SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 27
What happens when we reach equilibrium? ,[object Object]
Problems for diffusion… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
If things can cross a membrane we call the membrane PERMEABLE If things canNOT cross a membrane we call the membrane IMPERMEABLE
Biological membranes are… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Osmosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How Osmosis works… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water moves from areas of HIGH conc. To areas of LOW conc. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Osmotic Pressure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How do big molecules diffuse across a membrane so quickly if the membrane is selectively permeable?
Facilitated Diffusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Facilitated Diffusion (continued) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
What about when we want to go against the concentration? (From low concentration to high?)
What do we need??? ,[object Object]
ACTIVE transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Active transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Molecular Transport ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Endocytosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Two types of endocytosis: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
Exocytosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 

More Related Content

What's hot

Material flow in the cell ap bio
Material flow in the cell ap bioMaterial flow in the cell ap bio
Material flow in the cell ap bioErin Maccarelli
 
P.mauri membrane transport
P.mauri membrane transportP.mauri membrane transport
P.mauri membrane transportmastx
 
Review Of Cells
Review Of CellsReview Of Cells
Review Of Cellssacklax40
 
Plasma membrane
Plasma membranePlasma membrane
Plasma membraneNur Asilah
 
Cell transport notes 2006
Cell transport notes 2006Cell transport notes 2006
Cell transport notes 2006Ia Dy Buco
 
Active and passive transport
Active and passive transportActive and passive transport
Active and passive transportChad Foster
 
Cellular Transport (Active and Passive transports
Cellular Transport (Active and Passive transportsCellular Transport (Active and Passive transports
Cellular Transport (Active and Passive transportsAbolfazl Pirghomi
 
Movement across cell membrane 2014
Movement across cell membrane 2014Movement across cell membrane 2014
Movement across cell membrane 2014kmwall
 
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedCell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedMaria Donohue
 
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEMPASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEMRuhid Hasan
 
Cellular transport
Cellular transportCellular transport
Cellular transportKevin Conley
 
Cellular transport
Cellular transportCellular transport
Cellular transportbiogreen410
 
Passive Transport
Passive  TransportPassive  Transport
Passive Transportlilycirius
 

What's hot (20)

Material flow in the cell ap bio
Material flow in the cell ap bioMaterial flow in the cell ap bio
Material flow in the cell ap bio
 
Chapter 5
Chapter 5Chapter 5
Chapter 5
 
P.mauri membrane transport
P.mauri membrane transportP.mauri membrane transport
P.mauri membrane transport
 
Diffusion Transport
Diffusion TransportDiffusion Transport
Diffusion Transport
 
Review Of Cells
Review Of CellsReview Of Cells
Review Of Cells
 
Cellular Transport
Cellular TransportCellular Transport
Cellular Transport
 
Plasma membrane
Plasma membranePlasma membrane
Plasma membrane
 
Cell transport notes 2006
Cell transport notes 2006Cell transport notes 2006
Cell transport notes 2006
 
Active and passive transport
Active and passive transportActive and passive transport
Active and passive transport
 
Cell Transport and The Plasma Membrane
Cell Transport and The Plasma MembraneCell Transport and The Plasma Membrane
Cell Transport and The Plasma Membrane
 
Cellular Transport (Active and Passive transports
Cellular Transport (Active and Passive transportsCellular Transport (Active and Passive transports
Cellular Transport (Active and Passive transports
 
Movement across cell membrane 2014
Movement across cell membrane 2014Movement across cell membrane 2014
Movement across cell membrane 2014
 
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedCell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
 
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEMPASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
PASSIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
 
Cellular transport
Cellular transportCellular transport
Cellular transport
 
Passive transport
Passive transportPassive transport
Passive transport
 
Active and passive transport by M.Sohail Riaz Hashmi
Active and passive transport by M.Sohail Riaz HashmiActive and passive transport by M.Sohail Riaz Hashmi
Active and passive transport by M.Sohail Riaz Hashmi
 
