2. BRIEF ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
Arachis hypogaea originated in south america and
was domesticated in gran chaco area includinng
the valleys of paraguay and panama rivers.it must
have been introduced in uganda by early traders
and
Numerous other varieties have been imported and
developed by the agricultural department since
1920’s.the principal areas of production are
kumi,kitgum,arua,gulu tororo,soroti among others.
3. BRIEF INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE'S OF THE CROP
INTRODUCTION
Groundnuts are important legume crops grown and
consumed globally and in particular in the sub-saharan
african countries.for people in many developing
countries,groundnuts are a principal source of digestible
protein,cooking oil and vitamins.
This makes groundnuts an important nutritional
supplement to mainly cereal diets of maize,millet,sorghum
etc
4. IMPORTANCE'S OF THE CROP IN UGANDA
They improve fertility by fixing nitrogen in the soil
An important source of food rich in proteins and
vitamins.
Raw material in making cooking oil
Used as feeds for livestock especially the
foliage, groundnut seed cake, straws etc
Significant source of income in developing
countries
The shells are a source of animal bedding
The shells can also be used as fuel
5. GROUNDNUT AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
Land selection
Climatic conditions
Soils
Rotation and
intercropping
Seed
selection, dormancy and
dressing
Time of
planting,spacing,weeding
Fertilizer requirements
7. RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
Agronomy aspect
Recommended practice
Climate
Rainfall: 450-1250mm per year,
temp; 24-30 degrees Celsius
Region in Uganda
Low-mild altitude
Soils
sandy loam or loamy sands
Fertilizer
60kg per ha
Rotation
With cereals or cassava, sweet
potato, sunflower
Land preparation
Before onset of rains
Planting
When moisture is adequate and
stable in the soil
Sow 5-6cm deep
Seed dressing
With fungi cides
Spacing
Semi-erect types; 45 by10-15cm
e.g serenut 1R, serenut 2 etc.
Bunch types;45cm by 7.5-10cm
8. WHERE SEEDS CAN BE OBTAINED
NaSARRI-National semi-arid resources
research institute,serere
NASECO-Nalweyo seed company limited
NSCS-National seed certificate service
PASS-programme for Africa’s seed systems
EaSeeD
Victoria seed company
UNADA-uganda national agro-input dealers
association
Etc.
9. MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES OF GROUNDNUTS AND
THEIR CONTROL MEASURES
10. MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES OF
GROUNDNUTS AND THEIR CONTROL
MEASURES
Groundnuts are exposed to pests and diseases that
reduce yield and quality and increase the cost of
production wherever the crop is grown.
The major diseases are fungal,viral,bacterial and
those caused by nematodes. They are widespread
but a few are of economic importance and this
include; groundnut rosette, early leaf spot,late leaf
spot,rusts and aflatoxins.
Groundnut rosette
Serious viral disease and major g.nut disease in
uganda.its transmitted by aphids feeding on the
crop. signs and symptoms include;
11. MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES OF
GROUNDNUTS AND THEIR CONTROL
MEASURES
Plants are
chlorotic(yellow leaves
with green veins).
Stunted
With a bushy
appearance(witches
weed)
Marked reduction in the
leaf size and visible
mottling
Early infected plants
produce no yield.
12. MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES OF
GROUNDNUTS AND THEIR CONTROL
MEASURES
Uganda has 3 known hot-spots (at NaSARRI
serere,nakabango in jinja and ikiiki in budaka) where the
disease appears as early as 2weeks post emergence
Disease control and management
Timely planting
Correct spacing
Early sowing and close spacing
Intercropping with sorghum
Planting resistant varieties such as serenut 2-14,igola 1
Spray whole plant with insecticides such as
dimethoate,2wks after emergence.
13. EARLY AND LATE LEAF SPOT
they affects the yield and
the quality of the pod
In early leaf spot, leaves
develop small necrotic
flakes that have light-dark
brown centres and a yellow
halo.
There is also sporulation on
the adaxial(upper) surface
of the leaflets
Late leafspot develops
similar signs though
sporulation is on the abaxial
surface of the leaf.
