Ankle And Foot Essay

Ankle And Foot Essay
Introduction The lower extremity, an important part of a person's daily lifestyle; responsible for
most things related to movement, and travelling from one place to another. This region of the body
includes the hip, knee, ankle, and the bones of the thigh, leg, and foot. Most people refer to the
lower extremity as the leg. The leg, however, is in fact the body part situated between the knee and
the joints of the ankle. Along with the hip joint, the leg, knee, ankle and foot work together in
synchronised unison to enable movement in the lower extremity. This report shall focus on a study
of the hip, knee, and the ankle and foot.
Hip
Structure and Movement
Of all vital parts in the human body, the hip joint is one of the most significant, bearing the ... Show
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These injuries occur less frequently as compared to ACL tears, and physical therapy, instead of
surgery, is the more widely used option.
Ankle and Foot
Structure and Movement (Ankle)
The human foot is a part of the human body where mechanical complexity and structural strength
both play vital roles. The ankle serves to provide a foundation, shock absorption and propulsion for
movement, while the foot assists in sustaining significant pressures and loads, along with providing
flexibility and mobility.
The foot and ankle contains up to 26 bones, 33 joints, more than 100 muscles, tendons and
ligaments and a complex system of blood vessels, nerves, skin, and tissue.
Together these important components serve to provide support, balance and mobility to the rest of
the body above. A hinged synovial joint, the range of motion of the ankle comprise primarily
plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, or an up–and–down movement. However, along with other ranges
of motion, the full network of joints function as a single universal joint, as shown in the following
image.
Anatomy of the lateral ankle ligamentous complex and related

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Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essay
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Purpose:
What is the purpose of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise is for students to identify and
name the major muscles of the human body. Students will also understand the muscle actions
correspond with their locations in the body.
Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what
precautions should be taken. There are some safety concerns with this exercise. Gloves, masks and
goggles should be worn at all times. Using the tools correctly is imparitive to making sure the
student remains unharmed. Exercise 1: Muscles of the Head and Neck Data Table 1 – Movement(s)
performed by each muscle for Figures 3–4. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One antagonist for the should flexion is the sternocleidmastoid. E. What are the muscles between the
ribs called? What do they do?
The muscles between the ribs are called Serratus Anterior. They are responsible for protecting,
stabilizing and moving the scapula.
Exercise 3: Muscles of the Upper Body
Data Table 3 – Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 8–10.
Muscle|Movement(s) Performed|
Anconeus |Extends elbow|
Biceps brachii|Flexion of the elbow and shoulder|
Brachialis|Flexion of the elbow|
Brachioradialis |Flexes elbow|
Coracobrachialis|Flexes and horizontally the arm|
Extensor carpi radialis longus|Extends and Adducts the wrist|
Extensor carpi radialis brevis||
Extensor digitorum communis|Extends the wrist|
Flexor carpi radialis|Flexion and adducts the wrist|
Flexor carpi ulnaris|Flexion and Adducts the wrist|
Infraspinatus|Modulates deltoid, rotates humerus|
Palmaris longus|Flexion of the wrist|
Pronator teres|Flexes elbow|

Teres minor|Rotates humerus laterally|
Triceps brachii|Extends elbow, extends and adducts humerus|
QUESTIONS
A. List three agonist muscles that flex the elbow. Three agonist muscles that flex the elbow are the
brachialis, brachioradialis, and Pronator teres.
B. List one antagonist for elbow flexion. An antagonist for elbow flexion is the tricep brachii.
C. List two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist. Two muscles that flex the

Ballet Journals Essay
Ballet Journals (term 3)
Ashley Booth
Lesson one
One of the main focuses of todays lesson was basic technique. We concentrated on alignment, safe
dance practice in ballet and body limitations. By this I mean, how far we can push our bodies with
out being in risk of causing injury. Technique in ballet is the learning of movement and refers to a
way of using the body in the correct alignment. Alignment in ballet refers to keeping the head,
shoulders and hips vertically aligned. A dancer with good technique requires good placement,
alignment and turnout. Turnout refers to completing movements with your legs rotated outwards
using the six deep outward rotators of the hip joint (ball and socket). This promotes clean footwork,
graceful port ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This mean that I am pulling my pelvic floor muscles up towards the centre of my body, while also
lifting my transverse abdominals, switching on the rectus abdominals and the internal and external
obliques. I must think about pulling my belly button back towards the spine, this will then
automatically close off my rib cage, achieving correct alignment of the core. It is crucial to hold our
abdominal muscles as it is our base of support for all movements. If the abdominal muscles are not
held it can lead to incorrect posture therefore setting all of your alignment out of place, putting your
body in serious risk of being injured.
Our first exercise for todays class was a simple plie exercise. Even though this exercise did not have
'difficult movement' I still found it very hard to maintain turnout throughout the exercise, especially
when moving through the plie motion.
To maintain turnout during a plie you must use the six deep outward rotators that are connected to
the hip joint (ball and socket joint). A ball and socket joint is a freely moving joint in which a sphere
on the head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity in the other bone. These six deep outward rotators
are attached to the pelvis and wrap around to the thigh muscles, they are located underneath the
gluteus Maximus. Rotation must be initiated at the hip. The adductors, four quadricep muscles and
hamstring are also a prime factor in controlling the stability of the pelvis. Weakness in any

Explain The Six Fundamental Movements Of Major Body Segments
The six fundamental movements of major body segments are, abduction, extension, flexion,
rotation, adduction, and circumduction. Abduction is the movement of a body part away from the
midline, an example of that would be lateral raises using a dumbbell. Another example would be the
lateral shuffle. It targets the muscles of the thighs, hips, and buttocks. An extension movement
would be the return from flexion and an exercise for this would–be leg extensions. An example of a
flexion movement is a hamstring stretch. Rotation is the circular movement of a body segment about
a long axis and an example is when a tennis player hits the ball backhanded. Adduction is movement
of a body part toward the midline. An example of this would be to use the

Hip Fracture Research Paper
Introduction
A hip fracture is a fracture of the upper part of your thigh bone (femur).
What are the causes?
This condition is caused by a direct blow (trauma) to the side of your hip. This is usually the result
of a fall but can occur in other circumstances, such as an automobile accident.
What increases the risk?
You are more likely to develop this condition if:
You have an unsteady walking pattern (gait) and you have conditions that contribute to poor
balance, such as Parkinson's disease or dementia.
You have osteopenia and osteoporosis.
You have cancer that spreads to the leg bones.
You have certain metabolic diseases.
What are the signs or symptoms?
Symptoms of this condition include:
Pain over the injured hip.
Inability to put weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MRI and CT scans. Rarely used when the fracture is not visible on an X–ray.
How is this treated?
Treatment for this condition is usually by surgery. This means using a screw, nail, or rod to hold the
bones in place.
Follow these instructions at home:
Take all medicines as directed by your health care provider.
Managing pain, stiffness, and swelling
If directed, apply ice to the injured area:
Put ice in a plastic bag.
Place a towel between your skin and the bag.
Leave the ice on for 20 minutes, 2–3 times a day.
Take over–the–counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider.
If you were prescribed a pain medicine, do not drive or use heavy machinery while taking them.
Activity
Avoid physical activity for as long as directed. Ask your health care provider what activities are safe
for you.
Do not drive or operate heavy machinery until your health care provider tells you it is safe to do.
General instructions
Do not use any products that contain nicotine or tobacco, such as cigarettes and e–cigarettes. These

can delay bone healing. If you need help quitting, ask your health care provider.
Limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 drink a day for non–pregnant women and 2 drinks a day for
men. One drink equals 12 oz. of beer, 5 oz. of wine, or 1½ oz. of hard

