Unit 1 Virtual Microscopy Answers

Unit 1 Virtual Microscopy Answers
Unit 1 Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy
Points: 30p
Name: Brent Hoskins
Purpose (3p)
Using the microscope provided to analyze the different size of the different cells and organisms
Lab Summary (5p)
With some of the cells being visible to the untrained eye, others are smaller and are not as easily seen, unless you have the Microscope. Different cells
use various organelles to get around however, others do not.
Lab Answers (10p)
A. Estimate the size of:
1. An E. Coli cell. _____1.8um___________
2 A mitochondrion. _____3.2um__________
3. A Red Blood cell. ____8um_________
4. A hepatitus virus. _____.045um__________
5. A water molecule. _____.275um__________
B. Observe the various Cell types and learn to distinguish between Bacterial
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes
Organisms are all over the place. There are two specific types of organisms that are specifically common on earth.They are the Eukaryotes and
prokaryotes cells. Both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic are found where there is life. They have similarities as well as differences. Both are very
complex and well structured. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic are important because they are literally all over the place.
Eukaryotic are the earliest organisms on Earth. There are two major kinds of prokaryotic. The two are bacteria and archaea. Prokaryote cell is a single
celled organism that does not have a membrane bound nucleus or membrane–bound organelle. All Prokaryotic cells contain large quantities of generic
material in the form of DNA is found in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures endowed with with membranes. Any living organism that isn't my bacteria or archaea
Eukaryotic. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic. All cells have a nucleus, genetic material, plasma membrane and cytoplasm including
cytoskeleton. Cells have other membrane bound internal structures names organelles. Organelles include mitochondria, golgi bodies lysosomes,
vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum. Even though prokaryotes or eukaryotes deal with different organisms, they do have some similarities. They both
have a genetic material and they both have the same kind. They both have DNA as their genetic material. They have similar basic metabolism. Both
also have a similarity in their structure. Both also have ribosomes. So even though these two cells seem completely different they do have similarities.
Just as Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic have similarities they also have differences. Eukaryotes have a nucleus while prokaryotic don't. Another thing
Eukaryotes have that Prokaryotes don't is a membrane bound organelles. The DNA of Eukaryotes is more extensive and complex. The DNA of
prokaryotes floats freely around the cell while the DNA of Eukaryotes is held in the nucleus. They both deal with different types of living

The Theory Of The Cell Theory Essay
Introduction
The cell theory is composed of three ideas from three different German scientists. In 1838, scientist Mattias Schlieden said that all plants were made
from cells. One year later in 1839, scientist Theodor Schwann said that all animals were made from cells. In 1855, scientist Rudolf Virchow said that
all cells come from other cells. These three ideas were put together to form the cell theory. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells,
cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and all cells are produced from other cells (McGinnis, 2011).
Prokaryotic cells are the simplest systems that exhibit all of the signs of life. They reproduce by binary fission, a process where the DNA is
duplicated and the cell splits in two. They are the smallest types of cell, and have a large array of abilities. Some prokaryotes live in the absence of
oxygen, some in extreme cold or heat, and some at the bottoms of oceans. These extremist prokaryotes are known as archaebacteria. The most common
prokaryotes are eubacteria, and are found nearly everywhere on Earth (Blamire, 2001).
Prokaryotic cells can vary in their structure depending on where they reside, but all prokaryotic cells have certain features in common. All
prokaryotic cells have a cell wall; a cell wall gives structure and shape to the cell while providing a place for the flagella to anchor. They have a plasma
membrane, which is just inside the cell and serves as a

Similarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And...
The terms 'eukaryote' and 'prokaryote' were introduced Edouard Chatton in 1925 (Chatton, 1925, cited in Sapp, 2005). Eukaryotes, according to the
online Oxford Dictionaries is a cell in which DNA is arranged in chromosomes that are "contained within a distinct nucleus". The name prokaryotes is
also defined by the Oxford dictionary as an organism that does not contain a 'distinct nucleus with a membrane'. These two terms highlighted a very
important difference between the two cells; eukaryotic cells had a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane but the prokaryotes did not. The following
essay seeks to compare and contrast typical prokaryotic cells to typical eukaryotic cells.
Cells can be organised into three domains as stated by Embley and Williams (2015):Bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes (Eukarya). This is based on the
findings of Carl Woesse, who in 1985, discovered three domains in which all cellular life on Earth can be sorted using their ribosomal RNA
sequencing. Woesse introduced the domains as Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea as a basis for a more accurate form of classification as opposed to the
five–kingdom taxonomy (Woesse et al. 1990). From a Last Universal Common Ancestor, the Bacteria and the Eukaryotes were thought to have evolved
separately. From the Eukarya branch, Archaea branches out. We can use this to make the assumption that all life arose from said LUCA, Archaea are
more closely related to Eukaryotes than they are to Bacteria, although morphologically,

Similarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And...
Edouard Chatton (cities in Soyer– Gobillard, 2006) in 1925, was first to divide cells into either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are
typically larger and include protists, plants, fungi and animal cells. They are described as 'a type of cell with membrane–enclosed organelles and
membrane–enclosed nucleus' (Cain et al, 2014, p171). A typically smaller prokaryoticcell 'lacks a membrane–enclosed nucleus and membrane–enclosed
organelles'; this term includes the domains of bacteria and Archaea (Cain et al, 2014, p171).
Prokaryotic cells evolved earlier than Eukaryotic cells this is shown by the fact that Prokaryotic means 'before nucleus', this earlier evolution resulted
in many differences seen between these cell types (Cain et al, 2014, p172), such as different organisation within the cell. However because all cells
are thought to have evolved from a Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) (Heaphy, S, 2015) similarities between these cells are also seen such as
ribosomes, however further difference can be found within these similarities. Some of these key differences can be seen in the figures below.
Figure 1: A typical prokaryotic cell. Left is a diagram of typical prokaryotic bacteria with subcellular structures labelled. Right is an electron
microscope of a prokaryotic cell (Taken from Bevington, A, 2015)
Figure 2: A typical eukaryotic cell. A diagram of typical eukaryotic animal cell with subcellular structures labelled (Taken from Bevington, A, 2015).

Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes Essay
In the replication process of DNA, there are similarities between the process of replication of a Eukaryote cell and Prokaryote cell. There are also
differences in both processes. The most notable difference would have to start with the cell themselves, which may add to additional differences in the
processes. A prokaryote is a more simplisticcell with less DNA and a Eukaryote cell is much more complex with vast amounts of DNA.
The replication process in the end has the same goal and that is to copy DNA and pass it along to a new cell. The processes begin in a similar
fashion, which is the DNA is unwound by an enzyme known as DNA helicase (Boundless, 2016). Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes both employ the
polymerases to synthesis DNA. In both cases the replication begins within the cell wall or cell membrane. The processes of replicating the DNA into
a new cell occurs with the aid of leading strands and lagging strands (Bank, E., 2016). A leading and lagging strand usesRNA prime that inserts the first
genetic code that is completed by a subsequent lagging strand, Okazaki fragment.
The differences between the two replications are abundant. Although the replication occurs within the cell wall for the two processes they both occur
in different locations. The prokaryote replication occurs in cytoplasm. It also is destined to occur in that one location ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The speed at which replication occurs is speedy but the decrease in speed for Eukaryote cells may go hand and hand with the complexity of the
organism. The margin for error to complete multiple processes with billions of lines of DNA would presumably be higher with increased speed. It
may also be true that having multiple points of origin could be more accurate at inserting code in the correct position. Lastly, the end of a chromosome
and the shortening of the chromosome may help to relieve the world of people who have experienced everything and know

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Prokaryotes
All living organisms on Earth are classified within three domains – Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Bacteria and Archaea encompass a generalised
classification known as the prokaryotes. This definition follows the extensive similarities between the two domains, such as their manner of gene
expression, their fundamental metabolic pathways, as well as their lack of membrane bound organelles, and compartmentalisation. Due to the cellular
compartmentalisation that eukaryotes exhibit, as well as more complex modes of metabolism and replication, prokaryotes are generally considered to
be the precursors to eukaryotic cells. One of the other defining characteristics of eukaryotic cells that allow for multicellularity to occur is the presence
of a complex... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is therefore suggested that MreB and actin originated from a common ancestor, as so, further suggests that actin was a result of MreB divergence in
eukaryotes. Bacterial MreB functions in maintaining the shape of the bacterial cell, whereby MreB assembles into filaments which display an
extensive structural resemblance to actin. The divergence of MreB in eukaryotic cells is seen to be similar to the divergence of FtsZ to tubulin, where
MreB acquired new functions as eukaryotes evolved. These new functions included the ability to perform cell division specific to eukaryotic cells, cell
movement through pseudopodia, and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is postulated to have been a central step in the success of eukaryotic evolution, as the
ability to engulf other organisms such as bacteria and archaea led to eukaryotes becoming predators. The ability to perform predation contributed
heavily to the survival of the eukaryotic line, as it reduced competition. Phagocytosis also allowed for the engulfment of cyanobacteria and other
bacteria which contributed to endosymbiosis, further increasing the complexity of eukaryotic cells. In order to perform phagocytosis, eukaryotic cells
would have had to remove their inflexible cell wall, a remnant of their prokaryotic ancestors. The remaining plasma membrane would have allowed for
increased flexibility and the ability to project towards the prey,

Similarities Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
Cells were divided into two, which are, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Examples of prokaryotic cells are Bacteria and Archae, while the examples
of eukaryotic cells are Protists, Fungi, plants and animals. All cells share certain basic features, but the major difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells is their DNA. Thus, these two cells have different features on DNA transcription andprotein synthesis mechanisms. The general
processes of transcription may be applied to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as their basic biochemistry was the same. But, they are differs in
their specific mechanisms and regulation of transcriptions. In all species, the process of transcriptions begins with the binding of RNA polymerase
complex to a special DNA sequence at the beginning of the gene, which named promoter. The activation of RNA polymerase leads to initiation of
transcription and followed by elongation of transcription. And these two cells were different in these elements. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In contrast, eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotes as their transcriptions process are utilize by three different types of RNA polymerase.
These polymerases differ in number and type of subunits they contain and also the class of RNA they subscribe. RNA polymerase I, which located in
the nucleolus, transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA), RNA polymerase II, which located in the nucleoplasm, transcribemessenger RNA (mRNA) and
RNA polymerase III, which also located in the nucleoplasm, transcribe both ribosomal and transfer RNA (tRNA). All eukaryotic RNA polymerases are
homologous to one another and to prokaryotic RNA

Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes Similarities
It is evidently known that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells are microscopic, membrane–bound units which contain biomolecules allowing them to
carry out functions, sustain life and self–replicate. Although every living cell comes under one of the 6 kingdoms in the biological taxonomy of living
organisms, the two most distinct types of cells are eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes (pre–nucleus) are single–celled organisms which
do not contain a nucleus nor do they have any membrane–bound organelles within them. Eukaryotes (literally meaning "true nucleus") were developed
many years after prokaryotes and can either be single–celled or multi–cellular organisms. In addition to an enclosed nucleus, they embody many other...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Including a singular loop of DNA, prokaryotes (and some eukaryotes) contain smaller, circular and extrachromosomal double–stranded DNA molecules
called 'plasmids'. During cell division, copies of each plasmid within the cell are made to be passed down to the daughter cells or they can be
exchanged between neighbouring cells through a process known as conjugation. In terms of packing and arranging the genes, prokaryotes require
greatly compact genomes (complete set of DNA) as opposed to eukaryotes, due to large non–coding regions and repetitive DNA between the genes.
Prokaryotic genes are expressed in groups called operons, which all undergo the process of transcription on the same strand of RNA; eukaryote genes
are transcribed on individual strands of mRNA. Due the fact that the prokaryotic DNA interacts with the cytoplasm, transcription and translation are
both carried out at the same time. Adversely, in eukaryotes the former takes place in the nucleus and the latter in the cytoplasm. These factors strongly
convey the simplicity of a prokaryotic cell, which do not require as many genes to operate compared to that of a eukaryotic

Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two different types of processes that create energy. Cellular Respiration is "the oxidation of glucose to
produce ATP (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011, p. 1027)." This process occurs in all living organisms. In comparison, Photosynthesis is "the conversion of
sunlight into a chemical form of energy. In the cyanobacteria, the process takes place in special thylakoid membranes, which contain chlorophyll or
chlorophyll–like pigments. Among eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of such organisms as diatoms, dinoflagellates and green
algae. (Pommerville, 2014, p. 185)".
Both processes have different stages to create energy. Cellular respiration has aerobic and anaerobic processes. In the aerobic process, enzymes break
down glucose in "presence of oxygen to produce cell energy". The stages in cellular respiration include glycolysis, transition, Krebs cycle and the
electron transport system. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. During this stage, there is a "conversion of glucose into pyruvate (Pommerville, 2014,
p. 171)". In addition, "two ATP molecules are required and the net yield is 2 pyruvates and 2 ATPs (Pommerville, 2014, p. 173)". The transitional
stage "occurs in the outer mitochondrial membrane." According to Pommerville, "Each pyruvate is converted into an acetyl CoA as CO2 is liberated
and two NADH are formed. Each acetyl CoA combines with an oxaloacetate to form citrate (p. 174)." Unfortunately, this step did

Prokaryotic Cells Essay
Prokaryotic Cells
All living things are made of cells, and cells are the smallest units that can be alive. Life on Earth is classified into five kingdoms, and they each have
their own characteristic kind of cell. However the biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryote kingdom (monera, the bacteria) and those of
the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than
eukaryotic cells, and do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic means 'pre–nucleus' and eukaryotic means 'true nucleus'. The nucleus in eukaryotic cells
contains the DNA in linear chromosomes and is bounded by a nuclear membrane, but since ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cell membrane is made of phospholipids and proteins, like eukaryotic membranes, and controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the
cell. The mesosome is a tightly folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane–bound proteins required for respiration and
photosynthesis. The flagellum is a rigid rotating helical–shaped tail used for propulsion. The motor is embedded in the cell membrane and is driven by
a H+ gradient across the membrane. A clockwise rotation drives the cell forwards, while an anticlockwise rotation causes a chaotic spin. This is an
example of a rotating motor in nature. The prokaryotic flagellum does not have the same the same structure as eukaryotic flagellum. The cytoplasm
contains all the enzymes needed for all metabolic reactions, since there are no organelles. Nutrients and reserves may be stored in the cytoplasm in
the form of granules of glycogen, lipids, polyphosphate, or in some cases, sulphur or nitrogen. The ribosomes are for protein synthesis just like
eukaryotic ribosomes but they are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes. Plasmids are small circles of DNA, which carry additional genes and are used
to exchange DNA between bacterial cells. DNA is always circular, and not associated with any proteins to form chromatin, it carries the genes for the
proteins the cell needs. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles, like

Essay on Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution
of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops an
envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for
organic molecules and inorganic compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for cellular activities and
becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the aerobe) that is engulfed.
All eukaryotic cells contain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protein–synthesizing machinery in mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotes. This is shown through their ribosomal RNA and the
structure of the ribosomes. The ribosomes are similar in size and structure to bacterial ribosomes. fMat is always the first amino acid that is in the
mitochondria and chloroplasts transcripts. The antibiotics that act by blocking protein synthesis in bacteria also block protein synthesis in
mitochondria and chloroplasts. These antibiotics do not interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes. The inhibitors that effect
the protein synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes do not change the protein synthesis of the bacteria, mitochondria, or chloroplasts.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is
supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane
or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of
the eukaryotic cell. (2)
Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a
combination of an archaeon with a

Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic Essay
Prokaryotic are organisms whose DNA is not confined within a membrane–enclosed nucleus. Prokaryotic organisms are single, but some prokaryotic
organisms are multicellular. Eukaryotes are organisms who cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton.
(Cundy, 2012) The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic. Prokaryotic
organisms are typically between 0.1 to 5.0 um in size while Eukaryotic organisms are between 5–10 um. Prokaryotic organisms have pili, cytosol,
ribosomes, capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA, and chromosome also known as plasmids. (Cundy, 2012) They do not have a nucleus,
lysosomes, microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is what allows prokaryotes to attach to other surfaces. Cytosol is a water like fluid found in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is inside the plasma
membrane but outside the nucleus. The cell wall is made of polysaccharides just outside the plasma membrane and its made of cellulose. (Cundy,
2012) The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell with a layer made of phospholipids. DNA is a double polymer of nucleotides that store
genetic information. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid with a phosphate group of four nitrogenous bases which are adenine, cytosine, guanine,
and thymine. The largest organelle is the nucleus. The nucleus contains DNA. The mitochondria have a double membrane and it is known for
supplying energy to the cell. Ribosomes produce proteins. These ribosomes can be found in the cytosol of cells. The nucleolus is what makes
ribosomes and RNA. Lysosomes have digestive enzymes. The endoplasmic reticulum is an inner membrane system that makes some proteins. (Cundy,
2012) There are two endoplasmic reticulum, one is rough and the other is smooth. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on it while the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes on them. The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins to be taken out of the cell. The vacuole is
storage for water and other nutrients a call may need and this is most commonly found in plant cells. The cytoskeleton shapes the cell wall and consists
of protein

