The North Gower Coast

The North Gower Coast
The site is located on the North Gower Coast, on the edge of National Trust Land, occupying an elevated position. There were three buildings on the
site, the old school house, the main house which is demolished and replaced in the design, and a barn. The highly sensitive rural location prompted the
architects to arrange the volumes over three stepped wings, set into the slope of the hill instead of on the hill, in order to minimize the visual impact.
Applying this fragmented layout, the dwelling successfully managed to reduce its volume to the minimum that it can only be seen in its entirely only
from the air. From ground level only fragments are visible at any one time.
Exposed on the northern, eastern and southern sides, backed against and cut into rising land to the west, the main faГ§ades of the three wings is facing
due east, catching dramatic 270В°panoramic views. The wings are also made to follow the contours of the hill to make a more seamless conjunction
with the landscape.
2.2 Materials
The clients required to have a sustainable, low maintenance and lifelong home, so the architects employed reinforced in–situ concrete as the main
material for the dwelling, which is also used generally in the local farm building. Another predominant material used is Corten/weathered steel, of
which the reddish–orange brown colour tones perfectly with the bracken that covers some of the nearby fields. The weathering process happens
through time makes the steel a 'living' material
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Concrete Paper
CONCRETE ASSIGNMNET 1
Concrete Project Report
Introduction
We were requested to write a report for a client that are looking to build a new parking garage in the Bloemfontein area. The client also requsted from
us to not just advise him/her on what type of concrete to be used, but also to give him/her a broad understanding of the different types of concrete. Some
of the aspects that will be discussed in this report are as follows:
1.Special concrete and its application
2.Admixtures
3.Types of extenders
This report will also contain our detailed recommendation in the form of foundation, floor slabs, columns and beams. It is important to look at the
soil conditions and weather conditions for example temperature and other factors that could have an negative effect on the concrete. Before doing the
design and classifying the concrete to be used a site investigation should be done and testes required should be carried out. The design has a massive
impact on the concrete that would be used. For the purpose of this report I would assume a site with good soil and no clayed partials were found.
Before we start we should get a better understanding of what concrete is its positives and negatives its strengths and its weaknesses.
Strength of concrete is dependent on a number of factors; one of the most important factors is the cement water ratio. The lower the ratio is, the higher
the final strength of the concrete would be. Typical values for this ratio

Analysis of the Cement Business
Segmentation is categorization of clients into suitable classes so that the Marketing plans are customized and made appropriate to every single specific
class of buyers. Segmentation might be established on each of the pursuing criteria: o Nature of Request of Cement: Cement is utilized for Colossal
groundwork undertakings, Business housing undertaking, Residential undertakings, precast or block making works, Prepared Blend Concrete
constituents or for minor overhaul works o Group of Assembly Professional: A assembly expert might be whichever a mason, Political Engineer ,
Builder or Contractor, Consultant o Rural, Semi–urban and City Markets: Cement might be vended in villages, suburban spans of metropolises and
inside the metropolis limits.
Reliant on the segmentation strategy clients who are moderately worth insensitive, expensive to assist or poorly assisted by competitors can be charged
extra than those who are truly worth sensitive, less expensive to assistor well assisted by competitors.
3.2.1. Price and Pricing Decisions
Cement worth is not uniform across the state and varies from span to region. Worth of cement additionally depends on the allocation channel– whether
it is dispatched undeviatingly to the undertaking client or across the dealers outlets. Segmentation enables the Marketer to disparate marketplace
segments alongside distinct worth points rather than serve the whole marketplace alongside one worth point. Amongst the constituent materials of
concrete

Assignment 1
HLM
HLM CONSULTANTS LTD
HLM File No.: ARBE3100_A1_2014
April 2014
Basement Construction
Prepared for:
DreamHome Furniture Group
ARBE3100 – Construction Technology 3
The University of Newcastle
Callaghan NSW
2308
Prepared by:
HLM Consultants Ltd
HLM
Assignment 1
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 3

1.0 | INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 | SITE INVESTIGATION / CONSTRAINTS........................................................................ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The report compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of methods and technologies for constructing basements.
A basement, for the basis of this report, is part of a building partly or wholly extends below ground level. It is essential basements are well planned,
designed and constructed to ensure that for the life of the building it functions effectively and efficiently. A common concern of basement construction
is the effects of groundwater. These issues are considered and the areas where these issues could potentially occur are identified. Additional cumulative
effects of basements have also been considered.
Finally the report sets out recommendations on the appropriate approach to the design and construction of the basement and details the steps which
should be taken in the construction of the chosen design and construction.
April 2014
Page | 3
HLM
Assignment 1
1.0 | INTRODUCTION
In general, basements provide an effective internal space within a building without compromising the site area. Basements commonly are used as utility
space for building including but not limited to car parking, plant equipment, amenities and storage.
The project brief provides that the commercial building is intended to be a precedent development which reflects "a successful professional company".
The project involves the construction of a new

Essay on Unicon
Module 4: Operations and Process Management | |
Lesson 11
Unicon Concrete Products (H.K.) Ltd Case Report
April 1, 2010
Executive Summary
Unicon is a major player in the flourishing Hong Kong market for pre–cast concrete products and Mr. Li, the deputy managing director is pursuing the
idea of "blanket" approval for Unicon's custom design concrete products with one of it's largest customers, the Hong Kong Housing Authority. This
proposition could offer savings to both Unicon and the customer but this could adversely affect the relations with other customers and the
manufacturing operations. If Unicon is to stay competitive in the ever expanding market, management must have a plan to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are 14 stat. holidays per year.
Days available per year;
52 weeks x 6 days + 26 overtime days –14 stats = 324 days
Slab Production;
3400 per block/82.5 slabs/day = 41.2 per block of slab capacity –32/41.2 = 7.9 blocks foe slabs.
Facade Production;
1120 / block / 25 per day = 44.8 days/block for faГ§ade capacity =324/44.8 = 7.2 blocks for faГ§ade.
In the Hong Kong market facades and slabs are in the early stages of their product life–cycle, partitioning walls and stairs are more advanced stages.
Partitioning walls were first produced in 1972 and unlike facades and slabs are produced in standard sizes using a module design. The old method
of pour in place walls and floors are mature according to this case. Demand for precast is rapidly growing because of the Hong Kong construction
market. As the markets grow we are expecting to see more modular designs and standard dimensions emerge. Unicon has to be careful since
competitors from mainland China are expected to enter the market next year when barriers fall.
There are advantages and disadvantages of the blanket approval approach. Who will actually benefit from the cost reductions? It may not be Unicon
since competitive pressures may force the pre–cast construction companies to pass on some of their savings. The Hong Kong Housing Authority
(HKHA) might look for some sort of rebate from the general contractors, this will insure that the cost saving measure is includes in all projects. Unicon