Cellular transport
Cellular transportCellular transport
Cellular transport
 
Passive Transport
Passive  TransportPassive  Transport
Passive Transport
 
Unit 5
Unit 5Unit 5
Unit 5
 

Similar to Cell Boundaries Part 2

Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedCell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedMaria Donohue
 
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedCell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedMaria Donohue
 
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedCell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedMaria Donohue
 
Cell transport
Cell transportCell transport
Cell transportAmy Allen
 
Biology lecture 2
Biology lecture 2Biology lecture 2
Biology lecture 2Etugen
 
Transport across cell membrane
Transport across cell membraneTransport across cell membrane
Transport across cell membraneSADDA_HAQ
 
transport across cell membranes
transport across cell membranestransport across cell membranes
transport across cell membranesJenBash
 
Cell Membrane And Cell Transport Notes New
Cell Membrane And Cell Transport Notes NewCell Membrane And Cell Transport Notes New
Cell Membrane And Cell Transport Notes NewFred Phillips
 
Cell transport notes (supplement)
Cell transport notes (supplement)Cell transport notes (supplement)
Cell transport notes (supplement)ladynoid
 
Membrane pt.1
Membrane pt.1Membrane pt.1
Membrane pt.1Jolie Yu
 
23 powerpoint-metabolisme-1-1279911152-phpapp01
23 powerpoint-metabolisme-1-1279911152-phpapp0123 powerpoint-metabolisme-1-1279911152-phpapp01
23 powerpoint-metabolisme-1-1279911152-phpapp01Kurnia Wati
 
Unit 4 cell transport
Unit 4 cell transportUnit 4 cell transport
Unit 4 cell transportmpiskel
 
Osmosis and Diffusion
Osmosis and DiffusionOsmosis and Diffusion
Osmosis and Diffusionmjurkiewicz
 
Cell transportation combined
Cell transportation combinedCell transportation combined
Cell transportation combinedihmcbiology1213
 
Physiology of cell membranr
Physiology of cell membranrPhysiology of cell membranr
Physiology of cell membranrjiji jiya
 
Types of movement across the cell membrane
Types of movement across the cell membraneTypes of movement across the cell membrane
Types of movement across the cell membraneNafeesa Naeem
 

Similar to Cell Boundaries Part 2 (20)

Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedCell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
 
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedCell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
 
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revisedCell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
 
Cell transport
Cell transportCell transport
Cell transport
 
Cell transportnotes1
Cell transportnotes1Cell transportnotes1
Cell transportnotes1
 
Biology lecture 2
Biology lecture 2Biology lecture 2
Biology lecture 2
 
Transport across cell membrane
Transport across cell membraneTransport across cell membrane
Transport across cell membrane
 
transport across cell membranes
transport across cell membranestransport across cell membranes
transport across cell membranes
 
Powerpoint Metabolisme 1
Powerpoint  Metabolisme 1Powerpoint  Metabolisme 1
Powerpoint Metabolisme 1
 
Cell Membrane And Cell Transport Notes New
Cell Membrane And Cell Transport Notes NewCell Membrane And Cell Transport Notes New
Cell Membrane And Cell Transport Notes New
 
Cell transport notes (supplement)
Cell transport notes (supplement)Cell transport notes (supplement)
Cell transport notes (supplement)
 
Membrane pt.1
Membrane pt.1Membrane pt.1
Membrane pt.1
 
23 powerpoint-metabolisme-1-1279911152-phpapp01
23 powerpoint-metabolisme-1-1279911152-phpapp0123 powerpoint-metabolisme-1-1279911152-phpapp01
23 powerpoint-metabolisme-1-1279911152-phpapp01
 
Unit 4 cell transport
Unit 4 cell transportUnit 4 cell transport
Unit 4 cell transport
 
Osmosis and Diffusion
Osmosis and DiffusionOsmosis and Diffusion
Osmosis and Diffusion
 
