The Standardisation Vs. Adaptation Debate Essay Examples

The Standardisation vs. Adaptation Debate Essay examples
Introduction: Rapid globalization, companies keen to spread out internationally companies is faced by a very critical question of whether to
standardize or to adapt its product or services. Global marketers have been trying to conclude with a particular answer to this great dilemma. Over
the years as modern industry has developed, to standardize or to adapt has become a very important defining decision for the marketers. Each has its
own pros & cons but to choose the right is a tough choice to make, it needs a thorough analysis and understanding of the market and only then a
decision could be arrived .This essay will critically try to understand and analyse the various arguments of standardization and adaption so as to arrive
at which is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As every–market has different needs, the consumers of the market are very different, they might not have the same cultural and sociological
preferences as they exist in the producers market this brings in the debate either to standardize or to localize. Therefore from the point of view of
a marketer it would not be a sensible to try and sell the same product in these vastly differentiated markets as the products would simply not
generate numbers. But this does not signify that the products cannot be sold at all in these markets, it refers to the need of the product to be
adapted as per the target market for it to generate better selling opportunities. A classic example of it would be the automobile market, in Germany
the cars are typically left hand drive (LHD) whereas these same model cars in Indian market go widely as an adapted right hand drive (RHD)
variant. It is not out of any specific law but out of the driving preference and culture of the country. In a market scenario where every company wants
to go global there looms one of the greatest questions in the minds of these companies i.e., to standardize or to adapt based upon the
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Title X
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Organizational Change and Development
Jeaw–Mei Chenв€
—пјЏMein–Woei Suenв€
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—пјЏMei– Jong Linв€
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—пјЏFu–An Shiehв€
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Abstract
Organizational change is an important issue in organizations. It is actually a process in which an organization optimizes performance as it works
toward its ideal state. Organizational change occurs as a reaction to an ever–changing environment, a response to a current crisis situation, or is
triggered by a leader.
Successful organizational change is not merely a process of adjustment, but also requires sufficient managing capabilities. However, there are many
topics to be considered to achieve successful change. Hence, this paper discusses the causes of
organizational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The targets of organizational change
The influential factors of organizational effectiveness are widespread, including factors that are related to external environmental changes, and factors
which will improve the internal managerial effectiveness. The organization must consider the reasons for change, the external environment, and the
internal situation to decide which factors to change.
The most common known targets of organizational change include vision, strategy, culture, structure, system, production technology, and leadership
style
(Yang, Zhuo, & Yu, 2009).
Vision includes a firm's organizational core value but one that also adapts accordingly to the external environment. When an organization undergoes
change,
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4
its core value needs to be determined so that in the process of transformation, it can be preserved.
Strategy refers to the organization's long term goals and the steps and resources needed to be considered in its decision–making. The strategy change
can be divided into the enterprise strategy change (Ex: low cost strategy), the overall strategy change (Ex: multiple–angle management), and the global

expansion strategy change.
Culture is referring to its members' collective value, norm, and basic assumptions. The change involved is altering the content of this collective value
and/or basic

Drivers of Hospitality Industry Employees' Job...
African Journal of Business Management Vol. 4(18), pp. 4118–4134, 18 December, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM
ISSN 1993–8233 ©2010 Academic Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Drivers of hospitality industry employees' job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance
Ming–Chun Tsai1, Ching–Chan Cheng2* and Ya–Yuan Chang3
Department of Business Administration, Chung Hua University, No. 707, Sec.2, WuFu Road, Hsinchu City, Taiwan 300, Republic of China. 2
Department of Food and Beverage Management, Taipei College of Maritime Technology, No. 212, Sec.9, Yen Ping N, Taipei City, Taiwan 111,
Republic of China. 3 Department of Business Administration, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Finally, the company can make a profit (Zeithaml et al., 2009). Therefore, satisfied employees make satisfied customers. Service personnel satisfaction
significantly influences organizational commitment and job performance on customer satisfaction and corporate operational performance (Ladkin,
2002; Dunlap et al., 1988; Tansuhaj et al., 1988; Chowdhary, 2003; Yang and Chen, 2010). How to enhance service personnel satisfaction,
organizational commitment and job performance is a critical issue in service industry management. In past research on employee satisfaction,
organizational commitment and job performance, many scholars (Babin and Boles, 1998; Bernhardt et al., 2000; Van Scotter, 2000; Koys, 2003; Testa,
2001) have validated that employees' job satisfaction positively influences job performance and organizational commitment. In studies on factors of
employees' job satisfaction, job performance and organizational commitment, the service profit chain proposed by Heskett et al.(1994) and service
marketing management model indicated by Tansuhaj et al.(1988) on overall service industry both demonstrated that management's internal marketing
activities produce job satisfaction and commitment to the organization. In addition, many studies have found close relationships between leadership,
employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance (Billingsley and Cross, 1992; Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1994; Burton et al.,
2002; Avolio et al., 2004; Chen and

