semantics and pragmatics

1. SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS
“REFERENCE AND INFERENCE”
Dosen Pengampu:
Prof. Dr. Martin Kustati, M.Pd.
Honesty Trila, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.
GROUP 4:
- Lisa Iwanka RS (2014050007)
- Nopera Amanda Tanjung (2014050009)

2. A.Definition Of Reference And Inference
- Reference
Reference, is the act of the speaker/writer using a linguistic form to allow the listener/reader to
identify something, reference depends on the speaker's intention. Reference can be defined as the way to
identify certain information with its real entity based on shared knowledge between speaker and listener.
- Inference
Pragmatically, inference is a kind of prediction/guess made by listener in response to information
stated. Therefore, listener is demanded to point out right what speaker is informing. According to preceding
explanation, speaker's intention would be successfully conveyed if listener is able to infer the reference
within information given.

3. B.Aspects of Reference and Inference
1.Referential And Attributeve Uses
Is a concept that refers to something that is not always in accordance with its shape (image of its form).The
speaker invites the reader to assume physically when what is described does not exist.ex: There are a man waiting for
you. (There's a boy waiting for you). The sentence above only informs that there is a man waiting, but you don't know
who the man is. So,indirectly the listener will assume the person in question, could it be someone he knows or someone
else.
2. Names And Diferents
Name and reference is a process of collaboration between intent and purpose. ex: ample is that it often happens in
today's society when we want to buy dab soap at a shop, we will say “I want to buy dab soap” without mentioning the
name of a particular brand of soap.

4. 3. The Role Of Co-Text
Our ability to identify the actual intended reference and more depends on our understanding. Example:
These potato cakes are made from fried potatoes and pounded with a mixture of chicken meat. (potato fritters are
made from mashed fried potatoes and mixed with chicken meat).
4.Anaphoric Reference
Anaphoric reference invites the listener to continue to identify correctly. Reference itself has 3 types of
reference, namely:
a.Anaphoric reference (Initial reference mentioned at the beginning)
b.Cataphoric reference (Initial reference mentioned at the end)
c.Zero Anaphora (an expression that has no reference)

5. THANK YOU