3. INTODUCTION
• Your child's body needs vitamin D to absorb
calcium and phosphorus from food. Rickets can
occur if your child's body doesn't get enough
vitamin D or if his or her body has problems
using vitamin D properly. Occasionally, not
getting enough calcium or lack of calcium and
vitamin D can cause rickets.
9. NUTRITIONAL RICKETS
Lack of vitamin D
Commonestcause
Most common in infancy
Lack of exposure to U/ V sunlight
Dark skin
Covered body
Kept in-door
Exclusive breast feeding
Limited intake of vitamin –D fortified milk and diaryproducts
During rapid growth
Infancy
puberty
Transplacental transport of vit D provide enough vit D
for first 1 to 2 months of life.
11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.
• Rickets arises due to decreased availability of
phosphorus and calcium to mineralize the
skeletal matrix, leading to growth plate
disorganization and accumulation of
undermineralized osteoid.
• This results in growth plate expansion, bone
weakening, and skeletal deformities
12. CLINICAL FEATURES
Peak incidence 6 months – 2 years
Irritability
profuse sweating whileasleep
Hypotonia, Protuding abdomen
Frequent respiratory infections.
Failure to thrive
Delay in walking, delayeddentition
Fits, tetany.
19. CLINICAL EVALUATION
Dietary history
Maternal risk
Medication
Malabsorption
Renal disease
Family history
Physical Examination
Lab Test
20. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Serum Calcium low(normal 9-11mg/dl)
Serum phosphorus low (normal-5-
7mg/dl
Alkaline phosphatase israised.
• This is the most striking feature, shows
increased but ineffective activity ofosteoblasts.
25-(OH) D levels less than 20mg/dl Confirms
of Vitamin Ddeficiency
22. RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
OF RICKETS
Generalized osteopenia
Widening of the unmineralised epiphyseal
growth plates
Fraying of metaphysis of long bones
Bowing of legs
Pseudo-fractures (also called loozerzone)
Transverse radio lucent band,usually
perpendicular to bonesurface
Complete fractures
Features of long standing secondary
hyperparathyroidism (Osteitis fibrosa cystica)
Sub-periosteal resorption of phalanges
Presence of bony cyst (brownTumor)
23. RADIOLOGY
Wrist x-rays in a
normal child (A) and
a child with
rickets (B). Child
with rickets has
metaphyseal fraying
and cupping of the
distal radius and
ulna.
24. TREATMENT
Stoss therapy – 300000 – 600000 IU Vitamin D
oral or IM, 2-4 doses over one day
Alternatively high dose vit D, 2000-5000 IU/day
over 4-6 wk
Followed by oral Vit D :
< 1 year of age - 400IU
> 1 years of age- 600IU
Symptomatic hypocalcemia –100 mg/kg
IV calcium gluconate followed by oral
calcium or calcitrol -0.05mcg/kg/day
25. 1.Exposure to sunlight(ultraviolet light)
• Early morning and evening 30 minutes perday.
2.Foodfortified with Vit A and Vit D
specially butter,ghee and milk.
• Children under 5 should have 500ml of milk
daily or youghart or cheese daily.
26. Daily intake of 400 i.u.vitamin D by
supplemention.
Lactating mothers should receive
supplementation with milk or vitamin D to
ensure prevention of rickets in their babies.
Sun exposure tomothers.
27. VITAMIN D SOURCE
Sun light
All Milk products (fortified)
Cod liver oil
Egg yolk
Vitamin D requirement:
• Infants- 200IU/day (5mcg) Children-
400IU/day (10mcg)
28. CONCLUSION
• Nutritional rickets is highly prevalent among
children in the State of Qatar. It can be considered
as a multifactorial condition, in which lack of
exposure to sunlight, calcium deficiency,
prolonged breast feeding without supplementation
and inadequate weaning practices are central.
Health education is important as it can influence
all of the above factors.
29. REFERENCES
• ACHAR TEXT BOOK OS PAEDIATRICS
• ESSENTIALS OF PAEDIATRICS,GUPTA.
• PRINCIPLES OF NEONATES AND PEDIATRIC
EMERGENCIES
• IAP TEXT BOOK OF PAEDIATRICS AND
NEONATAL EMERGENCIES
• NELSON ESSENTIALS OF PEDIATRIC
MEDICINE
• TEXT BOOK OF PAEDIATRICS ASUMA BEEVI
• GOOGLE REFERENCE