Research and Practice in Human Resource Management
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Chew, Y. T. (2005). Achieving Organisational Prosperity through Employee Motivation and Retention: A Comparative Study of Strategic HRM
Practices in Malaysian Institutions, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 13(2), 87–104.
Achieving Organisational Prosperity through Employee Motivation and Retention: A Comparative Study of Strategic HRM Practices in Malaysian
Institutions Yin Teng Chew
ABSTRACT
A growing concern among companies operating in the Malaysian labour market with high job mobility is how to maintain a workforce
capable of fulfilling corporate exigencies. This study compares and contrasts how strategic human resource management activities from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A literature review (Abdullah 2001, Sheppard 2001, Yong 2003) reveals that numerous case studies involve general comparisons that lack a depth of
study in Malaysia. Further, this study, which uses a sample of Malaysian based Japanese and Western MNCs , in addition to Malaysian local firms, is
deemed important due to the magnitude of these MNCs ' impacts on the Malaysian economy. According to Ariff
(2004) of the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research, the United States and Japan are the second and third largest investors in Malaysia. Their
total exports and imports were above USD38 billion and USD18 billion respectively (Ministry of International Trade 2005). Also, these MNCs create
huge employment and skill enhancement opportunities in Malaysia. In addition, data collection and preliminary interviews with the senior
management of various industries reveal that the personal care industry is ideal for this study, given its competitive nature in which the labour
turnover rate is high and the employees are highly mobilised. This industry is also considered as ideal in terms of the growing Asian market, the
ability of such companies to offer higher than average pay packages (MEF, 2004), and high labour turnover (14.5 per cent) as a consequence of the
heavy poaching of talented cadres by both business rivals and unrelated industries (MEF, 2004). This situation calls for investigation into the personal
care industry. Thus, this
study

What Are the Impacts of Rfid in Oil and Gas Supply Chain...
WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF RFID IN OIL AND GAS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT?
CERTIFICATION STATEMENT
This is to certify and say as follows,
1) That the information provided in this research paper is my own product.
2) That where languages or words or quotation from others papers such as articles, books and journals is used, such have been indicated by quotation
marks and appropriate credits have been given to acknowledge the works of such writers or authors.
3) That this declaration is provided to the best of my knowledge and believes.
Signed___________________________________
Justin
Executive Summary
One of the greatest phenomenon in business today is the zeal by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10
List of figures ............................................................................................. 11
Chapter 1: Introduction to the study ............................................................. 12 Introduction to the problem ....................................................................14
Importance of the Study ........................................................................14 Rationale of the Study .......................................................................... 14 Aim
.................................................................................................. 15 Objectives ......................................................................................... 15 Scope of the
Study .............................................................................. 16 Overview of the Study .......................................................................... 17

Chapter 2: Supply Chain Management ............ .............................................. 18 Introduction ...................................................................................... .18
Supply chain management .................................................................. 18 Definitions .........................................................................................18 History
of Supply Chain Management ..................................................... 20 Supply Chain in the Oil and Gas Industry ................................................. 21 Reason
for Supply Chain Innovation ...................................................... 23
Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Identification Device ........................................... 24 What is RFID
..................................................................................... 24 History of RFID ................................................................................. 25 The Technology
................................................................................. 26 RFID and other SCM technologies ......................................................... 27
Chapter 4: RFID in Oil and Gas Industry RFID and Supply Chain Management .................................................... 31 RFID solution scenario in Oil and
Gas Industry ........................................ 32 Use and benefit of RFID in SCM ........................................................... 33 Case studies

759 store Competitive Business Strategy
Competitive Strategy of Behind the Rapid Growth of 759 Store: An Analysis Introduction Strategic planning is central to management study. It defines
the long term direction for the company and all other business functions orbit around their established strategies. This article studies how a company
formulates business–level strategies, optimize their competitive positioning and obtain a competitive advantage over their rivals. In order to further
illustrate this management issue, this article investigates into the successful competitive positioning of a leading Hong Kong imported food and daily
necessity retailer, the 759 Store й їдїЎе±‹. Despite 759 Store has a diversified range of business, this article focuses on... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He has connected the first Japan snacks supplier in HKTDC Food Expo in 2011 by himself.5 In Japan, local products for domestic sales are not
allowed to be sold to foreign companies. Thus, Lam even went to Japan in person searching for suppliers and set up shadow companies in Japan
sourcing for any popular and fair–price snacks that are not yet known to the Hong Kong market.6 That is the reason snacks sold in 759 Store always
catch up with the trend in Japan. Thus, 759 Store provides exclusive products which cannot be found in its competitors' stores. Furthermore, 759
Store establishes a stable and strong relationship with its suppliers in Japan, which are mostly small and medium enterprises. Some Japanese
suppliers have even promised to supply their products exclusively to 759 Store as a gesture to thank the company's support during the recovery
hardship after the 311 Earthquake in Japan.7 All these business connections helped 759 Store to secure its exclusive sources of goods from Japan. (3)
Higher autonomy on goods selection through bypassing local distributors Today, more than 95% of products sold at 759 Store are imported directly
bypassing distributors in Hong Kong.8 Therefore, 759 Store enjoys greater autonomy on deciding the variety of products they sell. 759 Store
successfully develops a new market segment providing

The Effect Of Flexible Work Programs On Employee Motivation
The Effect of Flexible Work Programs on Employee Motivation Overview Since the 1990s, many single parents have entered the workforce and
their children are suffering as a result. These working parents are forced to leave their children to raise themselves while they work rigid schedules.
Meanwhile, many children are not receiving the guidance and attention they need to flourish in society. This leaves our future in the hands of children
without the necessary guidance needed to succeed. Recently, this issue has gained the attention of motivational experts and politicians who agreed
that this dilemma should be researched further in order to improve the balance between work and family. Many agreed that flexible work programs
are the answer to the situation. Flexible work programs are work arrangements in which employees are granted greater scheduling freedom in how
they accomplish the responsibilities of their positions. The most common of these programs is flextime, which allows employees leniency in terms of
the time when they start and end their work day, on condition that they put in the total number of hours expected by the employer. Another common
flexible working program is telecommuting, which allows employees to complete their workload at home (Chung and Tijdens 2012; Jones and Jones
2011). Flexible working arrangements enable employees to balance the job responsibility and children's safety at home especially for working mothers
(Michael 2004; De Roure

