The Importance Of Prenatal Screening

The Importance Of Prenatal Screening
Many Christians could come to the conclusion that prenatal screening in pregnancy can cause you to
say the words "It is bad that you exist!" I personally don't believe in this saying, but the question is
why and what makes them think this way? It's the concept that now we are turning a tentative
commitment for mothers into one that is more conditional. We are pushing off the natural
attachment that occurs while the baby is still inside the mother until we see if the baby is to our
standards, then we make the decision to keep the baby or not. As well as the overuse of the test in
everyday life, which really was originated to test Rh factor in blood for the mother and baby. The
overuse of this test can lead to severe problems in which people ... Show more content on
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I believe that prenatal screening is essential to life. Although a prenatal screening can not diagnose
what a baby will have later on in life, it can diagnose what it has now. There is nothing wrong with
wanting to know whether or not your baby will be born healthy or not. In our world today, raising a
baby with health difficulties is hard. It is a lot of extra patient, time, money, and stress. It's hard for a
family to just give up their personal unborn child, but it reality you have to take up challenges you
can handle. I don't think it is fair to force a family to have a baby with health difficulties, when they
know they are not capable of taking care of he or she. This can lead to the death of a child in a non
abortion sense as well as sickness in the caregivers. If a caregiver is not capable of providing care
for the child, they are going to be under a lot of mental stress and/or depression which is very
unhealthy. I personally agree with the idea that you know yourself better than anyone else. A mother
knows what she needs to do when she finds out whether her baby is healthy or whether it is not. I
think prenatal screening is useful and should be left up to the mother to decide the outcome of her
baby or in other terms express the phrase "it is good(and justified) that you
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Ethical Issues In Prenatal Screening
Ethical issues for prenatal testing currently are on the rise. In most medical tests, there are always
ethical issues that come with the progress. Prenatal screenings are still something that is fairly new
to the world. Since there are many types of tests and advancements to the screenings, there are many
ethical issues. Many of the ethical issues are the psychological and emotional effects, ethics
concerning religion, if the tests are purely for information, and other ethical issues that are coming
forward. The overall problem of prenatal screenings is the understanding of what they are and how
they may be perceived by others (Deans, Clarke & Newson, 2015, p.19). Ethical issues tend to arise
when people are either misinformed or not informed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three major problems are the behavioral impacts, emotional impacts, and cognitive impacts
(Harris, Franck & Michie, 2012, p.228). The behavioral impact on the mother didn't seem to be
much of a problem. It commonly had a positive affect on the mother that lead to healthier habits
(Harris et al., 2012, p.228). The fetus behavioral impacts were also not much of a problem due to
test results leading to healthier habits from the mother. There did seem to be a slight problem when
it comes to the emotional impact on the mother from having testing done. There tended to be a slight
increase in anxiety, especially when it came to more serious testing about the health of the pregnant
mother. When it came to testing that dealt with the results of the health of the fetus, the anxiety was
very high in the mothers (Harris et al., 2012, p.235). Various studies showed that when waiting for
results the anxiety levels were very high. After receiving results that were negative for certain health
conditions, the anxiety levels decreased greatly. Anxiety levels did seem to be much greater in
mothers who had previously been identified with some type of risk factor (Harris et al., 2012,
p.235). "Worry (a psychological construct separate from anxiety) was found to be increased both
prior to receiving results and following a positive screening result, whereas a negative result was
associated

Prenatal DNA Screening Essay
Family–saving DNA screening
With the advancement in technology, prenatal screening has become a very controversial topic,
especially prenatal DNA screening. Opposition arises from religious saying that early diagnosis of
hereditary diseases leads to the increased prevalence of abortion which is definitely against God's
will. However, medical professions suggest that it benefits children and parents in different aspects
including resources, psychology and physical health. First of all, prenatal DNA screening suggests a
way to prevent of further time and money consumption on critically anomalous babies. Through
DNA screening, the fetal genome can be obtained to establish an early diagnosis of hereditary
diseases such as Down syndrome. "Down ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the screening helps early diagnosis, the parents can be mentally prepared for delivering an
abnormal baby, in the manner that acknowleging the etiologies, progressions and complications of
the disease, anticipating all the forseeable difficulties and proposing corresponding solutions.
Training for the parents can be provided so that it can relieve the stress of taking care of the
children. In addition to the psychological preparation, materially preparations are also allowed.
Home modifications can be done for fulfilling the special needs of the diseased newborns and
offering a safe enviornment. Parents can have enough time for a better finacial planning before
delivery so that their quality of life can be maintained even with an increased expidenture on the
newborn.
Prenatal DNA screening gives an earlier acknowledgement to parents preparing for infants although
it is debatable for the consequences it may lead to. Balancing all the pros and cons for this
technology, it should be widely promoted instead. Families who cannot withstand the high pressure
and fiancial burden owing to the diseased need the screening to ensure their quality of life. This is
definitely a family–saving technology, how come is it defamed as an evil

Immunohistochemistry
Within a Single Institution
Although there are many methods that help with diagnosing prostate cancer such as biomarkers and
needle core biopsy, it is the practice patterns of different pathologists that in the end determine the
diagnosis. This article explains how and why interobserver variability can affect the ability to
diagnose prostate cancer. Additionally, it determines the outliers for immunohistochemistry work up.
Immunohistochemistry is a method that can help aid the diagnosis of prostate needle core biopsy
specimens. This procedure looks at the small foci of prostatic adenocarcinomas and limits the over
diagnosis of non–neoplastic look–alikes.
This study analyzed immunohistochemistry usage and data as well as practice patterns from many
pathologists at a tertiary care center to identify the outlying practice patterns. Prior ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cases were placed into four categories: non–neoplastic, high grade intraepithelial neoplasia,
atypical small acinar proliferation, or adenocarcinoma. The findings showed that there were either
lower rates of non–neoplastic diagnoses with higher rate of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia, or
vice versa. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and atypical small acinar proliferation had no
significant variability between pathologists. The study suggests that institutions should analyze
pathologists practice patterns to determine if the pathologist is an outlier with errors in his/her
diagnosis. This would affect clinical management. Along with determining the pathologists'
diagnoses, immunohistochemistry use was also observed. The rate of immunohistochemistry usage
was lower than other tertiary care centers. Also, immunohistochemistry was used greatly to
determine adenocarcinomas. The articles reports "efficient use of IHC's in diagnosing prostate
biopsy specimens could have important cost–saving

