Development Of The Model For Optimizing Antenna Array...

Development Of The Model For Optimizing Antenna Array...
In this study, the discussion on a number of important issues and the state–of–the–art development of the Model for Optimizing Antenna Array
Element is done. An optimal radiation pattern as well as Minimum Side lobes levels are obtained for a Rectangular antenna array using the
hybridization of particle swarm and genetic algorithm optimization technique. A set of normalized complex and phase shift weights are generated by
the developed optimization algorithm and the bound constrained п¬Ѓtness function that allows the optimization for non–uniform element spacing is
presented. A comparison between the un–optimized pattern and the one optimized for minimization of SLL using the model developed in this research
is also presented, the results ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the last several
years, the telecommunications industry and academia have been investing significant amounts of research effort in fourth generation
(4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) to provide higher data rates to end users by improving spectral efficiency, deploying more base stations, and/or
aggregating more spectra. While some of the LTE enhancements, such as advanced multiple–input multiple–output (MIMO), Coordinated multipoint
(CoMP), heterogeneous networks (HetNets), and carrier aggregation (CA), deliver the additional capacity needed to sustain the traffic surge for the
next few years, none of them is seen as a viable solution to support the hundreds of times more traffic demands foreseen in 2020 and beyond, the
so–called 5G era[5]. However, it is expected that in 5G millions more base stations (BSs) with higher functionality and billions more smart phones and
devices with much higher data rates will be connected.[6]. In 5G mobile communication it is expected to have the presence of higher traffic volume,
increased indoor or hotspot traffic, and higher energy [7]. The growth of wireless system capacity ever since the invention of the radio right up to the
present can be attributed to three main factors: increase in the number of wireless infrastructure nodes, increased use of radio spectrum, and
improvement in link efficiency. These three ingredients continue to be the dominant drivers of wireless capacity growth today [8]. As it is
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Smart Antenna System Essay
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Antenna Systems:
Depending on the number of antennas used in the transmitting and receiving sections, the systems are divided into 4 types.
1.1.1 SINGLE INPUT SINGLE OUTPUT (SISO): Fig 1.1.1: SISO
In SISO, there will be only single transmitter and a single receiver. This is the general system which we use. The simplest antenna technology is SISO.
In some environments, this system is vulnerable to problems caused by multipath effects. When an electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with
obstructions such as hills, buildings, utility wires, and canyons the wavefronts are scattered, and thus it take multi paths to reach the destination. Fading,
cut–out (cliff effect), and intermittent reception (picket fencing) are the problems caused by late arrival of scattered portion of signals. In a digital
communications system, it cause a reduction of data speed and number of errors is increased.
In order to eliminate or minimize problems caused by multipath wave propagation, a new technology has been introduced and it is Smart Antenna
Technology. There are three forms of smart antenna, known as SIMO (single input, multiple output), MISO (multiple input, single output), and MIMO
(multiple input, multiple output).
1.1.2 SINGLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT (SIMO) : Fig 1.1.2 : SIMO
In SIMO, there will be only single transmitter and many receivers.
1.1.3. MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT ( MISO): Fig. 1.1.3 : MISO
In MISO there will be multiple transmitters and a

Modeling Of Fractal Antenna Using Artificial Neural Network
1. Title:– Modeling of fractal antenna using Artificial Neural Network.
2.Introduction:– In high–performance spacecraft, aircraft, missile and satellite applications, where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation,
and aerodynamic profile are constraints, low profile antennas may be required. Presently, there are many other government and commercial
applications, such as mobile radio and wireless communications that have similar specifications. To meet these requirements, micro strip antennas can
be used [1,2].
The expensive growth of wireless system and booming demand for variety of new wireless application,it is important to design an antenna whose
size,shape,weight and cost will be less. If it is possible that a single antenna can work on more than one frequency then it is good for us. So generally
fractal antenna is used as multiband antenna.
The fractal geometry concept can be used to reduce antenna size. So fractal shaped antennas are good choice to reduce antenna size and get multiband
behavior.
The fractal antenna can be classified on the basis of iteration as 0 iteration,1st iteration,2nd iteration etc.
For fulfilling all the requirement introduced above fractal microstrip patch antennas are designed.As the number of iteration increases the time consume
for solving matrix generated in simulator based on method of moment(IE3D) increases. Due to this reason we are designing an artificial neural network
for microstrip fractal antenna.
2.1 Fractal

Cmos
CMOS DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ULTRA WIDE BAND RECEIVERS
ABSTRACT
Ultrawide band is a unique technology which is used for commercial communications. In this ,I will explain about UWB and how to integrate it with
CMOS technology.This is by designing a UWB receiver using CMOS technology. Use Verilog to build behavioral model of LNA,mixer,bandpass
filter,integrator.Instante the components in Cadence and run simulation in time domain. In this paper ,I have specified the design considerations of
ultra wideband (UWB) receiver architecture. Here, a more power efficient architecture should undertake part of the signal processing in the
analog–domain. Next, the multiband UWB transceiver is studied and power–efficient circuits is designed for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
RF SAW pre–filter, which removes out–of–band interferer, and a notch filter centered at 5
GHZ UNII band relaxes receiver dynamic range. Large bandwidth of the UWB signal rces use of RF front–end with low gain compared to narrow
band systems. As a result, baseband channel select filter must have very small input–referred noise. Furthermore, baseband filter requires high
attenuation and a very accurate and steep roll–off to further limit interfering signal strength, which limits dynamic range of the subsequent ADC.
Synthesizer implementation must limit spurious tones at the output of the synthesizer, which can transform interferers into the wanted frequency band.
The remainder of this section deals with more detailed system specifications.
1. Sensitivity, Gain, NF: In MB–OFDM UWB, an UWB receiver operating in the first three bands (Mode 1 only) needs to have a noise figure (NF)
better than 6.6 dB. However, for the UWB device operating in the first three band groups with nine bands, the required system NF can be 9 db taking
into account the coding gain. A margin of 3 dB is added to set the NF specification for the receiver as 6 dB. This margin is set after system level
simulation taking into account the following combined non–idealities: 1) 5 degrees in phase and 1 dB in amplitude of
I/Q imbalance; 2) 5 bits of effective ADC quantization; 3) 9 dB of clipping in the signal peak–to–average ratio (PAR); 4) a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Antennas
Antennas – antennas serve as interfaces between transmitted/received signals and transmitters/receivers. Depending on the type, shape, and size of the
transmitter antenna, the transmitted signal will have directionality and polarization properties. A receiver antenna is designed to match this
directionality and polarization so that the transmitted signal can be received. Earth–facing antennas are usually designed to provide a coverage region
with a particular contour shape. Typically, horn antennas and parabolic reflector antennas are used for this purpose. In some satellites, multiple transmit
antennas (lens antennas and antenna arrays) are used to generate multiple "spot beams" for higher signal directionality and gain. The coverage region
and the spot beams may be fixed or dynamically formed depending on the application. Some advanced experimental... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most of today's satellites are GEO.In a relatively short span of time, satellite technology has developed from the experimental (Sputnik in 1957) to the
sophisticated and powerful. Future communication satellites will have more onboard processing capabilities, more power, and larger–aperture
antennas that will enable satellites to handle more bandwidth. Further improvements in satellites' propulsion and power systems will increase their
service life to 20–30 years from the current 10–15 years. In addition, other technical innovations such as low–cost reusable launch vehicles are in
development. With increasing video, voice, and data traffic requiring larger amounts of bandwidth, there is no shortage of emerging applications that
will drive demand for the satellite services in the years to come. The demand for more bandwidth, coupled with the continuing innovation and
development of satellite technology, will ensure the long–term viability of the commercial satellite industry well into the 21st