Comparing Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
1.Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Be sure to address cell structure, replication (including DNA replication) and gene expression.
The cell structure of prokaryotic organisms is small, only about 1–10 microns in length, and they are also single celled. Prokaryotes contain circular
DNA which is held in the nucleoid because they lack a nucleus. The specific organisms that have circular DNA are: mitochondrial, bacterial
(eubacteria), and Archaea (Methanobacteria, Halobacteria, and sulfobacteria). Prokaryotes have no membrane–bound organelles because they have no
organelles. Their ribosomal subunits are 50S and 30S which come to equal 70S, and their plasma membrane does not contain sterols. In prokaryotes,
there is one large vacuole per cell which takes up 50–90% of cell and serves as a reservoir for water; this helps hold turgor pressure in plants.
Prokaryotes also cannot go through endo– or exocytosis, and their cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. The replication properties of prokaryotes
includes Theta Mode Replication, in which there is only a single origin of replication, but two replication forks. The Okazaki Frangments are
1000–2000 base pairs in length, and the formation of the cell plate is done by the phragmosome. Proteins and RNA help the DNA to fold proteins
because prokaryotes do not have histones. Transcription and translation occur simultaneously because prokaryotes have no plasma membrane, therefore
no posttranscriptional modifications

A Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Essay
A Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as
Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell
holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. The chromosomes which are found in prokaryotes are usually spread in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells the
chromosomes remain together inside the nucleus and there is a clear nuclear membrane that is surrounding the nucleus.
Another difference between the two cells is that, in prokaryotic cells ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A nucleus is a membrane which can be found in most eukaryotic cells.
The main functions of a nucleus cell are:
Being involved in cell division
All the functions of other cells are done under the instruction of the nucleus
DNA is the building blocks of life which are found within the nucleus.
The main function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is to produce, store and transport proteins and lipid to most of the cell organelles. The Endoplasmic
Reticulum is a large organelle that looks like sheets of folded membranes.
There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum the Smooth ER and the Rough ER. you can distinguish that both of the ER's are different to each other,
this is shown in the diagram above that one is smooth ER and the other is rough ER the rough ER has ribsomes attracted to it while the smooth ER
does not have ribosomes attached to it. The two ER's have different function to each other.
Structure of Endoplasmic reticulum: – Sheets of membrane with ribosomes outside (for rough ER). – Forms a tubular network throughout the cell.
Function of Endoplasmic reticulum: – Transports chemicals, proteins, and lipids between cells and within cells – The endoplasmic reticulum provides
a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions to take place and synthesis.
In size Ribsomes are about 25 un is diameter. They are arranged in to

Comparing The 18th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
In the 18th century physician and botanist Linnaeus instituted a taxonomic system. The Linnaean system helps interpret evolutionary history; he has
done so by placing species into categories that are in order of hierarchy. The order is as follows– Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and
Species.
Although with biologists learning to understand the system, another category was added known as Domain– this was categorized above Kingdom.
This is because biologists recognized the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, which were once part of the five kingdoms alongside
plantar, animalia and fungi. However having them part of the Kingdom category proved to be difficult. Thus the inclusion of three domains occurred–
bacteria, archaea and eukarya. The domain bacteria consists of commonly known prokaryotes, whereas the domain archaea too contains prokaryotes but
the can inhabit a range of environments. The domain eukarya consists of groups of single–celled organisms as well as plants, fungi and animals
(multicellular organisms).
Prokaryotes have existed from 3.5 billion years ago when they became one of the first organisms to inhabit Earth. Prokaryotic cells are unicellular
cells and are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. They reproduce through binary fission. Prokaryotic cells have a range of shapes– spherical,
rod–shaped and spiral. Its key feature is the cell wall, which allows strength to protect and prevent the cell from bursting or shrinking; it's

Eukaryotic Cells
Cells are the basic components of all living things. Both the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic cell contain a plasma membrane, a cytoplasm, DNA, and
ribosomes. One of the main differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell is that a prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, (pro means before and
kary means nucleus) and it also lacks membrane–bound organelles. Instead of having a nucleus, prokaryotes have a single chromosome. This
chromosome is often referred to as a gonophore. Due to prokaryotes being single celled, the inside of a prokaryotic cell is full of open space, meaning
they do not contain any membrane walls. The prokaryotic cell makes up all bacteria and bacteria–like archaea (germs).
A basic prokaryotic cell is made up of nine parts. On the outside of the prokaryote is the fimbriae (also known as the pili). Fimbriae are hair like
structures that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plasma membrane is the outermost layer of a eukaryotic cell. It is made up of phospholipids and proteins. The plasma membrane also functions
as the selective boundary of the cell. Unlike a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus. The nucleus is responsible for the storage and the
protection of the DNA of the cell. Most eukaryotes possess a endomembrane system. The endomembrane consists of a endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi
apparatus, and vesicles. The endomembrane makes lipids and membrane proteins and sends them where they need to go in the cell. Mitochondria are
important parts of eukaryotic cells because they transfer the energy needed for the ATP from food molecules. Lastly, one of the major components of a
eukaryotic cell is the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is made up of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The cytoskeleton
gives the structure of the eukaryotic cell support. It also assists with the division of the cell and it controls cellular

Eukaryotic Cell Vs Prokaryotic Twins
In some cases thing can have similar parts but can be totally different. An example of that are twins. Twins maybe look and act the same but there is
something about them that are different so that you can tell them apart. I want to think of the eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cells as twin. Why do I
say that? It is because they have some of the same but, have things that they have so you can tell them apart.
The eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cells are alike in many ways, Some ways they are alike is that they have DNA as their genetic material , membrane
bound, have ribosomes, similar basic metabolism, and amazingly diverse in forms. This is the twin like feature that they have. The eukaryotic cell and
prokaryotic cells differ in way to