The Effects Of Prenatal Screening On Children
Prenatal screening is used to detect any potential diseases or disabilities that a fetus may have or
develop in the future. Many procedures are done to test said fetus, including analyzing a sample of
amniotic fluid or testing a few cells from the placenta. Various genetic disorders are tested for, such
as mental retardation, sickle cell anemia, and Tay–Sachs. Once informed of a fetus' potential defects,
the parents can then decide to either carry the fetus to full term or terminate the pregnancy. As with
any situation concerning a human life, this has produced ethical issues. For those who believe
prenatal screening followed by abortion is acceptable consider it a moral duty for parents to prevent
a disease or disability that could cause their child suffering if they have the means to do so. Just as a
mother can change her diet during a pregnancy to prevent a mental disorder, parents can choose to
abort a fetus to prevent that child from having a life of pain and suffering. To not prevent a disease
or disorder is to disregard a child's basic human desire to live a normal, healthy life, and is thus
unfair to the child. Further advantages of prenatal screening are that it helps minimize overall
suffering in the world and promotes general welfare. It also not only prevents the child from
physical and emotional distress but it prevents a family's emotional and economical distress, too.
Although prenatal screening and abortion procedure may be relatively expensive, it could

Prostate Cancer Research Paper
Prostate cancer is considered as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, in the U. S and most
cases of prostate cancer have a good prognosis. Some of these cases can be aggressive and the
death–rate is assessed to be 2.8%. The Prostate–specific antigen (PSA) test is used for screening for
prostate cancer, to aid early detection and treatment.
Prostate–specific antigen (PSA) test Prostate–specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the
prostate gland, found in the blood. Blood sample is utilized to check PSA levels and Lab results are
reported in nanograms of PSA per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. 4 ng/mL is considered to be the
normal level of PSA. Levels of PSA in the blood may be elevated in patients who have prostate ...
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Although PSA Screening tests can facilitate to detect prostate cancer in its early stage, there is
controversy and concern about patient being unnecessarily treated and over–diagnosed. The
reliability of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing is very poor. PSA values could be false positive
caused by conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, ejaculation, perineal trauma and PSA
value cannot be used to rule out prostate cancer. PSA–screening misses a considerable number of
patients with PCa (false–negatives) and wrongly suspects or false–positives (Hayat, Nordin and
Berglund, 2013). Sensitivity of the test is determined with the percentage of people tested with the
disease that had positive results equals the number of patients that were true positive. The cut–off
range for an abnormal PSA screening is 4.0 ng/mL. The American Cancer Society estimated that,
the sensitivity of a PSA levels cutoff of 4.0 ng/mL, was twenty one percent for detecting any
prostate cancer and fifty one percent for detecting high–grade cancers (Gleason ≥8). Validity of the
test can be determined by the ability of its screening to accurately identify, if the patient has the
disease or not. With PSA screening alone, one cannot validate if the patient has prostate cancer and
other diagnostic tests such as digital rectal exam

Diagnosis And Treatment Of Prostate Cancer
When we have diseases or don't feel well, we tend to seek treatments and try to cure it as soon as
possible. However, what if there is no reliable treatment or nearly no treatment available? Then, the
only option is to do research. Life can be really difficult and no one wants any sickness or diagnosed
with such a hard–to–cure disease like cancer. Prostate Cancer is a known cancer that happens to men
only and a lot of men in the U.S are diagnosed with it, and happens to male's reproductive system.
Specifically speaking, it is a gland found in the most private area of a man. In the following
paragraphs, I will be explaining why we need to find a way to combat prostate cancer, how to detect
this cancer at early stages, and the risks associated with prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death by cancer for men in the U.S. It mostly affects
African– American men than men of other races. In addition, those men who suffer from prostate
cancer would not know that they are affected until they participate in a health checkup or conduct
self–diagnoses. A healthy prostate gland should be about the size of a walnut or smaller depend on
individuals. According, to a cancer research center stated about why men are more likely to get
cancer "... men were more likely to die from any of the cancers investigated in the report, and ...
were also more likely to develop the disease in the first place" (Arney, 2009). Also, men are more
likely to die from any kind of cancer

Prenatal Testing Research Paper
Prenatal Testing and the Disability Community The dream of every expectant mother is to give birth
to a healthy baby when the nine months elapse. However, the culture of uncertainty among eager
mothers has engulfed their thoughts of the possibility of giving birth to children with disabilities. As
a result, they have turned to clinics for prenatal screening with a hope of getting a clean bill of
health from medical practitioners about their current situation. All these efforts are not in vain in
their minds as long as they are assured their babies will not have Down's syndrome or any other
birth defect. These frantic efforts pertain image of a society that dread disability. With the bold
writings on the societal wall, people with disabilities have legitimate worries about the way in which
prenatal screening is handled in our culture. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will first explore what medical ethics entails, then evaluate whether prenatal screening is necessary
and whether it is discriminatory as claimed. Based on the benefits, success, statistical data, I will
defend the perspective of physically challenged individuals by highlighting numerous success
records of families with children affected from Down's syndrome as it is widely common.
According to Synder and Gauthier (2008), ethics can be defined as a moral principle that dictates
human behavior and classifying it as either good or bad based on the end result and the motive
behind the cause of action. There is a more compelling need to find out what motivated the
emergence of prenatal screening. Also, to find out how it has achieved its objectives. To begin with,
there is a need to understand activities surrounding prenatal

The Pregnancy Of A Foetus Diagnosed With Down Syndrome
Discuss the challenges facing parents today in deciding to terminate or continue with the pregnancy
of a foetus diagnosed with Down Syndrome.
Introduction
Having a child comes with not only positive experiences, but also pressure and other adjustment
matters. If you are told that your unborn child is diagnosed with Down Syndrome, your perspectives
and concerns may change significantly. Known as a genetic disorder that is estimated to occur in 1
out of every 650– 1000 live births (Bittles & Glasson, 2004), receiving a positive diagnosis of Down
Syndrome can be very overwhelming for the parents. Prenatal diagnosis and screening are
controversial when we refer to ethical considerations, but the benefits that they provide are
undeniable. Prenatal tests do not only facilitate choices through information provision, but also
allow the parents to recognise and prepare for the challenges that their unborn child and their family
have to face upon their decision making. Whether it is the trauma and grief of abortion or the
pressure and difficulty of raising a child with disability, the challenges that they have to face will
have a significant impact on their life and it may create new shifts and change their family dynamics
forever.
Aspects and arguments
Down Syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is a condition where "the third copy of chromosome 21
disturbs the expression of all DNA in the genome" (Study revises cause of down syndrome, 2014,
p.1). This genetic condition is responsible for

New World Or Gattaca Style Dystopic Future Development Of...
The last 150 years have seen the origin of–and rapid expansion in–human knowledge involving the
nature and mechanisms of trait and disease inheritance in human beings. Advances in genetic
research hold great promise for the future development of effective prevention and treatment
strategies for a great many, often devastating, heritable conditions. However, these advances also
raise a series of policy, legal and fundamentally ethical questions concerning what we should and
should not do with the knowledge and technology we acquire. These questions are numerous and
both imminently practical and speculative, ranging from the exhausted, yet still largely unresolved,
question of the moral status of the human embryo to fears about slippery slopes into a Brave New
World or Gattaca–style dystopic future characterized by designer children and a genetic underclass.
In the following, I will attempt to map out the current debate as it applies to genetic screening and
testing, with special attention paid to the criticism offered by disability studies theory and disability
rights advocates. I will begin with a brief overview of the traditional arguments in favor of
reproductive liberty and a more permissive stance toward the use of genetic technology. This will
include a discussion of autonomy as the underlying ethical principle at work, and the related focus
on informed consent as both a guiding axiom and common target of criticism. The principle of
beneficence is a crucial underlying