The Antenna Structure X 4 Mimo 8x8 Mimo.
802.11n 802.11ac The antenna structure4 x 4 MIMO8x8 MIMO Channel width20&40MHz20,40,80+80 ,& 160MHz channel frequency2.4 or
5GHz5GHz single–stream data transfer rate150Mbps(40MHz)433Mbps(80MHz),867Mbps(160MHz) Multi–stream data transfer polymerization
rated600Mbps(40MHz)1.73Gbps(80MHz),347Gbps(160MHz) Modulation scheme OFDMOFDM A comparison of the feature between 802.11n
and 802.11ac 4.1 Work in the 5GHz band 802.11ac only works in the 5GHz band, which means that any equipment want to work in 802.11ac must
support 5GHz frequency band. Furthermore, 802.11ac's chipset also supports 2.4GHz band, to supports 802.11a/b/g/n WLAN and other previous
standard, to provide backward compatibility. 4.1.1 Why 802.11ac is 5 GHz only? As we all know 5GHz frequency are poor performance on
long–distance transmission and through, we may want to ask why they remove 2.4GHz from 802.11ac. We now commonly used Wi–Fi basically work
in 2.4G wireless frequency band, using 802.11b / g protocol. But as more and more equipment is added to the 2.4GHz, the channel became very
crowded between 2.4 to 2.485GHz, because too many electronic devices are working in this band (e.g. wireless keyboard, wireless mouse, Bluetooth
and other). The crowded channel will make the equipment to seize resources. For example, we are all connected to same wireless router, everyone's
computers and routers must communicate, if only one computer, it is very simple, it can take 'dialogue' with router, because there

Essay On Wifa
In the second part of the thesis, the geometry of the antennas of each WiFi access point is changed to URA in order to extend the searching area into
2–D search, the well–known subspace MUSIC algorithm is used for the examination of the received spatial information, and then it estimates each
spatial spectrum in which the Azimuth Angle of Arrival (AOA) and Elevation Angle of Arrival (EOA) of all the paths at each URA WiFi access
point is located. After that, because our system is considered under very low SNR, a set of spectra at some APs might be influenced, so, a
fine–grained fusion algorithm has been added, it computes the minimum errors between each location in a known grid dimension and the estimated
AOA and EOA at every URA array,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A hence about the novel GBSA–MDL source number estimation algorithm and our contribution in this thesis was set in the first part of the introduction.
In the second part, the wireless based indoor localization which are RSS, TOA, DOA, and TDOA techniques have been introduced and the grammatical
failure of these methods for indoor localization under the effect of the high existence of multipath signals. Also, we gave a brief explanation about data
fusion multiple sensor techniques and several related works have been introduced. We motivated our novel indoor positioning algorithm by showing
the significant addition of the multiple sensor data fusion with the recently mentioned wireless based indoor techniques and the serious need of the
2–D array geometry in the next 5G. At the end, our contribution in this dissertation has been included.
Chapter 2: Literature Review: In this part, several basic concepts are introduced. We start our chapter by explaining the meaning of optimization and its
two main categories which are local optimization and global optimization, also the advantages of using the last mentioned category compared to the
first one is mentioned. Accordingly, the most know newly invented global optimization algorithms based on nature behaviors like the GA, PSO and
GBSA are introduced. In addition of that, the galaxy based search algorithm is studied well and its

Antenna Is The Main Component Of Every Communication System
Antenna is the main component of every communication system. The design of UWB antennas is one of the major factors affecting the progress of
UWB technology. As a result, UWB antenna design has been studied much in recent years. UWB antennas must be electrically small and inexpensive
without compromising on performance. Omni directional radiation pattern is desired in order to be well suited for ad hoc networks with arbitrary
azimuthally orientations. Gain п¬‚aterns and phase linearity, i.e., constant group delay, are also required for an UWBantenna in order to not distort the
waveform of an ultra narrow–on the order of nanoseconds–electromagnetic energy pulse. In addition, the time domain impulse response is another
important criterion of UWB antenna performance. The antenna must transmit UWB signal with minimal dispersion effect. In this thesis all the
antennas have been simulated in ANSOFT HFSS–13. This chapter contains the п¬Ѓnal design of antennas, the parasitic study of antenna in term of
impedance band width. The peak gain, radiation efficiency, peak directivity has been calculated in whole operating band and radiation pattern at some
frequencies has been studied. The time domain analysis also has been done in this chapter. The total design of antenna include the two parts– first is the
designing on the software and second one is hardware part where the testing of the antenna is done on the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
5.1 About HFSS The simulation technique used to

Research in the Area of Sinuous Antennas
We conducted a literature review as a part of our study, of recent research in the area of sinuous antennas. From the review, it is clear that sinuous
antennas are very useful due to their wideband ability and dual polarized application. Hence, we can find a number of applications where these
antennas are being used. Waldschmidt et al.1 have conducted a study and evaluated the use of the sinuousantenna for wideband multiple–input
multiple–output (MIMO) and diversity applications. They found that in addition to being extremely broadband the sinuous antennas are also very
compact. In fact, they found that when placing dipoles on the same space required by the sinuous antennas, that the sinuous would reach much greater
capacities for multimode–based MIMO systems. Edwards and Rebeiz2 utilized the sinuous antenna type placement on a silicon dielectric lens. The lens
had a diameter of 50.8 mm necessitating a compact design. They chose the four–arm sinuous antenna configuration as an alternative to traditional
log–periodic antennas, which suffer from polarization variation versus frequency and high cross–polarization levels. Their results have shown that the
lens–coupled sinuous antennas do exhibit polarization stability and low cross–polarization levels over a wide band. In addition, the antenna is very
efficient, radiating only 5% of its total power to its backside. A much more recent application from Suzuki et al.3, again utilizes the silicon
lens–coupled sinuous antenna as a

A Study On Microstrip Antenna
Chapter 3
Overview of Microstrip Antenna
3.1 Microstrip Antenna A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch and a ground plane separated by dielectric substrate. This concept was
undeveloped until the revolution in electronic circuit miniaturization and large–scale integration in 1970. The early work of Munson on microstrip
antennas for use as a low profile flush mounted antennas on rockets and missiles showed that this was a practical concept for use in many antenna
system problems. Various mathematical models were developed for this antenna and its applications were extended to many other fields. The number
of papers, articles published in the journals for the last ten years. The microstrip antennas are the present day antenna designer,s choice. Low dielectric
constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. The conducting patch can take any shape but rectangular and circular configurations
are the most commonly used configuration. Amicrostrip antenna is characterized by its length, width, input impedance, gain and radiation patterns.
Various parameters, related calculation and feeding technique will be discussed further through this chapter. The length of the antenna is about half
wavelength of its operational frequency. The length of the patch is very critical and important that result to the frequency radiated. Antennas are key
components of any wireless communication system and it

