Intelligence Augmentation Reading List - Spohrer 20231008.docx

Intelligence Augmentation (IA): A Reading List
James C. Spohrer
October 8, 2023
Abstract: This paper provides a reading list summarizing historically important perspectives on
intelligence augmentation, as well as hints to possible futures. The paper ends with a
provocation, including thought experiments to better address our lack of understanding of
capabilities augmentation in general, and intelligence augmentation in particular.
Definition: I asked Anthropic’s Claude-2 to “Please provide a short definition of ’Intelligence
Augmentation’” (20231008-1336) and got back this response: “Intelligence augmentation (IA)
refers to using technology to enhance human intelligence and abilities. The goal is to develop
tools that can amplify cognitive faculties like memory, perception, creativity, and analysis. This
allows people to process information and solve problems more effectively. IA is an
interdisciplinary field drawing from computer science, psychology, neuroscience, and other
areas. Some examples of IA include personal digital assistants, wearable computing,
visualization software, and cognitive training programs. The overall aim is to empower users to
achieve more with their existing capabilities.” Please note that human intelligence can be
augmented by far more than computer technologies. Nevertheless, doing more computations,
more processing of information, faster and more cheaply, does correlate with growing GDP per
capita year over year. See Appendix I for more of the interaction on this ‘intelligence
augmentation’ topic as well as the additional recommended readings below.
History: Doug Engelbart’s classic 1962 paper provides a rather dense but important starting
point for anyone interested in the history of intelligence augmentation and the early systems
that were built. Engelbart is most famous for (1) the invention of the computer mouse, (2) his
1968 demonstration of his working AUGMENT system, now known as “The Mother of All
Demos”, and (3) for his many contributions to understanding the co-evolution of the tool system
and the human system to address complex urgent problems faced by humanity. Also note that
Engelbart was originally inspired on his life’s mission when he read Bush (1945) “As We May
Think” while Doug was in the Navy and stationed in the Philippines. Doug’s work also benefited
from funding provided by Licklider (1960) – another of the pioneers who wrote “Man-Computer
Symbiosis.”

Engelbart D (1962) Augmenting Human Intelligence: A Conceptual Framework.
URL: https://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html
Quotes: "To give the reader an initial orientation about what sort of thing this computer-aided working system might be, we include below a
short description of a possible system of this sort. This illustrative example is not to be considered a description of the actual system that will
emerge from the program. It is given only to show the general direction of the work, and is clothed in fiction only to make it easier to visualize.
Let us consider an augmented architect at work. He sits at a working station that has a visual display screen some three feet on a side; this is his
working surface, and is controlled by a computer (his "clerk") with which he can communicate by means of a small keyboard and various other
devices."
Spohrer J (2018) Douglas C. Engelbart: Mother-of-all-demos 50th Anniversary Celebration.
URL: https://service-science.info/archives/5024
Quotes: “Today is Sunday December 9, 2018. Fifty years ago at an early computer conference in San Francisco, a researcher from SRI (Stanford
Research Institute) unveiled what he and his team had created – a view of the future of augmented human performance with advanced
technologies in computing and communications. Douglas C. Engelbart and team created what is famously known today as “the mother of all
demos.” The text I just typed, the hyperlinks I just used, the mouse I used for positioning and clicking, and the zoom on-line meeting that I
participated in last week all owe an intellectual debt to Doug and his team.”
Licklider JCR (1960) Man-Computer Symbiosis.
URL: https://groups.csail.mit.edu/medg/people/psz/Licklider.html
Quotes: "Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will
involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate
formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making
decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic
partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do
the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses
indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them.
Prerequisites for the achievement of the effective, cooperative association include developments in computer time sharing, in memory
components, in memory organization, in programming languages, and in input and output equipment.";
Bush V (1945) As We May Think.
URL: https://www.w3.org/History/1945/vbush/vbush1.shtml
Quotes: "Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to
manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an
individual. There is a growing mountain of research. But there is increased evidence that we are being bogged down today as specialization