has to

Tilt-Up Panel Construction
Tilt–Up Panel Construction
Building Technology 245 – Assignment 1
Nicholas Perry
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Background 3.1 Current Use 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 3.0 Construction 4.3 Casting Process 4.4 Installation/Tilt–Up
Process 4.5 Connections 4.6.1 Panel–To–Panel 4.6.2 Panel–To–Slab 4.6.3 Panel–To–Suspended Slab 4.0 Design Considerations 5.6 Materials (Concrete
) 5.7 Reinforcement 5.8 Specialised Hardware 5.9 Rigging 5.10 Finishes 5.11 Design Documentation 5.0 Rules and Regulations 6.12 Australian
Standards 6.13 Occupational Health and Safety 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In most cases, they are created on location, but the decision is influenced by the size and nature of the project, taking into account the restrictions of the
site.
3.1Casting Process Prior to the panels being cast to size, a concrete slab is poured to use as a base for the tilt–up panels to be cast onto.
An engineer is then required to set out boundaries and help in the set up of formwork, which is then erected in the shape of the panels. This includes
making space for openings such as doors and windows within the design. Formwork is positioned for all panels, in a jigsaw–like formation on the slab,
as to allow for steady project flow. Formwork is to be created to such a height as to allow for multiple castings to be made on top of each other.
The slab is then coated within formwork with a bond breaker as to allow for the most comfort when 'tilting–up' the panels.
As in regular concrete construction, reinforcing is positioned where necessary.
Once everything is positioned as required, concrete is then ready to be poured. When the concrete has been poured, manual labour is required to trowel
for a smooth finish, either by hand or machine trowel. This can leave a smooth finish, or textured, but must be compliant with designs for consistency.
With the removal of formwork, and last minute detailing to the panels, they are ready to be lifted into place.

3.2Installation/Tilt–Up Process
Due to

Methods Of Construction At 4.1 Pile Foundation
4. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 4.1 PILE FOUNDATION: Piles are structural members that are made up of steel, concrete, or timber. They are
used to build pile foundations, which are deep and which cost more than shallow foundations. Despite the cost, the use of piles often is necessary to
ensure structural safety. The following list identifies some of the condition that require pile foundations. 1.When the upper soil layers are highly
compressible and too weak to carry the load transmitted by the superstructure, piles are used for transmitting the load to underlying bedrocks or a
stronger soil layer, as shown in figure(a). When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit
the structural load to the soil. The resistance to the applied structural load is derived mainly from the frictional resistance developed at the soil–pile
interface (figure (b)). Figure 4.1 Pile Requirements 2. When subjected to horizontal forces, pile foundations resist by bending while still supporting the
vertical load transmitted by the superstructure. This type of situation is generally encountered in the design and construction of earth–retaining
structures and foundations of tall structures that are subject to high wind and/or earthquake forces. 3. In many cases, expansive and collapsible soils
may be present at the site of a proposed structure. These soils may extend to a

A Brief Note On Accidental Falls Are One Of The Leading...
Accidental falls are one of the leading causes of death in the construction industry today. Falls are a persistent hazard that employees face on the
construction site that can occur during simple acts such as climbing a ladder or a result of a complex series of events. According to OSHA, 36.9
percent of all construction related accidental deaths in CY 2013 were from falls (OSHA commonly used statistics, n.d.). Fall injuries make up a
considerable financial burden for construction companies and insurance companies. Between workers' compensation, medical bills, and other cost
associated with falls it is estimated that fall incidents account for $70 billion annually. Workers have a right to be safe while at their job site.
Following rules and regulations, as well as being properly trained and equipped will greatly reduce the risk of fall incidents.
Review and analysis In February 2007, an adult male construction worker sustained fatal injuries after he fell three floors following the collapse of the
precast concrete floor slabs. The precast concrete slabs were fabricated off site and then transported to the construction site. These concrete floor slabs
weighed approximately 7 tons and were positioned on the buildings steel structure frame that was composed of vertical and horizontal steel columns
and beams. Once the slabs were positioned, the workers were supposed to have permanently secured them to the steel frame of the building using grout
or welding. Before this

Ancient Roman Dwellings Evolved Architecturally In Time
Ancient Roman dwellings evolved architecturally in time from simple huts in the earliest times, to sophisticated and extremely long–lived structures in
the later Republic and Imperial Rome following the annexation of the Greek city–states. This is very evident in many Italian and Greek cities where
archaeologists have found different occupational levels, with each lower architectural strata being much more ancient (Lavan, Г–zgenel, & Sarantis,
2007). Typically, however, Roman architecture refers to the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic (6 century BC) to the relocation of
the capital to Constantinople in 330AD. An architectural period supported by two great innovations: the cement and the arch.
The Romans adopted the lime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wealthier people had much more elaborated houses, with multiple rooms, courtyards, gardens, and pools. This architecture provided security but also
private open space for family recreation. We can get a glimpse of how livable these houses where from surviving specimens in old villages in
Mediterranean islands, like Crete, that also preserve the Roman family structure of pater familias, in which three or four generations live together under
the leadership of the oldest male. While each sub–family has its own quarters, they all share the courtyard and dinner. The pre–school cousins, and any
domestic animals, play together safely all day long in the enclosed courtyard, under the supervision of the grandparents. Such an arrangement not only
pools the resources but, also, free the parents for working outside. In such a semi–coenobitic life–style, the distinction between siblings and cousins is
not as clear–cut as in Western societies. However, the Roman domus also housed the servants and slaves.
However, just like today, the vast majority of the Roman urbanites lived in cramped, multi–story apartment buildings called insulae. Even so, rich and
poor people did not live segregated ghettos; luxurious domi and shabby insulae were intermingled in the cities. At first, these buildings were made with
timber, and mud brick; however, theconcrete allowed the Roman tenement buildings to reach new heights, with some being seven stories

General Technical Information : The Bridge
General Technical Information:
The bridge will be an 8–lane bridge with 2 lanes committed for buses, with a total length of 5.6Km.The Sea Link will enable quick go between Bandra
and Worli, cutting travel times from 60–75 minutes to around 7 minutes. The extension was committed to the public on 30 June 2009, although just 4
of 8 lanes were opened. All the 8 lanes were opened on 24 March 2010.
Manpower Behind the bridge:
A total of 2850 workers and 150 engineers were employed over a span of eight years including several teams of foreign engineers and technicians
involved in specialized tasks. The main engineering positions includes: Project Manager, Project Chief Engineer, Planning executive, Works Manager
(Super–Structure), Chief Design ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cable stay system comprises 2,250 km of high strength galvanized steel wires which support the Cable Stay Bridge weighing 20,000 tons. The
bridge deck is constructed of pre–cast hollow concrete box sections with 3 cores, the dimensions of the deck varies throughout the length of the bridge.
The pre–cast segments vary in length from 1.5m to 3.1m with a width between 18m and 23m. Each section of bridge deck will be post–tensioned
following installation. The precast concrete sections of the deck were launched incrementally between the pillars using a truss system, known as the
balanced cantilever method.
Piles were used for the foundations. Foundations for the towers comprised of fifty two piles with a diameter of 2m and about 34m in length piles
arranged in an H shape. The strength of concrete used in the design is 40 MPa for Piles, and 60 MPa for Pile Caps, Columns, Towers, and Girders. In
addition, Micro silica is added to increase concrete strength as well as providing sulfate resistance by decreasing average size of pores in the cement
paste.
Bridge Construction:
– Construction of the foundation was challenging due to geological conditions where sea soils layers varies in strength and depth. All the piles in the
project are vertical and cast–in–situ. First, cofferdams were installed followed by the placement of Tremie concrete seal.– Sub–Structure Construction
(Pile Cap and Piers) used pre–fabricated reinforcement cages.
–