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microstrip Antennas
i23
2.7 Advantages & Disadvantages
Microstrip antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and non planar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to manufacture using modem
printed–circuit technology, mechanically robust and compatible with MMIC designs. When the particular patch shape and mode are selected they are
very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, pattern and impedance. In addition by adding loads between the patch and the ground plane,
such as pins and varactor diodes. adaptive elements with variable resonant frequency, impedance, polarization and pattern can be designed. Since it is
of planar structure, it has all the advantages of printed circuit technology. The major operational disadvantages of microstripantennas ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The microstrip feed line is easy to fabricate, simple to match by controlling the inset position and rather simple to model. However as the substrate
thickness increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation increase, which for practical designs limit the bandwidth.
2.8.2 Coaxial feed
In this type, the inner conductor of the coaxial cable is attached to the patch while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. This is the
widely used type of feeding. The coaxial probe feed is also easy to fabricate and match, and it has low spurious radiation. However, it also has
narrow bandwidth and it is more difficult to model, especially for thick substrates (h>0.02 1.0). 2.6.3 Aperture coupling: The aperture coupling of is
the most difficult of all four to fabricate and it also has narrow bandwidth. However, it is somewhat easier to model and has moderate spurious
radiation. The aperture coupling consists of two substrates separated by a ground plane. On the bottom side of the lower substrate there is a microstrip
feedline whose energy is coupled to the patch through a slot on the ground plane separating the two

What Is Frequency Selectiveive Firners
Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) have been used in a
23 number of different applications including reflector antenna
24 design,1,2 radomes,3 spatial filters,4 electromagnetic shield–
25 ing,5 design of RF absorbers,6 high–power–capable and
26 harmonic–suppressed spatial filters,7,8 and aberration–free
27 microwave lenses and reflect array antennas.9–13 FSSs are
28 also used as spectral filters at terahertz and infrared frequen–
29 cies.14–16 As frequency increases, designing multi–layer,
30 free–standing FSSs becomes very challenging. This is partic–
31 ularly the case in the far infrared range and above (e.g.,
32 wavelengths shorter than 100 lm). To design a multi–layer,
33 free–standing FSS at these frequencies, numerous thin dielec– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such metasurfaces use arrays 56 of antennas or other metallic and/or dielectric inclusions to 57 locally manipulate an electromagnetic wave front and
obtain 58 desired properties such as absorption on a sub–wavelength 59 scale 60 29 or anomalous reflection or refraction of an EM wave. 61 30–34
However, using the concept of anomalous reflec– AQ2 tion to develop spectral and spatial filters has not received 62 significant attention. In this
paper, we present a solution to 63 the problem of designing simple, low–cost, reflective–type 64 quasi–optical filters by using a reflective–type
metasurface 65 designed to act as a quasi–optical spatial and spectral filter. 66
The proposed filter uses a single–layer metasurface fabricated 67 on a thin, ground–plane–backed dielectric substrate. The device is designed to
anomalously reflect an incident wave 69
(from a given, known direction) towards a desired direction 70 over a desired frequency band of operation. Outside of this 71 band, the device will
act as a normal reflector, reflecting the 72 incident wave in the specular reflection direction thereby 73 missing the intended receiver. The net effect
of this concept 74 is that in the intended path between a given transmitter and 75 receiver, the device will act as a spectral filter. Since the 76 device
has only a single metallic layer, its fabrication process 77 is very simple and requires only a single lithography step. 78
Moreover, the bandwidth of this filter

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microstrip Antenna
CHAPTER 3
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
3.1INTRODUCTION
In high–performance spacecraft, satellite and aircraft, where low size, low weight, moderate cost, ease of installation are constraints, low profile
antenna may be required. To meet these requirements, microstrip antennas can be used [1], [18]. Microstrip antenna technology has been the most
rapidly developing topic in the antenna field in the last fifteen years, receiving the creative attentions of academic, industrial, and government engineers
and researches throughout the world.
Microstrip antenna has quickly evolved from academic novelty to commercial reality with applications in a wide variety of microwave systems. In fact
rapidly developing markets in a personal communications systems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are
usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate.
3.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
Microstrip antennas have several advantages compared to conventional microwave antennas and therefore many applications over the broad frequency
range from 100MHz to 50GHz. Some of the principle advantages are: Light weight, low volume, low profile planar configurations which can be made
conformal. Low fabrication cost ; readily amenable to mass production. Can be made thin ; hence, they do not perturb the aerodynamics of host
aerospace vehicles. The antennas can be easily mounted on missiles, rockets and satellites without major alterations. These antennas have low
scattering cross section. Linear, circular (left hand or right hand) polarizations are possible with simple changes in the feed

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mimo Formatss
There is a number of different MIMO configurations or formats that can be used. These are termed SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO. These different
MIMO formats offer different advantages and disadvantages – these can be balanced to provide the optimum solution for any given application.
The different MIMO formats – SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO require different numbers of antennas as well as having different levels of complexity.
Also dependent upon the format, processing may be needed at one end of the link or the other – this can have an impact on any decisions made.
SISO, SIMO, MISO, MIMO terminology
The different forms of antenna technology refer to single or multiple inputs and outputs. These are related to the radio link. In this way the input is the
transmitter as it transmits into the link or signal path, and the output is the receiver. It is at the output of the wireless link.
therefore the different forms of single / multiple antenna ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of SIMO may be quite acceptable in many applications, but where the receiver is located in a mobile device such as a cellphone handset, the
levels of processing may be limited by size, cost and battery drain.
There are two forms of SIMO that can be used:
Switched diversity SIMO: This form of SIMO looks for the strongest signal and switches to that antenna.
Maximum ratio combining SIMO: This form of SIMO takes both signals and sums them to give the a combination. In this way, the signals from both
antennas contribute to the overall signal.
MIMO – MISO
MISO is also termed transmit diversity. In this case, the same data is transmitted redundantly from the two transmitter antennas. The receiver is then
able to receive the optimum signal which it can then use to receive extract the required data.
MISO – Multiple Input Single

Designing A Seven Band Stacked Patch Antenna Design For C,...
Abstract:– In this paper a seven–band stacked patch antenna design for C, X and Ku band is considered. To generate multiband frequencies micro strip
stacked patch antenna is introduced. The proposed structure is a planar structure having all the dimensions in mm and is designed by using a substrate
of FR4 having thickness 1.6 mm. This proposed antenna is having seven bands of operation. The considered antenna consists of H–slot loaded fed
patch, stacked with dual U–slot loaded rectangular patch. The size of the antenna is 39.25 x 29.25 x 1.66 mm2. The patch antenna is studied and
simulated using IE3D simulator. The antenna is analyzed by circuit theory concepts to practically verify the results. The results pertaining to various
functional parameters of the multiband micro strip patch antenna such as RL, Gain and Radiation pattern versus frequency are obtained.
Keywords:–Dual U– Slot Loaded Stacked Patch, H–Slot loaded Fed Patch, RL(Return Loss), IE3D,Microstrip Patch antenna, Multiband Antenna
I. Introduction
Every communication system is primarily focused on the usage of antenna as it plays a vital role in transmitting and receiving the information signals.
An antenna is made itself a mandate component of communication system. The stupendous growth of wireless communication systems along with
wonderful use of radars opens a huge demand to new kind of antennas like small antennas, multi frequency antennas, and broadband antennas [2]–[1].
Planar multi–resonators and

