The twenty-first century faces enormous threats to fresh water and future wars are based on water issues. And Nations shows efforts toward water resource management. Because their attitudes are sensitive and highly important for water. Water is a great bestowal of nature. This lively liquid is essential for human survival and for their primary secondary and tertiary activities. The present study deals with the assessment of groundwater quality levels for human, industrial and agricultural use of Sargodha city Punjab Pakistan. The assessment based on water quality analysis of different water parameters like Electrical conductivity, alkalinity, calcium, chloride, hardness, magnesium, Total dissolve Solids, turbidity, Sulfate etc. The water for domestic use must be free from turbidity and the drinking water should be odor free. Color less and good test or test less. The harmful micro-organism should not be in the water. The assessment of water quality highly fluctuates in the study area. Water quality parameters are mostly unsafe for drinking and agricultural purposes in central part of the city which is highly built up. While it may use for some types of industries but in surrounding areas quality of water is much better for drinking, agricultural and industrial use. Although overall water quality are unsafe for human use while very few areas have safe water for human drinking and domestic use agriculture also require less dissolve solids water but there are some crops to resist with high solids. Water may use for industries after purifying. Quality Criteria for Agricultural usage: Elements that makes water suitable or unsuitable for agricultural purposes or for irrigation are amount of silt, total salt concentration, relative properties of sodium to the other cations like calcium and magnesium, bicarbonate content and concentration of toxic element such as boron. Quality Criteria for Live Stock usage: Mainly total dissolved solids and concentration of toxic elements checked for livestock usage. Quality Criteria for Industrial usage: Water quality changed with the type of industry for example Pharmaceutical and paper industry demand of water is purest but in mining industry it is not required purest water. A medium quality of water is used for mining industry.

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RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Assessing groundwater quality with special reference to the
human, agricultural and industrial use in Sargodha Punjab,
Pakistan
Muhammad Mobeen*
¹, Amatul Moin¹, Saifur Rehman2
, Muhammad Fahad Ullah2
*
¹Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
¹Depatment of Earth Sciences, NusratJahaan College, Chenab Nagar, Pakistan
2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Article published November 5, 2018
Key words: Groundwater, Fit and Unfit Water quality, Quality Assessment.
Abstract
Twenty first century face enormous threats to fresh water and future wars are based on water issues. And
Nations shows efforts toward water resource management. Because their attitudes are sensitive and highly
important for water. Water is a great bestowal of nature. This lively liquid is essential for human survival and
for their primary secondary and tertiary activities. The present study deals with the assessment of groundwater
quality levels for human, industrial and agricultural use of Sargodha city Punjab Pakistan. The assessment
based on water quality analysis of different water parameters like Electrical conductivity, alkalinity, calcium,
chloride, hardness, magnesium, total dissolve Solids, turbidity, Sulfate etc.The water for domestic use must be
free from turbidity and the drinking water should be odor free. Color less and good test or test less. The
harmful micro-organism should not be in the water. The assessment of water quality highly fluctuates in the
study area. Water quality parameters are mostly unsafe for drinking and agricultural purposes in central part
of the city which is highly built up. While it may use for some types of industries but in surrounding areas
quality of water is much better for drinking, agricultural and industrial use. Although overall water quality are
unsafe for human use while very few areas have safe water for human drinking and domestic use agriculture
also require less dissolve solids water but there are some crops to resist with high solids. Water may use for
industries after purifying. Quality Criteria for Agricultural usage: Elements that makes water suitable or
unsuitable for agricultural purposes or for irrigation are amount of silt, total salt concentration, relative
properties of sodium to the other cations like calcium and magnesium, bicarbonate content and concentration
of toxic element such as boron. Quality Criteriafor Live Stock usage:Mainly total dissolved solids and
concentration of toxic elements checked for livestock usage. QualityCriteria for Industrial usage: Water quality
changed with the type of industry for example Pharmaceutical and paper industry demand of water is purest
but in mining industry it is not required purest water. A medium quality of water is used for mining industry.
**
Corresponding Author: Muhammad Mobeen  mobeenuos@gmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 26-56, 2018
http://www.innspub.net

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Introduction
Groundwater quality assessment for human,
agricultural and industrial purposes of Sargodha city
is necessary due to rapid growth of urbanization in
the study area. Groundwater of Sargodha was
contaminated with having the high value of turbidity.
Previous studies consist shows 88 percent samples
were found unsafe (first water quality report of
Pakistan.,2002-06). Groundwater is mined using
various techniques like dug wells and bore wells.
Excessive pumping of groundwater are deteriorating
groundwater quality for human, industrial and
agricultural use. However, man use groundwater
generally from up to a depth of only half a mile or
even less water found at greater depths is not usable
because its extraction is uneconomical. After
percolation and runoff groundwater accumulation
depends on the permeability of rocks. Permeability
refers to the efficiency of movement of water through
a rock mass. Permeability depends on porosity and
interconnectivity of rocks. Sandstone is a common
rock-forming an aquifer. Water occurs in the
environment of the earth in three pools surface water,
groundwater, and atmospheric moisture. These pools
or reservoirs of water are interconnected and water
keeps moving from one reservoir to the other
continuously.
The present study is used to understand regional
groundwater trends objectively. Like aquifer quality,
quantity, PH value, turbidity salinity excreta. The
parameters commonly concern the geometry and
distance in the domain to be modeled and those
physical properties of the aquifer that are more or less
constraint with time but that may be variable in
space. Most important parameters are topography,
hydraulic conductivity, aquifer transmissivity,
resistance, aquifer porosity, storage coefficient,
capillarity.
Assessing groundwater qualitylevel depend on aquifer
pressure and controlled by the porosity of rocks.
There is great diversity in different aquifers.
Groundwater profile keeps changing time to time as
under the results of physical, chemical processes that
change with variations in temperature, salt, and
minerals it conveys. The aquifers classification and
mapping firstly produced by B.C Ministry of water
land and air protection for use in regional
groundwater planning and management.
The goal of groundwater quality mapping is to
understand strengths and limit information for
groundwater management. Assessing groundwater
quality helps us to understand its use vulnerability to
contamination and indication of the importance or
priority to manage and protect an aquifer.
Assessing groundwater quality is the scientific
process in which geologic, geophysical, hydrologic,
and chemical field and laboratory analysis are applied
to parameterize the quantity, quality and
sustainability of groundwater in aquifers.
The general aims and purpose of Assessing
groundwater quality with special reference to the
human, agricultural and industrial use in Sargodha
Punjab, Pakistan are to provide information of
groundwater quality at different locations of the study
area. It is expected that the information would help in
identifying the problems of groundwater quality for
human, industrial and agricultural use in the study
area and also help to initiate’s appropriate remedial
measures.
The study is designed by the following specific
objectives:
1. To study the groundwater quality for Human,
industrial and agricultural usage.
2. To identify the groundwater quality changes by
interpolating its parameters in the study area.
3. To assess the groundwater quality on the basis of
water quality elements.
4. To develop a general trend model of different water
quality elements for human, industrial and
agricultural use in study area.

