This document contains information about daylighting calculations and design for several spaces in a library building, including a children's activity area and bookstore. It also includes calculations for artificial lighting and acoustic design. The initial children's activity area design did not meet the minimum illuminance requirements from standards. The opening was adjusted larger to achieve an illuminance of 670 lux. Artificial lighting calculations were also provided to ensure adequate lighting at all times. Daylight factor calculations showed the bookstore space achieved the recommended 1000 lux minimum on clear days. Artificial lighting was included as backup for cloudy days. Reverberation time calculations confirmed the bookstore design met standards for an office space. Lighting and acoustic

1. Building Science 2 (BLD 61303 / ARC 3413)
PROJECT 2: Integration Project
NAME: LING HUI SIM
ID: 0313855
TUTOR: MR EDWIN

2. DAYLIGHTING
Accordingto MS1525, DaylightFactordistributionisasbelow.
Daylight Factor (%) Distribution
> 6 Very bright with thermal and glare problem
3 - 6 Bright
1 - 3 Average
0 - 1 Dark
The table shownbelowdescribe the nearestexampletothe ideaof illuminance range.
Illuminance Example
120,000 lux Brightestsunlight
110,000 lux Brightsunlight
20,000 lux Shade illuminatedbyentireclearblue sky,midday
1,000 – 2,000 lux Typical overcastday,midday
400 lux Sunrise orsunsetona clearday (ambientillumination
<200 lux Extreme of darkeststormclouds,midday
40 lux Fullyovercast,sunset/sunrise
<1 lux Extreme of darkeststormclouds,sunset/sunrise
CHILDREN ACTIVITYAREA
The highlightedareashowsthe childrenactivityareawhichislocatedatfirstfloorlevel.Thisspacesrequires
enoughilluminance aschildrenare sensitive tobrightness.There isavoidspacesrightnexttoit and is
protectedfromexposedto directsunlightpenetration bythe facade.

3. FloorArea(m2
) 50.74
Areaof façade exposedtosunlight(m2
)before
adjustment
4.0 x 2 = 8.0
Areaof façade exposedtosunlight(m2
)after
adjustment
8.5 x 2 = 17
RequiredIlluminance,Lux fromDaylightFactor
(3% - 6%)
3% of daylightfactor
3% =
𝐸𝑖
20000
𝑥 100%
Ei = 600 Lux
Illuminance fromthe space beforeopening
adjustment,Lux
8.0
50.74
𝑥 100% = 15.76%
15.76% x 0.1 = 1.576%
1.576% =
𝐸𝑖
20000
𝑥 100
Ei = 315 Lux
Illuminance fromthe space afteropening
adjustment,Lux
17
50.74
𝑥 100% = 33.50%
33.50% x 0.1 = 3.350%
3.350% =
𝐸𝑖
20000
𝑥 100
Ei = 670 Lux
The diagram above showsthe contourrenderingthatdescribe the amountof daylightingpenetrate intothe
space (childrenactivityarea).The blue zone appearatthe most rightside as there isnodaylightingthatis
able to penetrate wayintothatarea.Because the windowsare large enough,daylightisable tolightenup
the whole spaces.
The initial designof the openingdoesn’thave enoughilluminance requirementfromMS 1525 whichis3%-
6%, whichthe lowest3%is600 Lux.Therefore,the openingare adjustedbiggertoachieve the optimum
illuminance (670Lux achieved) forthe space.

4. DISCUSSION NODE
FloorArea(m2
) 49.0
Areaof façade exposedtosunlight(m2
)before
adjustment
4.0 x 2 = 8.0
Areaof façade exposedtosunlight(m2
)after
adjustment
8.6 x 2 = 17.2
RequiredIlluminance,Lux fromDaylightFactor
(3% - 6%)
3% of daylightfactor
3% =
𝐸𝑖
20000
𝑥 100%
Ei = 600 Lux
Illuminance fromthe space beforeopening
adjustment, Lux
8.0
49.0
𝑥 100% = 16.33%
16.33% x 0.1 = 1.633%
1.633% =
𝐸𝑖
20000
𝑥 100
Ei = 327 Lux
Illuminance fromthe space afteropening
adjustment,Lux
17.2
49.0
𝑥 100% = 35.10%
35.10% x 0.1 = 3.510%
3.510% =
𝐸𝑖
20000
𝑥 100
Ei = 702 Lux
Thisspace islocatedat secondlevel.Itisa discussionnode space thathas a voidspacesrightnexttoit for
extrasunlightpenetrationtoenterthroughthe openingintothe discussionnode areaandisprotectedfrom
exposedtodirectsunlightpenetrationby the facade.

