Conquistadors were there, they never reached full control over
the natives, and rather than desolating the culture, Natives adapted and blended Spanish culture
within their own. The Spanish were also not superior to the indigenous people, they just brought
deadly diseases over that devastated native population numbers and had steel weapons that were
critical in battle. Historians

Guns, Germs, And Steel : The Fates Of Human Societies
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
Jared Diamond wrote the book Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies with the sole
purpose of answering one question: Why did history unfold differently on different continents?
Jared Diamond got the inspiration for this question when his New Guinean friend, Yali asked him
"Why is it that you white people develop so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea but we black
people have little cargo of our own?"
Part 1: From Eden to Cajamarca In chapter one, Diamond mainly discusses how the evolution of
different organisms allowed for further development in the world. He writes that there are fossils of
the first human ancestors (gorilla, chimpanzee, and the bonobo) located in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The chapter elaborates on many environmental factors that could have impacted the difference noted
in the culture and way of living for these two groups of people. The chapter continues with various
examples supporting this thesis. Diamond describes the Battle of Cajamarca, a battle between Incas
and the Spaniards, in chapter three. Francisco Pizarro led a Spanish army of 168 soldiers to victory,
against an army of 80,000 Inca soldiers led by Atahualpa. Diamond talks about a few factors that
aided the Spaniards in their defeat over the Incas, one being the element of surprise. Also the Incas
didn't stand a chance against the Spaniard's steel armor, weapons and guns. Another factor that
contributed to the Spaniard's victory was that they brought a virus that the Spaniards were immune
to, small pox. The Spaniards were able to succeed because they had guns, germs, and steel.
Part 2: The Rise and Spread of Food Production Chapter four elaborates on the reoccurring theme of
the effect of food production on an area. Diamond states the benefits of animal domestication and
herding over hunter–gathering and the effects that it can have on a particular area. Diamond makes
the argument that if there is steady food production in an area, there will be more people and they
will be more technologically advanced. He also thinks that having domesticated animals will
provide a constant supply of meat, milk, tools, warmth, transportation,

Why Did The Inca Empire Fall?
The Inca empire was one of the most well–structured and most culturally sophisticated empires of
its time. So, why then did the Inca empire fall? Spanish greed for gold was the driving force for
New World exploration. There were many reports of gold in the south and many Spaniards were
eager to make their fortune and gain their fame from the New World. Francisco Pizarro sailed to
Hispaniola in search of wealth and glory. There he faced many challenges, and unfavorable luck.
After finally locating the Inca empire in 1527, Pizarro returned with a squadron of men to conquer
the Inca. In Peru, he reneged on his meeting with Atahualpa, and Pizarro's forces massacred the
Inca. Thus, Pizarro effectively changed the course of history forever. Spanish warring culture
influenced Francisco Pizarro's youth. Born circa 1478 in Trujillo, Spain, Pizarro was an illegitimate
son from a family of soldiers. He wanted to follow his father's work and become a soldier. During
Pizarro's time, Spain had the dominating military in Europe. Infantrymen, known as tercios, were
highly skilled combatants. Additionally, Spanish cavalry wielded intimidating fourteen–foot lances.
When Pizarro reached adulthood, he became a soldier and fought in Italy, in a war against France.
There he learned how to be a soldier, and honed his fighting skills. The war against France provided
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pizarro's luck began to change, when Vasco de Balboa shared his cognizance of a safer place nearby.
The remaining Spaniards helped the natives in their area, and were rewarded with some gold. Being
obsessed with gold, the Spaniards inquired where to find more gold. Close to 1509, Pizarro, Vasco
de Balboa, and other men marched across Panama to the Pacific Ocean, following the instructions of
the natives. In 1513, Spain claimed the Pacific Ocean because of Balboa's expedition; however,
Balboa was unable to find the