extends. The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers - conclusions which he cannot find time to
grasp, much less to remember, as they appear. Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between
disciplines is correspondingly superficial."
Realizations and Realizations: As computer capabilities advanced (realization of technology
visionaries’ goals), some important reflections were shared (realization of what might go wrong,
if don’t do this with some fore thought). At Apple, Steve Jobs and Alan Kay (1984) would
remind us that we were creating “bicycles for the mind” with more than a goal of productivity,
but also making people in general more capable and stronger – not weaker by leaning on
technological crutches, which if removed would leave us paralyzed. Don Norman (1994), just
before he became VP of Apple’s Advanced Technology Group, and my boss at the time, wrote a
book called “Things That Make Us Smart” which reminded us that our tools are only part of the
advances, it is also the new skills and knowledge (models of the world) in people, as well as the
understanding of how to form organizations and work together productively that is beyond
simple technological advances for intelligence augmentation. Stephen J. Kline (1996) of
Stanford challenged us all to better understand the sociotechnical-design-loop and techno-
extension factors increasing human capabilities. At Apple, Spohrer (1999) imagined expanded
human understanding and perception with a planetary augmented reality systems, called
WorldBoard. At MIT, Tom Malone (2018) reminded us all that super-intelligence is already all
around us in the form of organizations.
Sinofsky S (2019) "Bicycle for the Mind"
URL: https://medium.learningbyshipping.com/bicycle-121262546097
Quotes: "“Bicycle for the Mind” -0 “When we invented the personal computer, we created a new kind of bicycle…a new man-machine
partnership…a new generation of entrepreneurs.” Steve Jobs said this and a lot more in 1980 as explored in this annotated twitter thread."
Norman DA (1994) Things that make us smart: Defending human attributes in the age of the machine.
URL: https://www.amazon.com/Things-That-Make-Smart-Attributes/dp/0201626950/
Quotes: "In Things That Make Us Smart, Donald A. Norman explores the complex interaction between human thought and the technology it
creates, arguing for the development of machines that fit our minds, rather than minds that must conform to the machine.Humans have always

worked with objects to extend our cognitive powers, from counting on our fingers to designing massive supercomputers. But advanced
technology does more than merely assist with thought and memory—the machines we create begin to shape how we think and, at times, even
what we value. Norman, in exploring this complex relationship between humans and machines, gives us the first steps towards demanding a
person-centered redesign of the machines that surround our lives.";
Norman DA (2023) Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity Centered.
URL: https://www.amazon.com/Design-Better-World-Meaningful-Sustainable/dp/0262047950/
Quotes: "How human behavior brought our world to the brink, and how human behavior can save us. The world is a mess. Our dire
predicament, from collapsing social structures to the climate crisis, has been millennia in the making and can be traced back to the erroneous
belief that the earth’s resources are infinite. The key to change, says Don Norman, is human behavior, covered in the book’s three major
themes: meaning, sustainability, and humanity-centeredness. Emphasize quality of life, not monetary rewards; restructure how we live to better
protect the environment; and focus on all of humanity. Design for a Better World presents an eye-opening diagnosis of where we’ve gone wrong
and a clear prescription for making things better. Norman proposes a new way of thinking, one that recognizes our place in a complex global
system where even simple behaviors affect the entire world. He identifies the economic metrics that contribute to the harmful effects of
commerce and manufacturing and proposes a recalibration of what we consider important in life. His experience as both a scientist and
business executive gives him the perspective to show how to make these changes while maintaining a thriving economy. Let the change begin
with this book before it’s too late";
Kline SJ (1995) Conceptual Foundations for Multidisciplinary Thinking. Stanford University Press.
URL: https://www.amazon.com/Conceptual-Foundations-Multidisciplinary-Thinking-Stephen/dp/0804724091/
Quotes: "Our current intellectual system provides us with a far more complete and accurate understanding of nature and ourselves than was
available in any previous society. This gain in understanding has arisen from two sources: the use of the 'scientific method', and the breaking up
of our intellectual enterprise into increasingly narrower disciplines and research programs. However, we have failed to keep these narrow
specialities connected to the intellectual enterprise as a whole. The author demonstrates that this causes a number of difficulties. We have no
viewpoint from which we can understand the relationships between the disciplines and lack a forum for adjudicating situations where different
disciplines give conflicting answers to the same problem. We seriously underestimate the differences in methodology and in the nature of
principles in the various branches of science. This provocative and wide-ranging book provides a detailed analysis and possible solutions for
dealing with this problem.";
Spohrer J (1996) WorldBoard: What Comes After the WWW?
Quotes: "WorldBoard is a proposed planetary augmented reality system that facilitates innovative ways of associating information with places.
Short-term the goal is to allow users to post messages on any of the six faces of every cubic meter (a hundred billion billion cubic meters) of
space humans might go on this planet (see personal web pages when you look at someone’s office door; label interesting plants and rocks on
nature trails). Long-term WorldBoard allows users to experience any information in any place, co-registered with reality.";
Malone TW (2018) Superminds: The Surprising Power of People and Computers Thinking Together
URL: https://www.amazon.com/Superminds-Surprising-Computers-Thinking-Together/dp/0316349135
Quotes: "From the founding director of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence comes a fascinating look at the remarkable capacity for
intelligence exhibited by groups of people and computers working together. If you're like most people, you probably believe that humans are
the most intelligent animals on our planet. But there's another kind of entity that can be far smarter: groups of people. In this groundbreaking
book, Thomas Malone, the founding director of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, shows how groups of people working together in
superminds -- like hierarchies, markets, democracies, and communities -- have been responsible for almost all human achievements in business,
government, science, and beyond. And these collectively intelligent human groups are about to get much smarter. ";
Roco MC & Bainbridge WS (2002) Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance
URL: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/bioecon-%28%23%20023SUPP%29%20NSF-NBIC.pdf
Quotes: "Table 3. History of some very significant augmentations to human performance: Improving our ability to collectively improve ourselves
(see also Spohrer 2002)";
“Digital Twins” and Service in the AI Era: Wakefield (2022) provides a quick primer on the idea
of “digital twins” for people – in one sense an AI clone of each of us. Spohrer, Maglio, Vargo, and
Warg (2022) focus on service science, service dominant (S-D) logic, and Service-Dominant
Architecture (SDA) as conceptual foundations to better understand that people, businesses, and
governments give and get service at their very core. AI upskilling (learning to use AI tools
better) will help people give and get better service, where service is defined as the application
of resources (e.g., knowledge) for the benefit of another. Service providers will not be replaced
by AI, but service providers who use AI well and in a trustworthy manner will replace those who
don’t use AI. The book also argues that we have to learn to invest wisely and systematically to
get a shared future that we will all want to live in, especially as technology allows each of us to