What Are The Disadvantages Of Concrete
In 2005, H Azamirad et al published a paper "A criticism of Self–Compacting Concrete" which talks about the problems in using SCC such as
segregation and roles of different materials which affect it. It talks about the economic problems too. Finally it says about some projects which are
executed with SCC. This paper helped in identifying the disadvantages of using SCC.
In 1990, T.H. Cooke wrote a book "Concrete Pumping and Spraying: A practical guide". This book is related to pumping operations of concrete. A
nomograph is suggested by this book which is used for determining the working power required for conventional concrete and SCC so that costing can
be done. It explains the graph and tells the method of usage.
In 2014, CPWD published ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pumping operations will require less energy as it possesses flow able properties. Further due to its flowing nature speed of construction will be
increased. Rapid rate of concrete placement is possible decreasing the placing time. Reduction in site manpower is achieved in various stages like
faster pumping requires less manpower hours, reduction of vibration needs negligible manpower, smooth surface obtained from SCC needs less labor
for finishing purposes, if SCC is placed properly then there are negligible bug–holes and patches on surface thus reducing the manpower demand. The
construction process becomes more productive which is evident by the fact that the truck has to wait for less time for unloading of SCC and can go
early thus improving the productivity. Also the service life of vibration equipment and formwork will increase. Due to elimination of vibration to
consolidate the mixture, the forms used in the precast operations will receive less wear and tear, decreasing the regular maintenance costs and costs of
investing in new forms. SCC also shows high early strength allowing early removal of formwork thus increasing

The Effects Of Self Compacting Self Cured Concrete By...
ABSTRACT Self compacting concrete with suitable chemical admixtures like Super Plasticizer and viscosity modifying agent can be cured,
alternatively by addition of an internal curing agent instead of using large quantities of water. Steel fibers on the other hand have been used in cement
and concrete composites for more than four decades, most of the steel fibers were introduced in the market prior to 1980. This is in sharp contrast to
the continuous progress and development in the cement matrix itself. The proposed aim of the experiment is to examine the behavior of self
compacting self–cured concrete by changing the steel fiber content. The mix incorporated 40 % replacement of cement with fly ash. The compressive
strength and flexural strength of concrete were compared with conventional concrete by adding 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of steel fibers and a notable
accession of 79% in flexural strength was observed without compromising with the compressive strength.
Index terms: Self Compacting, Self–Curing, Steel Fiber, Reinforced, Concrete, Superplasticiser, Viscosity Modifying agent
––––––––––пЃµ––––––––––
1 INTRODUCTION
S
elf–compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing type of concrete that is able to consolidate under its own weight. It is a high–performance concrete that
has the ability to spread readily and fill the restricted sections including congested reinforcement structures without using mechanical consolidation.
SCC was first conceptualized by Prof. Okamura of Japan in

The Tipages And Advantages Of Calcium Silicate Bricks
Calcium silicate bricks are also called sand lime. They are often confused with concrete bricks but these are much harder and would not scrape quite
so easily. Calcium silicate bricks are manufactured by mixing lime, sand or crushed silicaceous together, with enough water to allow the mixture
completely hydrated to be moulded under high pressure. The bricks are then moved in and steam in autoclaved for three to fourteen hours to speed the
chemical hardening. Pigments can be added during the mixing stage. In their natural state, calcium silicate bricks are white to a creamy off–white
colour, but the addition of ochres (buff or cream colours), iron oxides (pink, red, brown or black) or chrome oxide (green) can enable a very wide
variety of colours to be produced. It easily to cut thus increase its workable. The weight of calcium silicate bricks is light than clay brick, the density is
about in 200–1000kg/m3, but it is rigid and sustainable for use of building material.
Environmentally, the calcium silicate bricks are energy conservation, demand only half of the energy needed to manufacture the equivalent number of
clay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to it have low thermal conductivity that to transmit heat in tiny air spaces separated and very little ultraviolet radiation is able to pass through it
so give calcium silicate bricks its effective insulating high temperature characteristics. Other than that, it is popularly considered an asbestos substitute
that low specific heat, uses of calcium silicate bricks for thermal insulation on the building. It may improve occupant health because the bricks can
resist the sunlight or ultraviolet radiation direct contact with occupant and keeping building cooler. The air cooling condition system can be reduce or
removed hence helping to minimize energy consumption and lower energy bills to become a green building. Less energy consumption also can protect
our

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Friction Pile
FOUNDATIONS – Friction piles
What is a Friction pile?
In friction piles the load is resisted by friction between the surface of the pile and the surrounding soil. A pure friction pile is usually quite long due to
the fact that the load carrying capacity is a function of the shaft being in contact with the soil.
When would a friction pile be used?
This kind of pile is used when there are no signs of hard rock materials present at a reasonable depth. (A softer material for the pile to drive through)
Advantage
Where sands of medium to low density are found, friction piles can be used to increase the density and therefore the strength.
Disadvantage
If there are layers of rock or any rocklike material present then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two way slabs with beams are used for medium spans with heavy loads or even if high resistance is required to deal with lateral forces
Advantages
Can be used for heavy loads
Can be used for long spans
Disadvantages
More complicated to build than flat slabs therefore more time needed
COLUMNS AND SLABS – Post tensioned slab
What is a post tensioned slab?
A post tensioned slab is a slab of concrete which has been pre stressed a certain way to increase the strength of the concrete. Before pouring a post

tensioned slab, steel strands or cables are placed to strengthen the slab and give it support.
Picture of a post tensioned slab http://en.vsl.cz/post–tensioning/ When is a post tensioned slab used?
It is used in areas where the soil expands and contracts due to the weather conditions. Post tensioned slabs can also be used in parking garages and
stadiums because it is more economic in a sense that is uses a smaller depth but still creates the same strength.
Advantage
Smaller depths for the concrete with the same strength
Cheaper to