Pico Question
PICO Question: Is eccentric strengthening the best rehabilitation approach for an older, sedentary
adult with fibularis tendiopathy seeking to stay independent in a home with stairs? (Pt. is 77 y/o
female, presents with R Fibularis longus tendinopathy, needing return of ankle function for
ascending/ descending 15 home stairs and community ambulation. Hx of hypothyroidism, spine
compression fx, asthma, joint problems.) Clinical Bottom Line: Sedentary tendinopathy pts did not
respond as well to eccentric loading for tendon rehab as did athletes in prior studies. Study
specifically designed to study response of sedentary population to eccentric strengthening for
tendinopathy Study excluded patients with metabolic disorders Summary of Key Evidence: ... Show
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Each participant was diagnosed with chronic unilateral mid–line achilles tendiopathy using valid
and reliable tests (palpation, Arc sign, and Royal London Test) by the lead investigator of the study.
Excluded from the study were athletes, individuals diagnosed with paratendinopathy of the achilles,
and individuals with metabolic disorders. Procedure: The study was a case series, therefore a single
group was used that included all participants receiving the same program. The intervention included
progessive eccentric heel–drop exercises of the symptomatic tendon for a total of 12 weeks.
Participants progressed from 1 to 3 sets twice a day based on whether or not the exercises could be
completed pain free. Outcome

Hip Flexor Activity
During mid stance the peak height of the hip is seen to be higher on the prosthetic limb than in a non
amputee. This is a result of the reduced flexion of the prosthetic knee. Also the characteristic of the
prosthetic foot influences the peak height too. After contralateral foot contact an abrupt transition
from hip extension to flexion is seen. In the late stance, an eccentric hip flexor activity is seen as
compared to normal. This inturn generates higher hip flexor moment. This greater moment further
decelerates the extending hip and ensures that the HAT segment does not lag behind as the amputee
pulls themselves over the prosthesis.

noindent
Coming to swing now, it is seen that during early swing the hip flexors act concentrically

Speech: Would You Like To Learn Twerking?
Topic: Would you like to learn Twerking?
Dancing is a fun and entertaining way to move the body and never better. To some, wearing your
tracksuit for a few session at the gym is a daunting task, what if you talk the tracksuit and do
something more fun with it–dancing. I know you haven't heard about that. So today we will explore
what you need to know about twerking and offer you two places to begin your twerking class in
Barcelona. To many twerking is nothing more than a provocative dance, but look beyond what you
see and appreciate the sport part of it. Furthermore, it's not something that is quite easy for one to
move the ass in such a way but there is a physical effort and to be the best in it, you need a daily
practice to become successful. Brief History of Twerking
The origin of twerking is not known but the word "twerk" was used in a song by a Dj known as
Jubilee. According to some, it is associated with a religious celebrations in Africa. To other it is a
choreography that is dedicated to African Americans living in New Orleans. The practice of
twerking is gaining wide recognition and progressively fashionable, ladies all over the ... Show more
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I know when you saw it, you made a move if you could move your body a little and do some
twerking. If you are contemplating that you have seen all about twerking, then I am here to inform
you that this is just the beginning. So what is twerking all about? This is a dance which comprises of
thrusting and rhythmic shaking of your ass or butt. Well yeah, but how do you do it? Prior to starting
you have to understand that twerking has to do with more than the shaking of your ass or butt.
Shaking the muscles around the butt can be carried out by anyone, but for twerking this is more
advanced and require your practice. Twerking can be done in different styles but we will highlight
the standard move that is needed for your

Oompa Mount Adequate Movement Analysis
For our movement analysis project, we evaluated the oompa mount escape. In order to fully
understand this move, it is first necessary to evaluate what the mount position is. By doing this, the
method of escape will be better understood.
The mount is a fighting position where an individual straddles their adversary and puts their weight
on his or her chest. By doing this, it allows the fighter to control the movement of their opponent.
This enables them to easily strike the enemy combatant due to his limited mobility. Moreover, this
move can serve as a transition to other Brazilian Jiu–Jitsu moves such as armlocks or chokeholds.
Due to these facts, being held in this position is one of the worst scenarios that a fighter can find
themselves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, the motions involved are: flexion of the thigh, abduction of the thigh, extension of the
thigh, and adduction of the thigh. By looking at these motions individually, it will be clear what
muscles are involved in the motion.
The first motion is flexion of the thigh. This is important in order to throw the opponent forward.
This brings their arm closer to your body for the later part of the move, as well as, distributing their
weight in order to make the movement phase easier. The agonists of this motion are the iliacus,
psoas major, psoas minor, rectus femoris, sartoris, pectineus, gluteus minimum, and the tensor fascia
latae. Opposing this are the antagonist muscles, which extend the thigh. These are the biceps
femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosis, and the gluteus maximus.
The next progression of the preparatory phase is abduction of the hip. When performing this motion,
the goal is to abduct the thigh to a point that is past the lower leg of the opponent. For this, the
agonist muscles are the sartorius, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor fascia latae.
Opposing this are the antagonists, which consist of the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus,
adductor magnus, and the

Different Types Of Movements Are Performed During Ballet...
Many different types of movements are performed during ballet dancing. One of the most common
types of move is a turn, commonly referred to as a pirouette. A pirouette is a french term that was
started around the seventeen hundreds to mean a dancer turning (Lim, 2015). Pirouette is a general
description of a turn. Some detailed examples of pirouettes are en dedans, en dehors, attitudes,
arabesque turns, grande pirouettes, fouettés, and vertical pirouettes (Law, 2014). During the
Renaissance era in sixteenth century Italy, vertical pirouettes were developed for ballets. When a
dancer begins dance classes a vertical pirouette, it is one the first movements that they will learn.
This paper is about how to perform the vertical pirouette movement correctly as described in
biomechanics terms. Pirouettes are turns that can be executed in either direction of rotation. There
are five different phases for a pirouette. The phases are the preliminary phase, recovery phase, force
producing phase, the critical instant phase, and the follow–through phase. Each phase had a different
biomechanical principle that is applied, some phases could have more then one principle. During the
preliminary phase, there is hip rotation, knee flexion, foot dorsiflexion with placement in the
dominant and non–dominant. A dance wants their support to have a wide base and also they need to
have a low center of gravity. The movement for the arms are abduction and extension with the
thumb retracted in behind