Detriment of PSA Screening Essay
Arguably the most essential and indispensable aspect of life is the attainment and preservation of
good health. Individuals with health–related complications are often prevented from leading what
many would consider to be a normal lifestyle. One of the several ailments that impedes typical
human functioning is prostate cancer. The community of experts and professionals who have
dedicated their lives to this field of study are, at this time, engaged in a substantive yet divisive and
strongly opinionated dispute regarding a test considered by some to aid in the detection of this
cancer. This highly scrutinized test is known as the prostate–specific antigen test, more commonly
referred to as the PSA test. In the United States and more broadly ... Show more content on
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In a fairly easy to follow rankings system or grading scale, this government health body had
previously given the PSA procedure an "I" grade; in other words, the screening was thought of as
inconclusive and neither the harm nor benefit could be proven by either side. In the new report, a D
grade is imparted upon the screening which signifies that it is thought of in such a negative light that
the panel recommends and advises against the test. Not many routine tests of this nature are given
such a poor status; this fact should and does lead many physicians away from the regular
administration of the screening. Not only is this test ill–advised by the U.S. Preventative Services
Task Force, it has also been looked down upon in the past, in a sense, by various other respected and
knowledgeable medical organizations. For example, both the American Cancer Society and the
American Urological Association have taken a stance in opposition to routine prostate–specific
antigen screenings. Using the exact scale as the one employed by the United States Preventative
Services Task Force, these two organizations have given the PSA test a C grade; this status simply
means that although they believe the interaction and dialogue between patient and physician to be
crucial to

Genetic Studies Of Prostate Cancer
Background: Among various epithelial cancers, genomic studies of prostate cancer (PCa) identified
several molecular markers including E26 transformation specific (ETS) gene fusions, SPINK1 and
many others. The prevalence of these molecular markers in African American (AA) prostate cancer
has not been studied to the extent that has been studied for European American (EA) prostate cancer
to understand the racial disparity. Contrary to the conventional approaches, new approaches are
needed to understand the underlying genetic disparity between the AA and EA PCa. Therefore, we
have developed refined approaches to screen whole–mount radical prostatectomy tissues rather than
systematic sampling of tumor from dominant/index nodule to assess the fundamental molecular
differences in the incidence of molecular markers between AA and EA prostate cancer.
Hypothesis/Objective: Prostate molecular markers have been first discovered using the cancer
genome of individuals other than African American decent. Due to the lack of screening in a large
cohort of AA PCa the prevalence of these markers in AA PCa is not known. Given the fundamental
differences in the ancestral history of the genome of AA and EA the prevalence of these molecular
markers may be markedly different. Conventional systematic sampling approaches may not reveal
the true prevalence in AA PCa. Therefore, we propose to undertake an innovative approach using
whole–mount radical prostatectomy to understand the racial disparity.

Prenatal Screening
According to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072602/ antenatal screening are
done on 'people who do not feel ill' and so suggest that screening can very useful for midwives in
helping them detect disorders before any outward signs or symptoms are shown and allows
midwives to identify babies that are at a high risk of a disorder and so prenatal diagnosis establishes
whether or not the disorder is definitely present which can then lead to the disease being treated at
an earlier stage. Screening does not replace diagnosis; it aims to provide midwives and mothers with
information which can help them with further decision making.
CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING AND AMINOCENTESIS
According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniocentesis amniocentesis is a medical procedure
which is used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections as described
below. Amniocentesis carries a small risk for both mother and child and so the test may be offered to
mothers who have a significant risk for genetic diseases. However, according to
https://www.google.co.uk/#safe=strict&q=chorionic+villus+sampling&*&spf=115 Chorionic Villus
Sampling (CVS) is a test done during the early stages of pregnancy to detect congenital
abnormalities in the fetus. It allows the mother to be checked for any signs of Down's syndrome,
Edwards' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Boys are usually affected more severely than girls. Most babies with this disorder are born to
couples who don't have a family history of the disorder so screening is needed to determine the
couple's carrier status. Both parents provide blood samples and the women's sample is tested to see
whether she is a carrier. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can both be used to screen for
fragile X and

Genetic Testing Is Ethical Essay
One of the questions that has recently plagued me has been that of which is about the genetic
structuring of our offspring. I ask myself, will we able to choose the physical features our child? If
so, do we as a society think this will be an ethical practice? Perhaps, scientifically, this might be
entirely possible, but law will most likely restrict it. An article written by Frederic Golden helped me
draw some understanding on this hot topic.
Golden commences his article with a brief story of a mother and father who have been through
prenatal testing. They tested for Down syndrome and an inheritable neuromuscular disease. While it
was a straightforward procedure that was deemed valid by their doctor, Blue Cross (their insurance
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
submit to some prenatal screening. Usually this involves a blood sample of the mother's blood in
order to determine whether she is likely to have a child with spina bifida, neural–tube defects, or
Down syndrome (Golden). United States genetic centers now offer DNA tests for over 30 or 40 of
the more commonly inherited disorders. Those including cystic fibrosis, susceptibility to breast
cancer, X syndrome, Huntington's disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and many other various
disorders (Golden). Also, with recent developments, couples are able to have a pre–implantation
genetic diagnosis (PGD). This procedure allows the testing of genetic disorders before germination.
It consists of "petri–dish" testing of sperm and egg cells donated by the soon to be parents. This
procedure prevents the idea of abortion, for if genetic problems occur, you are not destroying a
fetus, but simple flushing away embryo cells. Another article that I have recently acquired has more
to do with the ethical standpoint of genetic tailoring, than the scientific. In recent years, a rather
large sum of attention has been placed on whether or not the possibility of genetic testing will harm
our communities (Gooding).
"The teaching of Bioethics often relies on difficult cases. Indeed sometimes the ethical dilemma is
developed by altering the details of the case that is otherwise intuitively straightforward,

Genetic Testing and Screening Essay
There are numerous genetic disorders present in today's society that produce handicaps and threaten
longevity. Genetic determinants are at the root of many cases of infertility, miscarriage, stillbirths,
neonatal deaths, multiple malformations, retardation in growth and development, mental illness, and
mental retardation. Estimates of the problem's magnitude have been made from data provided by the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which suggest that genetic factors are involved in
one fifth of infant deaths, one fourth of the institutionalized mental retardates, almost one half of
individuals with IQs less than fifty, and half of first trimester abortions (Finley 1982). Genetic
screening is the systematic search within a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It prevents disease manifestation by helping patients cope with environmental conditions in the face
of inadequate genetic endowment. This type of screening began in the early 1960's with the
screening for phenylketonuria (PKU) and is currently the most widely practiced. Over the years,
more tests have been added for other diseases that like PKU could be discovered by simple tests and
treated by following a strict diet (Gitzelmann 1982).
The second goal of genetic screening is the provision of reproductive information. Through simple
techniques such as serum enzyme determinations and hemoglobin electrophoresis it is possible to
identify individuals possessing genes that will cause serious disease in their offspring. Screening is
most efficient if it is conducted to discover couples who are carriers of recessive disease inducing
genes that can be diagnosed through amniocentesis. Examples of such diseases are Tay–Sachs
disease, Beta thalassemia, and possibly sickle–cell anemia. It was specifically the screening for the
Tay–Sachs trait, which began in 1971 that became the model for all carrier screening to follow
(Gitzelmann 1982).
The third goal of genetic screening, enumeration, has less immediate application, but serves in
future developments. Enumeration (or counting) involves the estimation of the prevalence of mutant
alleles, their distribution and biological significance. This type of information will add to the
knowledge of human genetic