5. The diagram above shows contourrenderingthatdescribe the daylightingpenetrationintothe space
(informal readingarea).Itdescribethatthere isexcessive amountof light;whichisinbrightcolour,enterthe
space and causesglare to the occupant.
MS 1525 recommendthatthe space to bestto have 3% - 6% of daylightingwhichisranged600 Lux to 1200
Lux. The currentspace illuminate out of 702 Lux whichismore that 3% andcan cause glare to the occupants
inthat space.To solve thisissue,adjustable louveredfaçade isusedtocontrol the lightpenetration tothe
optimumneeds.Thisadjustable louveredfaçade hasthe abilitytocontrol the illuminance of the space based
on the outdoorweathercondition.
Double skinfacade

6. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
SECONDHANDBOOKSTORE
Secondhandbookstore islocatedatthe back ground floorlevel.Thereispresence of daylightingbutis
insufficient.Therefore,artificial lightingisvital forthisspace.
Function Material Colour Surface Type Reflectance Value
Ceiling Concrete finish Grey Absorptive 0.3
Wall Concrete with
paintfinishing
White Reflective 0.33
Window Glass Transparent Reflective 0.06
Type of luminaire usedasshowedbelow:
Type of fixture Mount fixing
Type of lightbulb
Fluorescenttube
Wattage Range (W) 150 W
ColourrenderingIndex(CRI) 82
ColourTemperature (K) 4100 K
ColourDesignation Cool White
Lumens 2650 lm

7. Location Secondhandbookstore atground floorlevel
Dimensionof room(m) Length(L) = 6.6m
Width(W) = 5.0m
Height(H) = 5.0m
Total FloorArea,A (m²) 33 m²
Type of LightingFixture Ceilingmounted
Heightof luminaries(m) 5.0
Heightof work level (m) 0.8
Mountingheight(m) 4.2
Reflectionfactors Ceiling:0.7
Wall:0.5
RoomIndex,RI(K)
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
( 𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 𝐻
𝑅𝐼 =
6.6𝑥 5.0
(6.6 + 5.0) 𝑥 4.2
= 0.68
Utilizationfactor,UF 0.39
Maintenance factor,MF 0.8
Numberof lightrequired
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)
MS1525 recommended
administrativeoffice tohave
illuminationlevel –400 Lux
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)
=
400 𝑥 33
(2650 𝑥 0.39 𝑥 0.8)
= 15 lamps
The diagram above showsthe lightinglayout.Itwasdistributed 6.6x 5 so that the space have an evenly
distributedartificiallightingthroughoutthe space.

8. CHILDREN STORY TELLING ROOM
Childrenstorytelling roomislocatedatsecondfloorlevel.Althoughnatural lightcanbe acquiredbutitis
insufficient.Hence,artificial lightingisvital forthe space.AccordingtoMS 1525, the minimumilluminance
requiredforroomis400 Lux.
Function Material Colour Surface Type Reflectance Value
Ceiling Concrete finish Grey Absorptive 0.3
Wall Concrete with
paintfinishing
White Reflective 0.33
Window Glass Transparent Reflective 0.06
Type of luminaire usedasshowedbelow:
Type of fixture Mount fixing
Type of lightbulb
Fluorescenttube
Wattage Range (W) 150 W
ColourrenderingIndex(CRI) 82
ColourTemperature (K) 4100 K
ColourDesignation Cool White
Lumens 2650 lm

9. Lumenmethodandcalculationformeetingroom(from1.5mheight)
Location Meetingroomat secondfloorlevel
Dimension of room(m) Length(L) = 8.5m
Width(W) = 5m
Height(H) = 4.5m
Total FloorArea,A (m²) 42.5 m²
Type of LightingFixture Ceilingmounted
Heightof luminaries(m) 4.5
Heightof work level (m) 0.8
Mountingheight(m) 3.7
Reflectionfactors Ceiling:0.7
Wall:0.5
RoomIndex,RI(K)
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
( 𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 𝐻
𝑅𝐼 =
8.5 𝑥 5.0
(8.5 + 5.0) 𝑥 3.7
= 0.85
Utilizationfactor,UF 0.48
Maintenance factor,MF
Numberof lightrequired
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)
MS1525 recommendedmeeting
room to have illuminationlevel
– 400 Lux
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)
=
400 𝑥 42.5
( 2650 𝑥 0.48 𝑥 0.8)
= 17 lamps

10. PERMANENT SUPPPLEMENTRAY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF INTERIORS
(PSALI)
CHILDREN ACTIVITYAREA
Daylightfactorcalculation are calculated,pleaserefertodaylightingsection.The space hasachievedthe
optimumdaylightfactorforitsfunctionspace,670 Lux.However,thatisto be assumedthat it has a clearsky
presentatthat time.Therefore,artificiallightingtake place here aswell toensure thatthe space has
constantlyachievingthe optimumdaylighting.
Calculationforartificial lightingshownasbelow.
Type of luminaire usedasshowed below:
Type of fixture Mount fixing
Type of lightbulb
Fluorescenttube
Wattage Range (W) 150 W
ColorrenderingIndex (CRI) 82
ColorTemperature (K) 4100 K