Literature Review Of Vast Rectenna
7
CHAPTER 2
AMBIENT RF ENERGY HARVESTING COMPONENTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 RECTENNA & ITS COMPONENT A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a sort of antenna that is used to convert microwave energy or radio
frequency energy into direct current signal that can power low sensor devices. They are modelled as a part of wireless power transmission systems that
transmit power through radio waves or electromagnetic waves. A basic rectenna, comprises of a microstrip patchantenna with a RF diode. It is
nonlinear rectifying element (for example Schottky diode, Zener diode, IMPATT diode.... etc.). The diode rectifies the alternating current or
bidirectional current induced in the patch antenna by the RF waves, to generate DC or unidirectional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.1.2 RECTIFIER A rectifier is an electrical device that converts bi–directional current or alternating current (AC), to unidirectional current or direct
current (DC). This process is called rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including high–voltage direct current power transmission systems, in DC
power supplies and in detection of radio signals. There are two types of rectifier, the half wave rectifier and the full wave rectifier. In our case, given
the need of matching as the less number of components, half wave rectifier has been used.
2.1.2.1 Half Wave Rectifier The half wave rectifier rectifies only half cycle of the AC input waveform. The half wave rectifier consists of a step down
transformer, a diode connected to the transformer and a load resistance connected to the cathode side of the diode.
2.1.2.2 Full Wave Rectifier The circuit of full wave rectifier uses two rectifier elements and the transformer with secondary center tapped. One for the
positive half cycle and other for the negative half cycle. The output DC in full wave rectifier is twice that of half wave rectifier and the frequency is
twice that of the supply frequency.
2.1.3 IMPEDANCE MATCHING Impedance matching is one of the most eminent part of the RF circuits. It is utilized for the purpose of transferring
maximum

A Study On Antenna Hopping
antenna hopping. In a system using antenna hopping, two or more transmit antennas are used interchangeably to achieve a diversity effect. Antenna
hopping attracted attention from 1990s and comparatively in expansive way of achieving a transmit diversity gain in system such as GSM.
The principle goal of MIMO technology is to improve either the quality (BER) or the data rate of the communication by means of adequate signal
processing techniques at both ends of the system. The capacity can increase linearly with the number of antennas when using MIMO system. MIMO
can obtain both multiplexing gain and diversity gain thus significantly increasing the system capacity as well as improving the reliability of the wireless
link. Having high spectral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
STCs necessitate the transmission of multiple redundant copies of data so that there is possibility of receiving some copies of data through some are
lost due to deep fading to enhance reliability of the data transmission. STCs are two types namely space–time trellis codes (STTCs) and space–time
block codes (STBCs). STTC has been inaugurated as a coding technique that promises full diversity and considerable coding
5
gain but decoding complexity is very high. To avoid this, STBCs have been proposed by the effort work of Alamouti for transmit diversity and later
Vahid Tarokh, Hamid Jafarkhani and Robert Calderbank made their contributions.[1–3]. This code gives better second order diversity when used with a
single receive antenna and fourth order diversity when used with two antennas at the receiver side. But, it is only half rate, because it only transmits
two symbols using the two time slots and two transmit antenna.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
[1]S. M. Alamouti, describes a simple two–branch transmit diversity scheme. Using two transmit antenna and one receive antenna, the new transmit
antenna provides the same diversity order as maximal–ratio receiver combining (MRRC) with one transmit and two receive antennas. The scheme
easily be generated to two transmit antenna and M receive antenna to provide a diversity order of 2M. This scheme does not require any bandwidth
expansion any feedback from the receiver to the

Basic Fundamentals And Design Parameters Of Patch
CHAPTER 3
BASIC FUNDAMENTALS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PATCH
3.1Introduction As we all know, Selection of antenna is very important in designing of successful rectenna because antenna is responsible for how
much power is received by the circuitry following after the antenna. This chapter describes the theory of antenna and its property, design process,
simulations and fabrication of an Microsrip antenna that operates within the microwave frequency range. First we start with a brief explanation of the
main design parameters of an antenna then we briefly explain the advantages of using microstrip antennas in these applications [4–18]. Also a brief
introduction of the software used for the design and simulations stages. Then we will explain how making some changes to the shape of the ground
plane and the radiating patch of the antenna can improve the performance. After all the parametric simulations a final antenna version was chosen and
subsequently built.
An antenna also known as midair is an electrical expedient which translates electric power into radio waves, and apposite to it. It is typically cast–off
with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In broadcast, a radio transmitter deliveries an electric current wavering at radio frequency (i.e. a high
frequency alternating current ) to the antenna 's terminuses, and the antenna produces the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio
waves). In reception, an antenna interrupts certain of the power of an

Design And Analysis Of Uwb Funnel Shape Monopole Antenna
Design and Analysis of UWB Funnel Shape Monopole Antenna
By
Dr. Muhammed N. , Dr. Jamal K. Al–Rudaini, Muhammed H.
Abstract: A Funnel Shape antenna for use in an ultra–wideband UWB media is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of Funnel antenna with
monopole bridge antenna and partial ground plane. The Funnel antenna with monopole bridge antenna are etched on the same sides of the antenna
substrate, a dielectric layer of FR4 microfiber. The overall dimension of the proposed antenna is 50 mm Г— 50 mm Г— 1.6 mm. The antenna operates
in the frequency range from 2–20 GHz covering UWB band. Moreover, the proposed antenna provides good radiation patterns across the whole
working bands and a relatively good gain over the entire frequency band.
RF and microwave inte– grated techniques and energy harvesting
RF and microwave inte– grated techniques and energy harvesting
1) INTRODUCTION
UWB antenna are used in a wide frequency range in on–air and ground telecommunication systems [1, 2]. RF and Microwave energy harvesting
techniques, UWB antenna design is attracted by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Galileo satellite navigation systems [3, 4]. Micro strip
patch antenna has various applications in UWB due to its important behavior. Design and analysis of a model of square–shaped wideband monopole
antenna is proposed in the Reference [5]. Recently, flat monopoles are proposed and used for wideband schemes [6–9] but their radiation patternis not
wholly directional due to