Inca Empire Research Paper
The Inca empire was a well–managed empire that function under close family members that
continuously expanded over time. The Inca empire started off as a small empire from Titicaca that
migrated north to the valley of Cuzco. Amongst the many groups located in Cuzco the Incas started
gaining new members due to their superior abilities to politically negotiate with their neighbors,
conquest of many local groups, representing, electing themselves into the government of others
through votes of existing members and using forceful tactics on resisting neighbors. The Incas
expansion was a well governed empire but it was through forceful powers and hardship that they
expanded. Although the Incas were an organized empire they lost power to the Spaniards ... Show
After hearing of the war between the brothers Pizarro toke it as an opportunity to strike and
migrated to Cajamarca and toke over with no hesitation since it was abandoned. Pizarro learned that
Atahualpa and his army was camping nearby he invited them over. Atahualpa accepted the invitation
but only went a few of his guards without realization that the Spaniards was armed and hidden.
Atahualpa was captured, while capture pizarro proceed to attack the Inca empire and killing
hundreds of the member while holding their ruler hostage. Pizarro used the ruler as ransom for gold
and silver as for exchange of his life but after Pizarro received his ransom he broke his promise and
executed Atahualpa leaving the Inca empire destroyed. Despite serval attempts made by the Incas to
take over again they failed and The Spaniard toke over Peru which changes the system and turned it
to colonial

Great Leap Forward Summary
10. Diamond characterizes the Great Leap Forward as the stage in human development when
humans became seemingly more modern and more similar, biologically and behaviorally, to the
human today. This leap occurred around 50,000 years ago, the signs being standardized tools,
preserved jewelry, and the completely modern skeletons of the Cro–Magnon.
11. The major human achievements that characterize the Great Leap Forward can be defined by the
first ever preserved jewelry and methodized tools made out of stone. Other major human
achievements at this time included complex weaponry that could kill from a secure distance, much
like the mechanics of the weaponry we have and still use in battle today. The most marvelous as
well as most known achievement of the Cro–Magnons would have to be their artwork though, due
to its wondrous beauty in the eyes of many.
12. The technological advancement of watercraft was necessary for the colonization of New Guinea
and Australia approximately 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Diamond proposes the theory that the disappearance of mega–fauna in Australia/New Guinea was
due to human interaction. The animals of Australia and New Guinea had not yet been introduced to
humans, eliminating the chance of coevolution. "They became extinct in every habitat without
exception...the giants were indeed exterminated by humans, both directly (by being killed for food)
and indirectly (as a result of fires and habitat modification caused by humans)." It seems that
Diamond primarily believed that the extinction of the many mega–fauna was entirely the fault of the
humans and not at all because of the animals' changing habitat. Due to the fact that the mega–fauna
of Australia and New Guinea were not prepared for the arrival of humans, they were successfully
hunted to the ultimate death:

Guns, Germs, and Steel Study Guide Essay
AP World History Summer Reading Assignment Guns, Germs, and Steel Chapter 1: Up to the
Starting Line Q: What was the Great Leap Forward? Describe the life of a Cro–Magnon person.
What impact did the arrival of humans have on big animals? Provide an example. Which continent
had a head start in 11,000 BCE (Before Common Era)? A: the great leap forward was when human
history first began to take off and the humans at that time began to become more like us modern
humans today. The humans that were most similar to modern humans were called Cro–Magnon.
Cro–Magnons were hunter–gatherers and they exceeded in that area. They produced diverse tools
with distinct shapes that are easily identified with modern tools. The Cro–Magnons were very ...
The author tells how Pizarro had only a dozen guns and how he used them more in a psychological
way than physically to kill. What strikes me the most is how Pizarro and his men killed 80,000
Indians when there was only 168 of them and not one of his men were harmed. It says how they
would fire the guns and it would scare and panic the Indians and that close to all Indians were killed
by swords and daggers. I find this strategy really wise and I think it is a part of why Pizarro was so
successful in conquering and defeating others. Chapter 4: Farmer Power Q: Write a paragraph
explaining the chart. Do you agree with the authors conclusions? What advantages are gained by
being the first to domesticate animals? A: The chart in this chapter is explaining the factors that
allow some people to overcome others. For example, the factor of having domesticated animals and
plants allowed epidemics and diseases. However, at the same time domestic animals and plants
provided sustainable food. I agree with the author's conclusion and the chart because it is true that
something good and beneficial may also cause harm. On the note of having domesticated animals
and plants, to many it gave them an advantage. It allowed, like I said before, sustainable food. That
food source enabled many to be fed and it led to tows being built. With that food supply, it also led
to army being built to protect that food supply and