The Superstructure Elements And Its Effect On The Portion...
.0 Superstructure
The superstructure elements will be defined as those inclusive to the portion of the bridge structure, which forms the horizontal span, all components
above the bearings. The following will delineate the major superstructure elements, and investigate accelerated bridge construction techniques and
technologies, which can be applied. The major structural components, which will be examined in the following section, will include girders,
stay–in–place deck forms, deck panels and modular superstructure construction systems.
1.1 Girders
Bridge girders for the purpose of the following examination will be divided into two (2) sections: steel girders and precast – prestressed concrete
girders. The use of shop fabricated girders ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Accelerated bridge construction manual "Adjacent butted precastgirder systems such as
double tees and deck bulb tees create opportunities for ABC. These girders function as both the beam and the deck, thereby eliminating the need for
deck placement in the field." (U.S Department of Transportation, 2011)
1.2 Stay–in–Place Deck Forms
A significant portion of the bridge construction schedule can be attributed to the forming and stripping of concrete deck forms. Stay–in–place concrete
deck forms are used to eliminate the need to strip forms after the concrete deck has been cast and cured. The two (2), most common forms of
stay–in–place deck forms are corrugated steel sheets and partial depth precast concrete panels. (U.S Department of Transportation, 2011)
1.2.1 Corrugated Steel Stay–in–Place Deck Forms
Galvanized corrugated steel sheets are placed above the bridge girders from flange to flange to act as a stay–in–place deck form. Furthermore, these
steel deck forms act to provide support for the reinforcing steel in the deck slab as well as supporting the weight of weight concrete during the
construction process. Corrugated steel stay–in–place deck forms remain in place for the live of the structure thus serving to eliminate the need of form
stripping and the associated schedule time. Corrugated Steel Stay–in–Place Deck Forms can be used on steel and precast – prestressed

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Building System
1.0 Introduction
Human beings have long been using the activity of building construction. Take the Arabian region for example, the pyramids in Egypt are one of the
most shocking and astonishing wonders in the world. Pyramids were built using a well–organized building system which nobody still seems to know,
yet everyone recognizes and admits that it is so well built that it lasted for over 2000 years. Humans for ages have been building shelters and buildings
using different types of building systems. For centuries, the traditional building system has been used for almost all types of buildings. The mechanized
building system was later introduced and adopted in many developing countries. Nowadays, countries are tending to lean into a far more developed
system due to the many advantages it offers; that building system is the industrialized building system. But what exactly differentiates the
industrialized building system from the other two systems and what advantages does it offer? This paper will briefly introduce the traditional and
mechanized building systems to compare them later with the industrialized building construction system and show the reasoning behind countries
adapting this system.
1.1 General terms in building systems
To introduce the mentioned systems, a brief definition of a building system is needed. Merritt and Ricketts (2000) defined a building as "an assemblage
that is firmly attached to the ground and that provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment, performance of human activities,
storage of human possessions, or any combination of these." Merritt and Ricketts (2000) expressed building design as the process of providing the
information required for the construction of a building that meets the owner's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.1 Traditional building

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Industrialised Building...
Introduction
Through globalization, technology has increased rapidly in not only in Malaysia but also other country. In Malaysia, Industrialised Building System
(IBS) is one of the technologies that has implemented by government. It has started since 1960's. But however it becomes more popular in 1998 when
government recommends a Strategic Plan as the blueprint for whole construction sector.
IBS system has been promoting by CIDB. To increase the use of IBS, CIDB has taken the step of formulating IBS Roadmap. The main reason for
implementing IBS system in Malaysia is to increase the productivity, waste of construction material, time and reduce the use foreign labors.
However, implementation of IBS has not found popular from local construction industry. There is very low profile of construction sector using IBS as
their main building construction.
Hence, in this assignment has discussed the definition of IBS, types, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of IBS. IBS is being proposed to ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This technique of construction is a friendly and controlled environment, transported, positioned and assembled into a formation with least additional
site work needed. Besides, industrialized building system (IBS) can be defined where all slab, wall, beam, column, and staircase are mass produced
either in factory or at site factory with strict quality control according to Warswaski (1999). It can be defined by industrialized process which every
building components are planning, prefabricated, conceived, transported and erected on site. (Thanoon & W. A. M., Peng, L, 2003). Hence, in simple
form of definition of IBS is a construction system that built using prefabricated components based on Rahman and Omar (2006). This IBS system can
be made using machine, formworks and other machinery

Essay On Self Compacting Concrete
SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE Self–compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing concrete mixture that is able to consolidate under its own weight.
The highly fluid nature of SCC makes it suitable for placing in difficult condition & in selections with congested reinforcement. Use of SCC can help
in hearing related damages on the worksite that are induced by vibration of concrete, another advantages of SCC is that the time required to place
large section in consider ability reduced. When the construction company in Japan experienced a decline in the availability of skill labour in the
1930's a need for felt for a concrete that could overcome the problem of defective workmanship. SCC mainly used in highly congested reinforced
concrete structure in seismic region and to overcome the problem of storage of skilled labours for the efficient compaction of concrete. Review of
literature indicates that durability of SCC largely depends on the type of mineral admixtures. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For examples, placement of seal concrete, mass concrete and shaft concrete can be successfully placed without vibration. These seal, mass and shaft
concretes are generally of lower strength, less than 34.5 MPa and difficult to attain consistent quality. Modern application of self–compacting concrete
(SCC) is focused on high performance and more reliable quality, dense and uniform surface texture, improved durability, high strength, and faster
construction. By the early 1990's, Japan has developed and used SCC that does not require vibration to achieve full compaction. More and more
applications of SCC in construction have been reported in Japan. As of the year 2000, the amount of SCC used for prefabricated products (precast
members) and ready–mixed concrete (cast–in–place) in Japan was about 400,000

A Study on the Perceptions of Clients, Contractors and...
1. Response Rate and Category: The main survey questionnaire was personally handed over to the respondents. It was distributed to 50 carefully
selected construction industry professionals representing Clients, Contractors and consultants. Completed forms were requested to be collected later.
Over a period of time after distributing the questionnaire, 38 responses were received and the composition of the respondents is given in Figure 2.
Fig.2 Response Rate and Category 2. Respondent's Designation: Most (48%) of the respondents came from the top management level, which is good
for an Opinion–based survey analysis. Project Manager (21%) and other middle management personnel (31%) have rest of the share among other
designations. This is good... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fig.5 Respondent's Knowledge Level 5. Source of Knowledge: The respondents were asked to mention the sources which assisted them to understand
precast construction or created awareness about precast construction. In field was the most sought option (38%), followed by Newspaper/Magazine
(22%) and Self Study (19%). Only (13%) share is of college curriculum which shows mirror to the level of practical knowledge being taught in our
institutions. Rest is Advertisement by private construction (7%) and Government Advertisement/Promotional programs (1%). It is quite evident that
both Government and the precast manufacturers have failed to create awareness about precast construction. Fig.6 Source of Knowledge 6. Perception
of Precast Construction Technology: 6.1 Advantages of Precast Construction Technology: As seen in the figure 4.6.1.1, most of the respondents agreed
that precast construction technology produces very high quality products compared to conventional method of construction (87%). Possibly, due to the
fact that precast products are produced in a controlled environment in a casting yard or in a factory with better monitoring. Also, precast construction is
perceived as a construction method which reduces overall cost of the project only if the moulds are used repeatedly (84%). Also, 89% of respondents
agreed that construction schedules can be better controlled if precast construction is utilized. Half