Screening For Alcohol And Drug Use For Prenatal Care
"Since 1985 about 250 Women in 30 states have been criminally prosecuted in relation to drug
abuse while pregnant." (Coles, par 16) Since there isn't a law in place for a woman being convicted
for drinking or smoking while pregnant, they dig a little deeper and get more technical. Charges for
unlawful child neglect, delivering drugs to a minor, homicide by child abuse and even manslaughter
have been given to mothers who abuse drugs or alcohol while pregnant. Some even believe in
terminating the woman's parental rights. Whether or not the child shows signs before birth, they
have started to test newborns for drugs and prosecute from there. (NAPW, par 33–35)
"Screening for alcohol and drug use in prenatal care is widely promoted in the United States as a
public health strategy for reducing alcohol and drug use during pregnancy." (Roberts, par 1) I think
that they're promoting drug and alcohol testing in prenatal care to help the mother get help, not
punish her for doing them. Reading through a few articles on prenatal testing, I realized that most
women see it as the doctor is going to turn over her information to the enforcements, which is not
the case. In the fear of getting in trouble, mothers will avoid prenatal care all together, which is a
problem in itself. Trying to find a happy medium where we can try to escape the statistics of
children having side effects due to drugs or alcohol, might have to start at the source –– the seller.
"Two restaurant workers have been

Research Paper On Baldness
Baldness is a common occurrence among men. It is typically regarded as something normal and not
indicative of any kind of health condition, although it may cause psychological distress in the
affected. However, scientists have discovered positive correlations between baldness and several
pathologies. Male–pattern hair loss, as it is formally known in the medical realm, affects at least
50% of men in old age. Its causes are believed to be largely genetic. Recent studies have finally shed
some light on the genetic underpinnings of the condition, revealing several complex relationships
with other diseases and innate traits.
Shortness and baldness
According to scientists at the University of Bonn, Germany, short men are more likely to experience
hair loss prematurely. They studied the genetic material of more than 20,000 men from around the
world. Slightly less than half were bald men. After analyzing the data, the team of scientists led by
geneticists Dr. Stephanie Heilmann–Heimbach and Prof. Markus Nöthen discovered that
prematurely bald men carried 60 genomic alterations. These genetic signatures meant that
prematurely bald males are more likely to undergo puberty earlier, to have small body size, and to
develop several types of cancer (including prostate cancer). Associations between bone density and
light skin color were also found. The study––now published in the ... Show more content on
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The objective of this research effort was to help scientists see how and why hair loss arises from
genetic factors. 287 genetic regions were identified, and, surprisingly, many of them derived from
the X chromosome, which is inherited from the mother. Scientists expressed that one of the long–
term implications of this research is the creation of a genetic tool that helps predict hair loss patterns
in the future. The study was published in the PLOS Genetics

How Does Technology Affect Prenatal Screening?
Technology have improved so much in couple of years. Different ways like prenatal screening and
preimplantation have developed with it. This have caused abortions and mutations of gene leading to
children born with down syndromes for example. Many people have gone to seek prenatal screening
because of fear of having children who are disabled, which have lead them to increase in rates of
number in fetus's termination. Due to the issues on abortion, prenatal screening has become a very
controversial problem in the society, leading to both legal and bioethical problems caused by
technology advancement. This technology advancement has led to many objections being
considered as critiques that are leading to prenatal screening. ... Show more content on
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Prescreening and termination of a fetus lead to a decline in number of a certain gender. Different
genders experience different problems, if abortion is continually done there would be an imbalance
in the population which will make a particular sex being looked down upon. Technology on Prenatal
screening might has helped to determine the health of the fetus before it's born but it has caused the
legal and bioethical issues. It should be looked upon how fast the technology is advancing because
without it there would be less abortion since no one would be seeking medical diagnosis. If all this
objection are true and have this suggestions then is must be true that this critiques of this objections
should lead to consequences. When people go against a law on prenatal screening then there has to
be consequences followed, this would prevent cases of people seeking medical condition for any
disability for the sake of. The need to just seek prenatal screening should not be followed through
unless it in cases of an illness or other

Detecting Prostate Cancer : Cancer And Second Most Common...
Detecting Prostate Cancer
According to Ferrante, Shaw, and Scott (2011), prostate cancer is the most common cancer and
second most common cancer death among men in the United States. Early detection permits
appropriate and timely management, which can allow clinicians to treat the cancer effectively. When
detected at early or regional stage, prostate cancer has a five–year survival rate of about 100%.
Prostate–specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used tumor marker and was approved by the
FDA in 1994 as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (Duffy, 2011). PSA screening helps
detect prostate cancer earlier, at lower clinical stages, and with a lower Gleason score (Cho et al.,
2015).
PSA has become the most important biomarker for detection and follow up of prostate cancer. PSA
levels of greater than 4.0ng/ml have been considered to have predictive value for prostate cancer.
This screening test is well tolerated, quick, cheap, and standardized. Physicians are also familiar
with the test results and can easily translate (Roobol et al., 2011). According to Wachtel, Nelius,
Haynes, Dahlbeck, and de Riese (2013), the United States Preventative Health Task Force recently
recommended PSA screening be abandoned in part by examining the results of two randomized
trials, concluding that the results did not support the notion that the benefit of PSA screening
outweighed the risks and costs even though there has been a steady decline in mortality since the
early 1990s.