Cassidy Elibol Prologue In the prologue of Jared Diamond's book, Guns, Germs, and Steel,
Diamond introduces readers to a question posed to him by Yali, a New Guinean politician. Yali
inquired about the reason for different developmental rates of civilizations, and Diamond, who
couldn't explain at the time, began to search for the answer. Diamond links certain "power factors,"
such as advanced weaponry, certain diseases, and metal tools, to the rate of advancement in
civilizations. However, the causes for the creation and use of the "power factors" in some
civilizations, but not others, remains an unsolved mystery. In the prologue, fittingly titled "Yali's
Question," Diamond expresses his belief that throughout history, civilizations develop ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, Diamond talks about a few ways that disease can spread. One way is by waiting to be
transferred between victims. For example, microbes that travel on food are contracted this way.
Another passive way of transmission is by surviving in insect saliva and then passing to a host when
the insect bites. Disease can also spread in aggressive ways, for example, some microbes change
their host's body so transmission is accelerated. Smallpox uses this technique by forming skin
lesions. Microbes can also travel amongst people by forcing infected individuals to cough or sneeze,
which in effect shoots the microbes toward other host bodies. Next, the author lists the efforts of the
human body to expel the disease. For instance, a fever is one way a body can rid itself of microbes,
specifically heat–sensitive ones. Other times, blood cells will hunt down and exterminate disease–
causing organisms, and build up resistance to that organism in case it ever reenters the body. The
final and slowest defense Diamond lists is natural selection. Humans with genes for resistance live
longer and pass on the traits, creating more individuals who can survive against a certain

In Jared Diamond's Collision at Cajamarca and Hemispheres Colliding from his book Guns, Germs,
and Steel he addresses the factors relating to the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. This is seen
in their differences in development, warfare, disease and politics. Firstly, it is important to start by
taking a looking at the Empire's themselves. The Spanish Empire, like many in Europe, developed
sooner than their Native American counterparts in agriculture and industries. Due to luck, Eurasia
had access to the greatest number of wild candidates for domestication. Thirteen of those were big
domestics animals that helped in food production and industrialized settings.[ Jared Diamond, Guns,
Germs and Steel. Hemispheres Colliding. (New York:

Guns Germs And Steel Chapter 3 Analysis
At the beginning of the book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, by Jared Diamond, the question is posed by
Yali, as to why people of European decent are rich and why people in New Guinea are poor.
Throughout the book, Diamond explains that the geography is what made Europe better because it
gave them guns, germs, and steel which enabled them to conquer other nations. Chapter three of this
book entitled "Collision at Cajamarca" specifically examines the Spanish conquering of the Incan
Empire in 1532. As Diamond tells, Inca emperor Huayna Capac and his heir were killed by a
smallpox epidemic brought to the New World by Spanish settlers in Panama and Columbia. This
sparked a civil war between half brothers Atahuallpa and Huascar. Atahuallpa won, but soon ...
Between 1448 and 1528, the empire had grown from about 155,000 square miles to 690,000 square
miles ("Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire"). Although many people were now within the Inca
Empire, many of them maintained their own culture. Top that off with the fact that all
communication was taken place on foot over rough terrain, it would be difficult to have absolute
power over everyone within the borders. Diamond points out that the Spanish had begun conquering
Panama, which was 600 miles north of the Incas' territory in 1510, but that no knowledge had
reached the Incas until Pizarro reached Peru in 1527 (Diamond 76). This would be shocking if the
Incas' territory was all–familiar and had been a part of the empire for quite some time, but it hadn't.
The Inca were just beginning to expand northward, so their knowledge of things beyond their
boundaries was

Gus germs and steel Essay
Gus germs and steel
1. Yali asks Diamond, "Why is it that you white people developed sp much cargo and brought it to
New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own."
2. Jared Diamond's thesis seems to be that external factors such as geography can affect the fate of
human societies. In other words, what separates the winners from the losers is geography.
Chapter 1
1. "The Great Leap Forward" is when human history developed about
50,000 years ago.
2. The giant moas in New Zealand and the giant lemurs in Madagascar were exterminated by
humans.
3. 15,000 years ago the American West looked like Africa's Serengeti
Plains. It was filled with elephants, giraffes, zebras, and other
African animals. All of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chapter 6
1. Food production was evolved rather then discovered because the first people who adopted food
production were not trying to farm because they had never seen how to farm.
2. The four factors that "tipped the competitive advantage away from hunter–gathering and toward
sedentary food production" were: a.)There was a decline in the amount of animal resources. b)
There was an increased availability of domesticable plants. c) There was an increased development
of technologies for collecting, storing, and processing wild foods. d) There was a two way link
between the rise in food production and a rise on human population density, meaning that the food
producing societies grew.
Chapter 9
1. Domesticated animals are defined as an animal that has been selectively bred in captivity and has
been modified from its ancestors. According to Jared Diamond, Elephants have only been tamed

