different method of management during all stage of crop

1. Presentation on…..
Disease Free Seed Production, Procedure
to Control Seed Borne Disease
Presented by….
Prince Kumar Gupta
Ph.D (2ⁿᵈyear)
Id.No. 54157
Course Instructor..
Dr. B. Kumar
Dr. Rashmi Tiwari

2. What the seed is?
The fertilized, matured ovule of a flowering plant,
containing an embryo or rudimentary plant.
Any propagative part of a plant, including tubers,
bulbs, etc., especially as preserved for growing a new
crop.

3. Seed borne diseases…..
Seed borne diseases assumed a greater
importance to seed industries.
Seed borne pathogens results ---- seed rots, seedling
decay, pre and post emergence mortalities,
abnormalities, discoloration, reduced seed size and
shrivelledness of seeds.
The seed borne pathogens not only affect the
market value but also nutritive value of the
products.

4. Losses due to seed borne disease…
AICRP on millet showed an average annual loss of about 30% in high yielding
varieties equivalent to 270 million $ annually.
Occurrence of tobacco bud blight in soybean caused 66.43% yield loss. (Dhingra and
Chenulu,1980)
Brown spot of rice caused by the seed borne Helmenthosporium oryzae was
responsible for Bengal Famine during 1942.
Late blight of potato caused by Phytopthora infestence was responsible for Irish famine
during 1845.

5. Different seed borne diseases…..

7. Disease Seed Management at Different Crop Stages…….
Before planting
the seed
During seed
maturation
During crop
establishment
During flowering
During harvesting

9. Management before planting of seed crop…….
1. Site selection
Known about the previous soil borne
disease problem
Environmental characteristice, nature of
soil, water, and other factors.
In India, karnal bunt of wheat is more in northern states due to favorable
environmental condition.
In field, morning fog and dew for long time fovour the incidence of disease like
bacxterial blight in safflower.
So, seed production --- pathogen concern is
not prevelent.

10. 2. Sanitation….
Destruction of crop residual Burning of crop residual
Deep ploughing of residues
Burning destroyed pathogen like
X. campestris pv. Malvecearum in cotton,
P syringae pv. Phaseolicola in bean etc.
Deep ploughing destroyed sclerotia of fungus.

11. Weed and insect control
Weeds- serve as reservoir of many seed
borne pathogen
X. Campestris pv. campestris
Controlling of weed enhaced the seed yield and
quality (disease free).

12. Insect also help in transmission of disease along with producing damage to the
plants
Aphid Thrip Leaf hopper
Lygus bug-----
destroyed developing
embryos within seed

13. Soil condition and soil type
Soil condition : soil type, texture, areation, acidity or alkalinity etc – factor –
seed and soil pathogen – cause - seed and seedling disease
Seedling disease more severe in poorly
drained soil
Low soil temp and high moisture favour
covered smut of wheat

14. Soil type also influence the initiation and
development of seed borne disease
Bunt of paddy more pronounced in
higher than heavy soil
Head smut of sorghum incidence is high
in clay loam soil than sandy loam soil.

15. Purpose:
Reduce weed and
debris that carrying
inoculum and number
of fungal propagules,
insect and nematodes
in soil.
Hill bunt of wheat

16. Fertilizer and crop nutritions….
Positive impact- when used in
proper manner and dose
Judicious application in both
amount and proportion leads to
disease severity.
Application depend up on
starting soil condition and
pathogen present which don’t
promotes disease.

17. High Nitrogen level promote vegetative growth
, delay maturity and reduced yield and seed
quality. Excessive use increase rice blast.
So spilt application – recommended.
Late application of Nitrogen increase wheat
leaf blotch.-
so timily spray needed.
Difeciencey of Nitrogen and Phosphorous
result in talk-all disease.
So application done when needed.
Calcium in high dose favours head smut in
sorghum.
So proper dose application should be done .