Escherichia Cell Biology
the name "karyo" means denoting the nucleus of a cell. the components of the cell membrane are phospholipids, glycolipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
the fluid mosaic model represents how some parts of the membrane can move freely, if they are not attached to other parts of the cell. some examples
of living organisms that have prokaryotic cells. escherichia cell bacterium, streptococcus bacterium (this prokaryote is responsible for strep throat) is
an infection of the back of the throat which includes the tonsils. symptoms include, fever, red tonsils, sore throat and enlarged lymph notes in the neck.
streptomyces soil bacteria, over 500 of this type of bacteria have been described. they are mostly found in soil and decaying vegetation, with most
producing spores. Archaea, they're able to survive in very harsh environments. they can be found in geothermally actve areas and live in extremely
acidic mud pots. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
eukaryotic cells cell type is usually multicellular while prokaryotic cell is usually unicellular, eukaryotic cell true membrane bound nucleus is present,
prokaryotic cell's true bound nucleus is absent. examples of a eukaryotic cell are plants and animals. prokaryotic cells's examples are bacteria and
archaea. eukaryotic cells genetic recombination is meiosis & fusion of gametes, prokaryotic cells genetic recombination is partial, undirectional transfers
DNA, eukaryotic cells lysosomes and peroxisomes are present while prokaryotic cell lysosomes and peroxisomes are absent, eukaryotic cells
microtubules are present, prokaryotic cells microtubules are absent, eukaryotic cell endoplasmic reticulum is present, prokaryotic cell endoplasmic
reticulum is absent and eukaryotic cells cytoskeleton is present while prokaryotic cells cytoskeleton may be

Cell : The Life Cycle Of The Cell And Prokaryotic Cell
The cell cycle is the lifespan of the cell from the time it is formed until it divides into two daughter cells. Cell division is the continuity of life based
upon the reproduction of the cell. The genetic information that a cell contains is called the cell's genome. Prokaryotic cells consist of only one genetic
molecule. While eukaryotic cells consist of many genetic molecules, or DNA. Chromosomes are the structures that DNA is packed into, this makes
replication and distribution of so much DNA easy to occur. All in all, the overall complex of DNA and the proteins that are the building blocks of
the chromosomes is most often referred to as chromatin. Somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes, or 23 sets of two because one set is inherited from
one parent, while the other set comes from the other parent. Somatic cells are also all the cells inside the body excluding the reproductive cells.
Reproductive cells, or gametes, have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells, or one set of 23 chromosomes in humans. Sister chromatids are
within duplicated chromosomes, by definition they are joined copies of the original chromosome. Each sister chromatid has a centromere, or a region
containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister.Mitosis is the division of genetic material within the
nucleus. Mitosis is almost always followed by cytokinesis, or the division of cytoplasm.
Within the cell cycle, mitosis is just one phase. Mitotic phase consists of both mitosis and cytokinesis and is characterized by being the shortest phase.
Interphase, is a much longer phases and is often divided into subphases: G1 phases, S phase, and the G2 phase. Within all 3 phases, the cell eventually
divides because of the production of proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. Mitosis is broken down into 5 phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase. Centrosomes, or the subcellular region that contains material that functions throughout the cell cycle in order to appropriately
organize cellular microtubules. An aster is a radial array of short microtubules that extend from the centromere. Each sister chromatid consists of a
kinetochore, or a structure made up of proteins that have

DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Cells are divided into two categories namely the Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. These two have varying differences between them. Speaking in simple
cell biology words, prokaryotes are primitive, simple organisms that lack membranous cell organelles. The opposite of this are eukaryotes, which are
advanced and complex organisms having membrane bound cell organelles. Seemingly simple in structure and markedly different from eukaryote and
protist organisms, prokaryotic cells are believed to have been amongst the first on the Earth and very well may out–survive all other organisms.
Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea and eukaryotes include fungi, animal and plant cells. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting haploid gametes fuse to give a diploid cell.
Prokaryotes are generally able to carry out their life processes of growth, energy generation and reproduction independently of other cells which is
very different to the cells of eukaryotes which are unable to live alone in nature and can exist only as part of a multicellular organism. Most eukaryotic
cells are uniquely suited to their own particular environmental niche and rarely grows out of it, but prokaryotes i.e. bacteria can grow in a multiplicity
of environments ranging from hot sulphur springs (65В°C) to deep freezers (–20В°C) and also in nutritionally poor environment. A major difference in
chemical composition between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotes have sterols in their membranes (e.g. cholesterol) whereas the
plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells does not contain carbohydrates and generally lacks sterols. In prokaryotic cells the enzymes, topoisomerases, that
control topological changes in DNA architecture are different from their eukaryotic counterparts (act on linear Chromosomes). The cytoplasm of
prokaryotes is densely packed with ribosomes that are not associated with a membranous structure ie endoplasmic reticulum whilst in eukaryotic cells
the ribosomes can either be free lying or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Prokaryotes maintain their DNA in a supercoiled state by the combined

Why Do Prokaryotic Cells Cause Infection?
The type of organisms that can cause infection are predominately bacteria, the excessive buildup of the single, yet simple prokaryotic cells can often
lead to a virus. Due to them being so small as well as being asexual producers, the virus cell finds a place in our body and waits. The cells wait for
when our immune system becomes weaker with an illness, our defense system already backed up trying to fight off the other bad bacterial cells,
before tricking one of your cells into thinking that it's a virus cell by attaching itself into the regular, healthy cell, intrude into it and release its DNA.
The changed cell will now travel around, tricking other cells and multiplying, leading to a viral infection.
Bacteria cells can flourish and create

Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Of Cells
There are two major groups that cells can be grouped into to. These are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. All eukaryotic cells contain a plasma
membrane, as well as cytoplasm and organelles such as mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, ribosomes, a
nucleus which is surrounded by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope, and secretory vesicles. There are some eukaryotic cells which
contain more organelles as well as theses. Some eukaryotic cells, specifically in plants, have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are organelles that contain
stacks of granum known as thylakoid stacks. The granum contains chlorophyll, and the first stage of photosynthesis occurs here. Some eukaryotic cells
contain centrioles, which are strands of protein involved in the process of mitosis and meiosis. Pant cells have a cell wall made from cellulose. This
prevents the cell from bursting from too much water uptake via osmosis. Fungi do not have chloroplasts. They do have a cell wall like plant cells,
but whereas the cell walls in the plant cells are made from cellulose, the cell wall in a fungal cell is made from chitin. This is a polymer made from
N–acetylglucosamine. Prokaryote is the name of a kingdom for organisms, and all bacteria fall into this kingdom. The prokaryote kingdom is
enormous, and prokaryotes are found in every known habitat on the planet. Bacteria are very useful, they can be used in biomedical sciences to help
develop medicines, and

Cell Theory Research Paper
Cell structures are a very unique component in life. Cells have the ability to accomplish many tasks. Theses tasks may include identifying genetic
information, the gossamer endoplasmic reticulum subway system and the fibril laced cytoskeleton. All of these parts are needed in order to have life.
Before all of this occurred, we developed a cell theory. The cell theory was basically used to explain how every living thing is made out of cells. In
the cell theory there were three principals that it followed. The first principal was that all organisms are composed of one or more cell, and the life
processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells. The second was that cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cytoskeleton consist of polymer of identical protein subunits that attracts one another and assemble in long chains. In the cytoskeleton there are
three different kinds of fibers. The three fibers are actin filament, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Actin filament are composed of two protein
chains loosely twined together like two strands of pearls. Microtubules are the largest cytoskeletal element and it is formed from nucleation centers
near the center of the cell and radiate toward the periphery. Meanwhile, the intermediate filaments is considered to be the most durable element of the
cytoskeleton. They are a mixed group of cytoskeletal

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Essay
Introduction
In this lab, we observed different prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and then we observed a termite gut to see the different unicellular microorganisms
that it contained. The purpose of this lab is to observe living and prepared bacterial cells, then describe their morphology, observe and describe the
primary features of the eukaryotic cell, and to investigate and observe the organisms involved in a symbiotic relationship. By observing these things,
we are hoping to find out what we should expect to see in yogurt bacteria. In order to predict this, we must first know the differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are organisms that do not have a cell nucleus, or any other membrane–bound ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However, plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and plastids that are not present in the animal cell. In this experiment, yogurt bacteria will be
observed. Yogurt is a fermented milk product. The milk is heated to concentrate the sugars, cooled, and then injected with two different species of
bacteria. By first observing bacterial smears, should be able to describe the species of bacteria in the yogurt. It is predicted that all three
morphological types of bacterial cells in the yogurt will be seen. Different prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells will also be examined. By examining
these two different types of cells one will also be able to describe the contents of a termite gut. It is predicted that the termite gut will be made up of
prokaryotic bacterial cells.
Materials and Methods
Part 1: Prokaryotic Cells
Materials needed for this part of the lab include: a prepared slide of a bacterial smear from the TA, a microscope slide, a grease pencil, tap water,
yogurt, a toothpick, methylene blue, electric slide warmer, a beaker of distilled water, a cover slip, and a microscope.
First, take the prepared slide of bacterial smear and examined it under the microscope in order to become familiar with the morphological types of
bacteria. Once familiarized, initialed a microscope slide with a grease pencil. Then, place a drop of tap water on the center of the slide. Next, pick up
a very small amount of

Prokaryotes And Eukaryotic Cells
All living cells on this planet fall in one of two categories. They are either going to be a Prokaryote or Eukaryote organism. Prokaryote are simplest
and most ancient type of cells. It was the only form of life on Earth for billions of years before eventually giving rise to Eukaryotic cells. This
composition will distinguish the differences and similarities between these two major type of cells on Earth. If you examine Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes side by side, you will spot a number of disparities. To begin with, Prokaryotic cells are a lot smaller than Eukaryotic cells and have a
simpler structure. However, this simple structure is actually an advantage for their lifestyle because it allows them to reproduce quickly

The Differences Between Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Cells
Organisms are made up of cells which were considered as the basic unit of life. After the invention of microscope, Robert Hooke first discovered
cells by looking at a dead cell from an oak tree. His finding brought the study of cell biology. According to the cell theory formulated by lots of
scientists, all living organisms are composed of at least one cell which is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre–existing living cells.
Cell is a wide type of substance that have variations between species and species, for example a plant cell contains a cell wall which is absent in most
animal cells. Scientists had been trying to classify all organisms into different groups. Current classification system is the three domains and six
kingdoms which the three domain divides organisms based on the ribosomal RNA they contained in the cells. The three domains areBacteria, Archaea
and Eukarya which the first two are made up of prokaryotic cells and Eukarya is made up of eukaryotic cells. This essay will focus on the differences
between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
To start with, the first eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell appeared at different time mainly because to their requirements for survive. At first the condition
of the Earth was not suitable for any organism, for example lack of organic molecules. After the modification of the Earth environment, the prokaryotic
cells in single–celled organisms were believed to arise 3.5 billion years before. The oldest fossils of

Eukaryotic Cells And Its Functions
"Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, e.g. Bacteria" – (AQA 2008)
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane–bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not contain these.
Although both of these cells contain DNA, only eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. The nucleus is the largest organelle, surrounded by a double
membrane (nuclear envelope) containing lots of pores. The nuclear membrane protects contents of the nucleus and controls the transport of substances
in and out. The nucleus contains linear DNA in chromatin which protects the DNA from damage. Chromatin is formed of DNA which controls the
activities of the cell. The nucleus often contains a structure called the nucleolus. This structure produces ribosomes which enter the cytoplasm in the
cell through the nuclear pores, as well as transcribing DNA into RNA.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain nuclei. Instead of having a nucleus to carry the DNA, these cells contain plasmids with circular DNA, as well as
having most of the DNA float freely inside the cytoplasm. The plasmids carry the information necessary to keep the cell alive. For example including
genes that make the bacteria cell resistant to antibiotics.
Both cells transcribe DNA into RNA in order to translate RNA and produce proteins on ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum is present in eukaryotic cells. There are two types of ER: Smooth and rough. "This organelle is formed of a network of