have a digital twin. Our digital twin will help us give and get service, even while we are
sleeping, and perhaps even after our deaths.
Wakefield J (2022) Why you may have a thinking digital twin within a decade. BBC News Online.
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61742884
Quotes: "We are living in an age where everything that exists in the real world is being replicated digitally - our cities, our cars, our homes, and
even ourselves.";
Spohrer J, Maglio PP, Vargo SL, Warg M (2022) Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives.
URL: https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives/dp/1637423039/
Quotes: "Are you prepared for the coming AI era? AI advances will profoundly change your daily service interactions, so this book provides
readers with a necessary understanding of service, the application of resources (e.g., knowledge) for the benefit of another. In just minutes, you
can learn about today’s use of early-stage AI for automation and augmentation, and essential elements of service science, service-dominant (S-
D) logic, and Service Dominant Architecture (SDA). Ultimately improved service for all is possible with human-level AI and digital twins – but
requires investing wisely in better models: Better models of the world both complex natural and social systems (science), better mental-models
in people to improve interactions (logic), better cultural and structural models of organizations to improve change (architecture), and better
trusted and responsible AI models. The service innovation community studies and builds better models to improve interactions and change in
business and society. The book challenges all responsible actors – individuals, businesses, universities, and governments – to invest
systematically and wisely to upskill with AI (the X+AI vision). The service innovation community is a growing transdiscipline harnessing all
disciplines to become better T-shaped professionals. Extensive end notes, bibliography, and index are provided.";
Provocation: Consider a shovel as a tool; in general, a skilled person with a tool can often
accomplish far more than a person without a tool. Consider a city as a collection of organized
people; many specialized and skilled people can often accomplish far more than one person.
We augment the capabilities of our individual bodies (brain, eyes, hands, legs, etc.) with
technology and organizations to get more work done. However, we have no good ways yet, of
measuring capability augmentation to get work done, nor can we predict the future of
individual capability augmentation well. However, an interesting thought experiment is to
imagine the progression of intermediate technology steps for a single person to rebuild all
technologies, and to imagine a collection of people rebuilding all organizational forms in some
logical progression to achieve a particular level of capabilities.

