aim and scope of sedimentology

1. SEMINARON
PRESENTEDBY:
JAYARAMSHETTY.K
3RD SEM (GEOLOGY)
DOSIN EARTHSCIENCE
UNIVERSITYOFMYSORE
UNDERGUEIDEDBY:
PROF.DR.P.MADHESH
DOSIN EARTHSCIENCE
UNIVERSITYOFMYSORE
MYSORE

2. CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION.
2. DEFINITION OF SEDIMENTOLOGY.
3. DEFINITION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
5. IMPORTANCE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
6. CONCLUSIONS.
7. REFERENCES.

3. SEDIMENTOLOGY:
 Definition:
Sedimentology is the scientific study of
sedimentary rocks and processes by which they
were formed the description, classification,
origin, and interpretation of sediments.

4. Sedimentaryrocks:
 Definition:
● Sedimentary rocks are also called as
secondary rocks, which are constituted of
sediments.
● Sediments are formed by the mechanical, or
chemical activities of the natural agencies
like running water, blowing wind,
percolating water, glaciers.
● Sedimentary rocks are formed by
consolidation and cementation of sediments
deposited under water.

5. Classification of sedimentary rocks
 There are two types of classification of sedimentary
rocks are there.
1.Clastic sediments:(mechanically formed)
Clastic sediments are broken fragments of pre-existing
rocks ranging in size form minute clay particles to very
large boulders.
2. Non- clastic sediments:(chemical precipitation)
Non clastic sediments are formed by chemical
precipitation of minerals from water or chemical
content of water.

6. Classification of clastic rocks:
 There are three types of clastic rocks are there.
1.Rudaceous rocks:
Formed by accumulation of bigger rock fragments, such as
gravels, pebbles, boulders.
a) Conglomerate. B) breccias.
2.Arenaceous rocks:
These rocks are composed almost entirely of sand grains.
A) sandstone. B) grit.
3. Argillaceous rocks:
These rocks are made up of very fine grained sediments.
A) shale. B) mudstone. C) arkose (feldspar present).
D) greywacke (clay present). E) sandy siltstone (silty
sandstone).

7. Classification of non-clastic sediments:
1. Chemically formed rocks:
a) Carbonate rocks:
These are formed by chemical precipitation of calcium
carbonate from sea water.
A1) limestone. A2) dolomite.
B) salt rocks:
B1) evaporites.
C) ferruginous rocks:
These are formed by the chemical precipitation of iron
oxides.
C1) iron-stone.
D) siliceous deposits:
These are formed when silica is precipitated from water.
D1) flint. D2) chert. D3) jasper. D4) agate.

8. 2. Organically formed rocks.
a) Biochemical rocks:
These are produced when plants and animals living
under water, extract from it dissolved mineral matter,
usually calcite ,to form shells.
A1) shell-limestone.
B) organic rocks:(carbonaceous rocks)
Rocks containing organic matter.
B1) coal.

9. conglomerate
Fragments are rounded.
Uses:
1. Many conglomerates are colourful and attractive rocks, but they are only
rarely used as an ornamental stone for interior use.
2. Analysis of conglomerate can sometimes be used as a prospecting tool.
For example, most diamond deposits are hosted in kimberlite.
3. Decorative Aggregates, Floor Tiles and Homes
4. As Dimension Stone, Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for
Road Aggregate, Roadstone.

10. sandstone
Rocks having silica or calcite.
Uses:
1. Urban row houses, commercial buildings and churches built from the 1840s
through the early 20th century (this was usually brownstone); often found in North
eastern and Mid-Atlantic areas of the US.
2. Lighter-coloured sandstones were used more frequently by the end of the 19th
century.
3. sandstone is typically most often used for high quality custom-designed buildings.
4. Decorative Aggregates and Interior Decoration.
5. Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road Aggregate, Production of
Glass and Ceramics.
6. Monuments and Sculpture.
7. An Oil and Gas Reservoir, In aquifers, Petroleum reservoirs, Soil
Conditioner, Source of Magnesia (MgO), Tombstones, Used in aquariums.

11. shale
Shales are composed mainly of clay minerals like kaolinite, illite,
montmorillonite.
Uses:
1. Decorative Aggregates, Homes and Interior Decoration.
2. As Building Stone, As Facing Stone and Office Buildings.
3. Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road
Aggregate, Making natural cement.
4. Creating Artwork, Pottery.

12. limestone
It is composed of calcium carbonate.
Uses:
1. Limestone's most common use is as a crushed construction material, serving as a base for
roads and ballast in railroads.
2. Limestone also is used as roofing granules, a coating that helps shingles resist the heat
and weathering.
3. Crushing limestone to the size of sand particles creates a useful material for reducing
soil acidity.
4. Limestone is easier to mine and causes less damage to mining equipment and transport
vehicles than harder silicates.