The Problem Of Using Microstrip Patch Antenna Has...
2.6.2 Radiation Pattern
Microstrip Patch Antenna has radiation patterns that can be simply calculated. The source of the radiation of the electric field at the gap of the edge of
the Microstrip element and the ground plane is main factor to the accurate calculation of the pattern for the patch antenna.
Simply it can be said that the power radiated or received by the antenna is the function of angular position and radial distribution from the antenna
[24]. In the fig.24 [9] below we can see the side view of the rectangular Microstrip element associated with source, and also the radiating of E fields.
The radiation pattern of a common dimensional antenna can be seen below, which has side lobe, black lobes which are undesirable as they represent
the energy that is wasted for transmitting Antennas and noise sources at the receiving end.
2.6.3 Gain & Directivity
The gain of the antenna defines the performance of the antenna or the capability to concentrate energy through a direction which give a better picture
of the radiation pattern. It is expressed in dB, in a simple way we can say that this refers to the direction of the maximum radiation [24].
The expression for the maximum gain of an antenna is as follows:–
G=О·xD –––––––––––––––––––– Eq. (2.29)
О· – The efficiency of the antenna.
D– Directivity.
In order to receive or transmit the power it can be chosen to maximize

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Arrays
What is meant by array? An antenna is a system of similar antennas oriented similarly to get greater directivity in a desired direction.
2. What is meant by uniform linear array.? An array is linear when the elements of the array arespaced equally along the straight line. If the elements
arefed with currents of equal magnitude and having a uniform Progressive phase shift along the line, then it is calleduniform linear array .
3. What are the types of array?
a. Broad side array.
b. End fire array
c. Collinear array.
d. Parasitic array.
4. What is Broad side array? Broad side array is defined as an arrangement inwhich the principal direction of radiation is perpendicularto the array axis
and also the plane containing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tapering is done fromcenter to end.
19.What is a binomial array? It is an array in which the amplitudes of theantenna elements in the array are arranged according to thecoefficients of the
binomial series.
20.What are the advantages of binomial array? Advantage:
No minor lobes
Disadvantages:
Increased beam width
Maintaining the large ratio of current amplitude in large arrays is difficult
21. What is the difference between isotropic and nonisotropicsource

Isotropic source radiates energy in alldirections but non–isotropic source radiates energy only in some desired direction.
Isotropic source is not physically realizablebut non–isotropic source is physically realizable.
22.Define Side Lobe Ratio Side Lobe Ratio is defined as the ratio ofpower density in the principal or main lobe to the powerdensity of the longest
minor lobe.
23. List the arrays used for array tapering
Binomial Array:Tapering follows thecoefficient of binomial

Microstrip Antennas : An Analysis
The Microstrip patch antenna has a dielectric substrate with a radiating patch and the feed lines are etched on one side and a ground plane on the other
side. The shape of the patch is not constrained (could be square, rectangular, circular, triangular or elliptical) and it is generally made of conducting
material such as copper or gold. These antennas are mostly used at microwave frequencies, the fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground
plane cause the microstrip patch antennas to radiate. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal of various shapes on the surface of a
PCB, with a metal ground plane on the other side of the board. Most microstrip antennas consist of multiple patches in a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Further the consideration of space domain either with space diversity, smart antennas, and nowadays, MIMO systems has also pushed the evolution of
propagation modeling toward more complex spatio–temporal considerations [1].The MIMO antenna for wireless communications is required to have a
multiple bandwidth to cover the GSM, and ISM bands. On the other hand, it is said that about 70% of the user demands and mobile flow for
high–speed data services occur in indoor environments [2–3]. In modern antenna design multiple–input multiple–output are employed so that the
multipath effects is taken as advantage to transmit multiple data stream. Designing MIMO antennas have their own challenges such as mutual coupling
because of electromagnetic interaction between antenna elements [4–5].
2.1.2APPLICATIONS OF MICROSTRIPPATCH ANTENNA
Microstrip patch antenna can be used for Mobile and satellite communication, Global
Positioning System, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Radar, Telemedicine,
Rectenna and Medicinal.Mobile communication requires small, low profile and low–cost antennas. Microstrip patch antennas are meet all
requirements and various types of microstrip antennas have been designed for use in mobile communication systems.In the case of satellite

Micro Strip Patch Antenna Design
A B S T R A C T
The main aim of this paper is to give overview on Micro strip patch antenna design using different defected ground structures for improving the
performance parameters of the antenna such as Gain, Directivity, and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. Return Loss. By giving proper patch length ,patch
width, substrate material such as FR4 with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm,boundary material such as Vacuum/air, most important the
patch material such as nickel and by adding array with DGS we can improve the performance of patch antenna.
Index Term:– Array antenna, Defected Ground Structure, HFSS, S–Parameter, VSWR , Radiation pattern
________________________________________
I.INTRODUCTION In today's generation of wireless communication system, the Micro strip patch antenna plays very important role. There are
different advantages of high performance Micro strip patch antenna such as small size, light weight ,low cost, low volume and easy to fabricate .Like
no of advantages Micro strip Patch antenna has some drawbacks such as low gain, narrow bandwidth, low efficiency. These drawbacks can be
minimizing by changing the design parameters of patch antenna or by applying array structure with improved DGS structure in it. Recently there has
been increasing demand in the use of Defected Ground Structure for performance improvement of Micro strip patch antenna and array antenna. There
are basically two important type of structures used in designing of high

Limitations Of Wireless Communication
INTRODUCTION
There are lots of challenges occurs for reliable wireless communication which occurs due to physical limitations of the wireless medium. There has been
massive growth occurs in wireless communication which is due to the techniques that improves spectral efficiency and mitigate various channel
impairments such as fading and interference. Moreover there is always demand for high speed wireless internet and technologies which are capable of
providing higher capacities and link reliabilities. Multiple–input–multiple–output (MIMO) is based on communication system which is able to fulfil
these objectives. MIMO is an expansion of smart antennas systems. There were traditional smart antennas which occupy multiple antennas at receiver,
whereas In MIMO system multiple antennas are engaged at both sides at transmitter as well as receiver side. The multiple antennas at the transmitter
and the receiver side provide a major advantage over traditional smart antenna systems–in terms of capacity and diversity advantage. The multipath
propagation by MIMO system is a remarkably advantage over other antennas system. Moreover it is able to provide independent fading channels
between every pair of transmitter and receiver antennas.
The rapid improvement in communication system with high data rates and improved channel capacity has pondered towards the study of both
theoretical and practical in wireless communication systems. Wireless communication system has made great effort to

Design Techniques For Microstrip Patch Antenna Design
Design techniques for Microstrip Patch Antenna
Miss Borhade M. V.(ME Signal Processing) 1 Prof. Mrs. Dhede V. M.(Ph.D. Registered) 2 JCEI'S JCOE ,Kuran megh888@gmail.com
vaishali_dhede@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to give overview on Micro strip patch antenna design using different defected ground structures for improving the
performance parameters of the antenna such as Gain, Directivity, and VoltageStanding Wave Ratio. Return Loss. By giving proper patch length ,patch
width, substrate material such as FR4 with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm,boundary material such as Vacuum/air, most important the
patch material such as nickel and by adding array with DGS we can improve the performance of patch antenna.
Key Terms– Array antenna, Defected Ground Structure , HFSS , S–Parameter , VSWR ,Radiation pattern
I.INTRODUCTION In today's generation of wireless communication system, the Micro strip patch antenna plays very important role. There are
different advantages of high performance Micro strip patch antenna such as small size, light weight ,low cost, low volume and easy to fabricate .Like
no of advantages Micro strip Patch antenna has some drawbacks such as low gain, narrow bandwidth, low efficiency. These drawbacks can be
minimizing by changing the design parameters of patch antenna or by