11. ColorDesignation Cool White
Lumens 2650 lm
Location Childrenactivityarea
Dimensionof room(m) Length(L) = 5.8m
Width(W) = 8.7m
Height(H) = 4.0m
Total FloorArea,A (m²) 50.74 m²
Type of LightingFixture Ceilingmounted
Heightof luminaries(m) 4.0
Heightof work level (m) 0.8
Mountingheight(m) 3.2
Reflectionfactors Ceiling:0.7
Wall:0.5
RoomIndex,RI(K)
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
( 𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 𝐻
𝑅𝐼 =
5.8 𝑥 8.7
(5.8 + 8.7) 𝑥 3.2
= 1.09
Utilizationfactor,UF 0.56
Maintenance factor,MF 0.8
Numberof lightrequired
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)
MS1525 recommended children
activityareato have
illuminationlevel atminimum–
300 Lux
𝑁 =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)
=
300 𝑥 50.74
(2650 𝑥 0.56 𝑥 0.8)
= 13lamps
The diagram above showthe layoutforthe artificial lightingplacement.Thisistoshow there are evenly
distributedlightingthroughoutthe space.
As this space, children activity area, is an essential space of a library, it should to be keep having it on
optimum brightness all the time. One way to make the lighting system more effective is to install daylight
sensor to the space. This sensor detect the light intensity of the space and take action of turning on the light

12. when there is not enough daylight penetration. The diagram above shows anexample of daylight sensor that
can be install inside the building.

13. SECONHANDBOOKSTORE
Daylightfactorcalculation
FloorArea(m2
) 33
Areaof space exposedtosunlight(m2
) 5.5 x 5= 27.5
Illuminance fromthe space ,Lux 27.5
33.0
𝑥 100% = 83.33%
83.33% x 0.1 = 8.333%
8.333% =
𝐸𝑖
20000
𝑥 100
Ei = 1666 Lux
MS 1525 recommendthata bookstore areashouldhave aminimumilluminationlevel of 1000 Lux and the
space had achievedit.Howeveritonlytobe assumedthatitis on a clearday on daytime.Therefore,artificial
lightingispresenttocompensate the lossof daylightingwhenoncloudyordarkday.
The diagram above showsthe arrangementof artificial lighting.The calculationplease refertoartificial
lightingsection.However,notall the time peopleare presentinadministrative office.So,sometimesitis
unnecessarytohave sensortodetectjustonlythe intensityof the illuminationof the room.To make itmore
effective,motionsensorisinstalled.Motionsensorsenseshumanactivityandswitchonlightsensor. The
motionsensoronGrid A toGrid D onlyconnectedtodaylightsensoraslightat Grid E to Grid G need
constantartificial lighting.

14. REVERBERATION TIME
SECONDHANDBOOKSTORE
Accordingto MS 1525, the ideal reverberationtime foranoffice isbetween 0.8– 1.2s.
Component Material Surface
area/m²,
S
Absorption
coefficient(500
Hz),a
Sound
Absorption
(500Hz) , Sa
Absorption
coefficient
(2000 Hz),a
Sound
Absorption
(2000Hz), Sa
Wall Concrete
wall with
plaster
finish
33 0.02 0.66 0.03 1.089
Floor Carpeton
concrete
33 0.3 9.9 0.5 16.5
Ceiling Concrete 33 0.02 0.66 0.03 0.99
Window Glass 24.5 0.04 0.98 0.03 0.735
Furniture Fabric
Cushion
2.1 0.28 0.588 0.28 0.588
Table 11.04 0.22 2.4288 0.38 4.1952
Bookshelves 4.5 0.22 0.99 0.38 1.71
People 10people 0.46 4.6 0.51 5.1
Total Absorption(A) 20.81 30.91
500 Hz,
𝑅𝑇 =
0.16 𝑥 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑥 165
20.81
= 1.21 s
2000 Hz,
𝑅𝑇 =
0.16 𝑥 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑥 165
30.91
= 0.85 s
Basedon the standardrequirementforreverberationtime foranoffice,the specificationinthatspecific
room hasachieve the requirement.