Prostate Cancer Physiotherapy
Prostate cancer is now the most common cancer in men in the UK and the second highest cause of
male cancer death. Yet despite its high prevalence it is also highly survivable, with figures from
Cancer Research UK showing that 84 per cent of men diagnosed with the disease survive ten years
or more following treatment.
With such a high survival rate would be easy to assume that the needs of this patient group are being
adequately met. But this isn't the case, says specialist prostate cancer physiotherapist Helen
Whitney.
'Research on men's health behaviours has shown that men are more hesitant than women about
seeking support or advice about their health,' she explains.
'They may have cancer needs and physical symptoms but they don't always ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
'We are looking into the possibility of running a research trial to see if it has a clinical impact,' she
explains.
Outcomes and impact
The project has produced impressive results. In the last six months more than 140 men have
attended the physiotherapy sessions and the health and wellbeing clinics have proved popular; the
most recent one attracting more than 40 men and their partners.
The initiative has also helped raise the profile of physiotherapy and promoted its value for prostate
cancer patients, says Ms Whitney.
Since it began she has delivered 15 education sessions to community health teams and oncologists,
clinical nurse specialists and commissioners.
'As result we have tripled the number of men being seen by the physio outpatient service,' she says.
The latest project analysis figures reveal that six months after their initial assessment men
participating in the pilot had increased their physical activity level by an average of 209 per

The Effects Of Prenatal Screening On Children
Breakthroughs in genetics have allowed parents to test their babies DNA in the womb for potential
genetic diseases and disorders. The test is done by isolating the babies' genetic material that is
coursing through their mothers veins through a blood test on the mother. After the genetic material is
found it is put under multiple diagnostics to determine if the baby has any of a wide variety of
conditions such as Down's syndrome, Tay–Sachs and cystic fibrosis. This Prenatal Genetic
Screening can also tell many different traits on the developing baby such as its gender. Many believe
that this procedure to be unethical but genetic screening can do more good than harm. Prenatal
screening has existed since the 70's but those methods of baby monitoring were far more invasive
compared to this new blood test. Amniocentesis involves inserting a needle into the amniotic sac
surrounding the baby and extracting some of the amniotic fluid that it contains. Chorionic Villus
Sampling (CVS) involves inserting a long needle into the mother's abdomen and sampling some of
the placenta. Both tests samples are then tested for genetic disorders in the child. Not only are these
tests invasive but they pose the risk of a miscarriage from 1–0.25% opposed to a blood sample that
only comes from the mother. As previously stated, this procedure can detect a new unborn child's
potential genetic disorders or disabilities. The information is then relayed back to the parents and
giving them extra warning

Essay Of Prenatal Screening In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
In her novel, Frankenstein, Mary Shelley warns of the boundaries of scientific exploration. Victor
Frankenstein, a brilliant scientist, attempts to play God in resurrecting a corpse and creating new
life. This has disastrous effects which include the death of many characters throughout the novel. All
told, the story provides a cautionary tale of the attempts to "play God" in regards to scientific
advancement. This raises the question of how far is too far in terms of scientific exploration. With
the increasing popularity of eugenics in regards to prenatal screening, one can't help but wonder, is
this the dangerous idea of "playing God" that Shelley warned us about? One of the most common
forms of eugenics nowadays is prenatal sex selection. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During IVF, the egg is typically fertilized in a lab before being implanted into the uterus. Before
transferring the embryo into the uterus, some fertility clinics offer patients the option of choosing
what sex embryo they want. Although IVF is more commonly used for families struggling with
infertility rather than for the sole purpose of sex selection, sex selection is still an option. This seems
both futuristic and controversial but Codington–Lacerte argues that prenatal sex selection methods
allow parents to make informed choices about the makeup of their families (Codington–Lacerte,
"Point: Sex Selection"). This type of eugenics is seemingly harmless because in choosing a sex for
their child, parents aren't really damaging society. However, by giving parents the ability to choose
whether they want a male or female child, the possibility of a skewed sex ratio greatens. In countries
where sex selection is common, gender biases are already skewing the sex. According to
Codington–Lacerte, Americans also exhibit a son preference (Codington–Lacerte, "Counterpoint:
Sex Selection"). By 2009, over thirty countries, predominantly in Europe and the Asia–Pacific
region, had

Pros And Cons Of Genetic Testing
What are the most serious genetic diseases and what are the pros and cons of genetic testing? Here is
a real life story of a woman who has been greatly affected by genetic testing and has seen both the
good and the bad of genetic testing. This is a story that was posted in an article called "6 Moms
Share Their Real Prenatal Testing Stories" on the website "What to Expect" from Courtney from
Lake Stevens, Washington about how genetic testing has affected her life. So for Courtney, a few
weeks after her 13 week ultrasound and her quad screen her doctors told her she had a positive
screen for Down syndrome. So at 17 weeks she had to go back in for another ultrasound and genetic
counseling which according to kids health.org is counseling that allows a genetic counselor to
evaluate the results of a genetic test with the parents and helps the parents understand and reach
decisions on what to do next. Her ultrasound looked great but still had a positive screen for Down
syndrome. So she was was recommended for either an amnio or verifi test. Courtney then went to
genetic counseling and choose to have the verifi test done over the amnio. A week later her results
came back negative for Down syndrome and confirmed the baby was a girl. Courtney said "I am
glad we opted to get the verifi test done especially after the stress of getting a positive screening
before. I like how that if the NIPT did turn out positive for Down syndrome, I could have prepared
ahead of time for the care of a special needs child would require, rather than feeling completely
caught off–guard at birth." As you can see genetic testing is very important and can affect a child's
and parents lives for the better and the worst. Children all over the world have serious genetic
diseases that affect their life on a daily. Some of these diseases are Achondroplasia, Down
syndrome, and Turner's syndrome. Many believe genetic testing is a good way to test for these
genetic conditions before the child is even born, but others think that it can harm the baby very
badly and even cause a miscarriage, so they choose not to do this kind of testing. Knowing about the
most serious genetic diseases is very important for expecting parents to be informed as well as being

One of the reasons that people often receive a late prostate cancer diagnosis is because they may
notice any signs. Most people do not notice any enlarged prostate symptoms until the cancer is
advanced. There are a number of prostate cancer signs & symptoms a person may notice if he is in
the advanced stages. Below is a list of prostate cancer symptoms:
Prostate Cancer And The Urethra
Prostate cancer affects the urethra and the bladder. That is why men who have prostate cancer are
likely to have urinary problems. They may have to get up frequently in the middle of night to go to
the restroom. It is also common for a man with prostate cancer to experience a burning sensation
while urinating.
The prostate cancer urinary stream may be weak.

Prenatal Testing Persuasive Speech
A mother is in the hospital and she has just given birth to a handsome baby boy. However, she did
not know that her little boy would be born with Tay–Sachs disease. Tay–Sachs is an inherited
disease that destroys neurons in the brain and spinal cord. As the mother's child gets older, he will
suffer from the loss of his ability to use his motor skills. Eventually, he will lose his hearing and
vision, and could possible obtain seizures; he will probably not live past early childhood. But what if
this tragedy could be stopped? What if there were a solution to all of this suffering? There is a
solution, and the solution is called prenatal testing. Prenatal testing is a test that can be done on the
unborn child to detect things such as birth defects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first way that prenatal testing can be done is through something called a prenatal diagnostic test.
"In general, it is the diagnostic procedures, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, that
people think of when they hear the term prenatal testing," (Press 1). Amniocentesis is when doctors
take a sample of the fluid that surrounds the baby in the uterus to determine certain genetic disorders
or chromosomal abnormalities. Chorionic villus sampling is when doctors take cells from
projections on the placenta to also discover any genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities.
These processes are considered "invasive" because they are putting objects that could potentially
hurt the baby into the protective area surrounding the baby. These ways of prenatal testing come
with a very negative feeling because they could possibly injure the baby, and the word invasive is
attached to a very negative connotation. However, these options can find more abnormalities and
diseases than non–invasive prenatal testing. "NIPT accurately diagnoses Down's syndrome,
Edward's syndrome, Patau syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and numerical chromosome aberration and
cannot detect other chromosomal anomalies," (Ryu & Kim 1). Even though this is true, NIPT is still
a very beneficial option to the mother and unborn child. NIPT usually uses a DNA sample to
determine chromosomal abnormalities that could lead to things such as Down's syndrome. The
procedure is done by the doctors taking a sample of the mother's blood to determine what types of
diseases and disabilities the baby will have. Many people like this type of prenatal testing because it
is not detrimental to the baby, or mother's health. "Studies investigating the acceptability of NIPT
suggest that pregnant women find it preferable because the standard screening is associated with
more uncertain results and