Different Types of Tears During Shoulder Dislocation Essay
With all of the tears, the first type of tear is one where the labrum is torn all of the way off of the
bone. This type of tear usually correlates with an injury to the shoulder where the shoulder has
subluxated or dislocated. Sometimes, this tear occurs and the individual does not realize that the
shoulder has slid out of the socket. This can make it much worse and cause other types of injuries to
the ligaments around the shoulder.
The second type of labrum tear is tearing within the actual labrum. The sides of the labrum after a
while may get frayed, meaning a slight tear where the labrum slowly starts to unravel like yarn, so
that the edge is no longer even and smooth. This type of tearing is proven to be pretty common and
rarely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of the different tears have the same symptoms for the most part, as I explained before. There are
many different sports that one can find this injury in, especially when it is located in the shoulder.
Sports such as baseball, softball, tennis, football, frisbee, basketball and even hockey are just some
of the many sports that doctors have found this injury to be common in. This past year, a boy on my
brothers' hockey team tore his shoulder labrum at the beginning of the hockey season. He was not
able to practice, nor play in games during this time. Surgery for his injury was performed in
November, just as the hockey season was kicking off. His recovery is expected to take about 6
months because of the severity of the injury. He was originally in a sling for the first month.
Doctors' protocol had him icing everyday for at least two hours for the first month after surgery as
well. Once swelling began to go down, he began physical therapy. Currently, he's not allowed to lift
more than 20 pounds. Physical therapy is going really well and he is already supposed to shorten his
expected recovery time. He should be back in for this upcoming season.
There are a very small amount of easy treatments possible for this injury. Depending on the type of
labral tear and intensity of symptoms, one may need surgery. Most tears, both shoulder and hip, do
not depend upon surgery, but patients that obtain

Reflection About Life
Something I have always said is "life is about trials and tribulations, but it's how you react to them
that shapes the person you are." It all started around my sophomore year of high school, the pain
was excruciating and on going for months, and I just wanted answers to why I was in pain. Many
doctors said the same thing, but I knew that the amount of pain I was in something was wrong.
When I received the gut–wrenching news, my perspective on life changed and I realized who I
needed most in my life. God helped me through the predicament that I was placed in, and I learned
to grow from the tribulations I had to overcome. I have been playing soccer since I was three years
old and it has been a part of me ever since. It's the air I breath, it's my stress reliever, it's something I
turn to and just let everything go, it's as if soccer is imbedded into my DNA. Then something
changed a couple years ago during my sophomore year of soccer. The pain was excruciating, it hurt
to walk, to run, to even lay on my side during the night. My gut told me something was wrong, so I
went to my doctor on base and they diagnosed me with a strained hip flexor and quad muscle. I did
what they prescribed me to do, but the pain only kept getting worse. I along with my parents knew
their was something wrong that the doctors weren't seeing, so they made me an appointment with
Dr. Duncan. The pain had been going on for months now and I prepared myself for what I feared
most in life. The first

Sample Resume : Training Program Essay
Introduction
This program is designed for a female in her mid 50s. This program will consist resistance and
aerobic training. The female is a full time cashier and has limited experience to physical training.
Aside from the daily walking and standing from her full time job the female gets little to no
resistance or aerobic exercise. In younger years the female would travel by foot most of the time, so
there is a part history as it comes to "training" aerobically. She is known to experience some pain in
her bones but has been cleared to do moderate, low impact, resistance and aerobic exercise.
Clients goals are to increase her cardiovascular endurance and to involve some type of resistance
training to strengthen muscles. Optimal goal is to improve her overall physical fitness levels. Client
can give up to an hour of her daily time for training purposes for 7–day training program. Client will
aim to mostly improve aerobic fitness level and devote 3 days of the week to partake in training.
There will 1 full day dedicated to recovery of the body and the other 3 days will be dedicated to
resistance training. For example: M W F– aerobic, T TH –resistance, S –off day, Sun– mixed
training (half aerobic half resistance). Aerobically client can choose whether to exercise indoor or
outdoor. As for resistance training client will begin training in an outdoor/home basis gradually
moving into the gym.
Part 1
In order for to see some increase in muscle is recommended that she engages

Characteristics Of Chimpanzees
Chimpanzees, also known as Pan Troglodytes, are an African species of great ape which have a
stronger degree of relation to us than to gorillas (National Geographic, n.d.; Gebo, 2014). They
move both on land and in trees, mainly eating and resting above ground. An opposable thumb and
four fingers provide the ability to cling to trees, and the strength for this comes from a variety of
muscles such as the deltoid. The can move swiftly on land due to no tail and a plump body.
Quadrupedal locomotion is more likely to be executed on land, due to curvature of the spine, and
their knuckles assist them during this movement (Corporation, 2010; Fleagle, 2013). However,
chimpanzees also demonstrate bipedal locomotion when required, for example, to socialise using
hand signals (Corporation, 2010). Whilst moving in trees, they adopt suspensory as well as
quadrupedal movement (Fleagle, 2013).
Chimpanzees are cautious of leopards, but otherwise have no predators (Gebo, 2014). Chimpanzees
are omnivores, as demonstrated by both Moore et al., (2017); (Tennie et al., 2014), who found that
they fed on meat, such as squirrel sized vertebrates, and Piel et al.,( 2017), who discovered
chimpanzees ate at least 69 species of plant (National Geographic, n.d.). Throughout a day
chimpanzees trek long distances, with males travelling 4.9km, whilst females travel 3km (Gebo,
2014). Chimpanzees use a variety of different movements, however the main ones are torso–
orthograde suspensory movement, walking quadrupedally and climbing vertically. The locomotory
movements displayed by chimpanzees depended on age; infants used torso–orthograde suspensory
locomotion more than they used quadrupedal walking, compared to juveniles, adolescents and
adults. Quadrupedal walking was used less in juveniles compared to adults and adolescents. Torso–
orthograde suspensory movement during infancy decreased with age, and was replaced by
quadrupedal walking (Sarringhaus et al., 2014). This is partly due to the fact that infants travel on
their mother's back, clutching to her fur from birth to 2 years (National Geographic, n.d.). Infants
also moved more compared to adults, and showed greater forelimb use, whereas adults, adolescents
and juveniles showed a

Muscular Contributions And Hip And Knee Extension During...
The article "Muscular contributions to hip and knee extension during the single limb stance phase of
normal gait: a Theoretical Framework for Crouch Gait" by Allison Arnold, Frank Anderson, Marcus
Pandy, and Scott Delp investigates the biomechanics of normal gait in hopes to uncover ideas to
help determine treatments for crouch gait. Crouch gait is a bothersome abnormality that affects the
gait pattern of people who suffer from the condition of cerebral palsy. It's characterized by excessive
flexion of the hips and knees during standing and excessive use of metabolic energy to complete a
single gait cycle. Currently, the treatments for this condition are limited and have unpredictable
outcomes due to the unknown biomechanical causes of the excessive flexion in crouch gait. These
treatments include surgical lengthening of hamstrings, ankle–foot orthoses, and intense stretching
regimens, with patients experiencing results ranging from no improvement in their symptoms to
dramatic improvements. The vast array of results from treatments are due to the little understanding
medical professionals have of not only abnormal gait patterns (such as crouch gait) but of normal
gait as well (Arnold, Anderson, Pandy, and Delp, 2005). Despite the article's title relating to crouch
gait, the purpose of the study conducted was to examine and quantify the accelerations of normal
hip and knee movements that were induced by specific muscles during the single limb stance phase
and to rank these