Management
ISBN 1947–833X Proceedings of 1st Global Business Summit Conference (GBSC 2009), Kelantan, Malaysia University of Technology Mara
Malaysia, Shah Alam, 15–17 June 2009, Volume 2, pp. 128–137
Entry Mode Strategies of Malaysian Service Firms: A Resource–Based Approach
Mohammadreza Asgari*, Mohd Nazari Ismail**, Syed Zamberi Ahmad*** Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
ABSTRACT The rapid progress in services has attracted scholars to study the behaviour and decisions of service firms. Firms from Malaysia, as a
developing country, with a fast growing economy that increasingly relies on services have shown a remarkable expansion into foreign markets, which
has resulted in high foreign direct investment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to speedy globalization of economic activities, service firms succeeded in expanding their business into emerging markets (Ekeledo and
Sivakumar, 1998). According to Blomstermo et al. (2006), rising attention is paid to research the internationalization process of service firms such as
the hotel industry, tourism, retailing, insurance, banking and financial services. Trade in services, which comprised 20% of totalinternational trade in
1980, increased to 23% in 2007 (UNCTAD, 2008). This is why the present research aims to focus on firms engaged in the service sector. To clarify the
research topic and establish a basis to make hypotheses, this study intends to answer the following questions: Why do firms adopt different entry
strategies to enter foreign markets? Do firm–specific resources and country–of–origin development affect the entry decision of firms? Is it possible for
soft service firms to imitate the same strategies that hard service firms adopt? Does psychic distance play a vital role in the choice of entry mode?
MALAYSIA'S ECONOMY AND THE ROLE OF SERVICE SECTOR Malaysia is a developing country with a GDP of US$214.7 billion in 2008
which considering its population of 25,274,133 indicates a GDP per capita of US$8,495 (comparing to China US$3,174; Thailand US$4,155;
Indonesia US$2,150; and Singapore US$33,528). The service sector is an important part of Malaysia's economy. In 2008, 45.7% of the GDP was
yielded by services and 51% of the labour

Pearson and Mcdonal Lawsuit Analysis Essay
Pearson and McDonald's Lawsuit Analysis Samantha Penico University of Maryland University College, AMBA 610 Executive Summary There
are two major lawsuits which the main populace has defined as frivolous. One of those cases is the McDonald's split coffee case. This is the case
where the plaintiff spilled her coffee and was rumored to sue McDonald's for 2.7 million dollars and win. The other's case is the Pearson dry
cleaning case where a man sued Chung Dry Cleaner's 54 million dollars for losing his pants. The plaintiff won in the McDonald's Case and the
Plaintiff lost in the Dry clearance's case. In this paper we are going to dissect each case by the facts, the law, the issues, the ethical issues, the
defendants preventative... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Pant's Suit Pearson has no proof that Customer Cleaners lost his pants, it is all alleged. He could have forgotten them at his house or lost
them himself, there is not any way to prove Custom Cleaner's even lost his pants. But in the McDonald's case it is easy to see the facts because
they are all in statistics, in photographs, the facts are all in the evidence. One case is already losing it's steam while another is gaining momentum,
lets move on. What are the Issues? An issue is why a case is even occurring. One issue is burns from an overly hot cup of coffee. The other issue is
emotional distress and financial loss due to a pair of missing pants. There may be isssues though that grow from these or are the issues really that
simple? In the missing pants case, the issue is Judge Pearson's pants were allegedly misplaced by Custom Cleaners. So how is it a pair of missing
pants led to a suit battle that lasted over two years? There must have been other issues involved. First lets assess the facts we received, the pair of
pants Custom Cleaners gave Mr. Pearson he claimed were not his, but they were his size and matched the alteration specification requested
(Goldwasser, 2007). Other issues that grew from the case was the loss of business and harassment the Chung's received due to Mr. Pearson's
harassment. Mr. Pearson would regularly go door to door in the neighborhood asking the

Frivolous or Not? Two Law Suit Case Studies
Introduction
Liebeck vs. McDonald's was a known case in the early 90's because to most it was a frivolous case and an easy way for one to get rich. The case
involved a 79 year old woman who happened to have spilled hot coffee onto her lap purchased from McDonald's and then suffered severe third degree
burns. The woman was then presented with millions of monies covering the damages she incurred.
In addition to the above case, the Chung vs Pearson, was also known to be a frivolous case which took place in the year 2005. This case consisted of a
DC Administrative judge suing his local neighborhood dry cleaners for a missing pair of suit pants for a little over 65 million dollars.
McDonald's vs Liebeck
Facts
In the year of 1992, Stella Liebeck was driven to a local McDonald's where she ordered a cup of 49 cent coffee to go. While riding in her grandson's
Ford the car did not come furnished with cup holders so he pulled into an empty parking space once she received the coffee she placed the cup in
between her legs opening the lid to pour cream and sugar and ended up spilling the coffee in her lap causing her to get 3rd degree burns scolding her
buttocks, thighs and her groin area. The facts of the case are that according the McDonald's manual the temperature of the coffee is supposed to be
served at a temperature of 180–190 degrees but the plaintiff attorney argued the temperature should not be any hotter than 140 degrees. If the
McDonald's franchise decides to lower the