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Schemopedia
Schemopedia.com is an online platform, for citizens to search the schemes as per their requirement and apply them to avail the benefits. It is actually a
technology based initiative started by 3 people to reduce the asymmetry between Government and the citizens. These services can be availed by
Individuals, Enterprises, New startups, NGO's, Farmers, students, Academic Institutes. Founders of schemopedia.com are,
1.Abhishek Rathi
2.Anand
3.Bhaumik Leveraging its online presence, schemopedia.com has partnered with many Enterprises, Non–profit organizations to take up their
development programs. So, one of the organizations is GUBBI GROUP. Schemopedia is acting as a management consultants to the Gubbi group which
is in Thane, Mumbai.
Hence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Applicable on sunk portion of bathrooms, toilets, balconies etc., base coat for terrace waterproofing, underground and overhead water tanks, can be
applied in moist conditions e.g. exteriors, terraces and chajjas in wet spells of monsoon, underground and / or overhead water tanks almost immediately
after emptying.
Polyurethane waterproof coating: A single component modified polyurethane, liquid applied coating that is composed of specially developed
polymers, properly selected and graded fillers. Bonds strongly on cement concrete, asbestos, mild steel, cement plastered applied surfaces, thermal
stability, high elasticity and resistance to chemical.
Waterproofing admixture: Integral waterproofing admixture for concrete & mortar. Applicable on concrete structures exposed to water like terrace
gardens, sunk portion of bathrooms, toilets, balconies, etc., external plastering, basement concreting, sloped roof slab, flat roof slab, beams, columns,
slabs etc.
Ready to use finishes:
Tile adhesive: A ready to use grey cement based non–shrink, self–curing, water resistance tile adhesive for floor tiles and wall tiles

Designing A More Productive Manner During Construction...
In order to perform any task in a more productive manner during construction, equipment must be used. Depending on the scope of work and the size
of the job more than one piece of machinery may be used; the model, size, and people operating the equipment will differ too. The equipment,
personnel, area, and project factors may be different for every job but they all share a common factor, risk. This factor aids contractors to determine
the type of equipment to choose and the supplier to provide the equipment for the project as well.
Choosing the right equipment for the project is a major risk the contractor must be able to handle. They must analysis and completely understand the
project; such as understanding the type of soil to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each specific area in construction uses various types of equipment, every piece of equipment has a different purpose. The contractor must determine
for each project and the scope of work assign what equipment to use, and whether to buy or rent the equipment. For example, if a contractor specializes
in concrete work and it is a job that they perform regularly, it would benefit them owning the necessary equipment; such as mixer and pump. This
allows them to have the availability of the equipment when it is required. However they are responsible for all the maintenance on the equipment
and inspecting it frequently, in order to keep it operating properly (pg90). If these services are not performed regularly the contractor risk the
equipment being damaged or not performing to the norm.They also must be aware of the operating cost and depreciation value of the vehicle; in
order to receive funds from some of the equipments retained market value (pg 92) . Now in a job that requires a special type of equipment, one not
familiar with the contractor, renting may be the best option. In renting the risk factor is also there, the supplier may not have the equipment available
for the time being requested or may be too far of a distance from the job site.
Thus location of the project site also has some effects to the project, it can determine the delivery and mobilization risk factors. Not only can location
affect the time of the availability of the equipment, but as well the

Design Of Precast Structural Elements
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF PRECAST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
6.1 Preamble
The precast structural components are manufactured off or on the sites, transported to the site and with suitable handling and erection procedures,
they are assembled so as to form a structural system. The design should cater to the conditions encountered during the various stages of construction.
The Different types of precast elements manufactured are listed below. Floor and Roof units: Hollow core slabs, Double T, Single T, and Precast
Planks. Precast Beam & Girders: can be rectangular, L, inverted T, I and U shapes. They are usually prestressed with projecting stirrups. Precast
Decked Slab Beams: Reduce number of beams, eliminate cast–in–place concrete, rapid installation, Shallow superstructure. Precast concrete columns:
may be single or multiple storey height Precast wall panels: Non–load–bearing panel (cladding), Load–bearing panel: Solid, Hollow core, Ribbed,
Sandwich
In this study design of a few precast elements such as Hollow core floor units, RC load bearing solid wall, columns with corbels are considered. The
designs are automated using semi–automation tools available in EXCEL. These are presented in the following sections.
6.2 Design of Hollow Core Units
This is a precast and prestressed concrete elements with continuous voids to reduce the self–weight. They are immensely used as roof o floor deck
systems. They are used as spandrel members, bridge deck and wall panels units. Slabs are

Sandwich Panels Advantages And Disadvantages
INTRODUCTION
1.1GENERAL
In this chapter, a background study on the concept of insulated concrete sandwich panels is introduced. The specialities of its various parts and
practical applications are cited.
1.2HISTORY
Precast/prestressed concrete sandwich wall panels are composed of two concrete wythes or layers separated by a layer of rigid foam plastic insulation.
Sandwich panels are created in North America for quite 50 years. Early sandwich panels were of the non–composite kind and consisted of a thick,
structural wythe (or hollow–core slabs, double tees, or single tees), a layer of rigid insulation, and a non–structural wythe. Composite sandwich panels
were factorymade later.
Materials employed in the manufacture of sandwich panels are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sandwich panels are usually designed as one–way structural elements; shear forces are generated due to longitudinal bending in the panels. In addition,
the shear connectors may be used to transfer the weight of a non–structural wythe to the structural wythe. Shear connectors that are designed to be stiff
in one direction and flexible in another are called one–way shear connectors [4]. Examples of these are longitudinal steel–wire trusses, solid ribs of
concrete, flat sleeve anchors, fiber composite rectangles, and small–diameter bent bars (Fig.1.1). Care should be taken in the manufacturing process to
maintain the preferred orientation of one–way connectors. Some shear connectors are stiff in at least two perpendicular directions and will
consequently transfer in both longitudinal and transverse horizontal shear. Examples of these are solid zones of concrete (often located at each end of
the panel and at lifting points), connection plates, cylindrical sleeve anchors, and crown anchors. Connection plates and crown anchors are normally
installed in solid zones of concrete and therefore it can be considered as rigid shear connections

Precast Concrete Case Study
R. Jon Grafton, P.E., Business Development Manager for Oldcastle Precast's Western Region, was honored as a PCI Fellow at the 2017 Precast
/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) Convention and National Bridge Conference in Cleveland, OH.
PCI Fellows are awarded this recognition for their outstanding contributions to the precast concrete structures Industry and to PCI in the areas of
education, research, design, production, quality, erection, marketing, or management.
Currently active in PCI and serving on the Pavement, Bridge, and Bridge Producers committees, Jon was recently appointed to the PCI Board of
Directors and chair of the Transportation Activities Council. He received PCI's Robert J. Lyman Award in 2005 for his paper "Precast Concrete