J Adams's Theory Of Prostate Cancer
In 1853, J. Adams, a surgeon at The London Hospital, documented the first case of prostate cancer.
This was discovered by a histological examination. He documented in his report that this condition
was "a very rare disease." (Adams, 1853) At that time it was not clear to track the trend of prostate
cancer as it now poses as a significant health problem. "In the United States, it is the most
commonly diagnosed cancer in men, with 180,000 new cases and about 31,000 deaths occurring
annually." (Greenlee, Hill–Harmon, Murray, T. & Thun, M, 2001) This number has been an increase
due to three different causes. The first is that prostate cancer did not become differentiated from
other types of urinary obstruction until the early 1900s. The next cause ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 2015, approximately 220,800 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer, and more than 27,540
men will die from the disease. One new case occurs every 2.4 minutes and a man dies from prostate
cancer every 19.1 minutes. It is estimated that there are nearly 3 million American men currently
living with prostate cancer. A non–smoking man is more likely to develop prostate cancer than he is
to develop colon, bladder, melanoma, lymphoma and kidney cancers combined. (PCF, 2015)
Studies have also shown that men are 35% more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer than
women are to be diagnosed with breast cancer. (PCF, 2015) With respects to our central focused
(target group): men over 65; the African American race, and individuals with a family history of the
disease are subject to increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with the disease. The Prostate
Cancer Foundation also found the

Signs and Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Unlike many other cancers and serious health problems, prostate cancer does not usually show its
symptoms during the earlier stages of its development. This can make it a lot more dangerous than
many other cancers and in the US; it ranks amongst the top four most commonly diagnosed cancers
(alongside breast, colorectal and lung).
How is prostate cancer diagnosed and detected?
Once again, unlike most cancers the signs of prostate cancer can develop very differently in each
individual male as the cause of the cancer can also vary greatly. Due to these wide ranges of causes
and symptoms, a number of different screening procedures may be required to clear or diagnose
someone with prostate cancer. These screening

Persuasive Essay On Child Pregnancy
The pregnancy for nine months had been completely normal and healthy. The parents chose not to
have prenatal genetic testing done. When Noah was born, he was rushed away for hours. The
pediatrician came and broke the news to the parents. They wailed and cried for their boy when the
words Down syndrome were spoken. This was a complete shock; no one was prepared. The second
Noah was brought into the room, however, love and excitement completely filled the room. The
parents were expecting a beautiful little boy, and that is what they received. Their journey would be
different from a normal, healthy child, but still amazing. They still celebrated and loved this new life
which they had brought into the world ("Noah's Birth Story"). Another mother, Chloe, did not have
genetic testing done in her first pregnancy because she told herself there would be no point because
abortion was not an option. The second pregnancy, however, something was different. Chloe had
been gaining extra weight, and there were small signs of Down syndrome. Her midwife suggested
that she have prenatal genetic tests done. The hard part came when the positive results came back.
Neither Chloe nor her partner wanted their unborn son Tommy to live with any disabilities or
struggles. Due to the diagnosis and after much consideration, they made the decision to terminate
the pregnancy at nineteen weeks. Chloe said it was the most heart–wrenching experience of her life.
Even with the support and love of friends and

Essay On Prenatal Genetic Testing
With the recent advancements in genetic technology, it is now possible for us to recognize and
diagnose defects during the pregnancy stage of development. The Genetic Interest Group (2004)
says, "For parents at risk of having a child with a genetic disorder, testing of embryos prior to
implantation or during pregnancy is an important option." There are certain individuals who reject
the idea of prenatal genetic testing simply because they are against the action of abortion; however,
performing genetic testing during the pregnancy stage is still a decision to be made by the mother.
(Gillot, 2001). In speaking of genetic screening for cystic fibrosis, Murray and Cuckle (1999) boldly
state that, "The aim of genetic screening for CF is to reduce the birth prevalence of the disorder. This
is primarily achieved by identifying carrier couples that can have prenatal diagnosis and selective
termination of pregnancy." Although there are many implications for prenatal genetic testing,
viewing this from a utilitarian perspective we can see that genetic testing with the aim of selectively
terminating fetuses with disabling but otherwise manageable or curable diseases is unethical.
Furthermore, selective termination from a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As background, cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by problems associated with the respiratory and
gastrointestinal tracts. There are infants who are born with immediate symptoms, but also some who
do not experience problems for months to years. It is important to note that with our modern
technology, it is projected that survival rates for cystic fibrosis may surpass 40 years (Murray and
Cuckle, 1999). As mentioned previously, the main purpose of genetic screening is to reduce birth
prevalence of the disorder. Taylor and Hewison (1999) state that, "This is primarily achieved by
identifying carrier couples that can have prenatal diagnosis and selective termination of

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Analysis
Response # 2
Hello Marvis Bellagwa,
I enjoyed reading your great post. The prostate–specific antigen (PSA) analysis is indeed the utmost
essential test in men's health utilized to screen substantial populaces for prostate cancer, which have
shown to decrease the number of men with advanced prostate cancer. According to Moyer (2012),
the U.S Preventive Service Task Force {USPSTF} indicated there is greatest controversial related to
the efficacy or actual believability in the discovery and following patient survival, henceforth, the
propose is a PSA contradiction screening amidst men aged 75 years or older. Furthermore, it
indicated currently the equilibrium amid the benefits and disadvantages of prostate cancer screening
amongst men below age 75 years indeed cannot actually be measured related to inadequate evidence
(Moyer, 2012). In–spite of the recommendation of the USPSTF, arrays of urologist attest to the
advantages of PSA test. According to American Cancer Society {ACS}, 2010 guideline related to
early discovery of prostate cancer emphasized the significance of incorporating the men in the
decision of either to test for prostate cancer or not; even though ACS acknowledged the advantages
of PSA in lessening the probability of dying from prostate cancer (Wolf, Wender, Etzioni ,
Thompson, D'Amico, Volk, et al., 2010). The ACS guideline also noted that the risk involved is
enormous especially with actual treatment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. (2012). On behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Prostate Cancer:
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Annals of Internal Medicine,
157(2), 120–134. doi: 10.7326/0003–4819–157–2–201207170–00459
Wolf, A. M. D., Wender, R. C., Etzioni, R. B., Thompson, I. M., D'Amico, A. V., Volk, R. J., ... &
Smith, R. A. (2010), American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer:
Update 2010. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 60(2), 70–98.