Fair Value or Cost Mode Drivers of Choice for Ias 40
European Accounting Review
Vol. 19, No. 3, 461– 493, 2010
Fair Value or Cost Model? Drivers of Choice for IAS 40 in the Real
Estate Industry
A. QUAGLIв€
— and F. AVALLONEв€
—в€
—
в€
—
Department of Accounting and Business Studies (DITEA), University of Genova, Genova, Italy and в€
— в€
— Department of Computer and
Management Science (DISA), University of Trento,
Trento, Italy
(Received September 2008; accepted February 2010)
ABSTRACT The IFRS mandatory adoption in European countries is an excellent context from which to assess the validity of accounting choice theory,
which postulates that information asymmetry, contractual efп¬Ѓciency (agency costs) and managerial opportunism reasons could drive the choice. With
this aim, we test the impact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our п¬Ѓndings suggest that all the rationales described by accounting choice theory (information asymmetry, contractual efп¬Ѓciency and managerial
opportunism) drive the decision to adopt fair value. Indeed, regarding contractual efп¬Ѓciency reasons in particular, we п¬Ѓnd that the larger the size
(proxy of political costs), the less likely fair value is to be chosen, while leverage and consequent lenders' protection seems to be insigniп¬Ѓcant for the
choice.
Furthermore, our results show that market–to–book ratio (MTBV) (proxy of information asymmetry) is negatively related to the fair value choice. This
п¬Ѓnding, that conп¬‚icts with existing literature, could be accounted for in the real estate industry due to the fact that high levels of MTBV in this
context reveal growth opportunities associated with a fair estimation of investment properties and therefore with a low information asymmetry.
Managerial opportunism behaviour, measured by a dummy variable for earnings smoothing, seems to have an inп¬‚uence on fair value choice.
While all these variables seem to have an inп¬‚uence on the fair value choice, the same variables do not explain the choice of historical cost with the
IFRS1 revaluation option in preference to the cost maintenance approach.
This paper offers various contributions to current

Sustainable Development Conceptual Framework in Tourism...
Conference of the International Journal of Arts and Sciences 2(1): 1–11 (2009) CD–ROM. ISSN: 1943–6114 © InternationalJournal.org
Sustainable Development Conceptual Framework in Tourism Industry Context in Taiwan: Resource Based View
Chih–Wen Wu , National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to develop and test a conceptual framework for sustainable development in tourism industry context to
address the integration of social, economic, and ecological elements of sustainable development and the contextual nature of sustainable development.
Resource–based view theory was used to model the driving force, state and response indicators of sustainability development for tourism industry. Data
was collected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concept grew out of dissatisfaction with entrenched policies of continuous economic growth and unequal distribution of benefits and costs (
Bramwell and Lane, 1993; Hardy, Beeton, and Pearson,2002). Similarly, sustainable development for tourism industry is found to be difficult to define(
Swarbrooke,1999), The term could be defined as a form of tourism sustained over a period time(Butler,1999). Accordingly, tourism industry that meets
the needs of today's tourists without taking away from the future generations the resource necessary to fulfill their own needs. Thus, the controversy
exists over a definition for sustainable tourism development.
The most widely quoted definition of sustainable development is the one provided by the Brundtland Report, the report says that "sustainable
development is development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs," ( World
Commission on Environment and Development,1987,p.43). According to Wall(1997) and Hunter(1995), two important ingredients are included in this
statement: human needs and environmental limitations. For the World Commission, the major objective of development is to satisfy human needs and
aspirations for a better quality of life for all people. In other words, sustainable development means long term economic sustainability within a
framework of long term ecological sustainability plus

Mental Health Counseling: Integrating Consultation and...
Abstract
With the meshing of consultation and advocacy, mental health counselors can both assist in dealing with the issues that their clients face personally,
but also help to make better the world around them.
In order to respond to the thesis questions presented in this paper, we must first define consultation and social justice advocacy within the counseling
context.
Typically, consultation means a general meeting or conference between parties. In the counseling context however, we can say that it "usually involves
three parties: a consultant, a consultee, and a client system. The consultant delivers direct service to the consultee, who delivers direct service to a
client system" (Doherty, 1990). Consultation for professional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In working with populations that have experienced social injustices such as poverty, racial intimidations, abuse, etc. it is the responsibility of the
counselor to be the voice for those who cannot speak up for themselves. Practices such as collaborating with multiple stakeholder groups and identifying
institutional polices that may promote marginalization of vulnerable community members are used by both consultants (Brown, 1993; Kampwirth,
2006) and advocates (Vera & Speight, 2003). While it is important to understand the social injustices that many clients face, it is also critical to know
exactly why these injustices occur. It is also important that counselors attempt to change the structures that are responsible for the oppression of mental
health clients. This social justice movement is sometimes referred to as professional counseling's fifth force (Ratts, D'Andrea, & Arredondo, 2004)–in
other words advocacy counseling. Counseling is indeed an effective and powerful tool in helping the less fortunate with their problems. However,
counseling by itself is cannot be used to advance clients' wellbeing. There must be an interlocking of counseling, consultation and social advocacy. That
is, the oppressed clientele would greatly benefit from outside consultants that have the capability of promoting change within the corrosive
environments in which