15. STORY TELLING AREA
Accordingto MS 1525, the ideal reverberationtime for storytellingareaisbetween0.8– 1.2s.
Component Material Surface
area/m²
(A)
Absorption
coefficient(500
Hz),a
Sound
Absorption
(500Hz) , Sa
Absorption
coefficient
(2000 Hz),a
Sound
Absorption
(2000Hz), Sa
Wall Concrete
wall with
plaster
finish
42.5 0.02 0.85 0.03 1.275
Floor Carpeton
concrete
42.5 0.3 12.75 0.5 21.25
Ceiling Concrete 42.5 0.02 0.85 0.03 1.275
Window Glass 7.02 0.04 0.28 0.03 0.21
Furniture Table 3.66 0.22 0.81 0.38 1.39
Chair 1.2 0.33 0.396 0.37 0.444
People 6 people 0.46 2.76 0.51 3.06
Total Absorption(A) 25.476 28.904
500 Hz,
𝑅𝑇 =
0.16 𝑥 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑥 191.25
25.476
= 1.2s
2000 Hz,
𝑅𝑇 =
0.16 𝑥 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑥 191.25
28.904
= 1.05 s
Basedon the standardrequirementforreverberationtime forameetingroom, the specificationinthat
specificroomhasachieve the requirement.

16. TRANSMISSION LOSS (TL)
STORY TELLING AREA
The space islocatedat firstfloorlevel of the building. The administrativeoffice andchildrenactivityareaare
dividedbyasingle wall.AccordingtoMS1525 standard,the requiredsoundpressurelevel isaround45 – 55
dB for an office space.
Component Material Color Finish Surface Area,
S/m2
SRI Transmission
Coefficient,T
ST
Wall Concrete
with
plaster
finish
White Matte 22.5 43 5.2 x 10⁻⁵ 1.6128 x 10⁻³
Total 22.5 1.6128 x 10⁻³
𝑇 =
1
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 (
𝑆𝑅𝐼
10
)
𝑇ᴀᴠ =
𝑆1𝑇1+ 𝑆2𝑇2+ 𝑆𝑛𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
=
1.6128 x 10⁻³
22.5
= 5.2 x 10⁻⁵
𝑆𝑅𝐼 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1
𝑇
= 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1
5.2 x 10⁻⁵
= 43 dB
The highestnoise canbe produce by the childrenisabout80dB.
Noise levelinAdministrativeoffice =70 dB – 43dB
= 27 dB
The transmissionlossfromthe childrenareathroughthe wall is
43dB. Thisprovedthatthe wall isable toreduce the soundlevel of
70dB to 27dB. The standardrequirementbyMS1525 is 45 – 55 dB.
Therefore,ithasachievedthe requirement.

17. CHILDREN LEARNINGACTIVITYAREA
The quietreadingareaislocatednextto outdoorreadingareawherebypeople are allowedtohave anormal
conversationloudness.AccordingtoMS 1525, the quietreadingspace is30 dB.
Component Material Colour Finish Surface Area,
S/m2
SRI Transmission
Coefficient,T
ST
Wall Concrete
with
plaster
finish
White Matte 49 45 3.3 x 10⁻⁵ 1.6128 x 10⁻³
Total 49 1.6128 x 10⁻³
𝑇 =
1
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 (
𝑆𝑅𝐼
10
)
𝑇ᴀᴠ =
𝑆1𝑇1+ 𝑆2𝑇2+ 𝑆𝑛𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
=
1.6128 x 10⁻³
49
= 3.3 x 10⁻⁵
𝑆𝑅𝐼 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1
𝑇
= 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1
3.3 x 10⁻⁵
= 45 dB
The highest noise can be produce by the human is about
60dB.
Noise levelinAdministrativeoffice =60 dB – 45dB
= 15 dB
The transmissionlossfromthe childrenreadingareathrough
the wall is45dB. Thisprovedthat the wall isable toreduce
the soundlevel of 70dB to 15dB. The standardrequirement
by MS 1525 is 30dB. Therefore,ithasachievedthe
requirement.

18. EXTERNAL NOISE
LOBBY AND LOCALHISTORY GALLERY
The café and local historygallery islocated atentrance of the building.Although,itislocated atthe endside
of the buildingbutthere sittingareaforthe userfacingdirectlyat the roadside andgettingexternalnoises.
The trafficcan produce noisesupto80dB whenthere istraffic
jam.
To solve the issue of external noise,
bufferzone isaddedinorderto lose
the noise transmissionbefore itreaches
the space.For each doubleddistance,
noise will decrease by6 dB. Aside from
that, there are presence of treesand
furniture thatcan act as sound
absorptionandreflector.
BUFFER ZONE

19. Outside the childrenactivityroom hasan outdoorplay spacesforchildren where it can be noisy when there
is children playing (design features). Further away, it is a busy road whereby it often has traffic jam and
produce noises.
BUFFER ZONE
PUBLIC SPACEThe childrenactivityareaispushedbackand has a gap whichcreatesa bufferzone toreduce the noise
intensity.There isanotherissue whichthe space isfacingthe roadside andwill cause noises.The solution
to thisisto have a double skinfaçade whichcanreduce the trafficroadnoises.
CHILDREN ACTIVITY
AREA
CHILDREN
OUTDOOR
ACTIVITY
AREA