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Fig. 1. Map of Study Area.
Electrical Conductivity
Above pie chart shows the percentage of electrical
conductivity in the study area. It shows eight percent
samples were below the electerical conductivity
standard of WHO. 19 percent samples were under in
this limit while 73 percent samples were found above
this limit. Following tables show detail of these
values.
Electrical Conductivity samples of lowest Values
This table gives the detail of lowest value samples of
electrical conductivity.
Mostly urban areas are found with low concentration
of electrical conductivity. Noori gate Kachiabadi and
Hameed town samples are also found with low
concentration.
Table 1. Lowest values of EC.
Electrical Conductivity samples of lowest Values
Sr Sample No Value Area
1 21 280 Z Block
2 25 270 Jamia Masjid Saberia
3 54 380 Kacheri
4 72 460 33 Block
5 73 440 24 Block
6 76 210 NorigateHameed town
7 77 230 Hameed Town
8 90 460 25 Block

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29 | Mobeen et al.
Samples having High Electrical Conductivity
Above table showed high electrical conductivity
samples in the study area. Highest electrical
conductivity is found in the samples of MEO Colony,
Farooq Colony, Muhammadi Colony, Factory area are
found under high electrical conductivity.
Table 2. High electrical conductivity.
High Electrical conductivity Samples
Sr Sample No Value Area
1 1 1060 Department of Earth SceincesUos
2 3 2780 MEO Colony
3 4 2500 MEO Colony
4 5 6900 RevenewOfficerss Colony
5 6 3200 GulshanBasheer
6 7 14960 New Set light Town
7 8 20000 New Settlight Town
8 9 16140 Muradabad
9 10 2020 Islam Pura
10 12 7220 Islam Pura
11 13 7400 Islam Pura
12 15 1420 Islam Pura
13 16 1320 New Settlight Town
14 17 1680 9 Number Chongi
15 19 1430 22 Block
16 20 8080 Naseer Colony
17 22 1550 39 Block
18 23 2610 Z Block
19 24 5070 MilatabadLari Ada
20 26 7330 MilatabadLari Ada
21 27 5680 MilatabadLari Ada
22 28 8000 MilatabadLari Ada
23 29 8460 Shop inSetlightTwonA Block
24 30 7850 H/No 17 A Futniture Market Sarwar Hospital SetlightTwon
25 31 2860 Near Zaferulah Road SetlightTwon
26 32 2810 Near Sanai School System
27 34 7940 10/15 H/No 358 St No 8 Farooq Colony
28 35 6670 Fasel Farooq Chema Road St 7
29 36 8200 Farooq Colony
30 37 6810 Farooq Colony
31 38 7530 11. 12/1 Sadaqabad Colony
32 39 7956 Madni Masjid Rahmat Park
33 40 8270 Shop in CheemaColoy
34 41 1010 Munsura Colony
35 43 2880 Shaheen CNG Pump PAF Base
36 44 1200 17 PAF Base
37 45 1110 Masjid Anwar Muhammadi Shehzad Park PAF Area
38 46 1840 PAF Area

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30 | Mobeen et al.
39 47 1680 PAF Contonment Area
40 52 4640 H/NO 40 Peer Muhammad Colony
41 55 2980 Point Near Jail Road
42 56 6820 PSO Pump Kacheri Area
43 57 1700 Company Bagh
44 58 2600 Urban Area
45 61 1050 House in Makam e Hayat
46 62 1010 Makam e Hayat
47 63 3840 Masjid Makam e Hayat
48 64 3096 GogaCarporation Block No 15,16 Center
49 65 1240 Iqbal Motor Cycles 14 Block
50 66 7590 Khalid Nan Shop Block No 2,3
51 67 6200 19 Block EdhGah Road
52 68 1480 Umer Auto 25 Block
53 69 7490 AsimAuto 30 Block
54 70 1650 Allah TuwakalChok Block 28
55 71 1760 Awes Keryana Al Noor Colony 34 Chok
56 74 4580 GalahMandi
57 75 3140 Kapur House
58 78 4020 Factori Area Old Civileline
59 79 1360 Shaheenanad Road
60 81 2260 Near KarnalZferIqbal Road Khushab Road
61 83 1300 Muhammadi Colony Street 18
62 85 1040 Muhammadi Colony Street 4
63 89 1670 25 Block
64 91 2090 HaripuraChok Near Purana Pull
65 92 4450 Bhalwal Road Near Rial line
66 93 1720 Bhalwal Road Outside of city
67 94 1410 9 Number PuliChenal
68 95 4400 BismilAllahHotal Near Lari Ada
69 96 4360 Roshaan Homes Housing ScheemBahawal Valley
70 97 1010 Kashif Auto's Lahore Road
71 98 760 Faiz Hotel MethaMasum Bypass Kandiwal Road
72 100 5720 49 Tail
Acceptable Limits
Only 19 samples were found under permissible limit
of electrical conductivity standard of WHO. The
values fell between 665mg/l to 920 mg/l. the samples
taken from the department of earth sciences
university of Sargodha is found under the permissible
limit of WHO. As well as the samples taken from
Islam Pura and block A were also found fit.
The sample taken from Ghani Park was found fit at
highest value of 920 mg/l in this limit.
In these samples the lowest value found in sample of
department of earth sciences university of Sargodha
while the highest value is found in sample taken from
Ghani Park. The samples taken from PAF cantonment
area found at average between these values.