Ethic in Counseling
Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to address the topic of ethics in group counseling. This author will define what group ethics is according to the
psychological organizations such as the American Counseling Association (ACA), and the Association of Specialist in Group Work (ASGW). This
author will also address what the American Association of Christian Counselor (AACC) has to say about the ethical standards for Christian
Counseling. To effectively practice ethically group therapy a counselor needs to internalize the morals, values, and behavioral makeup of each
individual within the group. This paper will also look at the comparison between group and individual psychotherapy and why a counselor will choose
between the two. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, and perhaps most important, the ACA ethical code serves to protect this covenantal relationship as it continues to evolve" (p.121). By looking
at counseling relationships as a covenant between the counselor and client the counselor will then respect the welfare and the dignity of their client.
Ethics in Group Therapy
Corey & Corey (2006) state that counselors need to have a "thorough grounding in ethical issues is as essential as a solid base of psychological
knowledge and skills" (p. 64). They found that groups have been responsible in bring about change in the members and that the profession of mental
acknowledged its effectiveness late in the counseling profession. According to Markus and King (2003) they found that group therapy has been seem
effective treatment modality for some psychological and psychiatric disorders and issues. Professional organizations have seen the importance in
developing ethical standards for counselor who will provide group psychotherapy due to the group may experience different ethical issues than
individual therapy. Fallon (2006) found that there are two areas that need to be addressed, the group's rights and what the responsibilities for the group
leader. Kocet (2006) states that for a counselor to be effective they need to have a solid

Essay about Sandwich Master Limited
Sandwich Master Ltd 4.1 Sandwich Master Ltd is a limited company that was established over seventy years ago in the Midlands area of the UK
by a family with the name of 'Graham'. In 2006 the medium sized local bakery by the name of 'Graham's Bakeries' was sold and renamed
'Sandwich Mater Ltd'. The company was bought by 4 shareholders, Courtney Chandler, George Bartlett, Jane Chung and Emma Pearson who each
own 45%, 45%, 5% and 5% respectively. Sandwich Master Limited strives to be the number one choice for sandwiches and savouries with their
handmade, in store goods being prepared daily by highly trained staff. With 80 shops and 6 national bakeries supplying local shops, Sandwich Master
Ltd is unrivalled in terms of daily freshness at... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The accounts department is centralised and consists of 12 members of staff in total. The Finance Director (FD), George Bartlett, is also a 45%
Shareholder of SML. The FD currently oversees the annual company report and statutory accounts as well as dealing with any banking and finance
issues. The detailed running of the accounts is delegated to the Company Accountant (CA), Alison Jackson. The purpose of the accounts department is
to complete all activities relating to the finances of SML including payroll, sales and purchases. An organisation chart of the accounts department can be
viewed in appendix B. A training planner can also be viewed in appendix C. The key members of the accounts department and their main roles are:
Finance Director (FD) who oversees the annual company report and statutory accounts and deals with banking and finance issues. Company
Accountant (CA) who manages the accounts department including 11 other staff members, produces monthly management accounts, approves
payments to suppliers

digital marketing impact on consumer buying behavior
Marko Merisavo
The Effects of Digital Marketing
Communication on Customer Loyalty:
An Integrative Model and
Research Propositions
HELSINKI SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
WORKING PAPERS
W–400
Marko Merisavo
The Effects of Digital Marketing
Communication on Customer Loyalty:
An Integrative Model and
Research Propositions
Marketing
February
2006
HELSINGIN KAUPPAKORKEAKOULU
WORKING PAPERS
W–400
HELSINGIN KAUPPAKORKEAKOULU

PL 1210
FI–00101 HELSINKI
FINLAND
© Marko Merisavo and
Helsinki School of Economics
ISSN 1235–5674
(Electronic working paper)
ISBN–10: 952–488–006–7
ISBN–13: 978–952–488–009–1
Helsinki School of Economics HSE Print 2006
The Effects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dominant logic of marketing is shifting from the exchange of goods toward service, interactivity, connectivity and ongoing relationships (Vargo
and Lusch 2004).
Technological innovations, new channels, and changing media environments facilitate this shift (Bhattacharya and Bolton 2000), and the question of
how firms should interact with their customers is gaining in importance, especially as firms consider the cost differences between traditional
communications media, such as television and sales forces, and electronic media, such as the Web and email (Reinartz et al. 2005). The cost efficiency
and interactivity of digital channels facilitate ongoing dialogue between the enterprise and the customer (see e.g.
Deighton and Barwise 2000; Peppers and Rogers 2004). Marketers can now be in touch with their customers on a more frequent basis and increase the
level of personalization and interactivity with low or non–excessive cost. Our main claim is that being frequently in touch with customers should help
achieve positive effects on customer loyalty.
For instance, customers can be offered additional information and brand communication when buying products or

The Main Features Of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Describe the main features of autism spectrum disorder. Evaluate the evidence supporting a biological basis for autism. Autism is a
developmental disorder which usually occurs during infancy (Hyman, 2002:217). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term used to
refer to many disorders which display symptoms of an autistic style. The spectrum covers all types of symptoms ranging from mild to severe
(Hollander, 2003:102). Individuals in the spectrum can range from having severe learning disabilities to being mildly impaired (Nimh.nih.gov,
2014). The linguistic skills can also vary from being mute to having the ability to communicate complex sentences (ibid). The different profiles of
the sufferers are diverse (Hyman, 2002:217). However, there are three main areas of which they may have difficulties. These are social reciprocity,
an inability to communicate effectively and unusual repetitive or restricted behaviour (Davey, 2014:586) this is known as the 'triad of impairments'
(Dodd, 2005:2). This essay will explain the triad of impairments related to ASD to describe the main features of the disorder. In addition, it will
evaluate the biological evidence by investigating the research for genetic factors and brain abnormalities, both of which support a biological basis for
ASD (Davey, 2014:588). The first main area that describes the features of ASD is impairments of reciprocal social interaction (Davey, 2014:585). This
is one of the most dominant features of ASD.