18. Advantages..
# Manuring improves soil structure, increases
water holding capacity and decreases soil loss by
erosion.
Growing of green manure crops in the off season
reduces weed proliferation and weed growth.
# Green manuring helps reducing root knot
nematodes and soil pathogen by stimulating
their activites and due to absence of host they
die.
# soil borne microorganism that are antagonist
to soil borne pathogen also get enhaced by
manuring

19. Crop Rotation
Growing of different crops in
succession on a piece of land to avoid
exhausting the soil and to control
weeds, pests, and diseases.
Bacterial spot in pepper manged through rotation of pepper
with cereals and other non sustabile crops.

20. Management during crop establishment….
Disease free seed and transplant
The use of healthy seeds help growers to avoid environmentaly damaging
fungicide application.
Sowing practices
Seed bed prepration indirectly affecting the disease incidence
by altering soil texture, aretion, temperature and moisture level.

21. Early sowing in pearl millet reduces the ergot
disease as well as for black rot disease in crucifers.
Deep sowing favour the infection of covered smut in wheat.
Narrow row spacing and dense sowing encourage the white
mold pathogen in bean
Controlling of spacing humidity moisture level etc will reduce
the rate of disease spread.

22. Tillage practice
Tillage buries the
pathogen present in the
top soil deeper wher
they are less likely to
cause disease.
Intercropping.
Reduce disease – by
incresing distance
between plant and
creating physical
barrier between the
same species.

23. Irrigation and drainage water
Excessive irrigation favour karnal bunt
infection.
Overhead watering can prolong leaf
wetness lead to infection by fungak
spore..
Alternate drying and wetting of soil
encoyurage micro organism activity that
desatroyed sclerotia.
Drip irrigation also reduced disperse
pathogen- water directly delievered to root
zone and it id in sufficient .

24. Trap crop:
A susceptible plant that are grown on
land to known to contain pathogens.
They become infected and then
destroyed before pathogens life cycle
completes, redude the amount of
inoculum in the area.
Roughing:
A susceptible plant that are grown on
land to known to contain pathogens.
They become infected and then
destroyed before pathogens life cycle
completes, redude the amount of
inoculum in the area.

25. Management during flowering and seed development
During flowering and maturing seed seed borne pathogens established within
the seed sviz; botrytis head rot in safflower, black leg of cabbage and many
viruses.
So timely application of fungicides from blossom to maturity is effective
management practice for disease free seed production.
Chlorothalonil used effective against
Ascochyta blight on lentle as foliar spray

26. Crop Disease Chemical group Schedule
Maize White strike Triphenltin acetate and
copper oxychloride
Foliar spray
Rice Blast Tricyclazole At mid tillering and late
boot stage
Brassica Alternaria blight Iprodione Spray 3 week interval
from the young green
pod stage until cutting.
Rice Brown spot fentin acetate + dithane
M45 in proportion of 1:5
Spray at heading and
grain maturation
Wheat Head blight Benomyl + mancozeb Foliar spray at ear
emergence
Soybean Frog eye leaf spot Mancozeb and
carbendazim
Foliar spray starting
from flowering till pod
set at 7-10 days interval.
Chemical used for seed crop in field

27. Management during seed maturation
Rainfall from maturity to harvest of crop affect inidence,
prevelence and severity of seed borne fungal pathogen. So crop
harvested without coinciding the rain .
Excessive rainfall during harvesting, result in colonization and
infectionof seed and cause seed discolouration.
Delay harvesting leads to shattering of the seeds. So need to
timely harvesting.
Over maturity can also detrimental to seed quality. So avoid over
maturity.

28. During harvesting and threshing
During harvesting, to avoid loss due to shattering, pull
the crop manually before mature and lay the plant in
field to dry.
Harvesting equipment are adjusted in such a way to
minimum seed damage and maximum cleaning.
Equipment are cleaned before being inning to harvest
Minimum moisture level for minimize seed damage.
Paddy crop dries less than 18% moisture content, cause crack that invade micro
organism. So it should harvested at 18-22%.
Timely harvesting avoid anthracnose infection occurs on mature fruits.

29. Management during storage
Broken, light weight as well as foreign
material and finesremoved before
storage----- harbour fungus which may
spread to other seed in lot.
Seed should dried to safe moisture limit
before storage. So that it not favour
microorganism growth.
Proper areation and equalized
temperature should be maitained.
Use of safe and bio- friendly seed protectant
during storage to protect from insects and mites.