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Table 3. Values under acceptable limit.
Samples Under permissible limit of Electrical Conductivity
Sr Sample No Value Area
1 2 665 Department of Earth Sciences
2 11 600 Islam Pura
3 14 520 Block A
4 18 980 KabarKhana
5 42 680 Munsura Colony
6 48 700 PAF Contonment
7 49 520 PAF Contonment
8 50 640 Queen Road
9 51 960 Peer Muhammadi Colony
10 53 660 Peer Muhammadi Colony
11 60 780 Makam e Hayat
12 61 720 Makam e Hayat
13 80 750 Chak 79
14 84 930 Muhammady Colony
15 86 730 Muhammady Colony
16 87 560 Muhammady Colony
17 88 990 29 Block
18 99 620 Medical College
19 101 920 Ghani Park
Alkalinity
This pie chart represent the percentage of Alkalinity
under and above limit of WHO standards. 14 samples
were found above the Standard of WHO. While 86
samples were under this standard.
Samples Under the Permissible limit
The table is represents the sample under permissible
limit of WHO standard for Alkalinity. 86 samples
were found under this limit. The smallest value
between these samples was found in satellite town.
Samples taken from university of Sargodha, EMO
Colony, Revenue Colony, andGulshan e Basheer was
also found under the permissible limit of WHO for
Alkalinity. Samples from 52 Y block, Rhmat Park, 19th
block EdhGhah Road, 25 block and Ghanipark were
found highest within these vales.
Table 4. Sample under the permissible limit of WHO of alkalinity.
Sample under the Permissible Limit of WHO of Alkalinity
Sr No Sample Under WHO Limit Value Sr No Sample under WHO Limit Value
1 1 265 16 17 350
2 2 242 17 19 500
3 3 327 18 20 380
4 4 278 19 21 200
5 5 441 20 22 400
6 6 348 21 23 500
7 7 348 22 24 325
8 8 410 23 25 150

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32 | Mobeen et al.
9 9 443 24 26 480
10 10 475 25 27 300
11 11 300 26 29 200
12 13 300 27 30 256
13 14 300 28 31 100
14 15 430 29 33 200
15 16 450 30 34 100
31 36 350 58 64 350
32 37 250 59 66 350
33 38 250 60 67 500
34 39 500 61 68 465
35 40 100 62 69 450
36 41 125 63 70 450
37 42 250 64 71 200
38 43 500 65 73 400
39 44 350 66 76 300
40 45 100 67 77 265
41 46 250 68 78 82
42 47 250 69 79 350
43 48 400 70 80 400
44 49 132 71 82 500
45 50 200 72 83 250
46 51 100 73 84 300
47 52 450 74 85 250
48 53 250 75 86 300
49 54 500 76 87 250
50 55 250 77 88 350
51 57 500 78 89 500
52 58 150 79 90 350
53 59 350 80 92 450
54 60 250 81 93 200
55 61 400 82 95 500
56 62 250 83 96 200
57 63 450 84 97 350
58 64 350 85 99 300
59 66 350 86 101 500
Samples above Permissible Limit
The above table showed samples above the
permissible limit of Alkalinity. Areas named Islam
Pura, Eidgah, satellite town, Kacheri area 14,33
blocks, 9 number chongi, 49 tail were found above the
permissible limit of WHO. Sample taken from
Kachehri area PSO pump were found highest in these
values while sample from new satellite town found
with lowest value. Sample from Islam Pura were
found 550mg/l which is also above the permissible
limit of WHO. Sample taken from Kabar kana is also
found with 550mg/l. while sample from Khayaban e
Siddique is found highest within these high
alkalinity samples.

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33 | Mobeen et al.
Sample taken from Khushab road is also found with
highly alkaline at alkalinity scale of WHOfor drinking
water standards. Sample taken from Pura na Pull was
also found highly alkaline. Sample taken from
MethaMasum bypass was also found highly alkaline
on alkalinity scale of WHO for drinking water.
Table 5. Samples above WHO permissible limit of alkalinity.
Samples Above WHO Permissible Limit of Alkalinity
Sr No Sample above WHO Limit Value
1 12 550
2 18 550
3 28 1050
4 32 750
5 35 2150
6 56 1550
7 65 515
8 72 600
9 75 850
10 81 750
11 91 700
12 94 1000
13 98 850
14 100 1000
Calcium
This pie chart is showing the percentage of calcium in
101 sampleof Sargodha city. 11 percent samples were
found below the permissible limit of WHO stands.
While 42 percent samples above this limit and 47
percent samples were found under this limit of WHO
standards.
Table 6. Sample below permissible limit of WHOof alkalinity.
Sample Below Permissible Limit of WHO of Alkalinity
Sr No Sample Below WHO Limit Value
1 12 12
2 4 71
3 5 69
4 11 74
5 13 60
6 14 56
7 15 56
8 16 26
9 21 68
10 53 64
11 93 68