Voltage Between The Antenna And Antenna
3.6.6 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
There should be a maximum power transfer between the transmitter and the antenna for the antenna to perform very well. This happens only when the
impedance Zin is matched to the transmitter internal impedance, Zs.
In the process of accomplishing this particular configuration for an antenna to perform very well, there is always a reflecting power which leads to the
standing waves, which is categorized by the VoltageStanding Wave Ratio (VSWR).
This is given by [30]:–
VSWR=V_max/V_min =(1+|О“|)/(1–|О“| )=(1+S_11)/(1–S_11 ) –––––––––––––– Eq. (2.31)
As the reflection coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, the VSWR ranges from 1 to в€
ћ.
3.6.7 Input Impedance
It is the ratio of the voltage to current at the input terminals or the ratio of the proper components of the electric fields to the magnetic fields at a
particular point. Or in other words we can say it is the impedance presented by the antenna at the input terminal.
Zin = (Rin + jXin) –––––––––––––––––– Eq. (2.32)
Rin – the real part, representing the power dissipated though heat or through radiation losses.
Xin – imaginary part, representing the reactance of the antenna & the power stored in the near field of the antenna [32].
3.6.8 Bandwidth
Bandwidth can be said as the frequencies on both the sides of the center frequency in which the characteristics

Designing A Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna And L...
By using the advantages of the microstrip patch antenna and L–probe feeding technique, hexagonal patch is etched on a square microstrip antenna to
achieve broad bandwidth and improved gain. In this Project, MSA is designed with dual substrates, one for L–probe & other for radiating patch.
4.1 Design Specifications
The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna:
Frequency of operation (fo): The resonant frequency of the antenna must be selected appropriately. The WLAN band uses the frequency range from
2.4 GHz to 5.28 GHZ. Hence the antenna designed must be able to operate in this frequency range. The resonant frequency selected for design is 2.4
GHz.
Dielectric constant of the substrate (Оµr): The dielectric material selected for our design is FR4 which has a dielectric constant of 4.4. A substrate with
a high dielectric constant has been selected since it reduces the dimensions of the antenna. Table 4.1: Design parameters ofmicrostrip antenna Patch
ShapeSquare
Frequency2.4 GHz
Dielectric constant of substrate4.4
Height of substrate1.6 Mm
Feeding methodMicrostrip Line
PolarizationLinear
4.2 Theoretical design
4.2.1 Single element Antenna Design
Structure of single patch antenna with inset feed is shown in figure 1. The Antenna is composed of patch, substrate, ground and feeding network. The
performance of antenna generally depends on dimensions of above components

A Method For Efficiency Enhancement And Size Miniaturization
A Method for Efficiency Enhancement and Size Miniaturization in the design of UWB Planar Antennas
Laxman Pillalamarri
Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Radio Frequency and Microwave Laboratory,
Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad), Hyderabad, Telanagana–State, India.
Corresponding Author: laxmanpillalamarri85@gmail.com
Abstract
The printed antenna is one of the most preferred antenna structures for low cost and compact design of wireless communication systems. In this paper
we have investigated a new approach for improving the radiation efficiency and performance of the antennas with the size miniaturization, in particular
we have simulated two types of UWB printed monopole antennas for proving this approach with results: circular patch and Compact Miniaturized
Semi–Circular patch UWB monopole antennas and in detail investigation was presented on size miniaturization in order to achieve very compactness
and high radiation efficiency with out degradation of the functional parameters and overall performance. Simple rectangular microstrip lines are used
for feeding the printed monopole antennas. This UWB monopole antenna designed works well for the whole UWB frequency band 3.1–10.6GHz.
Key Words: UWB, Semicircular, Miniaturization printed monopole antennas, Microstrip lines.
I INTRODUCTION
Ultra–Wideband (UWB) commonly refers to signal or system that

Essay on Introducing SMART Antennas to Improve Throughput
1. Purpose and scope of the system In the current wireless networking standards, omni–directional antennas are used to establish connection between
the base station and the user. The radiation emitted from this antenna is spread uniformly in a horizontal manner. These antennas are employed because
the base station is not aware of the location of the user. Hence most of the radiated beam is lost or dispersed. Furthermore radiation from neighboring
base stations with the same frequency will cause interference. If it is possible to concentrate the beam/radiation only the user and introduce nulls in the
area of the interference, most of the radiated power can be made useful and gives users with extended range. Introducing SMART antennas... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phased array antennas are to be used, whose array elements in a pattern (linear, circular, planar) collectively give a directional pattern and by changing
the phase of the current to these elements the radiation pattern can be steered. Algorithms that is needed to achieve this is – DOA (Direction of
Arrival) and Adaptive Beamforming algorithm.
Many algorithms are developed:
Direction of Arrival Algorithms:
MUSIC – Multiple Signal Classification It is a subspace based DoA algorithm. Subspace algorithms provide high resolution and are more accurate.
The physical size of the array aperture is not a concern. MUSIC algorithm is widely preferred. It involves extensive search through all possible
steering vectors. [1][2]
ESPRIT – Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques The algorithm is robust than MUSIC algorithm. Complexity and
storage requirements are lower than for MUSIC algorithm. It explorers the rotational invariance property in the signal subspace created by two
subarrays derived from original array with a translation invariance structure.[2]
Root–MUSIC Polynomial version of MUSIC algorithm.
MVDR – Minimum Variance Distortion–less Response algorithm Aim of this algorithm is to minimize the power contributed by noise and any signals
coming from the interferer.
Beamforming Algorithms
There are two types of beamforming techniques. They are switched beam and adaptive array system. Switched beam techniques use

Antenna Case Study
The Antenna that I will be profiling is being owned by a big Company called Crown Castle GT Company LLC. The company owns around 40,000
towers in and they have 40 local offices nationwide. From small businesses to government agencies are renting space on these towers every day to
benefit themselves with the services that these towers provide. Among the services provided by this tower are data and voice services, from
telephony to internet services. The tower is located in Tampa and even though it is not taller than 200 feet above ground it has been registered. I
wasn't able to find out why but on the Federal Communication Commission website it is stated that "any tower taller than 200 feet above ground level
must be registered because it could interfere with the flight path of airports located close to the antenna". While I was doing my research I found out
that even some 66... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The antennas on this tower are attached to a metal pole and structure themselves with an Antenna Array as visible in the screenshot. This structure can
usually carry from 3 to 18 antennas, depending on the number of wireless carriers and volume of transmission. Also, by using the Antenna Array, the
antenna can increase the overall gain and cancel out interference from a particular set of directions. Another benefit of the Antenna array is that it
maximizes the Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio The tower is located at 2716 46th Street Tampa, FL. It is composed of many omnidirectional
antennas that point on different views and angles. The current tower coordinates point to Latitude 27.9677 and Longitude –82.4077. As I mentioned
before, it is required by the Federal Communications Commission that any antenna which height more than 200ft above ground level will be registered
to avoid interferences. I searched for this information in the Antenna Structure Registration section of the Federal Communication Commission and
below there is the