Cell transportation combined
Cell transportation combinedCell transportation combined
Cell transportation combined
 
Physiology of cell membranr
Physiology of cell membranrPhysiology of cell membranr
Physiology of cell membranr
 
Chapter 4(5 Transport)
Chapter 4(5 Transport)Chapter 4(5 Transport)
Chapter 4(5 Transport)
 
Types of movement across the cell membrane
Types of movement across the cell membraneTypes of movement across the cell membrane
Types of movement across the cell membrane
 
Cells
CellsCells
Cells
 

More from itamarita1984

Covalent Electronegativity And Polarity Final
Covalent Electronegativity And Polarity FinalCovalent Electronegativity And Polarity Final
Covalent Electronegativity And Polarity Finalitamarita1984
 
Molecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp Wk
Molecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp WkMolecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp Wk
Molecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp Wkitamarita1984
 
Covalent Bonds Part 2
Covalent Bonds Part 2Covalent Bonds Part 2
Covalent Bonds Part 2itamarita1984
 
Diversity Of Cell Life
Diversity Of Cell LifeDiversity Of Cell Life
Diversity Of Cell Lifeitamarita1984
 
Cell Boundaries Part 1
Cell Boundaries Part 1Cell Boundaries Part 1
Cell Boundaries Part 1itamarita1984
 
Periodic Block Presentation
Periodic  Block  PresentationPeriodic  Block  Presentation
Periodic Block Presentationitamarita1984
 
The Periodic Table Presentation 2
The Periodic Table Presentation 2The Periodic Table Presentation 2
The Periodic Table Presentation 2itamarita1984
 
The Periodic Table Presentation 2
The Periodic Table Presentation 2The Periodic Table Presentation 2
The Periodic Table Presentation 2itamarita1984
 
The Periodic Table Presentation 1
The Periodic Table Presentation 1The Periodic Table Presentation 1
The Periodic Table Presentation 1itamarita1984
 
Population Ecology Intro
Population Ecology IntroPopulation Ecology Intro
Population Ecology Introitamarita1984
 
Community Interactions And Sucession
Community Interactions And SucessionCommunity Interactions And Sucession
Community Interactions And Sucessionitamarita1984
 

More from itamarita1984 (20)

Meiosis
MeiosisMeiosis
Meiosis
 
Genetics
GeneticsGenetics
Genetics
 
Intro to Mendel
Intro to MendelIntro to Mendel
Intro to Mendel
 
Mitosis Final
Mitosis FinalMitosis Final
Mitosis Final
 
Covalent Electronegativity And Polarity Final
Covalent Electronegativity And Polarity FinalCovalent Electronegativity And Polarity Final
Covalent Electronegativity And Polarity Final
 
Molecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp Wk
Molecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp WkMolecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp Wk
Molecular Shape Covalent 4 No Grp Wk
 
Covalent Bonds
Covalent BondsCovalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds
 
Covalent Bonds Part 2
Covalent Bonds Part 2Covalent Bonds Part 2
Covalent Bonds Part 2
 
Diversity Of Cell Life
Diversity Of Cell LifeDiversity Of Cell Life
Diversity Of Cell Life
 
Periodic Trends
Periodic TrendsPeriodic Trends
Periodic Trends
 
Cell Boundaries Part 1
Cell Boundaries Part 1Cell Boundaries Part 1
Cell Boundaries Part 1
 
Periodic Block Presentation
Periodic  Block  PresentationPeriodic  Block  Presentation
Periodic Block Presentation
 
The Periodic Table Presentation 2
The Periodic Table Presentation 2The Periodic Table Presentation 2
The Periodic Table Presentation 2
 
The Cell Factory
The Cell FactoryThe Cell Factory
The Cell Factory
 
The Cell Part 2
The Cell Part 2The Cell Part 2
The Cell Part 2
 
The Periodic Table Presentation 2
The Periodic Table Presentation 2The Periodic Table Presentation 2
The Periodic Table Presentation 2
 