Combination Padlock Research Paper
Description of a Combination Padlock General Description Combination padlocks are most commonly used anywhere that provide lockers. There
are many different brands of combination padlocks but each of them are roughly the same design they can be as simple or as complexed as
wanted. This lock is simple to use and has very few parts. Usually when using a combination padlock you will have a set of three random numbers
to dial in. The highest number that the combination will go to is 35 and the lowest number is zero. Figure 1: Parts of a combination padlock
Sources: "How to Use Your Master Combination Padlock." Locker & Lock Blog. N.p., 12 Sept. 2012. Web. 25 Feb. 2016. Shackle: The shackle
is a thick metal upside "U" shape. One end of the shackle is placed securely inside the lock, and can not be removed. The other end of the shackle
lifts about a half of an inch above the padlock when unlocked. If unlocked the shackle can spin around in a 180 degree motion. If the padlock in
locked the other end of the shackle is then placed securely inside the lock.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The indicator points to the number that has been selected, in order to make the selection visibly clear. To unlock the padlock each of the three
random numbers with be stopped directly under the indicator, or the padlock will not open. Dial: The dial is a black circle that you turn in order to
unlock the padlock. The dial is numbered from zero to thirty–five with small ticks' indicating the other numbers in–between. The dial also has a small
nob that only the thumb and the index finger can fit on. This nob is a part of the dial that helps the user fully turn it to the indicator. The dial can either
be turned clockwise (to the right) or counter clockwise (to the

Marketing Strategy Of SIKKA
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1) ABOUT THE COMPANY For a period of almost three decades now, SIKKA has been pushing the
boundaries to create spaces that are unrivalled in luxury, stature & design. With a keen eye on the future & a sound knowledge base of the global
business environment & trends SIKKA has diversified its portfolio with interests in Real Estate, Automobile, Hospitality & the Outdoor Media
industry. SIKKA has emerged as one of the most progressive & multifaceted real estate entity in the North India for more than 3 decades. With the
verticals spanning across commercial, residential & industrial sectors, it is poised to conceptualize perfect lifestyle avenues, designed exclusively for
your need. The company tender the most diversified product mix comprising of commercial & residential property, Hotels, Automobiles, education,
Media Business & Filling Stations.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It supplies teams to run their independent business. Company's mission to build a world class real estate development company with the highest
business st&ards of Professionalism & customer services to contribute the growth of Indian

High Performance Concrete : High Quality Concrete
High–Performance Concrete
1. Introduction
Products that last longer are called, high– performance products. Properly proportioned and cured mixtures of super–plasticized concrete, with 0.4 or
less w/cm, show a little or no permeability. In fact, super–plasticized concrete mixtures made with blended portland cements containing mineral
additives exhibit unusually low permeability ratings in the ASTM C 1202, Rapid Chloride Penetration Test.
However, high–performance concrete almost always has a higher strength than normal concrete. However, strength is not always the primary required
property. For example, a normal strength concrete with very high durability and very low permeability is considered to have high performance
properties. Bickley and Fung (2001) demonstrated that 40 MPa (6,000 psi) is high– performance concrete for bridges could be economically made
while meeting durability factors for air–void system and resistance to chloride penetration.
2. Definition
High–performance concrete (HPC) is defined as a concrete meeting special combination of performance and uniformity requirements that cannot
always be achieved routinely using conventional constituents and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices. What's more HPC is a relatively new
concrete terms that are used, it is consistent to those of the most common applications in more than one set of standards, but not limited to strength. 3.
Characteristics of HPC that need to be considered
High

Common Forms Of Low Rise Construction Used For Domestic...
P1 Understand common forms of low rise construction used for domestic and commercial properties
Steel frame:
Steel frame structures are made as the name suggest from steel, the material is strong and flexible. When weight is added it bends without cracking.
Another characteristic of steel is that its plasticity or ductility, meaning that when force is added it won't crack however it will lose shape therefore
giving warning for people to evacuate the building. A disadvantage of steel is that is loses strength when subject to fire. Studies have shown that it can
loose up– to half its strength when subject to fire, therefore making it imperative to cover the steel with boards or spray on.
Steel construction is used in
High rise building because of its strength, light weight and the speed in which it can be constructed.
Industrial buildings and warehouse buildings because of the ability to create large span spaces at a low cost
Temporary structure as its quick to set up and remove.
Steel fabrication: this is when steel is cut to the desire length generally on site and then weld them together to create the final building. This is generally
labor intensive however it can reduce time.
Bolted steel construction: this is when the main bulk of the construction is pre made at the workshop then bolted into place on site. This tends to be the
preferred methods as it saves time and money as well having the right working conditions.
Advantages of steel structures
Very

Concrete and Following Statements
1. Which of the following statements regarding fire–retardant treatment of wood is MOST accurate?
A. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures lower than those developed in fires.
B. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures higher than those developed in fires
C. all chemicals used as fire retardants can be used for exterior applications
D. fire retardant treatment of wood increases its strength
2. Most fire–retardant chemicals operate by:
A. accelerating the absorption of moisture toe extinguish flame spread
B. combining chemicals with air to eliminate the air supply
C. accelerating the formation of charring in the wood
D. increasing the formation of volatile gases
3. Wood structures are usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. if concrete is unsatisfactory, it will not settle during the slump test
B. the sag test checks the amount of aggregate in the cement
C. the compression test is very costly if the results are unsatisfactory
D. the density test is preferred over the slump test because of its convenience
16. Which of the following is an extremely light cast–in–place framing system?
A. flat–slab
B. waffle
C. slab and beam
D. flat plate
17. Which of the following statements regarding quality control of precast concrete is MOST accurate?
A. precasting forms are located in areas exposed to weather
B. mixing and pouring of precast concrete can be more mechanized than cast–in–place concrete
C. mixing and pouring precast concrete is less efficient than mixing and pouring cast–in–place concrete
D. quality control tests done onsite provide a higher degree of quality control than precast concrete
18. Which of the following statements regarding the heat–sink effect is MOST accurate?

A. the heat–sink effect can make conditions uncomfortable, but cannot reignite combustibles
B. the heat–sink effect can cause deadly reignition of combustibles during overhaul
C. the heat–sink effect causes concrete to release retained heat quickly
D. the heat–sink effect does not apply to newer concrete
19. Which of the following statements regarding SPALLING is MOST accurate?
A. concrete has significant resistance to tension
B. spalling

