10. Key datasets collected by others
• Weather since 1968 (Kinross Estates)
• Optical properties since 2007 (University of Stirling)
• Palaeolimnology: diatoms, macrofossils 1750 - 2005 (UCL)
• Macrophytes 1821 - 1999 (Various)
• Fish catches daily since 1900 (Kinross Estates)
• Bird counts monthly since 1967 (SNH)
Ecosystem Service Data
• Angler numbers daily since 1900 (Kinross Estates)
• Water supply daily since 1850 (Tullis Russell)
• Tourist visitor numbers daily since 2004 (HES & RSPB)
• Heritage Trail users (SNH) - monthly since 2008
11. History of enrichment
1992 ‘Scum Saturday’ cost
local businesses ~ £1M
• Declines in macrophyte habitat for birds
• Declines in angling (fish kills & reputation)
• Reduced tourism
12. Setting Water Quality Targets
“The extreme depth to which such plants as Nitella opaca and
Fontinalis antipyretica will flourish may roughly be estimated by
multiplying by four the greatest depth at which one can see the
gravel at the bottom, when looking over the shaded side of a boat
about midday in the summer, when the sun is shining brilliantly, the
water being perfectly calm, and the boat still.”
West G. (1910). In Murray & Pullar’s Bathymetrical survey of the Scottish fresh-water lochs. Volume I
LLCMP targets:
Total phosphorus 40 µg l-1
Chlorophyll a 15 µg l-1
Secchi disc depth 2.5 m
13. Identifying Cause of Eutrophication
P input measured every 8 days for 1 year
Nutrient loading surveys: 1985, 1995, 2005, 2015
16. Recovery in TP concentrations
• TP reductions in 1970s
• Increasing 1989-1994
• Further recovery since 1995
External loading reductions a success
Recovery over many years not a simple decline
LLCMP target
Carvalho et al., 2012
22. http://openness.hugin.com/caseStudies/LochLeven_Habitat
Anders Madsen
(Hugin Ltd.)
Loch Leven Fishing BBN
Select year and change probabilities:
1. Change habitat quality to see
impact of achieving WFD target
of good status on fishing quality
2. Change reputation to see the
effect on fishing service (boat
effort).
Predicting future fishing services
• What is the future
sustainability of the fishery?
• Will there be an increased
demand for fishing boats?
26. Contributors
Linda May, Iain Gunn, Bryan Spears, Helen
Woods, Alanna Moore, Ian Winfield
Andrew Tyler & Peter Hunter, University of
Stirling
Claire Miller, University of Glasgow
External partners – including Kinross Estates,
Loch Leven Fishery & SNH
Laurence Carvalho
Freshwater Ecology Group
laca@ceh.ac.uk
www.ceh.ac.uk/staff/laurence-carvalho
Hydrobiologia (2012): 681