Argument Against Prenatal Genetic Screening
Argument Against Prenatal Genetic Screening In this essay, I will argue that prenatal screening for
disabilities for the intent of actively choosing to have a child without a disability is immoral. By
disability, I mean the definition provided in a medical dictionary: "A disadvantage or deficiency,
especially a physical or mental impairment that prevents or restricts normal achievement". This does
not include diseases that are considered inevitably and irreversibly fatal, nor does it include birth
situations that are considered detrimental to the mother. I will use the term "possible child" hereafter
to avoid loaded and biased terms such as "fetus" or "baby". My argument is this: First, when one
makes a conscious decision to have a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the issue arises when the parent uses prenatal genetic screening for the purpose of
aborting a pregnancy or terminating an embryo fertilized in vitro. Instead of using technology to be
informed and prepare the best possible life for a possible child, the parents are choosing whether or
not to allow the life of the possible child to exist. Third, prenatal genetic screening is an unreliable
way to judge one's quality of life. One reason is that it's inaccurate, inconsistent, and incomplete.
Prenatal genetic screening does not give accurate diagnoses of disabilities, but merely the
probability that a possible child might have a mutated gene, which might cause a disorder. In his
Second Edition Bioethics text, Lewis Vaughn says that, "...a positive test result (one identifying a
mutation) does not guarantee the development of a genetic disorder". And for more complicated
disabilities that are caused by several mutated genes combined with environmental factors, the
chances of an accurate test result are even far slimmer. Another reason is that an accurate and
positive test result does not necessarily adversely affect the possible child's quality of life. If a child
is born deaf, he is living a life that he has been accustomed to since birth and is not aware of another
way of life. His quality of life, to his own awareness and standard, is not affected like it

Should Abortion Be Legal?
Abortion is viewed as a negative decision to some people, but in recent years with the advancements
in technology and prenatal testing, selective abortion has started to become widely popular among
the newer generations. It is a very controversial due to many people believing it is unethical and a
poor decision. There are many logical reasons for a woman wanting an abortion for a child with a
disability such as, getting raped, not being financially stable enough to give the child a good quality
of life, and the disruption of families a child with a disability can cause (D.I. Bromage). I believe
women should be able to do whatever they choose with their body and if they want an abortion, no
matter how healthy or not the baby is, they should be able to go through with an abortion without
backlash. Prenatal testing and selective abortion is a good option for many parents and future
mothers of children with a disability. It is beneficial both financially and mentally for some parents.
The amount of money spent on a child from birth to whenever they leave the house is astronomical
and it is not ideal for some parents, especially if the child has a disability. With recent advancements
in prenatal testing, it has become a very safe option that is becoming more accepted with the years
that pass. The responsibility that comes with a child is a huge factor in deciding whether to go
through with the pregnancy or not. It is usually a hard decision to have an abortion or not, but when

Health Belief Model Prostate Cancer
Introduction According to Anderson and Marshall–Lucette (2016), prostate cancer is the second
leading cause of deaths in developed countires with the highest incidence in diagnoses for males
worldwide. (p1046) "African American men have the highest incidence of prostate cancer, with a 1
in 5 probability of getting prostate cancer with the lowest rate of participation in prostate cancer
screening. (Sandiford & D'Errico, 2015, p.86) The Health Belief Model was constructed to help
understand behavior and reasons for noncompliance with medical care and actions. Nurses and
healthcare professionals can use the information to help develop a model regarding prostate cancer
screening that will educate patients, promote health, help prevent disease ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Educating males on the severity of prostate cancer in their culture and the importance in screening
for the condition can save many lives. It is our job, as healthcare professionals, to provide this
patient population with a means and strategy capable of reducing the prevalence of prostate cancer.
Many men are not aware but routine screening should start when one reaches his 50's or 40's if he is
from a high–risk group or has a family history of the disease. (Sandiford, L., & D'Errico, E. 2016,
p86) According to Anderson & Mashall–Lucette (2016), African American men are disinclined to
participate in screening programs due to fear that the digital rectal exam can lead to homosexuality
or changes in masculinity, a diagnosis may be discovered, lack of knowledge surrounding the
diagnosis and family history, socioeconomic status, changes in one's sex life, and developing sexual
or urinary dysfunction.

Persuasive Essay On Prenatal Testing
Title: Everyone Planning to Start a Family Should Do Prenatal Testing
Pregnancy is a time, filled with both wonderful and exciting moments of anticipation. Most
pregnancies result in healthy babies while a small percent of all babies are born with birth defects
regardless of mother's history, exposure to toxic carcinogenic substances, and mother's age. The
decision to have any prenatal testing is usually up to the parents. Prenatal testing is done for many
reasons. In this paper, I endeavor to highlight the most important ones, which are; to check for fetal
abnormalities; make informed decisions before, during and after the pregnancy and to have a piece
of mind! – These are the most important reasons. All expectant mothers are entitled to be offered the
option of screening and diagnostic testing during their pregnancies, to determine whether they are at
a higher risk to have a baby with certain types of birth defects or safely carry the pregnancy to term.
It is important to note that, prenatal screening does not only apply to the fetus, but to the mother as
well. Emily Osters (1) says, "Prenatal testing is a complicated decision for many women, forcing us
to confront concerns about a disabled child and risks of miscarriage." (Emily Oster)
Assessing maternal conditions to ensure a healthy pregnancy is vital too, although checking fetal
abnormalities precedes.
To check for fetal abnormalities, emotional preparation is required by the expectant parents. This is
performed by the family physician and a genetic counsellor. Genetic counselling is an information
session between you and your partner and a genetic counselor or group of counselors. A genetic
counselor will not make a decision for you. He or she will provide information on tests you might
take and what the results of those tests may indicate (2). It is of paramount importance for new
parents to be aware of the choices available. Having a prenatal test is a decision for you and your
family. It is helpful to discuss these choices with your family doctor or genetic counsellor and sort
out any detected arising issues early. Detection of fetal abnormalities provides an assessment of the
risk of carrying a fetus with