Foam Concrete
Foam concrete advantages
Foam Concrete is normal concrete with bubbles of air inside. Therefore it has the same characteristics with many additional advantages.
CLC (foam concrete) blocks are used for building cottages, wall insulation in multistory buildings and internal partitions.
Also CLC can be produced and poured for floors and roofs on–site. In roofs it can be used because of very good insulating and lightweight. For floors
CLC offers faster installation and a less expensive option because of the flowing and self–leveling properties.
CLC is easy to produce using our portable process machine. The ingredients are cement, sand, water and foaming agent. The components are mixed in
machine and in this mix added the foam that produced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It increases the construction speed for several times. Also it is easy to cut channels and holes for electrical wiring, sockets, and pipes.
ACOUSTIC INSULATION
Foam concrete has a high property of acoustical absorption. If foam concrete pouring to floor or roof if fill all holes and caves in construction and this
is also increase acoustic insulation.
ECO–COMPATIBILITY
Foam concrete does not produce any toxic substances and in its ecological compatibility is second only to wood.
HIGH WORKABLE
Foam concrete is a high workability material, so it is possible to build various shapes of corners, arches, pyramids, which will attach beauty and
architectural expressiveness to your house.
BIG PROFIT
Foam concrete allow to save big money not only during living in the house, but during the construction the house too. It is cheaper to deliver, to build,
to make foundation for this house, to plaster, to drive a wires and sewerage tubes, to build various shapes of corners and arches.
SUPERIOR FIRE RESISTANT
Foam concrete extremely fire safe. For example foam concrete used in special fire safe vault. Tests show that foam concrete 150 mm width can protect
from fire for 4 hours.
TRANSPORTATION SAVINGS
Favorable combination of weight, volume and packaging makes foam concrete blocks convenient for transportation and allow use motor or railway
transport.
VARIETY OF USAGE
Foam concrete use for producing construction blocks, thermal and acoustic insulation of roofs, floors,

Skeleton Construction System
Faculty of engineering
Department of Architecture
ENAR 335
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 3
PRECAST SKELETON CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Done By: Dina Khouri 1090999 Islam Hijazi 1080984 Marian Shomali 1090213
Instructed by: Dr. Mohammad Abd–al–hadi
Date:
Precast Concrete
Every construction material and system has its own characteristics which to a greater or lesser extend influence the layout, span length, construction
depth, stability system, etc. This is also the case for precast concrete, not only in comparison to steel, wood and masonry structures, but also with
respect to cast in–situ concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be made in such a way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Structural system7:
The system consists of L–shaped and T–shaped frame units placed on top of each other.Simply supported floor slabs span between the frames.
The frame units are placed simply supported on the base and on top of each other hinged connections are made between the frame units as pin–joints at
the mid–span of the beams.
Structural system 8: The system shown is formed by H–shaped frames with cantilever beam. Slabs are simpley supported by spanning them from beam
to beam.
The connections between the H–shaped frames are formed as pin–joints at the mid–hieght of the columns and between the cantilevers beams.

All rigid joints are made as an integrated part of the fram units. Slabs span from frame to fram.
Structural system 9:
The system consists of unspliced four–storey high continuous columns with cantilever attachements for supporting the beams. Floor slabs are simpley
supported on the beams.
The columns are restrained at their bases. Beams are simply supported on column–attachements.all rigid joints are made as integrated parts of the
columns.
For Horizontal Loads:
Braced skeletal system
–stability is provided by shear walls,shear cores or other bracing systems.
–the base may be pinned or moment resisting connections.
–beam–column connections may be rigid or pinned.
Behavior of structure
This Figure describes the

Sustainability and Quality of Precast Concrete
Sustainability and Quality of Precast Concrete Precast concrete is a construction method for casting concrete into a reusable mold. Recently, the
number of buildings and infrastructure projects constructed using precast concrete has grown exponentially. Modern day technologies have turned
precast concrete into a very durable, sustainable, and quality controlled product. Will precast and modular building systems be the future of sustainable,
quality, and economical building methods? Concrete is an essential material in the construction industry today. The use of concrete can be dated back
to 3000 BC during the time of the Pyramid construction. Precast concrete is a relatively new method for the construction industry when compared to
how long the cast–in–place method has been around. Early forms of precast concrete have been experimented with for hundred of years by multiple
cultures. However, modern day precast concrete evolved in 1905 in Liverpool, England.
John Brodie who was a city engineer in Liverpool invented the process. Overtime, the use of precast concrete has spread in all parts of the world.
Precast concrete is manufactured offsite, in a controlled environment. This helps minimize the negative impact to the construction site while
maximizing quality. Precast concrete does not require onsite storage or staging, and is delivered to the project as needed. It is typically erected with a
crane and a relatively small crew, which allows for construction within a

Dover Air Force Base's Blending Case Study
Delaware (January 2016) – Commissioned by Versar, Inc., lead contractor for Dover Air Force Base's $98.3 million runway repair project, Oldcastle
Precast supplied six hundred custom–made, precast concrete box culverts to rebuild the stormwater drainage system, at runway 01/19, to handled
storm events effectively, through a larger, stronger stormwater conveyance system.
The aged, worn, and undersized drainage system, consisting of hundreds of feet of reinforced concrete pipe, allowing flow under the runways and
taxiways, resulted in stormwater accumulation in and around the runway and entire airfield, during larger events. When a large amount of standing
water is on the runway and an aircraft goes through it, it can move a large amount of water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each section of the culvert was then placed, cinched, tarred, covered with dirt, and compacted to ensure storm water does not leak and is effectively
drained off the airfield.
"This represents the largest stormwater drainage contract completed by the Telford, PA plant. "said Mike Grapsy, Regional General Manager for
Oldcastle Precast. "Telford was uniquely qualified to deliver on a project of this scope."
Dover Air Force Base's runway repair project scope of work includes replacing the 1.8–mile long, north–south runway, 01–19, reconstructing the
runway drainage systems, re–routing the fuel supply line, and replacing the medium voltage line.
Completion of the runway repair project is scheduled for June 2016.
Dover AFB, serving the Air Force for over 60 years, is the largest military aerial port in the world, servicing our warfighters world–wide but
particularly our operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Dover is home to the 436th Airlift Wing with its 3rd Airlift Squadron's C17 Globemaster IIIs and
the 9th Airlift Squadron's C5 Galaxy aircraft providing a significant amount of the United States' out–sized airlift capability. Additionally, Dover is
home to the Charles C. Carson Center for Mortuary Affairs, the point of return for our fallen

Highly Documented Comparisons and Measurements of...
The comparison of measurement and prediction of prestress losses in prestressed members is highly documented in literature. Hale et al. (2006)
studied the prestress losses behavior of girders subjected to increased fiber stresses. They concluded that the previous AASHTO LRFD
Specifications equations (2004) overestimated the prestress losses by roughly 50%. It was found that the NCHRP Report 496 (Tadros et al.,
2003) equations predicted the losses to within an average of 6%. Currently, there have been quite a few investigations on empirical models for
prestress losses for HSC. In a study conducted by Kowalsky et al. (2001) on several HPC bridge girders in North Carolina to determine the
prestress losses of HPC girders. The researchers found shrinkage losses were a small component of the overall prestress losses and that the elastic
shortening and creep losses were the main contributors. These larger than expected losses from elastic shortening and creep were because of a
predicted modulus of elasticity that was higher than actual. The total prestress losses ranged from 12.9% to 19.1% of the initial jacking stress. In an
investigation conducted by Tadros et al. (2003), seven full–scale bridge girders were instrumented in Washington, Texas, Nebraska and New Hampshire
to determine the prestress losses of HPC girders. The total prestress losses measured were found to be lower than the AASHTO LRFD (1998) model.
Modiп¬Ѓed expressions were proposed to AASHTO and later adopted in