Hypoxia in the East China Sea: One of the Largest Coastal...
.niatrep lanruoj eht ot ylppa taht sremialcsid lagel lla dna ,tnetnoc eht tceffa dluoc hcihw derevocsid eb yam srorre ssecorp noitcudorp eht gnirud taht
eton esaelP .mrof lanif sti ni dehsilbup si ti erofeb foorp gnitluser eht fo weiver dna ,gnittesepyt ,gnitideypoc ogrednu lliw tpircsunam ehT .tpircsunam
eht fo noisrev ylrae siht gnidivorp era ew sremotsuc ruo ot ecivres a sA .noitacilbup rof detpecca neeb sah taht tpircsunam detidenu na fo elif FDP a si
sihT
peer–00562971, version 1 – 4 Feb 2011
700.10.7002 .servneram.j/6101.01 :iod ,)7002( hcraeseR latnemnorivnE eniraM ,dlrow eht ni saera negyxo–wol latsaoc tsegral eht fo eno :aeS anihC
tsaE eht ni aixopyH ,.K–F ,haihS ,.C–G ,gnoG ,.C–C ,nehC :sa elcitra siht etic esaelP 7002 yraunaJ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interestingly, hypoxia and anoxia have rarely been documented in the East China Sea (ECS) which is one of the largest continental shelves in the world
(e.g., Li et al., 2002). Historically, the ECS has been one of the world's major fishing grounds, especially within
2
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT the Changjiang (Yangtze) River plume and its surrounding sea along China's coast. High fishery yield is normally
supported by high primary production and abundant food sources from lower trophic levels (Caddy, 1993; Xu et al., 2004). Indeed, primary
production can reach as high as 2079 mg C m–3 d–1 in the Changjiang River plume region, mostly induced by high rates of riverine nutrient supply
(e.g., Gong et al., 2003; Gong et al., 2006). In the past two decades, the anthropogenic nutrient load (e.g. nitrates) exported from the Changjiang River
into the ECS has increased over ten– fold, and there is continuous growth peer–00562971, version 1 – 4 Feb 2011 expected in the future (Yan et al.,
2003; Li and Dag, 2004; Bouwman et al., 2005). Excess nutrients cause eutrophication and stimulate noxious and toxic algal blooms, which have been
observed with increased frequently on the inner shelf off Changjiang River (Chen et al., 2003; Gao and Song, 2005; Zhu, 2005; Zhu et al., 2005).
There are, however, few studies

Online or Traditional Shopping Method?
Online or Traditional Shopping Method? Which one do UNA students prefer? The purpose of this study is to analyze the traditional shopping method
and the online shopping method to conclude which one UNA students prefer. We will also analyze the different factors influencing both methods. 2010
Name: Christopher Benett ProgressID: 1053442 Major: Internet–Based Information Systems Course: Research Writing and Presentation Lecturer:
Monique M.B. Emelina–Pieter MBA Date: 30 April, 2010 Table of Contents Introduction4 Importance of Study4 Purpose of Study4 University of the
Netherlands Antilles5 The Faculty of Law (JF)5 The Faculty of Engineering (TF)5 The Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics (SEF)6 The Faculty
of Arts... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Faculty of Engineering (TF) The courses given at the Faculty of Engineering are comparable to those of the so–called technical or vocational
colleges (technical universities) in the Netherlands. The dean of the Faculty of Engineering is responsible for the general management of the faculty
and he is assisted in this by the acting dean (University of The Netherlands Antilles, 2010). The Faculty of Engineering has three main degree
programs: * Architecture and civil Engineering * Information Technology and Electrical Systems * Industrial Technology The Faculty of Social
Sciences and Economics (SEF) This faculty offers the following programs: * Bachelor of Science program Accounting * Bachelor of Science in
Business Administration * Bachelor of Applied Science in International Business Management * Bachelor of applied Science in Financial
Management * Bachelor of Applied science in Marketing Management * Bachelor of Applied Science in Business Communication * Bachelor of
Applied Science in Information Management * Bachelor of Applied Science in Fiscal Law & Economics * Master of Science Accounting
(University of The Netherlands Antilles, 2010) The Faculty of Arts (Arts) The faculty of Arts was established in 2001. They started with the Bachelor
of Education program for Papiamentu and later on with the languages Dutch, English and Spanish. The Faculty of Arts is one of