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34 | Mobeen et al.
Sample below Permissible Limit of WHO of
Alkalinity
The above table is showing the samples below the
permissible limit of WHO standards. 11 samples were
found below this limit.
Samples above the Permissible WHO Limit of
Calcium
46 samples were found above the permissible limit of
WHO standard. Names of these areas Islam Pura
Satellite town, 22 block, 39 block, Z block, 9
numberChungi etcetera were found under this limit.
Sample taken from Milat e bad road Lariada was
found highest within these above values. While
sample taken from Y block is found with lowest value.
Sample taken from Eidhgah road is also found with
high values of calcium on calcium scale of WHO.
Sample from Cheema colony was also found with high
value which is 18900mg/l.
Table 7. Samples above the permissible WHO limit of calcium.
Samples above the Permissible WHO Limit of Calcium
Sr No Sample Above WHO Limit Value Sr No Sample Above WHO Limit Value
1 8 430 24 48 348
2 10 256 25 51 226
3 19 218 26 52 208
4 20 6448 27 55 392
5 22 212 28 56 372
6 24 304 29 57 288
7 26 5928 30 63 320
8 27 288 31 64 258
9 28 402 32 66 960
10 29 600 33 67 3572
11 30 4528 34 69 432
12 31 333 35 70 304
13 34 746 36 74 364
14 35 884 37 80 236
15 36 808 38 89 216
16 37 514 39 91 344
17 38 348 40 92 258
18 39 880 41 94 394
19 40 1800 42 96 354
20 41 240 43 98 3304
21 42 220 44 99 928
22 44 208 45 100 468
23 45 208 46 101 2024
Samples Under The Permissible limit of Calcium
41 samples were found under the permissible limit of
WHO standards. University area, MEO Colony, civil
line Area were found under this limit. Sample taken
from murad a bad colony was found with highest
value of calcium. While sample from university of
Sargodha,Hameed Town, Shaheenabad road and
Lariada were found with low concentration of calcium
within these values. This pie chart showed percentage
of chloride in 101 samples taken by study area of
Sargodha city. 7 samples were below WHO standards.
While 34 percent samples were found under this
limit, and 59 samples were above this standard.

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35 | Mobeen et al.
Table 8. Samples under the WHO permissible limit of calcium.
Samples Under The WHO Permissible Limit of Calcium
Sr No Sample Under WHO Limit Value Sr No Samples Uder WHO Limit Value
1 2 84 22 65 140
2 3 117 23 68 124
3 6 166 24 71 160
4 7 149 25 72 188
5 9 189 26 73 124
6 12 176 27 75 194
7 17 162 28 76 104
8 18 178 29 77 80
9 23 162 30 78 82
10 25 84 31 79 84
11 32 96 32 81 188
12 33 110 33 82 106
13 43 164 34 83 108
14 46 112 35 84 122
15 47 104 36 86 112
16 49 132 37 87 152
17 50 156 38 88 160
18 59 76 39 90 76
19 60 132 40 95 88
20 61 160 41 97 184
21 62 168
Table 9. Sample under the who limit of chloride.
Sample Under the WHO Limit of Chloride
Sr No Sample No Below WHO Limit Value Sr No Sample No Below WHO Limit Value
1 1 130 18 53 223
2 7 130 19 55 103
3 8 170 20 57 225
4 9 140 21 60 233
5 14 195 22 62 215
6 15 195 23 72 190
7 16 215 24 73 166
8 18 118 25 76 156
9 21 140 26 77 190
10 22 230 27 80 250
11 41 100 28 82 160
12 42 150 29 84 160
13 45 166 30 85 226
14 48 203 31 86 185
15 49 190 32 87 193
16 50 178 33 99 171
17 51 135 34 59 171
Sample above WHO Permissible Limit of Chloride

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This table showed samples having above values of
chloride. 59 samples were found above the
permissible standard of WHO.
Sample taken from 30 Block was found with high
concentration of chloride within above values. While
sample from Muhammadi colony was found with
lowest value.
Table 10. Sample above WHO Permissible Limit of Chloride.
Sample above WHO Permissible Limit of Chloride
Sr No Sample Above WHO Limit Value Sr No Sample Above WHO Limit Value
1 11 690 31 61 330
2 12 4296.5 32 63 2050
3 13 275 33 64 1505
4 17 496 34 65 411
5 19 256 35 66 7200
6 20 2405 36 67 25000
7 23 266 37 68 473
8 24 1160 38 69 10000
9 26 2700 39 70 391.5
10 27 750 40 71 328
11 29 601 41 74 1873
12 30 4526 42 75 845
13 31 355 43 78 1550
14 32 395 44 79 403
15 33 6250 45 81 416
16 34 2087 46 83 251
17 35 5207 47 88 311
18 36 3903 48 89 478
19 37 2553 49 90 350
20 38 1000 50 91 460
21 39 7625 51 92 1130
22 40 15000 52 93 446
23 43 2757 53 94 420
24 44 641 54 95 2775
25 46 466.5 55 96 1591
26 47 291 56 97 503
27 52 806 57 98 8850
28 55 825 58 100 2143
29 56 4125 59 101 478
30 58 1765
Hardness
This pie chart is showing the percentage of hardness in
study area 2 percent samples were below the WHO
permissible limit. While 44 percent were above this limit
and 54 percent samples were found within this limit.
Sample Below WHO Limit of Hardness
This table showed the two samples found below the
standard of WHO limit for hardness.