Legg-Calve Perthes Research Paper
Legg–Calve Perthes is a disease that only affects children. Boys are five times more likely to
contract this disease, but girls have found to have more severe cases. It is unknown to why children
get this disease, but the condition tends to be more common to those exposed to second–hand
smoke. Children who have this disease will more than likely to have arthritis in the area when they
are older. It occurs when the blood supply (ischemia) to the head of the femur (the ball) is cut off
and the head begins to die (avascular necrosis). It is a temporary disease, because after the head of
the femur collapses a new one will regenerate back to a normal hip. This disease will cause pain and
can cause a limp in those affected. Doctors can use MRI's, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The earliest sign or what a doctor would look for in this disease is that the person will have a limp. It
may even be a painless limp. There could be pain in the anterior part of the thigh or knee. There
have been cases where the child has had pain concentrated only in the hip area and nowhere else in
the leg. An article from the National Osteonecrosis Foundation says, "...often you will first notice
limping during your child's active play". The child usually will not be able to pinpoint the exact
moment when they got injured, or exactly where the pain is if it towards the knee area. The patient
also could experience a limited range of motion or stiffness in the affected area. Symptoms
described to the doctors would also be pain can be experienced with internal rotation and abduction
of the joint, and also in the gluteus medius. Other places other than the hip joint that can experience
pain is the groin, thigh, or knee, but the most common symptom in LCPD is persistent pain in the
hip joint. The pain is usually aggravated during activity, so kids who are very active would
experience more pain than a kid who sits most of the day. A symptom that would be described to the
doctor would also be pain that goes away with rest. Children with LCPD may complain of muscle
spasms of the legs, and the patient could experience the loss of muscle mass in the quadriceps. In
emergency situations the child may even experience a fever

Hip Dysplasi Research Report
Hip Dysplasia
By: Alaysha Heiner
Biology Research report
Genetic disorders
Period 5
Based on the research I have completed, I have expanded my knowledge on hip dysplasia! This
research report contains what I have learned. Contained in this is an introduction to hip dysplasia,
the problem with it, causes, treatments to hip dysplasia and the effects of having hip dysplasia.
First, hip dysplasia, hip dysplasia is where the pelvic bone is not properly in the hip socket. This can
cause problems in walk creating pain. ?3–6 out of 1000 newborns have some form of hip dysplasia
or dysplastic hips.?(Hawkins, Judy C) (Where the hips are shallow in the socket and this can
develop into DDH.) Hip dysplasia or DDH is 9% more common in girls. Also, ?2–3 out of every
1000 infants will require some sort of treatment for DDH 1 out of every 1000 are diagnosed with
DDH.?(Kidd, Randy) If treated the life expectance for someone with developmental dysplasia of the
hips is a full life. If they are not treated you can live your whole life but will not walk, have a lot of
pain and will most likely need full hip replacements by the age 20.
Some of the physical features and clues that you have hip dysplasia are 1 leg might be longer than
the other, your hip clicks when it is moved in a circle and it also can be detected in ultrasounds and
x–rays. It can be passed through families genetically by either parent and it usually skips a
generation. This is because it is a

Acetabular Labbulu Research Papers
The hip is a very versatile joint that allows a high degree of movement, although not quite as great
as the shoulder. Being a ball and socket joint, it allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and
other ranges of motion to occur. It is the second largest weight–bearing joint in the body, only the
knee can bear more weight. It involves a complex system of bones, ligaments, and nerves to cause
the movements needed to get the body in motion. Although the hip is such an important joint many
things can go wrong if not taken care of properly, especially when it comes to the bones of the joint.
The two bones that make up the hip joint are the pelvis, also known as the hip bone, and the femur.
The pelvis is the "socket" portion of what we call ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These muscles help the joint stay stable and are the power behind the movements associated with
the joint. The muscles can be grouped into four groups (!). You have the anterior, posterior,
adductor, and abductor groups. The muscles in the anterior group are the psoas major, iliacus, rectus
femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus larteralis, and vastus medialis. These muscles help to lift the leg,
sit up, or kick a ball (!). Next is the posterior group which assist in things like standing, walking, and
running. Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus are the three muscles of the
posterior group. The adductor group is the muscle inside of the leg that help move the leg toward the
body. These muscles are the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and
gracilis. Lastly you have the abductor group which move the leg away from the body as in a split.
These are the piriformis, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, tensor fasciae latae, Sartorius, gluteus
medius, and gluteus

Hip Flexor Moment Lab Report
From cite{aus} and cite{childers2012measurement} the biomechanics of the hip is studied. When
we walk, during the initial contact the hip moves towards extension. However once the heel contacts
the ground range of extension reduces. With short stump it stays in flexion.
The peak hip extension occurs late as compared to a normal gait which is $~65%$ stride c/w
$55%$. This happens as an attempt to increase the step length of the intact limb when no prosthetic
push off is present. The work of the concentric hip extensor is to create the hip extensor moment.
This hip extensor moment is also seen to be higher than in the case of normal gait. This is prominent
in the first half of the stance where extension of the knee an d the hip happens. ... Show more
The tendency seen is higher power generation in shorter period of time in comparison with normal.
The power required to lift a prosthesis may only be $30–40%$ of the weight of a normal limb and it
is this power generated in short period of time. The hip torque required during preswing and early
swing is observed to be less in knees with damping and stance resistance. This is due more
anteriorally aligned knee axis. This is required to increase the extension moment during heel
contact. But at the same time, due to this alignment initiating flexion in preswing and early swing is
a challenge.
During late swing the range of hip flexion is observed to be greater than normal that is at all walking
speeds. Also the amount of hip flexor activity was observed to be higher. These factors however
increase the step length. By keeping the hip flexing the extending knee can be decelerated to reduce
terminal impact.
%Some amputees with constant friction knees transitioned from hip flexion, to extension, to flexion
again, possibly to assist in knee extension by reversing the direction of the thigh.

Obesity Essay
Introduction
Obesity is defined as the condition of having excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in proportion
to lean body mass (2), and it has been recognised as one of the main preventable risk factors for the
osteoarthritis (OA) of the large joints in the lower extremities (1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12). The excess body
weight caused increased biomechanical load to weight–bearing joints (4, 8). This will eventually
contribute to increased prevalence of and severity of musculoskeletal disorder and orthopaedic
impairments (1, 2, 10). Resulting in reduce ability of the individual to perform simple daily
activities (1, 4, 5). The limitations are usually noticeable during weight bearing tasks including
walking, stair–climbing, and rising from a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the single limb support phase, the pelvis has rotated on its vertical axis. As the centre of
gravity shifts, the femur rotates internally, and advances in a semi–circular arc during the swing
phase. The internal rotation of the femur forces the knee to adduct during the single limb support
phase. From the initial contact to the loading response, there is limited dorsiflexion of the ankle.
When there is reduced degree of ankle dorsiflexion during the initial contact, the time required for
the foot to move between initial contact and loading response has been shorten. Hence the subject
appears to be slapping the foot into the ground as it approaches the loading response. A small degree
of out–toeing was also present during the swing phase.
Sagittal Plane
Throughout the whole gait cycle, kyphosis and anterior tilt of the hip is observed. As the result of
anterior pelvic tilt, the hip is flexed and lumbar is extended during the weight acceptance stage.
There is reduced hip flexion during the weight acceptance stage, and reduced hip extension
throughout the stance phase. From the terminal stance to pre–swing, there is inadequate knee flexion
where the ankle remained in neutral position resulting in prolonged heel contact. As the knee flexion
has reduced from the terminal stance to pre–swing, the ability of the ankle to dorsiflex has decline.
During the loading response, the ankle moves from