The Cell
The CellThe Cell
The Cell
 
The Periodic Table Presentation 1
The Periodic Table Presentation 1The Periodic Table Presentation 1
The Periodic Table Presentation 1
 
Population Ecology Intro
Population Ecology IntroPopulation Ecology Intro
Population Ecology Intro
 
Community Interactions And Sucession
Community Interactions And SucessionCommunity Interactions And Sucession
Community Interactions And Sucession
 

Recently uploaded

Key Features Of Token Development (1).pptx
Key  Features Of Token  Development (1).pptxKey  Features Of Token  Development (1).pptx
Key Features Of Token Development (1).pptxLBM Solutions
 
AI as an Interface for Commercial Buildings
AI as an Interface for Commercial BuildingsAI as an Interface for Commercial Buildings
AI as an Interface for Commercial BuildingsMemoori
 
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024BookNet Canada
 
My Hashitalk Indonesia April 2024 Presentation
My Hashitalk Indonesia April 2024 PresentationMy Hashitalk Indonesia April 2024 Presentation
My Hashitalk Indonesia April 2024 PresentationRidwan Fadjar
 
Gen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdf
Gen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdfGen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdf
Gen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdfAddepto
 
Benefits Of Flutter Compared To Other Frameworks
Benefits Of Flutter Compared To Other FrameworksBenefits Of Flutter Compared To Other Frameworks
Benefits Of Flutter Compared To Other FrameworksSoftradix Technologies
 
Dev Dives: Streamline document processing with UiPath Studio Web
Dev Dives: Streamline document processing with UiPath Studio WebDev Dives: Streamline document processing with UiPath Studio Web
Dev Dives: Streamline document processing with UiPath Studio WebUiPathCommunity
 
costume and set research powerpoint presentation
costume and set research powerpoint presentationcostume and set research powerpoint presentation
costume and set research powerpoint presentationphoebematthew05
 
Bun (KitWorks Team Study 노별마루 발표 2024.4.22)
Bun (KitWorks Team Study 노별마루 발표 2024.4.22)Bun (KitWorks Team Study 노별마루 발표 2024.4.22)
Bun (KitWorks Team Study 노별마루 발표 2024.4.22)Wonjun Hwang
 
Science&tech:THE INFORMATION AGE STS.pdf
Science&tech:THE INFORMATION AGE STS.pdfScience&tech:THE INFORMATION AGE STS.pdf
Science&tech:THE INFORMATION AGE STS.pdfjimielynbastida
 
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machine
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machineInstall Stable Diffusion in windows machine
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machinePadma Pradeep
 
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024The Digital Insurer
 
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck PresentationConnect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck PresentationSlibray Presentation
 
Nell’iperspazio con Rocket: il Framework Web di Rust!
Nell’iperspazio con Rocket: il Framework Web di Rust!Nell’iperspazio con Rocket: il Framework Web di Rust!
Nell’iperspazio con Rocket: il Framework Web di Rust!Commit University
 
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project SetupStreamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project SetupFlorian Wilhelm
 
SIP trunking in Janus @ Kamailio World 2024
SIP trunking in Janus @ Kamailio World 2024SIP trunking in Janus @ Kamailio World 2024
SIP trunking in Janus @ Kamailio World 2024Lorenzo Miniero
 
Unraveling Multimodality with Large Language Models.pdf
Unraveling Multimodality with Large Language Models.pdfUnraveling Multimodality with Large Language Models.pdf
Unraveling Multimodality with Large Language Models.pdfAlex Barbosa Coqueiro
 
Artificial intelligence in the post-deep learning era
Artificial intelligence in the post-deep learning eraArtificial intelligence in the post-deep learning era
Artificial intelligence in the post-deep learning eraDeakin University
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Key Features Of Token Development (1).pptx
Key  Features Of Token  Development (1).pptxKey  Features Of Token  Development (1).pptx
Key Features Of Token Development (1).pptx
 