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Table 11. Sample below WHO limit of chloride.
Sample Below WHO Limit of Chloride
Sr Sample Below WHO Limit Value
1 2 36
2 3 11.7
3 4 10.1
4 5 40.9
5 6 17.1
6 26 70
7 28 42
Table 12. Sample below WHO limit of hardness.
Sample Below WHO Limit of Hardness
Sr No Samples Below WHO Limit Value
1 21 86.66
2 78 95
Table 13. Sample below WHO limit of hardness.
Sample Above the WHO Limit of Hardness
Sr No Samples Above WHO Limit Value Sr No Sample Above WHO Limit Value
1 20 2546 23 45 560
2 23 534 24 52 1110
3 24 986 25 55 1033
4 25 733 26 56 1066
5 26 1543 27 63 886
6 27 800 28 64 730
7 28 650 29 66 2583
8 29 2540 30 67 4786
9 30 1563 31 68 596
10 31 723 32 69 1990
11 33 1816 33 70 683
12 34 2233 34 71 504
13 35 2190 35 74 1193
14 36 2626 36 75 803
15 37 1583 37 81 600
16 38 2356 38 82 1150
17 39 5515 39 83 1520
18 40 3016 40 89 616
19 41 646 41 91 700
20 42 506 42 94 676
21 43 543 43 96 1080
22 44 633 44 100 1116

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Sample above the WHO Limit of Hardness
44 samples were found above the WHO standard for
hardness. Sample from Naseer Colony found with
highest value. While sample from 25 block was found
with lowest value in this table.
Acceptable Limits
This table represents 55 samples under the
permissible limit of WHO.
Magnesium
The percentage of Magnesium in 101 samples were
showed in the above pie chart. 33 percent samples
were found above the permissible limit of WHO for
Magnesium. While 53 percent samples were found
under this permissible limit. And only 14 percent
samples were found below this limit of WHO
standards.
Sample Above WHO Limit of Magnesium
33 samples were above the permissible limit of WHO.
Table 14. Sample under the WHO limit of hardness.
Sample Under the WHO Limit of Hardness
Sr No Samples Under WHO Limit Value Sr No Samples Under WHO Limit Value
1 1 150 29 58 313
2 2 260 30 59 293
3 3 290 31 60 363
4 4 302 32 61 463
5 5 251 33 62 440
6 6 237 34 65 413
7 7 276 35 71 253
8 8 329 36 73 200
9 9 376 37 76 205
10 10 460 38 77 240
11 11 133 39 79 120
12 13 313 40 80 326
13 14 143 41 84 203
14 15 290 42 85 410
15 16 200 43 86 490
16 17 263 44 87 296
17 18 276 45 88 460
18 19 263 46 90 286
19 22 276 47 92 114
20 46 270 48 93 106
21 47 306 49 95 340
22 48 426 50 97 426
23 49 276 51 98 128
24 50 366 52 99 226
25 51 460 53 101 476
26 53 370 54 12 438
27 54 303 55 32 260
28 57 386

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39 | Mobeen et al.
Table 15. Sample above WHO limit of magnesium.
Sample Above WHO Limit of Magnesium
Sr No Sample Above WHO Limit Value Sr No Sample Above WHO Limt
1 12 1051 18 52 2255
2 20 475 19 55 160
3 23 371 20 56 173
4 24 682 21 66 405
5 26 4385 22 69 389
6 28 248 23 74 207
7 29 485 24 75 152
8 30 741 25 80 223
9 31 390 26 82 260
10 33 426 27 83 352
11 34 1486 28 91 614
12 35 1305 29 92 221
13 36 703 30 96 181
14 37 267 31 98 238
15 38 2007 32 100 161
16 39 4635 33 101 2736
17 40 304
2.6.2 Sample Below WHO Limit of Magnesium
14 samples were found below the standard of WHO.
Sample taken from university of Sargodha was found
with 29mg/l which is below from the permissible
limit of WHO standards of Magnesium. While sample
number to from the same area is found with lowest
value in above samples. While sample from Madni
colony was found with highest in these values.
Table 16. Sample below WHO limit of magnesium.
Sample Below WHO Limit of Magnesium
Sr No Sample Below WHO Limit Value
1 1 29
2 2 12
3 3 18
4 10 13
5 11 14
6 14 21
7 21 17
8 48 19
9 57 24
10 72 16
11 73 18
12 79 8.8
13 84 20.15
14 94 9.3
Samples from Z block and A block were also found
with lowest concentration of magnesium in these
values. Sample from Company Bagh was found with
24mg/l Magnesium which is low at magnesium scale
of WHO for drinking water.
Acceptable Limits
Above table is showing 52 samples that were found
under permissible limit of WHO for magnesium. The
samples showed variation in all locations. Samples
from revenue officers colony, urban area and Farooq
colony were found under the permissible limit of
WHO. While samples also cantina higher and lower

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40 | Mobeen et al.
values with permissible limit. The above table is
showing locations of samples and their values.
TDS
The percentage of total dissolve solids values is showed
in above pie chart. 2 percent were below the standard of
WHO. While 43 percent were found above this limit, and
55 percent were found under this limit.
Table 17. Sample under permissible limit of WHO of magnesium.
Sample Under Permissible Limit of WHO of Magnesium
Sr No Sample Under WHO Limit Value Sr No Sample Under WHO Limit Value
1 4 35 27 54 49
2 5 86 28 58 43
3 6 150 29 59 54
4 7 88 30 60 57
5 8 106 31 61 75
6 9 44 32 62 68
7 13 63 33 63 141
8 15 65 34 64 117
9 16 45 35 65 68
10 17 100 36 67 90
11 18 97 37 68 117
12 19 44 38 70 94
13 22 63.2 39 71 85
14 27 142 40 76 51
15 32 41 41 77 40
16 41 101 42 78 31
17 42 71.3 43 81 102
18 43 94.55 44 85 85
19 44 106 45 87 36
20 45 88 46 88 75
21 46 39 47 89 100
22 47 50.5 48 90 52
23 49 35 49 94 70
24 50 52 50 95 63
25 51 58 51 97 60
26 53 76 52 99 33
Acceptable Limits
The table is showing the samples under the limit of
WHO drinking water quality in the Sargodha city.
Values ranges between 500 mg/l to 1500 mg/l.
Samples above Limits
2.7.3 Sample Below WHO Limit of TDS
The above table is showing the samples containing
high concentration of total dissolve solids. The values
are above the WHO standards of drinking water.
Table 18. Sample under WHO limit of tds.
Sample Under Who Limit of TDS
Sr No Sample Under WHO Limit Value Sr NO Sample Under WHO Limit Value
1 1 590 28 61 1000
2 2 752 29 62 500
3 3 569 30 65 1500
4 4 569 31 68 500
5 7 1066 32 70 500
6 10 1300 33 71 1000
7 15 800 34 72 500
8 18 1000 35 73 500
9 19 1500 36 75 500
10 21 500 37 76 500
11 22 500 38 77 500