because they have not been changed from their ancestors.
2. In order to be domesticated, animals must posses a variety of characteristics. Failure in anyone of
the characteristics would mean that the animal cannot be domesticated. The characteristics are: A.)
Diet–The animal's biomass should be around 10%. This means that carnivores would be practically
impossible to domesticate. B.) Growth
Rate–The animals must grow fast. C.) Problems with captive breeding–The animals must be willing
to share their space with others.
D.) Nasty

The Last Days Of The Incas
The Last Days of the Incas:
How the conquest of the Spaniards led to an impact on one of the world's largest empires. The Inca
Empire, shortly after its beginning, fell under the rule of the Spaniards but was still one of the
world's ancient largest empires. It wasn 't until around 1400 that the Incas began to emerge as the
dominant regional polity . On the eve of the early 1530 's the Spanish invaded the Incas . However,
the Incan rulers had just fought a civil war in which Atahualpa, the emperor, had defeated his
brother Huascar. Reasonably, the Incas were defensive towards those who approached the empire.
Eventually when the leader of the Spanish conquest Francisco Pizarro along with a force of 167 men
came along, they clashed with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Incan society believed in ranks, topmost, including the royal family, the descendant kin of past
rulers, the non–royal ethnic Incas, and the Incas by Privilege. Despite the elites prominence, peasant
families who lived in towns and villages: farmers, herders, fishers and artisans, made up about 95–
98 percent of the population. The Incas called their empire Tawatinsuyu, the "Land of the Four
corners", and its official language was Quechua". By the time of the Spanish conquest, much of the
Inca Empire was made up of numerous non–Inca groups. Author Kim McQuarrie published The
Last Days of the Inca in 2007, after having lived in Peru for five years. Although MacQuarrie
himself is not Peruvian, he was educated in the Universidad Catolica in Lima and has written four
other books on Peru. Not only is MacQuarrie a writer but a documentary filmmaker and
anthropologist who has won many Emmys for documentary films. Furthermore, during his time in
Peru MacQuarrie lived with a tribe of Amazonians called the Yora. All of MacQuarrie 's literary
works are related to Peru, and many are related to the history. His experience filming nearby a group
of indigenous people whose ancestors still remembered their contacts with the Incan Empire led him
to write about the last days of the Incas. He was able to create a more narrative story because of the
primary information collected during his anthropological field work in the Amazon; there were Inca

The Great Leap Forward: Components Of The Cro-Magnon
The Great Leap Forward is categorized as when people became more similar biologically and
behaviorally to the modern human and occurred around 50,000 years ago. Signs of this leap are the
fully modern skeletons of the Cro–Magnon people and the first standardized tools. The major human
achievements associated with the Great Leap Forward are the creations of the first standardized
tools and the first preserved jewelry. Other achievements include multi–piece weapons that
promoted killing at a safe distance as well as the remains of houses and sewn clothing that show an
improvement of climate adaptation. Among all the Cro–Magnon's achievements, the best known is
their striking artworks, which include cave paintings, statues and even musical instruments. The
technological advancement necessary to colonize Australia and New Guinea was watercraft which
was created between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He strongly believes "that the giants were indeed exterminated by humans, both directly (by being
killed by food) and indirectly (as a result of fires and habitat modification caused by humans)."
Also, Diamond's statement that the fauna had become extinct in all habitats regardless of the
weather supports his theory by countering the thought that a change in climate caused the
disappearance. The Americas brimmed with elephants, horses, lions and cheetahs, as well as camels,
giant ground sloths and mountain goats prior to 11,000 B.C. Sadly, these animals suffered the same
fate of extinction as those in Australia / New

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