13. Breccias
It is having angular fragments.
Uses:
1. Decorative Aggregates, Entryways, Floor
Tiles, Flooring, Homes, Hotels and Interior Decoration.
2. As Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden
Decoration, Office Buildings.
3. Creating Artwork, Gemstone, Jewellery.

14. Mudstone
Which are composed of clay-sized sediments.
Uses:
1. Decorative Aggregates, Entryways, Floor Tiles and Interior
Decoration.
2. Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Paving Stone and Roof Tiles.
3. Cement Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road
Aggregate, Making natural cement,.
4. Sculpture and Small Figurines.

15. Arkose
Feldspar present in a sandstone is called Arkose.
Uses:
1. Decorative Aggregates, Homes and Interior Decoration.
2. Office Buildings and Paving Stone.
3. Production of Glass and Ceramics.
4. In aquifers, Soil Conditioner, Source of Magnesia (MgO).

16. Greywacke
When the sandstones contains appreciable quantity of clay and quartz grains , the
rock is called greywacke.
Uses:
1. Building houses or walls, Cement
Manufacture, Construction Aggregate, for Road Aggregate.
2. As armour rock for sea walls, Petroleum reservoirs.

17. Snady siltstone
It is a mixture of sand and silt.
Uses:
1. The intergranular pore spaces in siltstone are too small for it to serve as a
good aquifer.
2. It is rarely porous enough or extensive enough to serve as an oil or gas
reservoir.
3. Its main use is as a low-quality fill when better materials are not locally
available.

18. Dolomite
It may also contain some calcite. formed from chemical precipitation.
Uses:
1. The most common use for dolostone is in the construction industry.
2. It is crushed and sized for use as a road base material, an aggregate in concrete.
3. It is also calcined in the production of cement and cut into blocks of specific size known
as "dimension stone.“
4. Dolomite's reaction with acid also makes it useful. It is used for acid neutralization in the
chemical industry.
5. Dolomite is used as a source of magnesia (MgO),.
6. as an ingredient in the production of glass, bricks, and ceramics.
7. Dolomite serves as the host rock for many lead, zinc, and copper deposits.

19. Evaporite
It is a rock salt.
Uses:
1. As a Flux in the Production of Steel and Pig Iron, As a Sintering
Agent in Steel Industry to process Iron Ore, As Dimension
Stone, Cement Manufacture, for Road Aggregate, Making natural
cement, Manufacture of Magnesium and Dolomite Refractories.
2. Taken as a Supplement for Calcium or Magnesium.
3. Used in the manufacture of Ceramic Powder.
4. Used in the preparation of Sulphuric Acid.

20. Flint
Flint is a hard type of sedimentary rock that produces a small piece of burning
material when hit by steel.
Uses:
1. Creating Artwork, Gemstone, In fire-starting tools, Manufacture
of tools, Metallurgical Flux, Jewellery, To ignite fire, Used in
flintlock firearms.
2. as Building Stone, As Facing Stone, Garden Decoration, Office
Buildings and Paving Stone .

21. Jasper
Jasper is a dense, opaque, microcrystalline variety of Quartz. Fibrous and
grainy varieties of Quartz are often grouped together and referred to as
Chalcedony.
Use:
1. Jasper is superb for healing and sustaining the
physical and emotional bodies during injury,
prolonged illness or hospitalization.

22. Agate
Agate is the name given to numerous varieties of banded Chalcedony, a mineral of the
Quartz family.
Uses:
1. Agate is one of the most common materials used in the art of hardstone carving.
2. The decorative arts use it to make ornaments such as pins ,other types of jewellery
paper knives, marbles.
3. Agate is also still used today for decorative displays.

23. Coal
Coal is a sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons.
Uses:
1. coal is used primarily as an energy source, either for heat or
electricity.
2. It was once heavily used to heat homes and power locomotives
and factories.
3. Bituminous coal is also used to produce coke for making steel
and other industrial process heating.

24. CONCLUSIONS:
 Sedimentary rocks show great variation in their
mineralogical composition.
 Sedimentary rocks are known to cover as much as 75%
of the surface area of the earth.
 The process of sedimentary rocks is ever prevailing.
 Sedimentary rocks are broadly grouped into three
types , they are mechanically, organically, chemically.

25. References:
1. Sedimentology by pettijohn.
2. Engineering geology by K.M.Bangar.
3. Text book of geology by G.B. Mahapatra.
4. Engineering and general geology by parbin singh.