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12 25 1000 39 79 500
13 28 1000 40 80 1500
14 41 1000 41 81 1000
15 42 1000 42 82 1500
16 45 1000 43 83 1000
17 46 1000 44 85 1000
18 47 1000 45 86 500
19 49 500 46 87 1000
20 51 500 47 88 500
21 52 1500 48 89 1000
22 53 500 49 90 1500
23 54 500 50 91 1000
24 55 500 51 94 1500
25 58 1000 52 97 1000
26 59 500 53 99 500
27 60 1000 54 101 500
Table 19. Sample above WHO limit of TDS.
Sample Above WHO Limit of TDS
Sr No Sample Above WHO Limit Value Sr No Samples Above WHO Limit Value
1 6 2939 23 38 11000
2 8 3105 24 39 12000
3 9 3707 25 40 17500
4 11 29600 26 43 3000
5 12 6950 27 48 2000
6 13 4200 28 56 6000
7 14 12150 29 57 2000
8 17 2000 30 63 3500
9 20 13500 31 64 2500
10 23 2500 32 66 9500
11 24 3500 33 67 22000
12 26 7000 34 69 9500
13 27 3000 35 74 2500
14 29 22500 36 78 3000
15 30 13500 37 84 2000
16 31 2500 38 92 2000
17 32 3000 39 93 2000
18 33 5500 40 95 4500
19 34 10000 41 96 2500
20 35 6000 42 98 14500
21 36 14500 43 100 2500
22 37 6500
Sample Below WHO Limit of TDS
The above table is showing the samples containing
high concentration of total dissolve solids. The values
are above the WHO standards of drinking water.
Table 20. Sample below WHO limit of TDS.
Sample Below WHO Limit of TDS
Sr. No Sample Below WHO Limit Value
1 2 366
2 16 400
Only two samples are found below the minimum limit
of WHO standards.

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Turbidity
Percentage of turbidity in 101 samples of study area were
showed in above pie ghraph. 3 percent samples were
found under the permissible limit of WHO standard.
While8 percent were found above this limit and 90
percent of samples were found below this limit.
Sample under WHO permissible limit of turbidity
The above two samples were found under the WHO
permissible limit of turbidity for drinking water.
Samples locations are street number 2 BorhwalaChok
Islam Pura and Farooq colony.
Samples below limit
Sample Above WHO Limit of Turbidity
The above table is showing samples of Sargodha city
with high turbidity. Eight samples out of 101 samples
were found highly turbid.
The highest value was found in the sample of 19th
block EidGah road. While the lowest value in these
samples was found in the sample of 49 Tail.
Table 21. Sample under WHO permissible limit of turbidity.
Sample Under Who Permissible Limit of Turbidity
Sr No Sample Under WHO Limit Value
1 11 3.44
2 33 2.53
Table 22. Sample Below WHO Permissible Limit of Turbidity.
Sample Below WHO Permissible Limit of Turbidity
Sr No Sample Below limit WHO Value Sr No Samples Below Limit of WHO Value
1 1 1.91 47 50 0.58
2 2 0.2 48 51 0.12
3 3 1.7 49 52 0.12
4 4 0.9 50 53 1.03
5 5 0.6 51 54 0.58
6 6 2.27 52 55 1.81
7 7 1.23 53 56 0.13
8 8 0.49 54 57 0.24
9 9 1.24 55 58 0.05
10 10 1.8 56 59 0.01
11 12 0.49 57 60 0.67
12 13 0.13 58 61 0.08
13 14 0.25 59 62 0.23
14 15 0.23 60 63 1.22
15 16 0.19 61 64 0
16 17 1.05 62 65 0
17 18 0.98 63 66 0.57
18 19 0.22 64 68 0.14
19 20 0.6 65 69 1.37
20 21 0.09 66 71 1.02
21 22 0.35 67 72 0.25
22 23 0.31 68 73 0.35
23 24 0.5 69 75 0.11
24 25 0.39 70 76 1.52

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43 | Mobeen et al.
25 26 1.35 71 77 0
26 27 0.08 72 78 1.42
27 28 0 73 80 0.12
28 29 0.89 74 81 0.99
29 30 0 75 82 0.99
30 31 0 76 83 0.27
31 32 0.02 77 84 1.09
32 34 0.04 78 85 1.08
33 35 0 79 86 0.38
34 36 0 80 87 0.07
35 37 0 81 88 0.1
36 38 0.04 82 89 1.86
37 39 0.28 83 90 0
38 40 0.28 84 91 0.02
39 41 0.15 85 93 2.32
40 42 0.18 86 95 1.01
41 44 0.11 87 96 1.38
42 45 0.19 88 97 0.17
43 46 0.29 89 98 0.53
44 47 0 90 99 34
45 48 0.79 91 101 0.55
46 49 0
Table 23.Sample Above WHO limit of turbidity.
Sample Above WHO Limit of Turbidity
Sr No Sample Above WHO Limit Value
1 43 8.05
2 67 18.93
3 70 2.78
4 74 4.74
5 79 3.29
6 92 3.29
7 94 3.16
8 100 4.79
Sulfate
The above graph is showing the percentage of sulfate
in samples of Sargodha city 11 percent samples were
found under the limit of WHO for sulfate
concentration in drinking water. 27 percent samples
were found below this limit. While the rest of 62
percent of samples were found above this limit.
Sample Number under WHO Limit
The above table is showing locations and values of
samples found within permissible limit of WHO for
sulfate for drinking water.
The highest value within these values was found in
sample taken from Revenue officers colony. While
the lowest value was found in sample taken from chak
number 79 Sahiwal road.

