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2023 LDRS 306 Ch 6 Power PPT (Bb)(1).ppt
1.
USING POWER Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills 11th Edition David W. Johnson Frank P. Johnson
2.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-2 Definition of Power Power has different meanings for different people in different situations We first need to find out the answers to several questions before we can identify what power is. Where is the power? Who is using the power? How is it being used?
3.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-3 What kind of power is the power you described? What perspective of power is used? Constructive? Destructive? Direct? Indirect? What View of Power? Person? Position? Place? Situation? Relationship? What Base of Power is used? Reward? Coercive? Legitimate? Referent? Expert? Informational?
4.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-4 Outline of Chapter Topics 1. Nature Of Power Constructive Vs. Destructive Uses Of Power Two Views Of Power: • Dynamic Interdependence View Of Power • Trait-Factor View Of Power 2. Bases Of Power 3. Unequal Power • High Power Members • Low Power Members 4. Indirect Power: • Group Norms • Group Mind
5.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-5 Power pg. 219 “the capacity to affect the outcomes of oneself, others, and the environment” Two Major Theories: •Dynamic-Interdependence: Who Influences Whom Changes Constantly As Individuals Strive To Achieve Mutual Goals •Trait Factor: Disposition To Exert Power Over Other People Constructive Vs. Destructive Use Of Power: •Constructive: Increases Group Effectiveness, Benefits All Group Members, Encouraged By All Group Members •Destructive Increases Self-Benefit, Forces Others To Do Something They Do Not Wish To Do
6.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-6 What is Power? Pg. 219 ___ Person ___ Position ___ Place ___ Situation ___ Relationship a. Power is a quality of a relationship in which each party influences the other b. Situational factors determine the level of power of each person c. Positions contain power, such as the presidency of a corporation or the chair of a committee. d. Power is a trait that some individuals have, usually because they were born with it e. Certain churches, mosques, or ancient sites such as Stonehenge have power
7.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-7 Constructive Vs. Destructive Power pg. 220 Defined as: successful influence that overcomes the other’s unwillingness to perform the desired behavior. Constructive when: 1. Used to enhance, rather than reduce, the achievement of the group goals, the quality of relationships among members and the group’s adaptation to its environment. 2. It is used for others’ benefit and the common goal (not one’s own) 3. When it is invited, not imposed, by others
8.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-8 Constructive Vs. Destructive Power Pg. 221 Defined as: successful influence that overcomes the other’s unwillingness to perform the desired behavior. Destructive: Dominant view: Power is negative and destructive. “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power tends to corrupt absolutely.” (Lord Acton)
9.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-9 The Dynamic Interdependence View of Power Pg. 220 The dynamic interdependence view of power states that power exists in relationships (not in individuals). Therefore, the nature power depends on the type of interdependence found in a groups Dynamic-Interdependence View of Power: positive and essential for mutual enhancement Who is influencing whom and to what degree changes constantly as members strive to achieve the group’s goals.
10.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-10 Power in Competitive Context pg. 221 Defined as: successful influence that overcomes the other’s unwillingness to perform the desired behavior. Currently dominating approach among social scientists and power holders Power is viewed as: – A fixed-pie resource (total power available is limited) – A zero-sum resource (the more power for A, the less power for B) – A commodity to be accumulated (individuals in power remain in power) – Acting in a unidirectional way (dominant persons influence the weak) – Inherently coercive (over-ride reluctance and resistance) Limits other uses of power (based on trust and power sharing) -- Pg. 222 Evokes reactance – the need to reestablish a person’s freedom whenever it is threatened.
11.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-11 Power in Cooperative Context Pg. 223 Defined as: successful influence used to maximize joint benefits, and enhance the group’s effectiveness Power is viewed as – Expandable – To be shared – Acting in bidirectional way – Inherently noncoercive – Asymmetrical – Based on expertise, competence, and access to information Largely ignored in the literature Research on people with cooperative cognitive orientation to power inducibility – openness to influence
12.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-12 Mobilizing Power to Achieve Goals Pg. 225 1. Determine your goals 2. Determine your relevant resources 3. Determine your needed coalitions 4. Negotiate mutual support contracts 5. Implement the contracts
13.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-13 Power and Persuasion (page 228) The Power and Persuasion approach states that “influence is a function of the characteristics of both the person exerting the influence and the person receiving the influence.” Power Depends on the characteristics of both people
14.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-14 What can cause influence? Age Understanding Vs. Peer Pressure Gullible? Gender Men: “Stop doing that or you’ll die early” Women: “Stop doing that and you’ll feel better” Culture Individualism Vs. Collectivism Rational argument Vs. Harmony/Guanxi Listening Vs. Favors for help Grades/Marks High grades = less inducibility Low grades = gullible Self Esteem Low = No Medium = Yes High = No Emotions Fear/Anxiety = more willing to yield Confident/Open-minded = willing to listen Credibility Authority can only persuade authoritarians Authoritarians need threats / Non-authoritarians need rewards