Spohrer J (2012) A New Engineering-Challenge Discipline: Rapidly Rebuilding Societal Infrastructure
Quotes: "How quickly can an individual engineering student or team of students rebuild from scratch the advanced technology infrastructure of
society? From raw materials to simple tools, from simple tools and steam engines to more advanced energy systems (force multipliers), from
metals and glass lenses to photography and sensors (perception multipliers), from energy systems and sensors to more precise measurement
and control systems (precise production scale-up), from lithography and printing and computers and software to self-replicating machines as
envisioned by John von Neumann as a real-world follow-on to the symbolic-world’s Universal Turing machines.";
Appendix I: Anthropic’s Claude-2 and Microsoft’s Bing Chat
A series of interactions with Anthropic’s Claude-2 and Microsoft’s Bing Chat (Sunday October 8,
2023) starting around 1:36pm PT. Please note both (1) that there are a number of factual errors
in the responses, and (2) the LLM (large language model) may have been trained on copyrighted
materials that were used without proper authorization, and there will likely be court cases in
the future to decide the legality of LLMs and their usage.
JCS: Please provide a short definition of "Intelligence Augmentation"
Anthropic’s Claude-2:
“Intelligence augmentation (IA) refers to using technology to enhance human intelligence and abilities. The goal is to develop tools that can
amplify cognitive faculties like memory, perception, creativity, and analysis. This allows people to process information and solve problems more
effectively. IA is an interdisciplinary field drawing from computer science, psychology, neuroscience, and other areas. Some examples of IA
include personal digital assistants, wearable computing, visualization software, and cognitive training programs. The overall aim is to empower
users to achieve more with their existing capabilities.”
JCS: “Please describe the best known ways to measure intelligence augmentation, and provide
an example measurement.”

“There are a few common ways to measure the impact of intelligence augmentation technologies and methods:
- IQ tests - These aim to measure intelligence quotient and cognitive abilities. IA could be measured by testing users' IQ before and after
adopting an augmenting technology to see if scores increase.
- Brain imaging - Technologies like EEG and fMRI can be used to monitor brain activity. Changes in activity patterns and connectivity when using
an IA tool may indicate cognitive enhancement.
- Cognitive task performance - Testing speed and accuracy at tasks like memory, reasoning, and concentration before/after using an IA method
can measure the impact. For example, testing memory recall after using a memory-assistance app.
- Surveys - Questionnaires can collect subjective ratings from users on how much they feel a technology augments thinking and skills.
Quantifying mental effort needed with/without the IA tool can indicate its effect.
- Daily functioning assessments - Measuring real-world outcomes related to job performance, academic learning, or everyday cognition with and
without the IA intervention provides insight into practical impacts.
So in summary, a mix of brain imaging, standardized testing, surveys, and functional assessments can be used to objectively and subjectively
measure the degree of intelligence augmentation. The goal is to collect empirical evidence on the size of the effect.”
JCS: “Please try again. Please describe the best known ways to measure "intelligence
augmentation", and provide an example measurement. Focus on "intelligence augmentation."
“You're right, my previous response focused more broadly on cognitive augmentation. Let me try to specifically address measuring intelligence
augmentation:
The most common approach is to use IQ tests before and after adopting an intelligence augmenting intervention. IQ tests like the WAIS or
Stanford-Binet aim to measure core facets of intelligence like verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing
speed.
For example, a study could have participants take an IQ test, then provide them with an intelligence augmenting tool like a neural implant or AI
assistant for a period of time, and then re-administer the IQ test. If scores increase notably after using the tool, it demonstrates that their
intelligence, as defined and measured by the test, was augmented.
The degree of IQ increase could be statistically analyzed to quantify the size of the augmentation effect. IQ provides a standardized intelligence
metric, so comparing scores before/after IA adoption provides a direct measurement of the impact on intelligence. Critics argue that IQ tests
miss real-world cognition, so studies could supplement with assessments of reasoning skills, learning abilities, and problem-solving capacities
affected by the IA intervention. But IQ tests remain the standard approach to directly measuring increases in general intelligence.”
JCS: “Is ‘open book test’ an example of ‘intelligence augmentation’?”
“An open book test could be considered a basic form of intelligence augmentation in some ways, but it has important limitations compared to
more advanced IA technologies and methods:
Pros as intelligence augmentation:
- Allows access to information and facts that might otherwise need to be memorized, reducing demands on rote memory.
- Can enable higher-level thinking by offloading some factual recall needs. Students can focus cognitive resources on applying, analyzing, or
evaluating information.
- Tests ability to find, select, and utilize relevant information, which is augmented by the open resources.
Cons as intelligence augmentation:
- The augmentation is limited to factual recall - it does not enhance reasoning abilities, judgment, problem-solving strategies, etc.
- Information still needs to be interpreted and applied effectively by the student. Open-book alone does not expand core cognitive capacities.