The Function Of Prokaryotic Cells
The above diagram shows a prokaryotic cell. These cells have a simple cell structure and are thought to have been the first cells to have appeared on
earth (Clark, 1998). Most prokaryotic cells are single–celled and none are found in living animals, it is mainly bacteria or algae that it is found in. The
chemicals and enzymes are contained in the cytoplasm and are used for the cells growth. The cytoplasm is a jellylike mixture that is packaged into the
membrane that forms the cell boundary. This cell does not contain a nucleus. The DNA is also attached to the plasma membrane. As you can see from
the diagram above the eukaryotes cells are much larger than the prokaryotic cells, are more evolved and have a much more complicated structure. They
are what makeup living things such as animals and plants. Unlike the prokaryotic cells, they contain a nucleus surrounded by nucleoplasm within its
own membrane. Surrounding the membrane is cytoplasm. The eukaryotic cells are able to perform functions by the action of internal structures called
organelles, which coordinate the cell chemistry, creating and exporting the products created by the cell. The organelles also have the ability to contain
the cell components enabling the cells reactions to be more efficient. They also have the ability to remove hazardous chemicals preventing them from
destroying the cell from within. Looking at the above diagram of a palisade cell you can see that it contains a unique structure. The cell wall is

The Endosymbyotic Theory: Miochondria And Chloroplasts
The Endosymbyotic Theory is a theoretical understanding that the eukaryotic cell came to be from a prokaryotic cell. This idea was brought by Lynn
Margulis, who studied the structures of cells in the late 1960's. While studying the cells, she realized the close resemblance mitochondria, as well as
the chloroplasts looked compared to bacteria. Scientists became aware of the similarities at hand and suggested that mitochondria "began from bacteria
that lived in permanent symbiosis within the cells" and that chloroplasts eventually "evolved from symbiotic bacteria." These ideas were the start of
the theory that explained how eukaryotic cells came to be. The mitochondria and chloroplasts display similar attributes with bacteria that ultimately led
to the endosymbiotic theory. The theory began as an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen–using non–photosynthetic prokaryote, which
became the mitochondria. The engulfed cell eventually began to form a "relationship" with the host cell, becoming an endosymbiont, meaning a cell
living within another cell. As evolution took its course, they merged into a single organism. Along the way, at least one organism containing the... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chloroplast consists of an outermembrane and innermembrane for protection, stomata in order for the carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit
the plants, a dense fluid surrounding the membranes called the stroma, sacs called thylakoids, and chlorophyll which is the pigment that gives the
leaves their color. Like the mitochondria, the chloroplast contains its own set of DNA, which gives the idea that they "evolved from symbiotic bacteria,
specifically, that they descended from cyanobacteria" to scientists. In addition, scientist discovered that the chloroplast DNA was, in fact,
"cyanobacterial DNA." This discovery significantly proved the theory and allowed many scientists to approve of

Why We Study the Cell and Its Components.
Why We Study the Cell and Its Components
The cell is the most basic form of life essentially. Anything that is living fundamentally is composed of cells. We study the cell because it is the
simplest unit of all living organisms and to begin understanding life, we must realize the cell's structure, whether it is about the different types of cells
or how the cell functions. Biology is the study of life and for the human species; the cell is the most basic principle of life, which is why it is so
important to understand the complexities of cells.
There are two basic categories of that all cells fall under. They are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are single–celled organisms
that include bacteria and archaea. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without understanding the composition of the cell, how would we know where to look or start to combat the viruses and bacteria that kills the life
of the human species? That is why it is so critical to our population to further our knowledge of cellular biology. The future of the human species, as
well as, every living species known is depending on the research of cells. The better we can understand what makes up the cell

Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic Cells Essay
A basic understanding of the cell and it's functionality is something that an elementary schooler can understand. But what about cells that are either
single–celled, multicellular, or even both? Do you know the similarities and differences? It is important to have a basic cognizance of the two main
types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Everyone should have a slight amount of knowledge about what all living matter, including ourselves, is
made of. Although all cells seem similar at first, here are some noticeable similarities and differences.
To start off with, eukaryotic and prokaryotic are types of cells. Though that is an obvious similarity, they are both the smallest structure that carry out
functions in organisms. In each of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The biggest difference would be that eukaryotes have a nucleus where they store their genetic material. Although prokaryotes do not have a nucleus,
they have a general nucleoid region. Also, prokaryotes are generally smaller than eukaryotes. Meaning, prokaryotic cells are usually ten times smaller
than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane–bound organelles like eukaryotic cells. Because of the types of organelles eukaryotes
have, they can have higher levels of intracellular division than what prokaryotes can have. The DNA in eukaryotes is much more complex than the
DNA found in prokaryotes. One would find the DNA of a eukaryote in it's nucleus, and the DNA of a prokaryote floating freely around thecell. Though
both types of cells can have a cell wall, the cell wall of a prokaryote is composed of Peptidoglycan.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similarities just like they have differences. They both are types of cells, use a cell membrane, contain
ribosomes, and store DNA. Furthermore, they differ in size, where they store their genetic material, what kinds of organelles are found in each, the
kind of DNA they have, and the makeup of their cell walls. All living organisms are important; however, what they are made from is just as

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Cells are the basic building block of life. Cells can be either Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cells. Organism can only contain either one but not both of
them. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than Eukaryotic and are less complex. Bacteria are made up of one or more prokaryotic cells. Bacteria
are made up of one or more prokaryotic cells. While Eukaryotic cell are found inside plant and animal life. Eukaryotic are more advanced and larger.
Prokaryotic cell were the first to live on earth they appeared around 3.5 billion year ago and the Eukaryotic appear around 2.1 billion year after
(Campbell Essential Biology, 2012). The eukaryotic structure consists of the following organelle which includes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The salivary gland in your mouth is rich in ER (Campbell Essential Biology, 2012). The Golgi apparatus receives, refines, stores, and distributes
chemical product of the cell Campbell Essential Biology,2012) . There are many organelles that appear in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The
flagella are variously involved in movement, feeding and sensation. The thylakoid