15.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-15 • Reward power - • Coercive power - • Legitimate power - • Referent power - • Expert power - • Informational power - The Bases of Power Pg. 230
16.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-16 Power and Problem Solving Groups are more effective at solving problems when • Power is relatively balanced among its members • Power is based upon competence, expertise, and information
17.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-17 Unequal Power (page 238) High-power members • Want to maintain their power • Will use L.E.A.D. strategy – ___________own privileges and intimidate low- power individuals – _____________ (making themselves better) – _________low-power success to own control – _______low-power individuals and their contributions Low-power members • Want to change the situation • Will use C.O.R.E. strategy – ___________, compliant, yielding in interactions with high-power members – Attribution of causes of group success to _____efforts – ___________ psychological reactance, obstruction of high-power members’ efforts – Negative ___________ of high-power individuals
18.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-18 High Power Members Pg. 238-242 Happy with the situation Hard to move toward cooperation, conciliation, and compromise Two strategies to keep the status quo: • Institute rules and norms to legitimize their power (“might-is-right”) • Deter low-power group members from rocking the boat by applying carrot and stick method (“if-only-you-would-behave-neither-of-us-would-go- through-this-suffering”) The metamorphic effects of high power - seeing oneself as a God Status and power – entitled (given) special privileges Power stereotyping theory – stereotyping subordinates because they pay less attention to them Oppression – repeated, widespread, systemic injustices, involving the legal system (slavery, apartheid, sufferage)
19.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-19 Low Power Members Strategies Pg. 244-5 Build Coalitions Educate And Morally Persuade Bring High-Power Group Members To Negotiating Table: • Use Existing Legal Procedures To Pressure For Change • Use Obstruction Or Harassment To Increase High-Power Members’ Costs • Terrorism – politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets Metamorphic Effects Of Low-Power – causing people to break down Relationships Among Low-Power Groups – people of the same power are attracted to one another Revenge – (payback) – when one person feels mistreated (even the score)
20.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-20 Group Norms: Indirect Power Pg. 246 Conforming To Group Norms: • ____________: Changes In Behavior Resulting From Group Influences (I believe in the group more than myself) • __________: Behavioral Change Without Internal Acceptance (I will do what you say, but I don’t agree) Implementing Group Norms 1. Recognize the norm exists 2. View the norm as helpful to achieving goals 3. Feeling of ownership of the norm 4. Enforce and follow the norm 5. Practice the norm 6. Adopt cultural norms that are helpful to the group’s goals 7. Know that norms are flexible; things can change if needed
21.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-21 The Group Mind Collective Behavior: To Spontaneously Perform Atypical Actions Such As Riots Or Mass Hysteria Reasons 1. _______In Mob Individuals Act Impulsively Unreasonably, Extreme Ways • Anonymity: People Feel Less Responsible For Actions • _________: Emotion States Spreads From Person To Person 2. Convergence Theory: People With Compatible Motivations Release Previously Controlled Behaviors 3. Emergent Norm Theory: Heterogeneous Individuals Adhere To Current Norms Deindividuation Theory: State Of Relative Anonymity, Members Do Not Feel Identifiable
22.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-22 Summary 1. Power Dynamic Interdependence Approach Trait Factor Approach 2. Bases Of Power 3. Unequal Power ○ High-Power Members ○ Low-Power Members 4. Indirect Use Of Power ○ Norms ○ Group Mind
23.
Chapter 6 POWER Review Questions
24.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-24 Terms and Definitions 1. 5 steps to mobilizing power 2. Collective Behavior 3. Compliance 4. Conformity 5. Contagion 6. Deindividuation 7. Goals 8. Inducibility 9. Norms 10. Power 11. Reactance 12. Revenge 13. Social Dominance 14. Terrorism 1 - 225 2 - 249 3 - 247 4 - 247 5 - 250 6 - 250 7 - 225 8 - 223 9 - 246 10 - 219 11 - 222 12 - 245 13 - 229 14 - 244
25.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-25 Distinguish the Differences Between Constructive and Destructive Powers - 220 Constructive Also known as: Expandable or limited? Direction? Shared Coercion level Based upon _________ Destructive Also known as: Expandable or limited? Direction? Shared Coercion level Based upon _________
26.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-26 Approaches to Power Dynamic Interdependence Approach To Power – Pg. 222 Dynamic Holistic Phenomenological Deductive Distributed Inevitable Essential, Pervasive Trait Factor Approach To Power – Pg. 228 Static Atomistic Historical Inductive
27.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-27 Bases of Power Power 1. Reward 2. Coercive 3. Legitimate 4. Referent 5. Informational 6. Expert Example a. Phones at dinner table are not permitted. b. I’m a soldier, but never in a war; I am still a hero? c. Late 15 minutes = 2 hours extra work OR no pay for the day. d. Lyle has studied English in Canada. He’s our team leader for Marketing class. e. “Could you do me a favor?” f. People really should change their password to Bb.
28.
Johnson. Joining Together:
Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 6-28 Unequal Power High-Power Members – Pg. 239 L: ________ E: ________ A: ________ D: ________ Low-Power Members – Pg. 243 C – ________, ______ O – ________ R – ________ E – ________
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