How the Advancements in Technology Have Improved Customer...
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTPAGE 1.0Introduction3– 61.1 Background to the problem 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Research Questions 1.4
Purpose of the study 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 Delimitations and Limitations 1.7 Definition of Variables2.0Review of Literature7– 222.1
Introduction 2.2 What is the Banking Sector and what institutions make up the Banking Sector? 2.3 What is Customer Satisfaction and what is the
importance of customer satisfaction? 2.4 What are the technological Improvements made in the Banking sector? 2.5 What are the... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
5. What are the advancements in technology that have improved Customer Satisfaction in the Banking Sector? PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The
purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how advancements in technology have increased customer satisfaction in the banking sector.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM Customer satisfaction is very vital to organizations, as consumers make generalizations based on services
they are offered. This study will inform customers of the technological improvements that are being put in place to make their banking experience
more hassle free and convenient to them. Banks will also benefit as information about new features being offered will be available to customers
and they will in turn make use of the new services being offered. This project will also benefit me as the researcher, as it will inform me of the
various types of technologies available in the Jamaican banking sector, the importance of each and how they operate. DELIMITATIONS AND
LIMITATIONS The population used to conduct this research was from the Constant Spring Road, The Half Way Tree area and New Kingston. This
area was chosen as it is a metropolitan region and the information needed to complete this research could be gathered there due to the many people
that use the banks in this area. In addition, if a wider area was chosen there would have been too much data or information and the research may lose
its credibility. The region chosen was

Customer Service Policy Essay
Manual on Module II Introduction to Hospitality By Authors Mr Murray Mackenzie School of Hotel & Tourism Management The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University and Dr Benny Chan Hong Kong Community College The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Consultant Mr Tony Tse School
of Hotel & Tourism Management The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Introduction to Hospitality Copyright © The Government of the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region All rights reserved. The copyright of this manual belongs to the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region. Commercial use is strictly prohibited. Offenders will be liable to the legal responsibility. Schools need not apply for permission to copy this
manual in whole or in part for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been different definitions of Hospitality. Broadly speaking, Hospitality is the act of kindness in welcoming and looking after the basic
needs of guests or strangers, mainly in relation to food, drink and accommodation. A contemporary explanation of Hospitality refers to the relationship
process between a guest and a host. When we talk about the "Hospitality Industry", we are referring to the companies or organisations which provide
food and/or drink and/or accommodation to people who are away from home. However, this definition of the "Hospitality Industry" only satisfies most
situations. Can you think of any circumstances where the phrase "away from home" would not be accurate? Resort hotel 1 Introduction to Hospitality
ACTIVITY 1 In groups, consider the hospitality industry in Hong Kong. Discuss the different sectors in the hospitality industry. (Hint: A sector of
hospitality industry can be profit–making or non–profit–making.) You may also give the names of some companies in the hospitality industry. One
example has been given in the table below. Work on the table to see which group in your class comes up with the most appropriate examples.
Hospitality industry in Hong Kong Sector Products/services provided Example Name of company/ organisation Food and Beverage Food and drink
Fast food McDonald's ACTIVITY 2 Look at the table that your group has just completed and compare the answers

Motivators That Do Not Motivate: The Case of Chinese EFL...
TESOL QUARTERLY Vol. 39, No. 4, December 2005 609
Motivators That Do Not Motivate:
The Case of Chinese EFL Learners and the Influence of Culture on Motivation
JUDY F. CHEN
The Overseas Chinese Institute of Technology
Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
CLYDE A. WARDEN
National Chung Hsing University
Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
HUO–TSAN CHANG
National Changhua University of Education
Chunghua, Taiwan, Republic of China
It is a capital mistake to theorize in advance of the facts.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Second Stain
(1930, p. 657)
Language learning motivation plays an important role in both research and teaching, yet language learners are still largely understood in terms of North
American and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Outside of school, young people may participate in global culture without English.
Language teachers in Asia often face large numbers of students. In
2001, the average university freshman classes in Taiwan included 53 students with 3 hours of English class required per week (Republic of
China Ministry of Education, 2002). Such a context is quite different from that typically found in language learning motivation research
(Chen, 2002). Teachers in Asia may attempt to apply motivation research
MOTIVATORS THAT DO NOT MOTIVATE 611 results from the West, but they risk frustration if underlying assumptions do not align with local
reality. A more productive approach is to understand specific motivations of students in their local environments
(Tremblay & Gardner, 1995). This study begins that understanding within the context of required English in the Chinese cultural setting by encouraging
a localized exploration that can benefit millions of EFL students–the very population that government language requirements are designed to help.
This article reviews observations of integrative and instrumental EFL language learning motivation orientations and contextualizes the recently

documented required motivation in the Chinese EFL setting, then it presents the research questions. It next presents the results of an exploratory study,
using a wide area survey and structural equation
modeling

Country of Origin Effect on Buying Behaviour
Asian Social Science; Vol. 8, No. 12; 2012 ISSN 1911–2017 E–ISSN 1911–2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
A Conceptual Study on the Country of Origin Effect on Consumer Purchase Intention
Samin Rezvani1, Goodarz Javadian Dehkordi1, Muhammad Sabbir Rahman1, Firoozeh Fouladivanda1, Mahsa Habibi1 & Sanaz Eghtebasi1
1
Graduate School of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Correspondence: Samin Rezvani, Graduate School of Management, Multimedia University, 63100, Cyberjaya, Malaysia. Tel: 60–12–256–4481.
E–mail: rezvani_samin@yahoo.com Received: May 29, 2012 doi:10.5539/ass.v8n12p205 Abstract Country of origin has become a significant
phenomenon in consumer behaviour studies. Hence, increasing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are various factors that have an impact on country of origin cues like product knowledge, country image and patriotism, which will be studied in
this research.
205
Accepted: June 25, 2012
Online Published: September 20, 2012
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n12p205
www.ccsenet.org/ass
Asian Social Science
Vol. 8, No. 12; 2012