Hip Flexor Injury Research Paper
10. Hip Flexor Strain
The hip flexor is a group of muscles that assist with the upward movement of your leg or knee. An
injury occurs when these muscles are torn or stretched too far. This can occur from having weak
muscles, forgetting to warm up, having stiff muscles, or from a fall. The athletes that have hip flexor
problems play sports that include sudden upward movements or changes in direction. Those sports
include martial arts, football, soccer, and hockey.
Pain, spasms, bruising and swelling can be expected where the hip meets the leg. A minor hip flexor
injury can be healed at home with rest, ice and pain medication that includes an anti–inflammatory.
A physical therapist may recommend specific hip–strengthening exercises. If the pain ... Show more
If there is any swelling around the groin injury, make sure to get checked out by a doctor. Be
cautious not to return to normal activity too fast, or you may cause significant problems. Groin pulls
can be prevented with proper stretching.
6. Shin Splints
Shin Splints are known for shooting pain down the front of the leg. While it happens most often to
runners, shin splints can also occur in people who aren't used to exercising or who have increased
their exercise intensity too quickly. Sometimes shin splints can be a result of a stress fracture in the
bone. If resting doesn't help the pain go away, it's important to see your doctor and make sure you
don't have a stress fracture. Minor shin splints can be improved with ice, rest and over–the–counter
pain medication. Wearing proper shoes, stretching and knowing your limits can help prevent shin
splints.
5.

A Brief Note On A Hip Stress Fracture
A hip stress fracture is a complete or incomplete break (fracture) in the top of the thigh bone
(femur), near the hip joint. This happens because of repeated pressure or strain (stress) on the femur
and hip. A hip stress fracture usually happens on one side of the body, but it can happen in both hips.
It usually heals in 3–6 months, with proper treatment.
CAUSES
This condition is caused by repeated stress or injuries (trauma) that weaken the femur over time.
RISK FACTORS
People who have a previous or current bone abnormality, such as osteoporosis or tumors.
People who have metabolism disorders.
People who have hormone disorders.
People who have nutritional disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia.
Women who have irregular menstrual periods.
Women who have amenorrhea.
People who have poor strength and flexibility.
People who have suddenly increased their amount or type physical activity.
People who have poor leg and foot alignment, such as flat feet.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of this condition include:
Pain and swelling (inflammation) in the hip, thigh, groin, or knee areas.
Tenderness near the hip and thigh areas.
Pain that gets worse when you move or put weight on your injured leg.
Limping.
Inability to move the hip normally (limited range of motion).
DIAGNOSIS
This condition is diagnosed with a physical exam and medical history. You may have tests,
including:
X–rays.
CT scan.
MRI.

The Gym Half Sit Up Test
The YMCA half sit up test is a timed muscular endurance test. The test is based on how many half–
sit ups an individual can achieve in one minute. A half sit up is defined as when the spine is flexed at
less than a 30° angle (Diener, Diener, & Golding, 1995). The YMCA half sit up test is used to
measure muscular endurance, specifically the muscles of the abdomen. The half or partial sit up is
the most appropriate measure of abdominal strength, because unlike full sit ups it puts less stress on
the lower back and does not activate the hip flexors (Pritchard & O'Bryant). Hip flexors participate
in the muscle movement once the spine has reached a 30–45° angle and influences the data taken on
only abdominal strength. (Diener et al., 1995)
Methods
Population The YMCA half sit up test serves as a measurement tool for a broad population. The
study does not discriminate based on sex. An individual's age is also not an eliminating factor, but
does influence their placement in a risk category. Female participants under 55 years of age and
males under 45 years of age are considered low risk in the absence of other health conditions.
Female participants above 55 years of age and males above 45 years of age are considered medium
risk. Individuals with cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease including: chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, asthmas, cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus (types I and II), thyroid disorders and
kidney or liver disease are considered high risk. ("YMCA

Resistance-Enhanced Dynamometer
Purpose
Lu, Chien, Chang, and Hsu had two primary purposes for their study. These purposes were to
determine if an examiner's strength have an affect on the validity of knee manual muscle testing
(MMT) strength measurements using a hand–held dynamometer (HHD), and whether increasing the
forces applied by an examiner using a resistance–enhanced dynamometer (RED) would positively
affect measurement validity.
Methods
The researchers recruited 25 young male volunteers without a history of injury to the knee, while 6
male and 6 female experienced individuals were the examiners for the tests. Using RED, HHD, and
a dynamometer (Kin–Com), the examiners measured maximum resisting forces of the knee flexors
and extensors. Each subject was assessed with each of the 3 testing devices, by 1 female and 1 male
examiner who both differed greatly in strength.
Results
The research shows poor–moderate associations between the HHD and Kin–Com, and a good–
excellent relationship between RED and Kin–Com. The male examiner's showed a higher validity
using the HHD, while both male and female examiner's results with the RED were very similar. The
force values found by RED were also very similar to those measured by Kin–Com, showing an
increase in validity without dependence on the examiner. There were also fewer systematic
variations between RED and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poor to moderate validity of HHD suggested to be a result of the examiner's upper body
strength. The Kin–Com dynamometer's measurements required strength beyond the female
examiner's strength. When increasing the forces applied to the knee using RED, the validity of
MMT measurements showed to improve. Both male and female examiner's strength did not
significantly affect the validity of the measurements when using the RED. This suggests that the use
of a RED will be more reliable and valid than the use of a

Technique Tip : Modified Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy
TECHNIQUE TIP: MODIFIED EXTENDED TROCHANTERIC OSTEOTOMY
Abstract:
Trochanteric osteotomy, the most extensile of approaches is a valuable tool for difficult primary and
revision THAs. Extended trochanteric osteotomy is helpful in revision and extraction of well fixed
cemented as well as uncemented fremoral components, facilitates in cement extraction and also in
enhancing acetabular exposure. Tradional posterolateral ETO is initiated at the posterior aspect of
the Femur.
We describe a modification of ETO by an anterolateral approach. The advantage of this approach is
that as it preserves an intact musculo–osseo–muscular sleeve comprising of (gluteus medius and
minimus, Greater Trochanter & vastus lateralis) it allows physiological reconstruction of hip's soft
tissue envelope and thus prevents proximal migration, nonunion of the osteotomy & abductor lurch,
which are the commonest complications associated with an extended trochanteric osteotomy.
Anterolateral exposure of hip joint and anterior fibres of gluteus medius,minimus and capsule
reflected as 1 cuff.2 limbs of osteotomy are marked and after completing the osteotomy with the
help of osteotomes passed from posterior to anterior, the fragment is hooked open on its anterior
muscular hinge. Osteotomy is fixed with the help of3–4 cerclage wires depending on length of
osteotomy. Full weight bearing and abduction against gravity are only allowed after confirming