The Pros and Cons of Prenatal Screening Essay
Child is a gift from God. Every parent hopes for a healthy child. However, abnormalities in the fetus
growth becoming common nowadays. These may be due to physical, radiation and chemical factors.
These factors will cause deformities such as genetic mutation which causes mental retardation,
abnormal body buildup and other conditions which bring a lot of troubles in the future to the child
themselves and their parents. Modern technologies and innovations in the medical field had
developed a method to detect the abnormality before delivery and prevent this future tragedy to
happen. This method is known as prenatal screening. There are several advantages and
disadvantages of prenatal screening.
Prenatal screening is a test to detect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When parents know the fetus is "special", they may be chosen to terminate the pregnancy. Thus, in
general prenatal screening helps to detect congenital disabilities but is also thought to be the
'remedy' selective abortion (Seller, 1976).
One of the benefits of prenatal screening is to enable early detection of the developmental defect
embryology. This embryology developmental defect may be due to the mutation or genetic
inheritance. Mutation is a condition characterized by permanent change in the DNA sequence that
makes up a gene. It can range in different sizes from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a
large segment of a chromosome. On the other hand, genetic inheritance is a condition whereby
parents pass traits such as height and other characteristics to the children by chromosomes.
"Sonograms, genetic tests and a new test called pre–implantation genetic diagnosis –– which is a
genetic test conducted on embryos for people attempting pregnancy through in vitro fertilization ––
allow women to better predict if the infant will have a genetic defect" (New York Times Magazine,
2006). Thus thorough these tests, medical practitioners are able to identify and make early
preparation toward any abnormalities of the fetus.
Besides that, prenatal screening also improves lives. This is because prenatal screening is able to
prevent abnormalities which bring difficulties in human life. At this time, "no regulations ... prenatal
screening guides parents and

Essay On Prostate Cancer
One of the most common cancers to be diagnosed in men, prostate cancer has a good prognosis
when diagnosed early. Approximately 2.8 million men in the United States have prostate cancer.
Raising awareness for this type of cancer is key in being able to detect this cancer early and saving
more lives.
Definition
Prostate cancer begins in the prostate, which is a walnut–shaped gland that is responsible for
producing seminal fluid. Some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need very little
treatment, while other types grow quickly and aggressively.
Symptoms
Unfortunately, in its very early stages prostate cancer has few symptoms. As the tumor grows it
begins to affect the body. These signs include:
trouble urinating blood in the semen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most recommend screening beginning at the age of 50, with screening starting sooner for those who
have a history of prostate symptoms.
Diagnosis
A digital rectal exam (DRE) can be a useful tool in screening for prostate cancer. A doctor will insert
a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum. The rectum is adjacent to the prostate and abnormalities
in the size, shape or texture can indicate the need for further testing.
A blood test that tests for prostate–specific antigen (PSA) may also be done. Normally a small
amount of PSA is in the blood for healthy men; a higher amount can indicate abnormalities with the
prostate. The PSA combined with the DRE test has the highest rate of discovering prostate cancer in
its early stages.
If abnormalities are found during screening, an ultrasound and a prostate tissue biopsy will be done
to determine if the patient has prostate cancer.
Treatment

If the cancer is slow–growing, no treatment may be necessary. Doctors will monitor the tumor to
determine if it's growing and if further action needs to be taken.
In cancers that are more aggressive, radiation to kill the cancer cells, hormone therapy to slow the
production of testosterone or surgery to remove the prostate may be

The Disadvantages Of Prenatal Testing For Children
Prenatal testing includes an array of tests that give women information about their baby's health and
well–being. These tests have established a basis for early detection and treatment of common
ailments during a woman's pregnancy. The tests offer a broad spectrum of information to women
about their baby's state of being; however, they can be dangerous depending on the procedure.
Though helpful yet risky, prenatal testing comes with both advantages and disadvantages. Prenatal
testing provides many advantages to women and their babies. One major advantage is the ability to
detect a vast variety of diseases and disorders before the baby is even born. According to Prenatal
Screening and Its Impact on Persons with Disabilities, "The most frequently given reason is that
[doctors] are trying to 'prevent' or ameliorate medical or disabling conditions that are genetically
based" (Kaplan par.4). By having these advanced tests, it allows doctors to research and garner
information on how to prevent a possible disorder or disease. As reported by LiveScience, the tests
can detect genetic disorders and birth defects such as down syndrome, Tay–Sachs disease, sickle cell
anemia, or cystic fibrosis (Nierneberg par.2). These tests give the parents an advanced notice on
some issues they could possibly deal with now or at a later time. The tests can also determine the
sex of the baby which is always thrilling for the parents–to–be. Another advantage of prenatal
testing is that some

The Ethics Of Prenatal Screening
Ethics of Prenatal Screening
Prenatal screening itself is a moment that holds uncertainty and can change the lives of those
involved. . The chance of having a boy or girl seems to be the least of worries of expectant parents.
Having a child with disability has been stigmatized to be a much bigger issue that is considered a
"problem" in society. Even with issues surrounding prenatal screening, and it being ethical or "the
right thing to do," the worries of people with disabilities about how prenatal screening is handled
can be answered. Tom Shakespeare references in, Solving the Disability Problem Whose
Responsibility? how "scientific progress has created a situation in which childhood disability has
moved from being considered a random chance or act of God, to something which can often be
anticipated, and thus prevented" (Shakespeare 2005). Before science could tell us the gender of our
future children, and any other problem that may entail, it was up to chance and choice whether one
would follow through with complete pregnancy. With technology and advances in prenatal
screening, anticipation is removed, predominantly due to the fear of having to raise a child with a
disability. In contrast to negative and opposing views, Madeo et. al mentioned Lardy et. al's study,
which showed that those who suffer from a disability have the ability to maintain, "friendships, hold
jobs, and go to school" (Madeo et. al 2010, 1778). Even with attitudes, which dishearten the lives of
the

Prenatal And Routine Postnatal Hiv Screening
I. Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) diagnoses are increasing among women in
the United States; as a result there is an increase in newborns born with HIV via vertical
transmission, accounting for nearly all pediatric AIDS cases in the US. Between 1999 and 2000,
about 370 HIV infected infants were born, 40% of which were born to mothers who were unaware
of their HIV status before delivery. Without antiretroviral therapy or other forms of intervention,
25% of infected pregnant women will transmit the virus to their child during pregnancy, labor or
delivery, or after delivery. In recent years, systematic reviews and peer reviewed studies have
suggested that mandatory screening for HIV in pregnant women is a cost–effective ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study found that with the prenatal screening program, requiring pregnant women be screened
for HIV, more women would be tested (about 1.1 million), identifying 527 HIV infected pregnant
women and prevent 150 mother–infant transmission of HIV annually. This program would increase
life years by 3,311 among newborns and cost an estimated $8,900 per life year gained, or $195,700
per case of HIV avoided. The new born screening program, requiring all newborn infants be
screened, would result in 3.9 million infants tested annually and would prevent 266 cases of
newborn HIV infection. This method would identify 1,061 HIV infected women who gave birth and
increase life years by 5,878. The annual cost of the program is an estimated $40.9 million, or $7,000
per life year gained, and $153,000 per prevented HIV cases. The benefits of the newborn screening
program decrease if pregnant women agree to participate in the prenatal program; however, it is
argued that newborn screening is a non–consensual method of screening pregnant women (Zaric, G.,
Bayoumi, A., Brandeau, M., & Owens, D. 2000). Similar to Zaric's study, Josephine A. Mauskopf
conducted a study on the impact of HIV treatment in pregnant women and their newborns. Cost was
defined and estimated as Zaric defined cost and the conclusions were

The Importance Of Prenatal Screening

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