2. Background of Country of Origin Nowadays, in this modern and competitive era, in which global marketing is growing day by day, country of origin,
as a significant parameter, has been studied in much research, and it is shown that this factor influences consumer behaviour and also their purchasing.
The other point that studies demonstrate is that people care about which country products come from and where they are made and consider these
factors when evaluating the quality of products, (Parkvithee & Miranda, 2012). The improvement of country of origin goes back to World War 1. At
that time, the defeated countries, such as Germany, were forced to put the symbol of COO on their product, by those that triumphed. Studies show that
the aim of this act was to punish countries like Germany thereby creating a bad reputation for them (Cai, 2002). Country of origin's influence on
customer purchase intention has been a topic of study for many decades. Different cultures and histories cause dissimilar perceptions among
consumers, which may lead to different evaluations about products when they want to choose. There are many parameters

Essay on Tort Reform
Tort Law and Cases:
A Comparison of Two Cases and Their Potential Frivolity8/22/2010
|
Introduction
"A tort is a civil wrong resulting in injury to a person or property"; that is brought before a court to compensate the injured party (Bagley &
Savage, 2010, pg 251). In order to prove an intentional tort, the following conditions must be met: 1) Intent 2) Voluntary act by the defendant 3)
Causation 4) Injury or Harm.
The following tort cases, Pearson v. Chung and Liebeck v. McDonalds, have been a pinnacle "poster child" for tort reform in the United States. In
2002, frivolous lawsuits cost taxpayers over $233 billion (Insideprison.com, 2006). What is considered a frivolous lawsuit? It is when an attorney ...
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(Manning–Sossamon.com, 2009)
Originally, Mr. Pearson sued Custom Cleaners for the loss of his pants, alleging claims of common law fraud and that they violated the CPPA by
displaying signs that read "Satisfaction Guaranteed", "All Work Done on Premises" and "Same Day Service". The amount Mr. Pearson was seeking for
relief was $67 million dollars, since that is what it would take for the Chungs to satisfy his claim (Pearson 2). It was Mr. Pearson's belief, that there is an
unconditional warranty that Custom Cleaners now must provide since they have the "Satisfaction Guaranteed" sign hanging in there store. (Pearson 4).
In the pretrial discovery, the court confirmed that all work was done on premises, and the judge granted summary judgment to the defendants on the
portion of fraud. Mr. Pearson amended his lawsuit and stated that he is "not suing for lost pants", but only regarding the "Satisfaction Guaranteed" sign.
(Pearson 4). Mr. Pearson insists that the "Satisfaction Guaranteed" sign is unconditional and limitless (Pearson 7). In addition, the claim tickets that are
printed have limitations on the back which further limit the unlimited guarantee that is provided by the signs hanging in the store, which is a violation
of the FTC regulations regarding "Satisfaction Guaranteed" (Pearson 20). The court, however, ruled that the "Satisfaction Guaranteed" means how a

The Danger Of Atomic Weapons
Amid the Cold War, the danger of atomic weapons put the destiny of millions in the hands of a couple of individuals. Be that as it may, reacting to
today 's difficulties, the dangers of terrorism and normal debacles requires the wide engagement of common society. The terrorists ' picked
battlegrounds are liable to be possessed by regular folks, not warriors. What 's more, more than the loss of honest lives is in question: an atmosphere of
apprehension and a feeling of feebleness despite misfortune are undermining confidence in American goals and powering political demagoguery (van
Rensburg, Pearson & Meyer, 2015). Maintaining the United States ' worldwide administration and financial aggressiveness eventually relies on upon
reinforcing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amid the epic battles of the American Revolution, the American Civil War, and the two world wars; intermittent monetary downturns and the Great
Depression; and the occasional scourges of seismic tremors, pestilences, surges, and storms, Americans have drawn quality from affliction. Every era
gave to the following a feeling of certainty and good faith about what 's to come. However, this supply of independence is being drained. The United
States is turning into a weak country. An undeniably urbanized and suburbanized populace has grasped without a moment to spare ways of life
fastened to ATM machines and 24–hour stores that give moment access to money, nourishment, and gas (van Rensburg, Pearson & Meyer, 2015). At
the point when the force goes out and these present day comforts fall flat, Americans are debilitated. In the interim, two years of citizen resistance
have stripped away the methods important for government laborers to give help amid crises. Most city and state general wellbeing and crisis
administration offices are not subsidized satisfactorily enough for them to do even their normal work. An influenza pandemic or other real fiasco
would totally overpower them. A report on debacle readiness discharged in June 2006 by the U.S. Branch of Homeland Security found that just 25
percent of state crisis operations arrangements

Pearson Vs Washington Dc Case Study
This case is by no means easy to judge or come to a conclusion. A large portion of the award was due to pain and suffering. It is a bit difficult to
fully understand the high payout and how the amount was deemed appropriate. It is very difficult to assess a sum for spilled coffee. The jury really
considered the time it took to recover and not to mention her treatment expenses. Interestingly enough, Mrs. Liebeck wanted to initially settle out of
court for 20,000 dollars, which McDonalds refused. Refusing to settle out of court opened the doors to litigation and ultimately cost McDonalds in
this case. The second case that I will analyze is one that involves a pair of missing pants. In the case of Pearson v. Chung, a Washington DC, specifically

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