- The resources are static and limited, not interactive or adaptive support tailored to the user's needs.
So in summary, while open-book tests reduce some factual memorization demands and allow access to information that can support
understanding, overall they provide relatively limited intelligence augmentation compared to more sophisticated IA tools. The core capacities
like reasoning are not being augmented, just basic memorization offloading. More advanced IA aims to expand higher-level cognitive faculties.”
JCS: “Please become familiar with the following three works: Bush (1945) 'As We May Think',
Licklider (1960) 'Man-Computer Symbiosis', and Engelbart (1962) "Augmenting Human
Intelligence: A Conceptual Framework' and provide a short summary of each, starting with how
the author might define 'intelligence augmentation.'”
“Here are brief summaries of how each work conceptualizes intelligence augmentation:
Bush (1945) "As We May Think":
Bush does not directly reference "intelligence augmentation" but outlines a vision for how technology like the hypothetical Memex could
augment human memory and associative thinking. The Memex would enable more rapid retrieval and connection of information, essentially
expanding the range and flexibility of human memory and knowledge manipulation. This can be seen as augmenting intellectual/cognitive
capacities.
Licklider (1960) "Man-Computer Symbiosis":
Licklider refers to "intellectual effectiveness" being expanded through the close coupling of humans and computers. He envisions computers
aiding human problem-solving, memory, and information processing by performing rote tasks, surfacing relevant knowledge, and allowing more
interactive, speedier thinking. The human provides judgment, while mechanical aspects are handled by the computer.
Engelbart (1962) "Augmenting Human Intellect":
Engelbart focuses directly on intelligence augmentation, which he defines as "increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem
situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems." Tools like the oNLine System would augment
the human ability to manipulate knowledge and approach problems systematically.
In summary, all three works propose using technology to expand human cognitive and intellectual capacities like memory, information
access/processing, and problem-solving ability. The visions and terms differ, but the core goal of intelligence augmentation is prominent.”
JCS: “Please become familiar with the following six works: Steve Jobs (1984) 'Bicycles for the
Mind', Donald Norman (1994) 'Things That Make Us Smart', Stephen J. Klein (1996) 'The
Conceptual Foundations of Multidisciplinary Knowledge', Jim Spohrer (1996) "WorldBoard: A
Proposed Planetary Augmented Reality System', Thomas W. Malone's 'SuperMinds', Roco &
Bainbridge (2002) 'Converging Technologies for Human Performance' and provide a short
summary of each, starting with how the author might define 'intelligence augmentation.'”
“Here are brief summaries focusing on how each work conceptualizes intelligence augmentation:
Steve Jobs (1984) "Bicycles for the Mind":
Jobs views computers as "bicycles for the mind" that augment human intelligence by allowing users to process information and solve problems
with greater speed, efficiency, and capability. The computer handles routine thinking tasks, freeing the mind to focus on creative, innovative
thinking.
Donald Norman (1994) "Things That Make Us Smart":
Norman argues that cognitive artifacts like maps, labels, etc. augment intelligence by distributing thinking between person and artifact. Well-
designed things compensate for human cognitive limitations and enable us to perform tasks we couldn't otherwise accomplish unaided.
Stephen Klein (1996) "Multidisciplinary Knowledge":
Klein proposes using information technologies to connect multi-disciplinary knowledge in ways exceeding human cognitive capacity. This
collective intelligence and linking of specialists augments human problem-solving by leveraging connections difficult for isolated individuals.
Jim Spohrer (1996) "Planetary Augmented Reality System":
Spohrer envisions augmented reality providing context-relevant information to enhance perception, cognition, collaboration, and real-time
decision making. Intelligence would be augmented through digitally enhanced awareness, insight, and collective synergy.