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44 | Mobeen et al.
Table 24. Sample number under WHO limit.
Sr No Sample Number Under WHO Limit Values
1 5 322.04
2 9 304.92
3 49 310.88
4 50 315.65
5 53 297.12
6 59 311.13
7 60 317.29
8 68 306.55
9 71 287.27
10 80 267.1
11 83 358.13
Samples below WHO Limit
Fit and unfit Results with comparison
The figure shows that most of the urban and central
area of the city contains unfit or high electrical
conductivity samples. While the surrounding and
sparsely build up area contains fit electrical
conductivity. Only north western side contain water
samples with low electrical conductivity.
Table 25. Samples below WHO limit.
Sr No Samples Below WHO Limit Value Sr No Samples Below WHO Limit Value
1 10 227.27 15 73 98.63
2 11 127.49 16 76 87.21
3 14 49.15 17 77 221.72
4 17 238.35 18 79 227.27
5 18 199.55 19 85 197.78
6 19 194.01 20 86 111.23
7 21 209.54 21 87 97.17
8 22 216.18 22 88 74.14
9 23 232.81 23 89 205.93
10 54 44.21 24 90 217.19
11 61 209.05 25 97 218.27
12 62 197.39 26 99 87.1
13 70 227.12 27 101 45.89
14 72 113.97
Table 26. Samples above WHO limit.
Sr No Samples Above WHO Limit Values Sr No Samples Above WHO Limit Value
1 1 802.52 33 44 613.85
2 2 682.4 34 45 611.87
3 3 602.15 35 46 614.84
4 4 1123.01 36 47
5 6 924.41 37 48 612.37
6 7 1328.19 38 51 614.35
7 8 560 39 52 621.27
8 12 2630.18 40 55 621.77
9 13 2741.09 41 56 616.32
10 15 611.38 42 57 618.31
11 16 610.39 43 58 608.91
12 20 5715.07 44 63 612.87

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45 | Mobeen et al.
13 24 614.84 45 64 603.95
14 25 607.09 46 65 611.38
15 26 622.26 47 66 606.43
16 27 624.24 48 67 604.45
17 28 612.37 49 69 614.84
18 29 2052.76 50 74 597.52
19 30 2041.23 51 75 536.66
20 31 608.41 52 78 609.4
21 32 608.9 53 81 587.67
22 33 612.86 54 82 615.83
23 34 2061.35 55 84 515.04
24 35 608.9 56 91 608.66
25 36 2067.62 57 92 599.5
26 37 620.28 58 93 600
27 38 2036.28 59 94 598.51
28 39 613.35 60 95 621.28
29 40 617.81 61 96 610.88
30 41 612.37 62 98 603.96
31 42 614.34 63 100 594.06
32 43 617.31
Spatial Distribution of Fit/Unfit Samples
The above map is showing fit and unfit samples. Total
101 samples were collected from the study area in
which fourteen samples were above the permissible
limit of WHO stands while 86 samples were found
under this limit. The northern and western areas are
found fit while central and build up parts are showing
mixed values here most of the values are fit and unfit
samples also found.
Aziz bhati town, Gulshan colony, Qasim park Lalazar
town and university town were found fit for water
alkalinity.
Fig. 2. Percentage of electrical Conductivity in groundwater

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46 | Mobeen et al.
Fig. 3. Percentage of alkalinity in groundwater.
Fig. 4. Percentage of calcium in groundwater.
Spatial Distribution of Fit/Unfits Samples of TDS
The above map is showing spatial distribution of fit
and unfit samples of total dissolved solids in
Sargodha City.
Green points are showing samples below the
permissible limit of WHO standards for total
dissolved Solids for drinking water quality.
Spatial Distribution of Fit/Unfits Samples of TDS
The above map is showing spatial distribution of fit
and unfit samples of total dissolved solids in
Sargodha City.
Green points are showing samples below the
permissible limit of WHO standards for total
dissolved Solids for drinking water quality.

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47 | Mobeen et al.
Fig. 5. Percentage of chloride in groundwater.
Fig. 6. Percentage of hardness in groundwater.
The red points are showing samples above the
permissible limit of WHO Standards for drinking
water quality. And the blue points are showing
samples of acceptable limit. The outer potion of the
city which is less built up having samples of
acceptable limit while the central built up areas of city
found with above the permissible limit of WHO
standards of TDS.
Calcium level in groundwater of Sargodha city
The map is showing fit and unfit samples of calcium
there are three categories of these samples in this
map which are showing in three different color points
on map. The base layer of map is interpolated on the
values of all points but the second layer of map shows
points on it. The blue color points are showing those
samples which are under WHO limit.

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48 | Mobeen et al.
Fig. 7. Percentage of magnesium in groundwater.
Fig. 8. Percentage of TDS in groundwater.
Fig. 9. Percentage of turbidity in groundwater.