Hip Arthroplasty Case Study
Patient: Mr. WL, 69y/o male retired mechanic; retired 8 years ago.
Medical diagnosis: V43.64– Total hip replacement (Rt.) with secondary diagnoses of essential HTN
(401.9), hypercholesterolemia (272), and depression.
Physical therapy order: Eval. & treat: Pt has been referred for physical therapy eval and TX post
total hip arthroplasty to improve strength, endurance, and balance in order to improve mobility and
facilitate return to PLoF. Skilled Pt services are also required to ensure patient's safety with assistive
devices, along with fall prevention, and environmental safety.
History: Patient reported of falling from the ladder (approximately 9ft. from the ground) on
06/27/2015, while painting the wall of his house. Pt. claims that he fell ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Score > 5 indicates depression. BBS/Tinetti: Deferred. Will evaluate at a later time. Assistive and
adaptive devices: pt. used 2ww with for safety with WBAT. Pt could walk up to 40 ft. Pedal pulses:
normal, bilaterally.
Sensory: Normal touch, pin, and joint position sense in toes bilaterally.
Precautions: Low endurance– needs frequent rests, balance precautions include fall risk, hip
replacement precautions: do not allow the hip to bend more than 90 degrees in sitting, standing or
lying positions, Plan of care: Skilled therapy is necessary to overcome the strength and endurance
deficits, improve static and dynamic balance in order to improve gait/ transfers and to facilitate
return to PLoF. These include bed mobility training, transfer training, gait training on level and
stairs WBAT, therapeutic exercise for strengthening all extremities, with emphasis on R hip, and
patient instruction in post–op hip precautions and safety.
PT Goals:
STG to be achieved (time frame: 2 weeks)
1) Pt will be able to perform bed mobility with CGA (25%), functional transfers with min A, and
ambulation 100 ft. with 2 wheeled walker with CGA, in order to increase the level of

Describe The Process Of Doing Squats
The process of doing squats involves a process of using muscles in bottom half of the torso. There
are primary muscles in doing squats which are the gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and hamstrings.
The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the body and covers each buttock. The origin of this
muscle is the sacrum, coccyx, and ilium. The insertion is the posterior surface of femur and fascia of
the thigh which helps to extend the thigh at the hip. The gluteus maximus helps to straighten the
limb at the hip when a person walks, runs, climbs, or squats. In the quadriceps femoris group there
are four muscles called the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
The rectus femoris muscle occupies the middle of the thigh ... Show more content on
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The next quadriceps muscle is vastus lateralis which is the largest part of the quadriceps on the
lateral side of the femur and the origin is the greater trochanter and posterior surface of the femur.
Another, muscle is the vastus medialis which is on the medial side of the femur. Lastly, the vastus
intermedius is on the anterior and lateral surfaces of femur. The insertion of these muscles is the
patella. All these muscles helps extends leg at the knee. The last primary muscles are the hamstring
group which contain the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and sartorius. The
biceps femoris has two heads, one attached to the ischium and the other attached to the femur. This
muscle's origin is the ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur, while the insertion is the head of
fibula and lateral condyle of tibia. This muscle flexes and rotates the leg laterally and extends the
thigh. The semitendinosus is another muscle in the hamstring, it's a long, bandlike muscle on the
back and medial side of the thigh, connecting ischium to the tibia. It flexes and rotates the leg
medially and extends the thigh. The semimembranosus is the third hamstring muscle and is medially
located in the back of the

Zachary Jeffers Case Summary
Case Study
Zachary Jeffers
Pathology and Evaluation 1
Mr. Baerman
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
Zachary Jeffers
The objective for this case study is to give in detail the evaluation process of medial tibial stress
syndrome, including treatment plan and progress. Medial tibial stress syndrome is a pathology
common in sports that require a lot of running. It occurs when overuse and repetitive stresses are
placed on the tibia. Some differential diagnosis are stress fracture, and entrapment of the superficial
peroneal nerve. Treatment for this pathology are ulrasound, cold whirlpool and electric stimulation.
The uniqueness of this case is how long the athlete had been experiencing pain before bringing it tot
the attention ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnosis
My diagnosis for the patients injury is medial tibial stress syndrome. I believe this due to the
positive special test and the palpation's. The compression test was positive with pain on the medial
distal one third of the tibia. The fulcrum test was the most positive out of the two with the patient
pulling back from pain. Also with the palpation's, he had point tenderness over the medial distal one
third of the tibia (1985).
Treatment and Clinical Course
Physical therapy modalities, such as ultrasound, whirlpool baths, phonophoresis, augmented soft
tissue mobilization, electrical stimulation, and unweighted ambulation, may be used (2009). Ice and
rest are the two most important treatments the athlete can receive during the acute phase. Ultrasound
will be used to increase the tempeture of the local area. This will increase the speed of healing.
Phonophoresis will be used to introduce medications into the area. Mainly anesthetics to numb the
trigger point. Whirlpool baths will be used to relive pain and swelling of injured leg. Electrical
stimulation is used for to help the healing process by transporting ions beneficial to healing to the
affected area

Trauma Case Study Essay
no difficulties and showed no difficulty getting up from a chair. She did not use assistive devices or
bracing materials. Full range of motion was recorded in the shoulder joints, elbows, wrists, hands,
hips, knees, and ankles. Cervical spine rotation right and left was 80 degrees, with full flexion and
extension. The straightaway walk was unremarkable as was the tandem step test, toe lift, heel walk,
one–foot stand, and Romberg test. The claimant did not use any assistive devices. Dr. Keown
diagnosed the claimant with chronic right shoulder pain, refractory bursitis, or a partial tear of the
rotator cuff. She opined the claimant had the ability to sit six to eight hours, walk or stand six to
eight hours, occasionally lift 35 to 40 pounds, frequently lift 10 to 15 pounds and would not require
assistive devices (Ex. 7F). On March 20, 2017, the claimant reported to Dr. Harrison she was feeling
fine and only needed refills of her medication. All medications were refilled (Ex. 10F). The claimant
went to the St. Bernard's Emergency Department on August 16, 2017 complaining of low back pain
and headache. It was noted upon examination that her range of motion was mildly limited due to
pain. However, due to insurance requirements, an appointment was made to see her primary care ...
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As required by SSR 82–62, this work was substantial gainful activity, was performed long enough
for the claimant to achieve average performance, and was performed within the relevant period. The
claimant's past relevant work was performed at the very heavy or heavy exertional level. The
claimant's residual functional capacity is less than light exertional level. Accordingly, the claimant is
unable to perform past relevant work as actually or generally

