The Patriot Act was signed into law by President George W. Bush in October 2001 in response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It aims to broaden surveillance powers of law enforcement to monitor communications like phone calls, texts, and online activity to prevent terrorism but has faced criticism for infringing on civil liberties without clear connections to national security investigations. The act remains a controversial issue with debates on whether its provisions are constitutional or go too far in diminishing privacy and rights.