2. I. Nationalist Revolts
A. By the end of the 18th century, the
political ideals of the revolution in
North America were threatening
European control of Latin America.
B. Privilege social classes divided
colonial Latin America.
1. Peninsulares- Top level
2. Creoles- Controlled land and
businesses.
3. Mestizos- largest segment, worked
as servants or laborers
3. C. Creole elites were especially
influenced by revolutionary ideals.
1. They liked the ideas of free press, free
trade, and equality before the law.
2. Also resented colonial control of trade.
a. esp. the peninsulares.
D. Creole elites denounced the rule of Spain
and Portugal.
1. Spain and Portugal were weakened by
the defeats at the hand of Napoleon.
4. E. On the Island of Hispaniola more than
one hundred thousand slaves rose up
and seized control of the island.
1. 1804 the area now called Haiti became
the first independent state in Latin
America.
E. Mexico experienced a revolt
beginning in 1810.
1. Miguel Hidalgo inspired by the French
Revolution, he urged the mestizos to
free themselves from the Spanish.
5. G. In 1810 Hidalgo led an
unsuccessful armed attack on the
Spaniards.
1. They were defeated and Hidalgo was
executed.
2. September 16 is Mexico’s
Independence Day.
6. H. The involvement of Indians and
mestizos in the revolt against Spain
frightened both the creoles and
peninsulares.
1. They cooperated in defeating the
popular revolutionary forces.
2. They then overthrew the Spanish in
order to preserve their own power.
7. I. In 1821 Mexico declared its
independence from Spain.
1. Agustin de Iturbide named
himself emperor in 1822, but was
removed.
2. Mexico then became a republic.
8. J. Two members of the creole
elite are considered liberator of
South America.
1. Jose de San Martin- Argentina
2. Simon Bolivar- Venezuela
9. K. San Martin believed the Spanish
had to be removed from all of S.
American countries for any nation
to be free.
1. He freed Argentina by 1810.
2. In 1817 he led forces against the
Spanish in Chile. He surprised the
Spanish, and their forces were
defeated.
10. L. San Martin wanted to move on to
Lima, the center of Spanish
authority.
1. Allied with Simon Bolivar because
he knew he would need help.
L. By the end of the 1820s, S and C
America were free of the Spanish.
11. 1. Concert of Europe- Use force
to restore Spanish Rule.
2. Monroe Doctrine- Warned
against European involvement
in L. America and guaranteed
the independence of the new
Latin American Nations.
12. II. Difficulties of Nation Building
A. The new L. American nations faced
many serious problems between
1830 and 1870, such as border
wars, a huge loss of property and
people, and no modern
infrastructure.
B. Over the 19th century these new
countries will become economically
dependent on Europe and the U.S.
once again.
13. C. The new nations began as
republics, but soon caudillos
came to power.
1. Caudillos ruled by force.
2. Mexican ruler Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna.
a. He misused state funds, halted
reforms, and created chaos.
b. 1835 settlers in Texas revolted against
him.
14. D. In 1836 Texas gained its
independence.
1. War between Mexico and the U.S.
soon followed (1846-1848).
2. Mexico lost nearly ½ of its territory.
E. Santa Anna’s rule followed by a
period of reform dominated by
Benito Juarez.
1. Child of Native American peasants.
15. F. The U.S. intervention in L.
America led to the building of
the Panama Canal (1914).
1. The U.S. controlled it for most of
the 20th century.
16. G. Political independence did not
translate into economic
independence. Britain and other
Western nations dominated the
Latin American economy.
1. L.A. continued to be a source of raw
materials and food for the industrial
west.
2. Finished consumer goods,
especially textiles, were imported.
17. H. A basic problem for all L.A.
nations was the domination of
society by elites.
1. Large estates remained a way of life
in L.A.
H. Land remained the basis of
wealth, prestige, and power in
L.A. throughout the 19th century.
1. The elite ran governments and
made huge profits, while the
masses lived in dire poverty.
18. III. Political Change in Latin America
A. After 1870 L.A. governments wrote
constitutions similar to those in the
United States and Europe.
1. Ruling elites kept their power, by restricting
voting rights.
A. Effects of the Spanish American War.
1. Cuba became a protectorate of the U.S.
2. Puerto Rico annexed by the U.S.
3. U.S. supported a rebellion that allowed
Panama to become independent.
a. In return U.S. received the land to build the
Panama Canal.
19. C. American investments in Latin
America were protected by
military force.
1. The Marines were in Haiti from
1915-1934.
2. Nicaragua from 1909-1933.
a. Resentment built against the big
power from the north.
20. D. In Mexico, among other Latin
American countries, large
landowners supported dictators
who looked out for the interests of
the ruling elite.
1. Dictator Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico
between 1877 and 1911 with the
support of the army, the Catholic
Church, the aristocrats, and foreign
capitalists.
21. E. Wages declined under this
dictator, and 95% of the rural
population did not own land.
1. A liberal landowner force Diaz out,
and a wider revolution started.
2. Emiliano Zapata demanded
agrarian reform.
3. He led the peasants against the
wealthy.
22. F. A new constitution enacted in
Mexico in 1917 set up a
government led by a president,
created land reform, established
limits on foreign investment, and
set out to help workers.
23. IV. Economic Change in Latin
America
A. Latin America had a period of
economic prosperity after 1870.
1. This was due to the exportation
of a few major items.
a. Wheat and beef from Argentina.
b. Coffee from Brazil,
c. Bananas from Central America.
24. B. After 1900 Latin America began
doing more of its own
manufacturing.
C. Due to the prosperity, the middle
sectors of Latin American society
grew.
1. The middle sectors were only 5 to
10 percent of the population.
25. D. Members of the Latin America
middle sectors had shared
characteristics;
1. They lived in cities.
2. Sought education and decent
incomes.
3. Saw the U.S. as a model for
industrialization.