Phase Analysis Of The Biomechanic Technique
Biomechanics
Introduction
The last testing is biomechanics; it is the science of explaining how and why the human body moves
in the way that it does (BASES, D.u.). This section of the essay will involve looking into how the
athlete performs a skill; going into detail about how they perform a particular skill and what position
they get into when performing the skill. This is important for athletes because they could be
performing a skill wrong which could lead to an injury, also by an athlete learning the correct
technique, they could improve and find it easier to perform a skill.
Background Information
Biomechanical techniques can be used in any sport. Football has more than most.
(TheCoachingFamily, 2012:1). To help the athlete understand ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1 and Figure 2 are action shots of the athlete doing the set activity. The first image according
to Carr (1936:152) [is the] Preparatory Movements and mental set up [stage, this is] the motions and
mental processes that your athlete goes through when setting up and getting ready to perform.
Through each of the stages, which are correctly stated in the appendices, they show that the athlete
attacks the ball at a slant to give themselves power and speed to get accuracy for the shot. On your
last stride, you want your non–kicking foot to be "planted" right next to the ball. As soon as your
non–kicking foot hits the ground, your kicking leg should bend at the knee so that you heel almost
touches your behind. (Phyre, 2009). Here is a brief description of how the athlete should be striking
the ball. From the screenshots that are provided, the athlete runs up to the ball and they do plant
their leg to the side of the ball and use their right leg to extend backwards at a 109° angle. According
to Brancazio(1985:403) the 'kicker dilemma' is that he must chose a laughing angle, somewhere
between extremes of 45° and 90°. This is an improvement for the athlete as their angle reached 109°
so therefore the athlete should be aware how to improve this because it could save them an injury.
Hip flexion is the primary hip movement in straight ahead kicks because the player swings his leg
straight back while

Argumentative Speech On Spinning
Spinning has been a popular mode of exercise for many years. It is a great way to get in an intense
workout that burns untold numbers of calories. It is also a great way to get together with your
friends or coworkers for some bonding time. Although spinning has many undisputed health
benefits, there are also some hidden dangers of which you might not be aware. So, before you head
out to your next spin class, take some of these issues into consideration first.
Spinning is Hard on the Knees
Spinning at intense levels might be good for your heart, but doing it too often can wreak havoc on
your knees. If you are taking a spinning class five to seven times a week, your knees will quickly
feel the effects of the beating they are taking, particularly if you are not taking any days off in
between classes. Knee injuries are not something you should ignore. A torn meniscus or ACL can
give you problems for years, even after they have been fixed.
Hearing Damage
Hearing loss and loud music have been linked together since the beginning of music. But, that is
because the correlation is real. Spinning classes are known for pumping loud music into the studios
to help mentally fuel a workout. Most Spinners will probably tell you that the music helps their
workout, or at least helps them keep their minds off of the intensity of it. Even though music may be
the great motivator of a Spinning class, there is a good chance that it is damaging the hearing of the
participants as well.

Anatomical Script of the Squat Technique Essay
Introduction
The squat technique is described as the King of all exercises (Bompa, 2002) as it is an effective
exercise that works a variety of muscles including the gluteals, hamstrings, quadriceps and
abdominals. This report focused on the lower limb muscles only. Understanding different types of
movement is important for sport and exercise to help rehabilitate injuries of athletes. Coaches and
trainers may find understanding the squat a good way to prevent injuries as it is an excellent way to
build the muscles of the lower limbs.
The four main phases of the squat technique are the starting phase, the downward phase, the holding
phase and the upward phase. The aim of this report was to fully understand the squat technique. This
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hamstrings contract eccentrically acting as the synergist and help the flexion of the hip to occur.
The Rectus femoris of the quadriceps contract eccentrically to help flex the hip, they are co–
contracting with the hamstrings. The hip flexors may contract rapidly to stabalise the body on the
way down if there is a loss of balance (Wynsberghe et al., 1995). The adductor longus, adductor
brevis and adductor Magnus contract isometrically to prevent adduction and abduction. The
Sartorius muscle contracts eccentrically to cause flexion and abduction at the knee. The sartoris
originates from the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts onto the tibia. The adductor and abductor
muscles at the hip joint contract to prevent movement that may cause injury (Tortora and
Derrickson, 2009).
Knee
On the downward phase flexion occurs at the knee, stopping at about 90 °. Both quadriceps, acting
as the agonist to flex the knee, and hamstrings, which mainly stabilizes the knee, act as an
antagonistic pair and co–contract eccentrically to allow flexion. The hamstring is also acting as the
synergist for the hip joint (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009). The Sartorius acts as the synergist and
also contracts eccentrically to cause flexion at the knee (Wynsberghe et al., 1995).
Ankle
On the downward phase dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle, the tibialis anterior acts as the synergist in
this movement and contracts concentrically (Seeley et al., 2003). The extensor halluces

Major Joint Movements : Catching A Softball That Is Hit...
1. Movement Analysis:
Main Motor Patterns: Catching a softball that is hit and throwing a softball that has been caught.
Jumping and sprinting during practice or a game to catch a ball.
Major Joint Movement:
A. Jumping (bilateral):
Jumping (bilateral): Hip and knee is in extension, while ankle is in plantar flexion, and shoulder
abduction and flexion while in the air.
Jumping (unilateral)– a jump that is used with only one leg while running.
B. Sprinting (unilateral):
Hip extension from the foot meanwhile the foot strikes.
Hip flexion while foot strikes when taking off sprinting.
Knee extension while leg is driving up and knee flexion when leg is powering down.
Plantar flexion while the ankle is on the ground phase.
C. Throwing:
Shoulder extension and abduction while throwing, hip and elbow extension when catching a ball.
Shoulder abduction, elbow extension, and trunk rotation.
Hip and knee extension when throwing the softball.
Muscular Actions:
A. Jumping:
The knee is flexed and the hamstrings flex the knee.
The quadriceps for knee extension. While the calf is used for plantar flexion.
In the shoulder abduction and flexion is used for pectoralis, supraspinatus, and deltoids.
B. Sprinting:
Hip extension is called by gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles.
Hip extension is cause by adductor magnus muscle which is the inside the thighs.
The quadriceps extend the knee. The rectus femoris helps flex the hip.
Hamstrings, gracilis,

AMCL Essay
The UCL is crucial for valgus stability, maintaining the appropriate angle of the elbow away from
the body, of the elbow and is the primary elbow stabilizer. As stated in Haan et al. (2011), "the
AMCL is divided in two functional components and is taut throughout the full range of flexion and
extension because the components are alternatively tightening throughout this range of motion. The
posterior part of the AMCL is taut from eighty degrees flexion to full flexion; in contrast, the
anterior part of the AMCL is taut in extension."
The AMCL is a stronger ligament than the PMCL, acting as the primary medial ligamentous joint
stabilizer. The function of the PMCL is to act as a secondary stabilizer of the elbow when the joint is
flexed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Kacprowicz (2017), "in order to properly diagnose and treat any injury to the UCL, a
comprehensive understanding of the functional anatomy and biomechanics of the UCL in overhead
throwing sports is imperative." The anterior bundle of the UCL is particularly susceptible to injury.
The study by Awh (2010) reports that, "These injuries are often associated with those of the flexor
pronator muscle–tendon unit, a stabilizer at the medial elbow. Strains and/or fatigue of the dynamic
stabilizers may cause increased tears of the UCL." The posterior bundle of the UCL is not as
vulnerable for injury since it does not play a large role in the overhead throwing motion.
Acute tears of the anterior bundle of the UCL can be seen on high quality MR images. Edema,
abnormal laxity, and discontinuity of the ligament are all signs of UCL disruption. Partial tears can
be diagnosed with edema and focal areas of discontinuity with residual intact fibers. However,
according to Awh (2010), "with complete tears, laxity is more apparent and edema and/or
disorganized soft tissue extend across the width of the anterior bundle. With proper inspection, one
can identify both the site and severity of UCL injury."
Langer et al. (2016) discusses that, "despite excellent reported outcomes in the operative
management of UCL injuries in throwing athletes, debate remains over the

