Enzymes found in biological washing powders help clean clothes by breaking down stains. Enzymes work best within a certain temperature and pH range, and can become denatured outside of this range, losing their effectiveness. Different enzymes have different optimal conditions, so washing powders may contain enzymes that function at higher temperatures to remove tougher stains.

1. Enzymes found at home

2. Biological washing powders

3. Enzyme power!

4. Qn : How would enzymes help to clean clothes with stains on them? Qn: Can any enzyme be used in biological washing powders?

5. * Characteristics of enzymes

7. Effect of temperature on enzyme action Note : For every increase in 10 °C in temperature, the rate of reaction doubles (until the optimum temp. is reached) (temp. at which enzyme is most active) denaturation

12. Effects of pH on enzyme action (optimum pH) (enzyme activity ↓ )

14. Different enzymes = different optimum pH

15. Reaction rate vs substrate concentration curve What do you observe?

17. [substrate] ↑ ; rate of reaction ↑ till X Further ↑ ; no ↑ in rate [saturation of enzymes (limiting factor); amt. of products formed per unit time is the same] More enzyme more products formed per unit time till Y (enzyme conc. becomes the limiting factor)

21. Overview Biological Molecules Water and Living Organisms Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins Enzymes Lock & Key hypothesis Mode of Action Factors affecting enzyme reactions Speed up chemical Rxn Not chemically altered at the end Of Rxn Lowering Activation Energy Specificity Temperature pH

22. Quiz!