Metamaterial Essay
Review of Micro strip patch antenna for Bandwidth Enhancement by using Metamaterial HOMA AFROZ HUSAIN, PURAN GOUR
NIIST BHOPAL homaafroz22@gmail.com, erpurangour@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
We have Review different research paper. Accordingly it is used to achieve significant bandwidth enhancement and analyze the matching and radiation
properties of sub wavelength resonant patch antenna filled with double–negative, double positive and single negative meta material block ,quasi static
equivalent circuit model for analysis and design of different types of artificial magnetic resonator and the possibility of using an active internal
matching element in several type of metamaterial inspired electrically small antenna to overcome their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Metamaterials offer the potential to create superlenses Such a lens could allow imaging below the diffraction limit that is the minimum resolution that
can be achieved by conventional glass lenses A form of 'invisibility' was demonstrated using gradient index materials Acoustic and seismic metamaterial
DUAL MODE MINITIARIZED ELLIPTICAL PATCH ANTENNA WITH Вµ NEGATIVE METAMATERIAL
PAI YEN CHEN et al [1] It is used to achieve significant bandwidth enchancement, in principle overcoming the Chu limit on bandwidth for single mode
electrically small antenna.The antenna may also be tailored to operate as a dual–band electrically small antenna and intriguing polasrization properties
may be envisioned by coupling the two orthogonal mode. The antenna consists of a metallic patch loaded by a grounded
Inhomogeneous substrate with thickness consisting of a rectangular DPS dielectric shell with permittivity and permeability and a magnetic material
core. Metamaterial based antenna do not explicitly depend on frequency, passivity and kramers– kronig relation imply that required negative
permeability varies with frequency.This in turn implies that these subwavelength device have limited bandwidth consistent with general limit.
DUAL–BAND OPERATION
PAI YEN CHEN et al[1] The possibility offered by the elliptical geometry to operate as a dual–band antenna with resonance at design frequency fo=0.4
GHZ and fe=0.6GHZ,fo and fe

Wireless Access And The Transmission Bandwidth
Abstract– The demand for wireless access is permanently growing and the transmission bandwidth is limited. Higher data rates and signal quality is
always desired among the users; therefore a more efficient use of the frequency resource is needed to fill the user capacity needs. Space Division
Multiple Access (SDMA) is used to increase the capacity given by regular multiple access techniques (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA) using the user
position information to provide access to the best communication channel based on their spatial location. This paper presents Smart Antenna techniques
applied to SDMA systems as an efficient frequency usage technique.
Key Words– Base station, Beamforming, Code division multiple–access (CDMA), Dynamic Channel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spectrum is limited, but multiple access techniques allow a large number of mobile users to share the same allocated spectrum efficiently and use
the same bandwidth at the same time without degrading the existing quality of service.
Sending and receiving simultaneously information to and from the base station is desirable among wireless communication systems. Equipping these
base stations with smart antenna arrays enable beam steering in contrast to sectorized single antenna systems. This make possible to Base Stations to
send data to specific users on the down–link or to receive directed data on the up–link by reusing channels within a cell for Mobile Stations (MS),
spatially separated by smart antenna arrays.
Cellular system divides the area into cells where mobile units are located and aims to increase the capacity of the channel with an efficient level of
quality of service. Channel access can be achieved through: Frequency division multiple–access (FDMA), Time division multiple–access (TDMA),
Code division multiple–access (CDMA), and Space Division Multiple access (SDMA). In this paper we will focus on SDMA systems.
SMART ANTENNA AND SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS HISTORY
Smart antennas were developed by the military but as the cellular phone users grew in the 1980s, the commercial area became more interested in the
field. SDMA idea was first introduced in 1947 by Douglas H. Ring when he wrote about a new way to

Design Of An Antenna For Wireless Sensor Network
Design of an Antenna for Wireless sensor Network ZIA UDDIN Student ID: 1318104
BEng Telecommunications and Networks Engineering
Supervisor: Dr. Masood Ur Rehman
Undergraduate Project Final Report, Academic year 2014/2015 DISCLAIMER
This is the final report for the chosen undergraduate project in the area related to "BEng Telecommunications and Networks Engineering" taught at
University of Bedfordshire. It is hereby confirmed that the work done in the report is all owned by the author leaving which is referenced in text and
at the end of the report.
This report is submitted for examination to internal and external examiners. The content of the report is copyrighted and should not be used without
permission or correct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusions are drawn at the end and future work is discussed.
DEDICATION
I am dedicating this project to my parents whom I love very much. Thank you for all the encouragement, affection, prayers, and warmth, moral and
financial support which you have given me throughout my studies to make me overcome the challenges and achieve my target successfully.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I acknowledge the support and guidance given by my supervisor Dr. Masood Ur Rehman throughout my whole final year project and am really
grateful to him for his thorough help in making my project success possible in reality. There was no possibility to complete the project without your
guidance and supervision. I will be thankful to you always for this support, guidance and knowledge that I gained from you throughout the project.
CONTENTS
DISCLAIMERiii
ABSTRACTiv
DEDICATIONv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTvi
CONTENTSvii
FIGURESx

ACRONYMS
TABLES
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION1–4
1.1Introduction1
1.2Motivation2
1.3Objectives2
1.4Challenges3
1.5Organization of the report3
Chapter 2: Literature Review5–21
2.1Introduction5
2.2Wireless Sensor Networks5
2.3Role of Antenna in WSNs6
2.4History of Antenna8
2.5Antenna11

Essay On Patch Antenna
2 2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Fed by Substrate Integrated Waveguide
for Radar Applications
Chandan Baranwal, ME, BIT Mesra
Abstract–A 2 2 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a sub–strate integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding network for 24–GHz radar applications is
suggested in this paper. The microstrip patches are aperture–coupled with the feeding network comprising of a perpendicular coax–to–SIW transition
and two Y–junction power dividers. The antenna design is performed in the ANSYS HFSS using finite element method for EM solutions and the
procured results have been verified by measurement in Lab. At the frequency 24.4 GHz, the prototype has a gain of 9.28 dBi.
Index Terms–Antenna array, microstrip patch, power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this paper, an AC–MPA element fed by an SIW is used as a building block for the design of a small antenna array. The proposed antenna combines
the benefits of microstrip patch antennas with the advantages of SIW technology. SIW is utilized in order to minimize transmission losses in the
feeding part. In addition, an SIW– based feeding network does not radiate any spurious radiation that could affect the radiation pattern of the antenna
array. Therefore, any additional shielding of the feeding part or the reflector is not required in comparison to the microstrip line feeding technique for
AC–MPAs. The antenna array design is carried out for a 24–GHz radar system. The paper presents the simulated and experimental results of the
proposed antenna array.
II.ANTENNA ARRAY CONFIGURATION
The structure of the proposed antenna array is shown in Fig. 1. The antenna consists of 2 2 aperture–coupled microstrip patch antennas fed by an
SIW–based feeding network. The in –phase uniform feeding for the array consists of three SIW–based power dividers. The antenna array is fed by a
coaxial connector.
The configuration of a single AC– MPA element used for the antenna array design is shown in Fig. 2. The rectangular microstrip patch of width and
length is placed on

