Hope this is useful for teachers and students of Psychological counseling.

1. Jayaprasad Welgama
Senior Lecturer
Department of Social Sciences
Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

2. Outline
Definition of counseling
Why we need counseling?
What happens in counseling?
Different fields of counseling
Goals of counseling
Basic counseling skills
Counseling approaches

3. How can we define Counseling?
Counseling is a collaborative growth
oriented relationship that allows
counsalee to freely express and explore
themselves.

6. How can we define Counseling?
Counseling is a professional
relationship that empowers diverse
individuals, families, and groups to
accomplish mental health, wellness,
education, and career goals.

8. Do we need help?

14. Why people need counseling?
We need a
helping hand
None of us are
immune to
toruble free life
If we neglect
problems…
Stress
Losing self respect
Health risks
Decreasing educational
or career performance
Family problems
Prolonged unhappiness
and meaninglessness
Psychiatric illness
Suicide

17. Guidance or Counselling?
Guidance Counseling
Guidance is giving
leadership,
supervision, direction,
or professional
guidance for future
actions.
Here we make
decisions for others.
Counseling is not giving
opinion, instruction or
advice, it is using
facilitative listening and
questioning to allow the
client to choose the best
solution for a problem.
Here you help the
person to see his /her
own solution.

19. Counseling …
Friendly but a
professional
relationshiop
Based on psychological
theories
Happens in a verbal
realm.
Facilitates rather than
advice giving
May be very brief or
long duration.
Happen in
organizational or private
practice
Disciplined and
confidential relationship
Involves inter
disciplinary knowledge

21. How do counselors help?

22. Major fields of counseling
Educational counseling
Family counseling
Psychological counseling
Career counseling

25. Subfields of counseling
Economic counseling
Industrial counseling
Legal counseling
Reproductive
counseling
Elderly counseling
School counseling
Counseling for people
with special needs
Cancer counseling
AIDS counseling
Disaster counseling
Sexual counseling
Death counseling
Sports counseling

27. Goals of counseling
Giving insight
-Why and how
emotional problems
occur?
-capacity building for
rational problem
solving
Self acceptance
- Developing a
positive attitude
towards self
- Minimizing
destructive self
criticism and
rejection

28. Goals of counseling
Self actualization
- Helping person to
see the maximum
potential
Enlightment
- Helping the
spiritual
reawakening
Problem solving
- Helping the client
to solve a problem
Psychological
education
- Helping client to
aquire techniques
of controling

29. Goals of counseling
Helping with social
skills
Persentation skills,
conversation skills,
anger control
Behavior change
The modification or
replacement of self
destructive behaviors
Empowerment
- Helping to
understand one’s
own strengths,
skills

31. Basics of Counseling
Reception
Being friendly
Observation
Eye contact
Active listening
- reflection, silence, leads
Empathic responding
Keeping privacy
Collecting information
thorugh chat,
expressions, dress
Unconditional
positive regards
Non possessive
warmth
Self disclosure
Confrontation
Paraphrasing
Assessing
Treatment planning
Referral(if wanted)

32. Reception
First impression
Laugh sensibly
Respect
Pleasantries
Making him/her
comfortable
Your gestures do a lot

33. Friendliness
Counsellors are friendly
but not friends.

34. Paraphrasing/ reflecting
Reflecting is the process of paraphrasing and
restating both the feelings and words of the speaker.
The purposes of reflecting are:
To allow the speaker to 'hear' their own thoughts and
to focus on what they say and feel.
To show the speaker that you are trying to perceive
the world as they see it and that you are doing your
best to understand their messages.
To encourage them to continue talking.

36. Paraphrasing/ reflecting
Client Mohammed – ‘My
ex-wife phoned me
yesterday, she told me that
our daughter Nafiza (who
is only 9) is very ill after a
car accident, ‘I am feeling
very scared for her ‘they
live in France so I am
going to have to travel to
see her and now I have
been made redundant I
don’t know how I can
afford to go’.
Counsellor /helper –
‘So Mohammed you
have had some bad news
about your little girl who
has been involved in an
accident, you are
frightened for her and
also have worries over
money now you have
lost your job’.

37. Empathic responding
Empathy has been described in different ways:
walking in another's shoes, entering into another
person's frame of reference or having the ability to
experience life as the other person does by entering
the person's world of thoughts, feelings, emotions and
meanings.
In counselling, empathy is an expression of the regard
and respect the counsellor holds for the client whose
experiences maybe quite different from that of the
counsellor.

38. Keeping privacy
A key ethic
Unless it can kill the
dignity of the client
Who can not keep
privacy can not be a
helper
What are the limits?

39. How else can collect
information of the client?
Gestures
Behaviour
Dress
Posture
Emotional expressions
Tone
External personality

41. Basics of Counseling
Reception
Being friendly
Observation
Eye contact
Active listening
- reflection, silence, leads
Empathic responding
Keeping privacy
Collecting information
thorugh chat,
expressions, dress
Unconditional
positive regards
Non possessive
warmth
Self disclosure
Confrontation
Paraphrasing
Assessing
Treatment planning
Referral(if wanted)

42. Basic approaches in counseling
Perceptual Phenomenological approach
- Person is naturally good, positive and constructive
- Person is unique and has the capacity to develop
- Some experience an inability adjusting to the
environment
- Positive humanistic help with empathy can repair
his self

44. Rational Emotive Approach
People experience problems because of
their irrational thoughts, attitudes towards
world.
Humans are with growth potential but can
have negative or irrational thoughts

46. Some examples for irrational
thoughts…
One must have love
or approval from all
We have to be
completely confident
and perfect
The people who do
not behave the way I
expect are unfriendly
and filthy
Misary comes
because of others.
If somebody
treated me badly ,
or unfairly it’s a
catastropy
No pain no gain
Its easier to avoid
Its destiny
We always need to
find solutions to
problems

48. Behavior modification approach
Many of our behaviors are learned. ‘Man is
a bundle of learned behaviors’(Wolpe)
We learn through past experience and
positive and negative reinforcements.
Counselor should help modifying
behaviors and individual alone can not do
it.
Use techniques of behavior modification.

49. Existential approach
Human is not a compete entity. There is a
gap between his current position and the
wholeness.
If humans understand the nature of
universe they can fix this gap between them
and the wholeness.
Human suffering is for a reason.
Understanding of this reason makes us
complete.

52. Psychoanalytic approach.