Thomas Malone (2004) "Superminds":
Malone describes groups, organizations, and software agents pooling knowledge as "superminds" with augmented intelligence. By combining
skills, experience, and resources, collective intelligence emerges that is greater than the sum of individual capacities.
Roco & Bainbridge (2002) “Converging Technologies”:
They propose NBIC technologies (nano, bio, info, cogno) will synergistically augment human cognitive abilities and social intelligence.
Converging these technologies can enhance intellectual capacity via brain-computer integration, biological enhancement, and collective
intelligence.”
JCS: “Please summarize this Wakefield (2022) webpage, (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-
61742884), starting with how the author might define 'intelligence augmentation.'”
Microsoft’s Bing Chat:
“The article from BBC News discusses the concept of digital twins and how they could be used to augment human intelligence. The author
defines intelligence augmentation as the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance human intelligence rather than replace it. The article goes
on to explain how digital twins are exact replicas of physical objects or systems that can be used to improve or provide feedback to the real-life
version. The article also mentions how technology analyst Rob Enderle believes that we will have the first versions of thinking human digital
twins "before the end of the decade". The article concludes by discussing the ethical considerations surrounding digital twins and their potential
impact on employment. Within 10 years, people may be able to have an intelligent online version of themselves ⁵.
Source: Conversation with Bing, 10/8/2023
(1) Why you may have a thinking digital twin within a decade - BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61742884.
(2) Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Intelligence Augmentation (IA): What Is .... https://www.mdpi.com/2673-2688/1/2/8/htm.
(3) Generative AI at the BBC. https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/articles/2023/generative-ai-at-the-bbc.
(4) What is Intelligence Amplification (IA)? - Definition from ... - Techopedia. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/32577/intelligence-
amplification-ia.
(5) undefined. https://doi.org/10.3390/ai1020008.
(6) Business - BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business.
(7) Text Summarizer | QuillBot AI. https://quillbot.com/summarize.”;
JCS: “Please summarize this Spohrer, Maglio, Vargo, and Warg (2022) book description,
(https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives/dp/1637423039/), starting
with how the authors might define 'intelligence augmentation.'”
Microsoft’s Bing Chat:
“According to the book description of "Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives" by Jim Spohrer, Paul P. Maglio,
Stephen L. Vargo, and Markus Warg, intelligence augmentation is defined as the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance human capabilities
rather than replace them. The book discusses how early-stage AI can be used for automation and augmentation in the service industry. The
authors argue that investing wisely in better models of the world, mental models in people to improve interactions, cultural and structural
models of organizations to improve change, and trusted and responsible AI models can lead to improved service for all. The book also highlights
the importance of investing systematically and wisely to upskill with AI [^10^].
Source: Conversation with Bing, 10/8/2023
(1) Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives. https://www.amazon.com.au/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-
Perspectives/dp/1637423039.
(2) Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Intelligence Augmentation (IA): What Is .... https://www.mdpi.com/2673-2688/1/2/8.
(3) Advanced Critical Reading – Intelligence Augmentation. https://englishforeveryone.org/PDFs/Advanced%20Critical%20Reading%20-
%20Intelligence%20Augmentation.pdf.
(4) Intelligence augmentation: rethinking the future of work by leveraging .... https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10055-021-00590-7.
(5) Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives. https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-
(6) How to Write an Amazon Book Description That Sells (+ Examples) - Reedsy. https://blog.reedsy.com/book-description/.
(7) Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives .... https://www.amazon.ca/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-
(8) Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives. https://www.skillsoft.com/book/service-in-the-ai-era-science-logic-and-
architecture-perspectives-04b3b0c6-b515-43af-9e21-68eb8f3a3083.
(9) undefined. https://doi.org/10.3390/ai1020008.
(10) Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives. https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives-
ebook/dp/B0B2H87LFS.

(11) Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives ....
https://sanet.st/blogs/first1/service_in_the_ai_era_science_logic_and_architecture_perspectives.4219744.html.
(12) SERVICE IN THE AI ERA - ifsd.hamburg. https://ifsd.hamburg/SERVICE-IN-THE-AI-ERA/.
(13) Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning (PDF). https://www2.ed.gov/documents/ai-report/ai-report.pdf.
(14) Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives ....
https://books.google.com/books/about/Service_in_the_AI_Era.html?id=w9ALzwEACAAJ.
(15) [PDF] Service in the AI Era by Jim Spohrer | Perlego. https://www.perlego.com/book/3526018/service-in-the-ai-era-science-logic-and-
architecture-perspectives-pdf.
(16) Design in the Age of Artificial Intelligence - Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/20-091_3889aa72-1853-
42f8-8b17-5760c86f863e.pdf.
(17) undefined. https://tech.ed.gov.”

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