Design of a Rectangular Patch Antenna Using Computer...
(
Design of A Rectangular Patch Antenna using Computer Simulation Technology (CST)
Nik Nurul Azuin Bt Nik Abdul Rahman, ID No.: 2010702499, GROUP: EE2405A
Abstract– A design of a microstrip rectangular patch antenna is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna was simulated using Computer
Simulation Technology (CST) CAD Package and design on a microstrip with relative permittivity of 4.6, and substrate and copper thickness of 0.5 mm
and 0.035 mm respectively with 4.5 GHz of frequency.
Keywords– CST Microwave Studio, circular array antenna, frequency, microstrip, permittivity, substrate thicknesses, copper thickness, RT/ Duroid
5880 result
INTRODUCTION
Microstip antenna which is also known as the printed antenna is very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patch antenna, microstrip transmission line and ground plane are made of high conductivity metal (typically copper). The patch is of length L,
width W, and sitting on top of a substrate (some dielectric circuit board) of thickness h with permittivity. The thickness of the ground plane or of the
microstrip is not critically important. Typically the height h is much smaller than the wavelength of operation, but not much smaller than 0.05 of a
wavelength.
[pic] Figure 1: Top view of patch antenna
The strip (patch) and the ground plane are separated by a dielectric sheet as shown in Figure 2.
[pic]
Figure 2: Microstrip feed line
Typical variations, as a function of frequency, of the effective dielectric constant for a microstrip line with three different substrates as shown in Figure

3.
[pic]
Figure 3: Effective dielectric constant versus frequency for typical substrate
[pic]
Figure 4: Rectangular microstrip patch and its equivalent circuit transmission–line model
Each radiating slot is represented by the parallel equivalent admittance. This is shown in Figure 4.

Techniques Of Monopole Antenna
operation but also needs to have an appropriate proposed design. It employs two techniques to improve the radiation pattern. These techniques are the
use of an angled dipole and vertical copper plates arranged on the ground plane for improvement in the radiation pattern of lower and upper bands,
respectively radiation profile in both bands, namely similar gain, wide beamwidth. One of the popular techniques for broadening the patch antenna
bandwidth is to incorporate a U–slot on its surface. They have the ability to confine the power in certain directions instead of scattering the power
everywhere. As a result of less power loss toward unwanted directions, the multipath and interference effects are reduced.
Using wideband circularly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fundamental characteristics of this antenna such as the radiation directivity and the frequency response are measured.
Figure shows a picture of the proposed antenna that has a shape of вЂ•tears dropвЂ–. Using Novel Ultra Wideband Planar
Reflector Antenna a reflector antenna relies on reflection of energy from the reflector. Reflector antennas tend to be good directional and high gain
antennas [11]. There are some classes of ultra wideband reflector antennas, such as planar, corner, and parabolic cylinder reflector antennas. In these
reflector antennas, the planar reflector antenna is the simplest and yet most practical design. Principle of the planar reflector antenna is image theory.
As shown in figure according to antenna image theory, an image antenna can generate in the other side of the perfect electric conducting plane. Using
conducting plane as a back reflector, a more compact antenna structure may be feasible. The conducting planar reflector serves to concentrate the
radiation to the antenna side of the planar reflector [12].
Fig.
A dual spiral antenna for Ultra wideband capsule endoscope system a dual spiral antenna for ultra wideband capsule endoscope system is proposed.
Since a capsule endoscope system which transmits real time image data in the body should have ultra–wideband characteristic, an ultra wideband
antenna is suitable for this system. When an antenna is used as capsule endoscope system, a small sized antenna is

Advantages And Disadvantages Of FDMA
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a design for multiple antenna full–duplex (FD) eNodeB (eNB) and user equipment (UE) transceiver, based on recent
progress in the area of self–interference cancellation (SIC). For FD communication, .i.e., simultaneous in–band uplink and downlink operation, same
subcarriers are allocated to UE in both uplink and downlink. Hence, contrary to traditional LTE, we propose using single–carrier frequency division
multiple accesses (SC–FDMA) for downlink along with the conventional method of using it for uplink. Taking advantage of channel reciprocity in the
case of FD communication and multiple antennas at eNB, use of singular value decomposition (SVD) in the downlink allows multiple user (MU) to
operate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This signal is then converted to the frequency domain by taking the N–point DFT, which is given

The Principle Of Reciprocity Between A Giver And A Receiver
"Many experts have studied persuasion and observed what works and what doesn't." (McLean, 2010, p.538) According to the social psychologist
Robert Cialdini, there are six principles of persuasion that are powerful and effective; i.e. reciprocity, scarcity, authority, commitment and
consistency, consensus, and liking. (McLean, 2010, p.538) The aim of this assignment is to define and discuss the above principles, then provide
and analyze an example which entails all of them. The principle of reciprocity occurs between a giver and a receiver when there is a "mutual
expectation for exchange of value or service." (McLean, 2010, p.538) Used to build trust and cement relationship with customers, courtesy and
mannerism are typical examples of the principle of reciprocity in a business context. The principle of scarcity refers to what is exclusive and rare,
so to what somebody is not able to have easily. The uniqueness of the object (or service) attracts people making them willing to have exclusivity on it
before it might disappear from the market (e.g. a flight ticket or a hotel room during a high season period). According to the course book, "scarcity is
the perception of inadequate supply or a limited resource." (McLean, 2010, p.538–539) The principle of authority occurs when the persuasive
communicator "references experts and expertise" (McLean, 2010, p.539) to gain credibility. Typical of the sales environment the principle of authority
applies when a salesperson shows their

Taking a Look at Antenna Technology
The field of antennas is vigorous and dynamic, and over the last 60 years antenna technology has been an indispensable partner of the communication
revolution. Antenna has been considered an important component in the development of modern wireless communication devices. In addition to
receiving and transmitting energy, anantenna in an advanced wireless system is usually required to optimize the radiation energy in some directions and
suppress in others. For wireless communication systems the antenna is one of the most critical components. A good design of the antenna can relax
system requirements and improve overall system performance.
The planar antenna configurations such as microstrip and patch antennas have been found suitable for such systems. These antenna configurations are
of low profile, lightweight, simple and inexpensive to fabricate. The main design goal of antenna design for modern communication systems is to
achieve the better performance for desired frequency bands. But the main disadvantage of using microstrip antenna for recent day's wireless
communication is to achieve multi frequency operation with single antenna, maintaining the performance the antenna for all desired frequency.
One solution for multi frequency operation is to design different antennas for each frequency, results in bulky structure and the mutual coupling
between different feed elements will become a problem. Stack structure is the solution to achieve multiple band operation with

Development Of The Model For Optimizing Antenna Array...

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