3. The Discussion
The definition of pragmatics.
Difference between syntax ,semantics
,pragmatics .
External information .
some pragmatic elements .
4. What is pragmatics ?
Pragmatics is the study of what the speakers
mean or speakers’ meaning . WHAT PEOPLE
MEAN by their utterances rather than what the
words or phrases might mean by themselves.
5. Contextual meaning .
The study of contextual meaning . Importance
of the CONTEXT: the circumstances and the
audience or public.
“The study of contextual meaning
communicated by a speaker or writer, and
interpreted by a listener or reader.” (G.Yule).
Contextual
Related to the context of something.
6. IN OTHER WORDS…
PRAGMATICS studies HOW PEOPLE MAKE SENSE OF EACH OTHER
LINGUISTICALLY.
who wouldn’t ?
Did you ?
Two friends in a conversation may imply some things and infer some
others without providing any clear linguistic evidence. So,
pragmatics requires us to make sense of what people have in mind.
8. Pragmatically meaning ;)
When a diplomat says yes ,he means ‘perhaps’ ;
When he says perhaps ,he means ‘no’ ;
When he says no ,he is not a diplomat .
Voltaire (quote ,in Spanish,in escandell 1993).
9. Syntax ,semantics and oragmatics ;
syntax The study of the
relations between
linguistics form,how
they are arranged
in the sequence
,which sentences
are well formed .
10. Semantics
Is the study of the meaning
of words,phrase and
sentences .
The study of the relations
between lingutic forms
and entities in the world.
11. Context:Context is the place where helps us
to know and interpret the meaning of the
word or words .
Lingustic
context
Physical
context
12. The rule of context .
Linguistic
context
Physical
context
Context
14. Types of indexicals
Person deixis: used to point people. (me, you)
Spatial deixis: used to point location (here, there).
Temporal dexis: used to point location in time (now,
then).
i.e: “I’ll put this here, ok?”
15. 2- Reference :
an act in which a speaker or writer, uses linguistic
forms to enable a listener or reader, to identify
something.
Words in themselves do not refer anything.
People refer.
So, reference is tied to the speaker’s goals and
beliefs about the listener knowledge in the use
of language.
16. 3- Inference:
connection between what is said
and what must be meant
Can I borrow your ’Austin ?
Austin is refer to the novel of Jane Austin.
17. 4- anaphora:
The expressions used to maintain reference to
something or someone already mentioned.
i.e: “A man was looking at us. He then
disappeared.”
The initial reference is often indefinite (A man…)
and is called the ANTECEDENT.
The subsequent reference is definite or a
prononun (He…) and is called ANAPHORA.
18. 5-presupposition :
speaker assumption of the utterance to be true
or known by the hearer .
What the speaker assume is true or known by the
listener .
He talked about you .
You have knowledge about ‘he’ you know him .
19. 6- speech act :
Is meant to describe action by a speaker such as
requesting,commanding ,questioning ,apology
,promise ,,,etc
20. 6-Direct and indirect speech acts :
Direct:there’s a direct relationship between the
structure (declarative, interrogative, imperative)
and its communicative function (statement,
question, commnad/request.
Indirect :Indirect relation between the structure
and function
“Move out of the way!” – (the only direct
command.)
“Do you have to stand in front of the T.V?”(A
question functioning as an indirect command)
21. 7-Politeness and social closeness:
Politeness: The idea of polite social behavior - to
show awareness of another person’s face.
“Excuse, Mr. Buckingham, can I talk to you for a
second?”
Social closeness : person’spublic image
•emotional and social sense of self everyone
has and expects everyone else to recognize .
“Hey, Bucky, got a minute?”