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49 | Mobeen et al.
The numbers of samples in this category is 11. Red
color points are showing samples above WHO
standards for calcium. The number of samples are 46.
While the points in pink color are showing samples
below WHO limit. And the numbers of samples
under the permissible limit of WHO are 36.
Fig. 10. Percentage of sulfate in groundwater.
Fig. 11. Map of Electrical conductivity in groundwater.
The northern less build up area is found fit in the
permissible limit of WHO, the areas named as Aziz
Bhati town. While when we move towards central part
of the city unfit samples are found in urban area.
Southern and eastern partare showing mixed samples
fit and unfit.
The comparison of this parameter with another study
was held in Pakistan by The Pakistan council of
research in water resource. Water resource research
center Peshawar Ministry of Sciencandtehnology.
They took fifty one samples and only 8 samples were
found unfit (Ahmed et al., 2010).

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50 | Mobeen et al.
Fig. 12. Compression with urban land use pattern.
Fig. 13. Map of total alkalinity in groundwater.
Spatial Distribution of Fit Unfit Samples of Chloride
The above map is showing chloride samples under
above and below the permissible limit of WHO in the
study area of Sargodha city.
Green points are showing samples below WHO stands
while red points are showing samples above the
permissible limit of WHO, and blue points in map are
showing fit samples.

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51 | Mobeen et al.
Fig. 14. Map of total dissolved solids.
Fig. 15. Map of Calcium in groundwater.
This parameter of ground water is compared with the
previous study by Pakistan council of research in
water resources their study area is Northern part of
Pakistan.
They took 51 samples for their study and only one
sample was unfit while in Sargodha we took 101
samples and 34 samples were under the permissible
limit of WHO. 7 samples were below the minimum
limit of chloride and 59 samples were found very high
(Ahemdet al.,2010).

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52 | Mobeen et al.
Spatial Distribution of Fit/ Unfit Samples of Sulfate
Fit and unfit sample points of sulfate in Sargodha city
is showed in above map. In this map green points are
showing fit samples red points are showing samples
above the permissible limit of WHO. While the blue
points are showing fit samples.
Fig. 16. Map of Chloride in groundwater.
Fig.
17. Map of Sulfate in groundwater.
Hardness fit and unfit samples
The map is showing the fit and unfit samples of
hardness of ground water of Sargodha city. The
distribution of the fluctuation of hardness. Most of
the samples were found with hard water quality on
hardness scale of WHO. Red points are showing
samples with very high value.
Study by Ahmed et al. in 2010 was published by
Pakistan council of research in water resources. Their
study area was northern region of Pakistan. In their
study only one sample found unfit out of51 samples.
As compared to this in my study 48 samples were
found within WHO limit of hardness for drinking
water out of 101 samples. While 44 samples are above
this limit and other are below.

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53 | Mobeen et al.
Fig. 18. Map of hardness in groundwater.
Fig. 19. Map of magnesium in groundwater.
Spatial Distribution of Fit/Unfit Samples of
Magnesium
The samples of magnesium were also divided in to
three different categories. Fits samples are shown
with blue color points on map while red and green
samples are shows above or below the magnesium
scale of WHO.
Nitrate
All samples of Sargodha city were found fit regarding
this parameter of water.
Total Iron
All one hundred and one samples are found fit on the
iron scale of WHO for drinking water quality.

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54 | Mobeen et al.
Findings
The urbanized area of the city contains values of high
electrical conductivity in Sargodha which is not good
for human health and produce unpleasant taste, smell
and color. But the surrounding and sparsely build up
area found fit samples in study are. It may use for
industrial purposes.
The analyzed water of the Sargodha city was highly
alkaline only few samples were found fit on alkalinity
scale of WHO. These samples are found in central
area but the average of the samples was unfit at this
parameter.
The fit samples of analyzed calcium were only 11 out
101. While other were very alarmingly high on
calcium scale of fitness for drinking water quality by
WHO. It is not good for human health high calcium
concentration produce kidney stone in human. It may
use for agricultural and industrial purposes but not
for longer time.
In all the analyzed parameters of study chloride
values are found highest. 34 samples out of 101 are
found fit and 7 samples are below the minimum limit
but 59 samples were found very high at chloride
standards ofWHO. Only 34 samples were fit while
other contain chloride at very alarming values. Not fit
for human, industrial and agricultural use.
The average value of sulfate in analyzed samples are
stand unfit.
Water hardness stood above WHO limit in 44 out of
101 samples. Two samples are phenomenally below
this limit. 54 out of 101 samples were found fit at
hardness scale of WHO for drinking water quality.
Nitrate in all 101 samples are found fit.0
Iron concentration was also found fit in all samples of
study area. The values were under the permissible
limit of WHO.
Key Recommendations
It is recommended to government to plan water
filtration plants in Sargodha city. Which improve the
quality of water for human, industrial and
agricultural usage.
Government sector also plan scheme for create
awareness regarding to the high concentration of
magnesium, chloride, sulfate, total dissolved solids
and hardness of ground water because public is still
use ground water for drinking purposes. As well as
create awareness in agricultural sector.
The recommendation for urban planners are to plan
alternative water resource for their towns and
colonies.
It is recommended to the public do not use the
ground water for drinking purposes and other
household purpose. Water quality is also not
recommended for agricultural use in study area.
It is highly recommended that water should not use
for children drinking purposes because children are
more sensitive and the chances of water borne disease
are more high in them.
Government should plan water purifying centers and
water filtration plants for public health because this
water is still using for drinking purposes.
More parameters should test in future research.
The research area does not have authentic water
testing laboratory and conditions are very bad of the
water laboratory in Sargodha city.
The future researcher should use the GIS models for
creating new maps of the condition of study area., and
calculate the values of ground water parameters
togenerate the future scenario for the study area.
It is recommended to future researcher to analyzed
copper Arsenic and heavy metals in ground water of
Sargodha
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