Printed Book Effects
Printed books have a negative impact on health
Some people claimed that printed books are easier to read and convince to turn pages than e–books;
however, e–books have multiple negative effects on health. People health is the most important
priority in their lives so they must take high care about their health to minimize complications of
severe diseases. Most of the people carry backpack daily to work or school and it contains heavy
things like books. It can cause harmful effects and chronic diseases to your body. A musculoskeletal
system which represents shape, perform control and activity of our body could be affected. Carrying
multiple books on your back lead to negative effects on the function of the musculoskeletal system
and cause chronic diseases such as back pain, neck pain, and shoulder pain, hip joint pain.
Back pain and shoulder pain Back pain and shoulder pain injuries can make people live difficult,
especially when they need to move from place to another. Students who go to school ... Show more
Neck pain can cause muscle spasm and lead to negative effects on other areas such as a headache
and body fatigue. A study scanned the impact of the knapsack on the teenager's health, it represents
both girls and boys complain from neck pain, and headache (Korvessis, et. al., 2005). For example,
the backpack can cause severe ache on the neck due to the muscle tension of carrying heavy
materials on the shoulders such as heavy books. Moreover, neck nerves which link between
shoulder and brain may lead to a severe headache because of high pressures in this area. Also, a
headache can be persistent when you are in the class and affect your performance by focusing on the
teacher. Therefore, multiple diseases can affect the performance of developing your education level
and become a barrier in your way to reaching your academic

A Brief Note On Gait Deviation And Postural Asymmetry
It was alarming that in the year 2012, one out of two adults in the United States was suffered from
musculoskeletal dysfunctions (Lezin and Watkins–Castillo, 2016). Gait deviation and postural
asymmetry are constantly observed among people with unilateral lower limb amputation, especially
transfemoral amputation. Studies showed, amputees have 52–71% in getting low back pain and
transfemoral amputees (TFAs) has 50% more chance of getting knee osteoarthritis (OA) at the intact
leg (Ehde et al., 2001, Kulkarni et al., 1998). It is a major issue needs immediate attention as OA
and low back pain can severely affect a person's quality of life (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003), especially
this group of population who has already owned a primary disability. Due to such, an in–depth
review of how does biomechanical disadvantages expose unilateral transfemoral amputation to these
second disabilities and rehabilitation approaches to prevent or delay of the dysfunctions will be
discussed here from my perspective as a physiotherapist. To draw a good rehabilitation program,
assessment on TFAs frequently is done via visual analysis of static and dynamic alignment.
Asymmetry static standing posture and gait deviation is frequently seen among TFAs, inclusive of
those have completed rehabilitation programmes. There are 8 phases of in a gait cycle. Transfemoral
locomotion is complex and now, the deviations of the prosthetic leg in each gait stage will be
analysed with two assumptions, the prosthesis

Masseter Muscle Research Paper
Masseter Muscle
The masseter muscle is a thick, strong muscle that functions as one of the major muscles of
mastication (2,8). The muscle arises from the zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone and inserts
inferiorly on the external surface of the ramus of the mandible. The masseter has superficial and
deep heads. The superficial head travels distally and posteriorly, attaching near the angle of the
mandible. The smaller deep head inserts to the upper region of the ramus of the mandible (2).
The masseter is a powerful elevator of the mandible and provides the force necessary to chew
efficiently. The primary function of the masseter, therefore, is to develop large forces between the
molars for effective grinding and crushing of food (8). As the ... Show more content on
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The deeper head arises from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone.
The smaller superficial head originates from a region of the tuberosity of the maxilla just above the
third molar. Both heads of the medial pterygoid insert on the medial surface of the mandibular angle.
Bilateral contraction of the medial pterygoid produces elevation and protrusion of the mandible,
while unilateral contraction produces contralateral excursion (8). Along with the masseter muscle, it
forms a muscular sling that supports the mandible at the mandibular angle. Simultaneous
contractions of these muscles can exert a powerful biting force that is directed through the jaw and
ultimately between the upper and lower molars

Flexor Muscle Exercise
Discussion
There were few significant differences in knee extensor and knee flexor muscle activity during
walking with robotic assistance. Significant differences in muscle activity across condition only
occurred in muscles targeted for intervention (knee extensor, VL), with an increase in muscle
activity during the EXO condition, a positive result for an extensor muscle. Although some
undesirable increases in MH flexor muscle activity were seen in the linear envelopes, they did not
present significant changes the statistical analysis on the group level. Muscle activity did not change
significantly across visits with the exoskeleton.
On average, cortical activity did not differ in the presence of robotic knee extension assistance,
supporting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015). Prefrontal, posterior parietal and sensorimotor network activity underlying speed control
during walking. Front Hum Neurosci, 9:247. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00247. eCollection 2015.
PubMed PMID: 26029077; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4429238.
[4] Wagner J., Solis–Escalante T., Grieshofer P., Neuper C., Müller–Putz G., Scherer R. (2012).
Level of participation in robotic–assisted treadmill walking modulates midline sensorimotor EEG
rhythms in able–bodied subjects. Neuroimage, 63(3):1203–11. doi:
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.019. Epub 2012 Aug 14. PubMed PMID: 22906791.
[5] Lauer, R. T., & Prosser, L. A. (2009). Use of the Teager–Kaiser Energy Operator for Muscle
Activity Detection in Children. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 37(8), 1584–93.

Is Bicycling A Low Impact Exercise
Bicycling is a low–impact exercise that mainly utilizes the lower extremeties that can be beneficial
to people ranging from a youthful child to an elderly individual. Using a pedal to ride a bike on a
regular basis can increase muscle strength and flexibility (Better Health Channel, 2015). There are
two different stages, the Power phase and the Recovery phase. To better understand these phases
imagine a clock, most of the power happens between the 12 and 5 o'clock position of the pedal
stroke. This is when a majority of the primary muscles are activated. Hip flexion, along with hip and
knee extension are the primary movements of a pedal stroke. The recovery stage begins between the
6 and 12 o'clock position in the pedal revolution. There is some knee flexion to help bring the pedal
back to the top but helping that flexion is the greater downward force being placed on the opposite
pedal, by the opposite leg. The muscles that help return the foot to the top range from the hamstrings
and calves at the bottom of the stroke, pulling the foot backwards, to the quadriceps at the top,
lifting the foot and knee back to the 12 o'clock position. There are several muscle groups that are
used in the lower extremities to pedal a bicycle, which are the Quadriceps Femoris, Hamstrings,
Gluteals, Gastrocnemius, Soleus and hip flexors. The upper extremities along with the transverse
abdominus, oblique abdominal muscles, torso, and the lower back are the stabilizers for pedaling a
bike (Lee &

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