AI as an Interface for Commercial Buildings
AI as an Interface for Commercial BuildingsAI as an Interface for Commercial Buildings
AI as an Interface for Commercial Buildings
 
E-Vehicle_Hacking_by_Parul Sharma_null_owasp.pptx
E-Vehicle_Hacking_by_Parul Sharma_null_owasp.pptxE-Vehicle_Hacking_by_Parul Sharma_null_owasp.pptx
E-Vehicle_Hacking_by_Parul Sharma_null_owasp.pptx
 
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024
New from BookNet Canada for 2024: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2024
 
My Hashitalk Indonesia April 2024 Presentation
My Hashitalk Indonesia April 2024 PresentationMy Hashitalk Indonesia April 2024 Presentation
My Hashitalk Indonesia April 2024 Presentation
 
Gen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdf
Gen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdfGen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdf
Gen AI in Business - Global Trends Report 2024.pdf
 
Benefits Of Flutter Compared To Other Frameworks
Benefits Of Flutter Compared To Other FrameworksBenefits Of Flutter Compared To Other Frameworks
Benefits Of Flutter Compared To Other Frameworks
 
Dev Dives: Streamline document processing with UiPath Studio Web
Dev Dives: Streamline document processing with UiPath Studio WebDev Dives: Streamline document processing with UiPath Studio Web
Dev Dives: Streamline document processing with UiPath Studio Web
 
costume and set research powerpoint presentation
costume and set research powerpoint presentationcostume and set research powerpoint presentation
costume and set research powerpoint presentation
 
Bun (KitWorks Team Study 노별마루 발표 2024.4.22)
Bun (KitWorks Team Study 노별마루 발표 2024.4.22)Bun (KitWorks Team Study 노별마루 발표 2024.4.22)
Bun (KitWorks Team Study 노별마루 발표 2024.4.22)
 
Science&tech:THE INFORMATION AGE STS.pdf
Science&tech:THE INFORMATION AGE STS.pdfScience&tech:THE INFORMATION AGE STS.pdf
Science&tech:THE INFORMATION AGE STS.pdf
 
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machine
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machineInstall Stable Diffusion in windows machine
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machine
 
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
 
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck PresentationConnect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
 
Nell’iperspazio con Rocket: il Framework Web di Rust!
Nell’iperspazio con Rocket: il Framework Web di Rust!Nell’iperspazio con Rocket: il Framework Web di Rust!
Nell’iperspazio con Rocket: il Framework Web di Rust!
 
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project SetupStreamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
 
SIP trunking in Janus @ Kamailio World 2024
SIP trunking in Janus @ Kamailio World 2024SIP trunking in Janus @ Kamailio World 2024
SIP trunking in Janus @ Kamailio World 2024
 
Unraveling Multimodality with Large Language Models.pdf
Unraveling Multimodality with Large Language Models.pdfUnraveling Multimodality with Large Language Models.pdf
Unraveling Multimodality with Large Language Models.pdf
 
Vulnerability_Management_GRC_by Sohang Sengupta.pptx
Vulnerability_Management_GRC_by Sohang Sengupta.pptxVulnerability_Management_GRC_by Sohang Sengupta.pptx
Vulnerability_Management_GRC_by Sohang Sengupta.pptx
 
Artificial intelligence in the post-deep learning era
Artificial intelligence in the post-deep learning eraArtificial intelligence in the post-deep learning era
Artificial intelligence in the post-deep learning era
 

Cell Boundaries Part 2

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3. If things can cross a membrane we call the membrane PERMEABLE If things canNOT cross a membrane we call the membrane IMPERMEABLE
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.  
  • 9.
  • 10. How do big molecules diffuse across a membrane so quickly if the membrane is selectively permeable?
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.  
  • 14.  
  • 15. What about when we want to go against the concentration? (From low concentration to high?)
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.  
  • 22.
  • 23.  
  • 24.  
  • 25.
  • 26.  
  • 27.