Eukaryotic Cells In Childhood
One step at a time, encounter many phases to adulthood The human body is composed of millions of different microscopic cells that join to shape who
they are. Cells are considered the basic building blocks of living things and have many parts, each with a different function(1). The nucleus within a cell
is where all the genetic information is stored. Within the nucleus, there are twenty–three long threads of DNA known as chromosomes. Each
chromosome contains heredity information to direct synthesis of proteins. Cells in humans and plants are known as eukaryotic and cells in bacteria are
known as prokaryotic cells. Each cell divides and replicates itself to grow and to replace the cells that are lost regularly including the cells in your skin.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This cycle is conventionally divided into five discrete phases: gap phase 1(G1), synthesis, gap phase 2 (G2), mitosis and cytokinesis. During G1,
the cell grows and prepares itself for division. Cells often pause in G1 before DNA replication and enter a resting state called the G0 phase; cells
may remain in this phase for days to years before resuming cell division (book). During the synthesis phase, the cell synthesizes the genome in
chromosomes to produce two sister chromatids held together at the centromere by cohesion. Once the cell has undergone the synthesis phase, it goes
to the G2 phase. In G2, the cell undergoes its second growth face and prepares for the separation of the newly replicated genome. The G1 and G2
segments of interphase are periods of active growth, during which proteins are synthesized and cell organelles are produced (book). G1, synthesis, and
G2 together constitute

The Between Prokaryotic And Evolution Of Cells And...
Essay topic: Symbioses between Prokaryotic cells that happened approximately 2 billion years ago are thought to be at the origin of Eukaryotes. But
mutually dependent symbioses continue to be established at the cellular and organism levels. Read the section on the origin of Eukaryotes in the unit's
prescribed textbook and use the reference below to research and describe the importance of symbioses in the origin and evolution of cells and
organisms with novel capabilities.
Student and ID
Symbiosis refers to the close, mutually beneficial association between two or more different biological species, which enables these species to undergo
organismal evolution and variation in an assortment of ways (Takahiro, Yoshiko, Naruo, Manabu, Nori, Takema 2016). Symbiosis comes in three main
forms of interaction; mutualistic, communalistic and parasitic. (10). The endosymbiont theory refers to the collection of principles that models the
origins of the mitochondrion, which commenced with the engulfing of a bacterium by an archaeon (2). Such an establishment at cellular and
organism levels is of high importance for environmental, agricultural and human health (3). The origins of Eukaryotic cells and its evolution, as well
as the novel capabilities of certain cells and organisms as a result of symbiosis is increasingly being recognised as an applied importance and hence will
be the key focus of this essay.
The three main forms of symbiosis
The endosymbiont theory
Chloroplasts belong to

Compare The Structure Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
Vicki Millard
Unit 10193 – Introduction to Cell Biology
1.Compare the structures of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
There are two different types of cells; prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Both cells have differences, including the shape and size of the cell. Prokaryote
cells are found in bacteria such as E–coli, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, whilst eukaryote cells are found in plants, animals and fungi. Eukaryotic
cells have many components which lead to the cell having a much more complex structure and are larger in size, measuring between 10 and 100
micrometres in diameter. Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, are much smaller, measuring between 0.2 and 2 micrometres and having a much
simpler structure. The two cells share similarities such as; containing DNA, ribosomes and cytoplasms. According to Bassett, "The ribosomes are
"told," what kind of protein to make and when to make it via the direction of the DNA." [Bassett. Dawsonera.com. P. 83. 2005.] DNA in a prokaryotic
cell is described to be a single circular chromosome, whereas the eukaryotic cell has multiple linear chromosomes. However, the main comparison
between the two cells is that the eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus, whereas the prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus.
Figure 1 – The Eukaryotic Cell (AQA GCSE Biology, P.86– Woodward, C. Houghton, T. 2010)
Figure 2 – The Prokaryotic Cell (AQA GCSE Biology, P.88– Woodward, C. Houghton, T. 2010)
2.Relate structure and function in two specialised

Comparing Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
An prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell are different in many ways.A prokaryotic cell means a microscopic single celled organism that has neither a distinct
nucleus with a membrane,and mitochondria,or an membrane bound organelle.The prokaryotic cell is like an apartment, it supports the person with
living space, but is small and simple at the same time.An eukaryotic cell is any organism whoose cell contains an nucleus, and other membrane bond
and organells.An example of an eukaryotic cell is an mansion.An masion has a lot of rooms, they have differnt structures meaning, and functions to
them. Prokaryote and eukaryote is different from each other,although their the same in some ways.
In the project I created an eukaryotic cell.There are disadvantages,and also advantages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another advantage of being an eukaryotic cell is how it has an distinc place for a place for DNA, instead of having free floating DNA like an
prokaryotic cell.An eukaryotic cell is both an disadvantage and advantage to many things.
For the project we had to pick a plant cell or an animal cell.Their structures has similarities, but also many differences. An difference between an
animal and plant cell is that an plant cell has a cell wall for the outermost layer. Another difference is is an plant cell has an chloroplast, but an animal
cell does not. One thing an animal cell has instead of a plant cell has small vacuoles. Another example is animals cells don't really have an structure
that keeps them from moving, but in a plant cell the structure is there from the cell wall. Plant and animal

Unit 1 Virtual Microscopy Answers

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Unit 1 Virtual Microscopy Answers

Similar to Unit 1 Virtual Microscopy Answers (15)

More from Heidi Perry

More from Heidi Perry (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Unit 1 Virtual Microscopy Answers