Building Structure And Envelope Of An Advanced Engineering...
In this report, it will analyses the building structure and envelope of an advanced engineering building at UQ. The report will put the emphasis on some
aspects which include the construction documentation, building configuration building element design and building loading and load transfer to the
foundation. From another perspective, the report will also illustrate the project's sites structure which includes site conditions, material used, interfaces
with pre–existing structure/infrastructure. Basically, by using various of site or the whole building drawings, some significant building components
can be recognized. These building components will be discussed and analyzed specifically, which include their particular location in the drawing and
how they function in the building structure. Introduction of this building The building is located in Brisbane QLD; the area is about 18000.0 m2. The
project was finished in 2013. The building has achieved certified 5 star green ratings representing 'Australian Excellence' in environmental initiatives.
Also, to achieve the goal of energy efficiency, some building service and feature have been improved. For example, the thermal labyrinth to store cool
overnight, VSD fans and pumps, high performance double glazing and openable louvres and windows with cross –flow via the atrium. Construction
documentation The construction documentation is consisting of structural and architectural cover sheets. The structural section can be

Fundamentals of Building Construction: The Concrete
What is concrete? Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water,
aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is
normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts
with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water
helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Concrete is one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pre–stressed concrete is a solid structure whereby stretched reinforcement bars surrounded by concrete. The purpose is to increase the capability of the
beam to carry a much greater load with the same amount of concrete and reinforced bars.
Ready–mix concrete is a concrete that is manufactured in a factory. The quality of ready–mix concrete is ensured because the concrete has been graded.
Precast concrete is a concrete structure that is manufactured in a factory. The precast concrete will be transported to a construction site. Precast
concrete saves man power, therefore less workers are needed in the construction site. It also saves time and cost, thus the construction can be
constructed in time. Precast concrete has also a better quality comparing to site cast concrete structure.
Terrazzo is a flooring material made by grinding and polishing a concrete. The concrete consists of chips of marble or granite in different size and
color. Terrazzo often used as decorative flooring patterns because it has various color and texture.
Urbanite is used to refer to pieces of concrete from demolition sites. It can be used to create a walkway by recycling the concrete pieces.
Reinforced Concrete Basically, reinforced concrete is a type of concrete in which metal bars or wire is embedded to increase its

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiberglass Reinforced...
Fiberglass reinforced concrete (GFRC) is most suitable for construction because it is a great material for restoration of old buildings and also used for
the exterior of the buildings. It is also being used widely for walls and ceilings. GFRC allow almost perfect replication of building terra–cotta and
ornaments. It's very low shrinkage allows molds to be made from existing structural ornamentation, then cast in GFRC to replicate the original designs.
GFRC is lightweight compared to other traditional concrete which is very important for construction. It is highly durable and safe. Next, expensive
equipment is not necessary for pouring or spraying GFRC .Fiberglass is inexpensive and corrosion–proof, but not as ductile as steel. It can only be ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fiberglass reinforced concrete doesn't crack easily where it can be cut without chipping because it is sprayed on, the surface has no bugholes or
voids. GFRC used for creative prefabricated architectural cladding. GFRC is an perfect material to use on a variety of roofing structures. It is easy to
fix lightweight but tough and unaffected by environmental conditions. It can imitate traditional roofing materials such as slate, natural stone or clay
products but unlike these materials it is neither heavy nor brittle. GFRC can be moulded into complex shapes for roofing accessories such as finials,
ridges and chimneys. It is non–combustible with a high impact strength and can be used on all types of roof. Next, GFRC use in renovation. Thin
lightweight panels are easy to fix and minimise the weight imposed on the existing structure. In addition,GFRC can provide best solutions in the
construction of foundations and floors where in–situ concrete floors it can give economic benefits together with excellent appearance. On ground floor
concrete slabs, during cold climate insulated GFRC can help in minimising heat loss from the

A Brief Note On Nanoparticles And Its Effect On The...
2.3.4.3Nanomaterials
Nanoparticles (NPs) have recently received special attention because of their better performance when compared with traditional mineral additions. The
addition of NPs can improve the properties of concrete due to the effect that the increased surface area has on reactivity and through п¬Ѓlling the NPs
of the cement paste. Some of these nano particles include Silicon dioxide, Copper oxide, Zinc peroxide, Titanium dioxide. The addition of silicon
dioxide or titanium dioxide NPs improves the consistency of SCC mixes. Less bleeding and segregation are also observed in the SCC mixes
containing these NPs. Also the addition of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide NPs lead to a higher T50 time, which can be expected to improve the
segregation resistance. Jalal et al. (2012, 2013). The incorporation of silicon dioxide NPs increases the V–funnel times of SCC mixes. Madandoust et
al. (2011).
2.3.5Production of SCC
The production of self–consolidating concrete consists of limiting the coarse aggregate content to about 50 % or less of the solid volume, limiting its
maximum size to 20mm and using lower water to powder ratios together with appropriate superplasticizers. (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).
2.3.5.1Mix Design Methods for SCC
Self–consolidating concrete mixes can be designed and used in concrete elements with both normal and dense reinforcement. The coarse aggregate
size for reinforced concrete generally varies from 10 mm to 20 mm. For a mix to qualify as

Construction And Design : Commercial Buildings
218.271 CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN: COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ASSIGNMENT 1 COMMERCIAL CLADDINGS, INTERIORS AND
INDOOR AIR QUALITY Paper coordinator: Claire Flemmer Contributing lecturer: Eziaku Onyrizu Student ID: Zhong Wang 14161066 Number of
words: 1909+1911 CONTENTS Part 1 Claddings4 1.0 Introduction4 2.0 Single stage claddings: Face–sealed monolithic4 2.1 Sketch and explanation4
2.2 Performance and Durability5 2.3 Maintenance and Capital cost5 3.0 Two stage claddings: drained joint precast unit6 3.1 Sketch and
explanation6 3.2 Performance and Durability6 3.3 Maintenance and Capital cost7 4.0 Rain screen8 4.1 Sketch and explanation8 4.2 Performance
and Durability9 4.3 Maintenance and Capital cost10 5.0 Conclusion10 6.0 Reference list11 7.0 Figure and Image list11 Part 2 Interiors and Indoor
air quality12 1.0 Introduction12 2.0 Interiors12 2.1 Explanation of features12 2.2 Sketches15 3.0 Indoor air quality16 3.1 Where and why
Legionella occurs16 3.2 Preventative steps for building manager16 4.0 Conclusion17 5.0 Reference list18 6.0 Figure and Image list18 PART 1
CLADDINGS 1.0 INTRODUCTION Part 1 of this report aims to define and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of three commercial building
cladding systems which are face sealed monolithic claddings, two stage drained joint precast unit claddings and rain screen claddings. Common New
Zealand commercial cladding examples will be applied for illustrating the

The North Gower Coast

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to The North Gower Coast

Similar to The North Gower Coast (16)

More from Jean Arnett

More from Jean Arnett (16)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The North Gower Coast