14. COMPARISON
Early leaf spot
Early infection,30days
after sowing
Spot has circularirregular shape
Spores on upper side
and randomly
distributed
Brown spots on lower
leaf surface
Late leaf spot
Usually late infection
55-57 days after
sowing
Usually circular
Spores on lower
surface, in concentric
cycles
Black spots on lower
leaf surface
15. CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT
Crop rotate with cereals or pastures
Early sowing
Burying all groundnut crop residues by deep
ploughing
Apply fungicides e.g mancozeb
Growing resistant varieties such as serenut12R,8R
and 14R
16. GROUNDNUT RUSTS
An important fungal
disease of g.nuts.it
reduces yields and
quality
Its identified by
appearance of orange
pustules on the abaxial
surface of leaflets and
reddish-brown
urediniospores.severely
infected leaves turn
necrotic but remain
attached to the plant
The disease is favoured
by wet weather
Disease management
Field sanitation and crop
rotation
Strict plant quarantine
restrictions
Early sowing
Use resistant varieties
Application of aqueous neem
leaf extract
Spray with mancozeb
17. AFLATOXIN
These are a group of toxic
metabolites produced by
Aspergillus flavus and
Aspergillus parasiticus
This can occur in the field, during
post-harvest drying and storage.
Aflatoxin contamination is
influenced by crop husbandry
practices, mechanical
damage, insect and bird
damage, climatic conditions(e.gg
drought, excess rainfall) and soil
factors.
Ensuring proper harvesting and
post-harvest practices to avoid
mechanical damage to g.nuts.
19. PEST DAMAGE TO GROUNDNUTS
Wilting of plants in patches
Termites penetrate and hollow out the tap root and
stem thus kill the plant
Bore holes into the pods and damage the seed
Vectors e.g aphids
Mines leaves causing defoliation and low yields
Leaf malformation and dwarfing
Stunted growth and yield losses
etc
20. MANAGEMENT
OF PESTS
Timely sowing of crop and field sanitation
Crop rotation with non-host crop
Intercropping with pearl millet
Spray with insecticides such as dimethoate
Growing resistant genotypes
21. RECOMMENDED HARVESTING PRACTICES
Timely harvesting is very important when g.nuts have
reached maturity, this is to avoid sprouting or germination
of seeds in the field especially if it rains. Delays even lead
to splitting of pods allowing moulds to enter.
Harvesting is done by hand pulling or by using hand hoes.
Harvesting should be done carefully to avoid mechanical
damage to the pods especially if hand hoes are used
exposing the seeds to aflatoxin.
Use suitable frames for drying of plants after harvesting
and pluck-off pods from the haulms and place to dry as
soon as possible.
22. RECOMMENDED HARVESTING PRACTICES
Hand pulling or hoeing should be done when
characteristics such as dark interior of
shells, constant value of seed weight are observed
or by use of maturity dates provided by the
manufacturer for some varieties.
Shake the plant after harvesting to remove soil from
pods and to avoid forming optimum conditions for
aflatoxin development.
23. RECOMMENDED DRYING AND SHELLING
PRACTICES
Do not dry produce in conduct with soil, use mats
made of papyrus,tarpaulin,cemented ground, raised
structures or polythene sheets
Dry groundnuts as soon as possible
Sun dry seeds to bring down its moisture content
below 13%
Do not dry diseased or infected produce along with
healthy ones
24. RECOMMENDED DRYING AND SHELLING
PRACTICES
Do not shell-off by beating
Manual or motorised shelling is recommended
Do not sprinkle water on dry pods while using mechanical
shellers
Remove dust and foreign material which can provide a
source of contamination
storage practices
properly dry g.nuts for safe storage,at moisture content less
than 13%
Use clean or new sacks that restrict moisture pick-up and
rodent/insect infestations
25. STORAGE PRACTICES
Put only clean sorted kernels into bags
Bags should not be placed directly on the ground or
floor
Maintain proper storage facilities(well ventilated, dry
and low relative humidity) and care not to expose
moisture during transportation and marketing
Do not mix new and old stock produce
26. NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS
Name
Reg no
Okello emmanuel
12/U/1016
Iganachi Razaki Omia
12/U/290
Primah Twinamatsiko
12/U/15096/PS
Paul Mugisha
12/U/623
Alaru Nobert
12/U/69
Nakabugo Oliver
12/U/774
Mugabirwe Vastina
12/U/2653
