women entrepreneur current status article book amazon publicatons hariharan23900.pdf

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Contemporary
Research in
Multidisciplinary
Studies
Volume -3
Dr. Barun Kumar Mandal
All copyrights reserved @ high rise books

2
Edition 1
First Edition 2021
HIGH RISE BOOKS
Amazon Publishers
www.kdp.amazon.com
Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary studies
Volume -3
ISBN: 9798491606825
Imprint : Individually published
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval or
transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise,
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publisher and the author make no representations or warranties of any kind concerning this
book or its contents.

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SNO Name of the chapter Author Pg.no
1 India's Food Processing Industry: The Potential For Rural
Farmer Empowerment
Prasanta Mujrai 4-11
2 Empathy as life’s Essential Skill Dr. Ritesh Mishra 12-17
3 Smart Buildings – The future of Smart Cities in Indian
Real Estate
Sathyanarayana Kaliprasad1
,
Veer P. Gangwar2
23-26
4 An Overview of Digital Initiatives by Indian Government Priya 27-32
5 Application of Internet of things [IOT] in Education Shivpal Yadav 33-42
6 Role of Women In Economic Development In India Biplab Auddya 43
-
51
7 A Research n The Empowerment of Women In Madurai
District on Their Current Status
Dr. M. Karuppanasamy1
, N.
Hariharan2
52-63
8 Covid-19 And The Halt To Education Vayu 64-69
9 Indian cultural biasness or domination of society and role
of guilt ridden conscience of a mother together with
brother sister relationship in Mahesh Datani’s Tara
Ramen Goswami 70-77

5
10 Various aspects on Shakespeare’s Midsummer’s Night
Dream
Ramen Goswami 78-85

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Chapter – 1
India's Food Processing Industry: The Potential For Rural
Farmer Empowerment
By : Prasanta Mujrai
Department of Geography , Research Scholar of Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal
Tibrewala University, Vidyanagari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan-33001
ABSTRACT:
The food processing industry in India has enormous potential for job creation and rural
development. It employs the most people, both in the formal and informal sectors (which
account for 12.38 percent of all registered employees). Policy changes will be required to break
down these barriers. India is one of the world's leading agricultural producers, but its
agricultural exports are low. Raw commodities processed in other countries account for the
majority of exports, indicating that there is still room for advancement up the value chain. In
the export market, In terms of price and quality, Indian products are not competitive. FPOS
combines the advantages of farmer aggregation with the advantages of a modern corporate
structure. When purchasing inputs and selling their produce, they have more bargaining power,
which helps small and marginal farmers who often lack negotiating power on both inputs and
outputs. Between 2000 and 2020, the food processing industry received $10 billion in FDI
equity inflows. In India, agriculture consumes over 90% of all groundwater. Malnutrition still
affects 39% of Indians. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, crop
yields are expected to drop by 10% to 25% by 2050. (IPCC, 2014). In India, there is a lot of
untapped potential in the food processing industry. Taking this into consideration can help to
make product development more consumer-centric.
Keywords: Raw commodities; value chain; marginal farmers; negotiating; Malnutrition;
untapped.

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 INTRODUCTION:
The food processing industry has enormous potential to create change and jobs when it comes
to inclusive rural growth. In the industrial and agriculture sectors, the sector currently accounts
for 8.98 percent and 11.11 percent of GVA, respectively. It employs the most people, not only
in the formal sector (which employs 12.38 percent of the workforce), but also in the informal
sector.
 IMPORTANCE OF FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN INDIA:
 The importance of the food processing industry as a link between agriculture and
manufacturing cannot be overstated. Increasing processing capacities, as well as
fundamental and primary processing on the farm, can boost profits. There is also an
excellent case to be made for promoting economic growth inclusivity. According to
estimates, 70-80 percent of rural women work in agriculture as cultivators,
entrepreneurs, or labourers. According to the Ministry of Food Processing, women
made up 12.6 percent of total employment in licensed food processing sectors, whereas
the number in unlisted companies was nearly double, at 24.7 percent. By providing
opportunities for entrepreneurship and jobs, the food processing industry has the
potential to empower women. However, they must address disparities in women's
access to resources within this sector as well.
 Based on this data, we can conclude that promoting the food processing sector is critical
due to the direct and indirect benefits it provides in improving India's socioeconomic
conditions. However, India is falling short of its potential in terms of food processing
industry growth and exports. Unlocking these barriers will require policy measures.
 PROGRESS OF PATH:
 Processed foods are becoming more popular among consumers. Demand for branded
items, as well as a desire for healthier products, is rising as a result of rising earnings
and expanding consumption. Consumer demand in this industry is also being driven by
the growth of organised retail. In developed markets around the world, the trend is
toward value-added, processed goods. The raw product must still be processed before
transportation to keep it fresh.

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 However, while significant progress has been made, there is a perception that India is
falling short of its latent potential as a food export hub in the post-pandemic era. Despite
being the world's second-largest producer of cereals, fruits and vegetables, and fish, as
well as the world's largest producer of milk, India processes less than 10% of its total
output. Fruits and vegetables have a smaller percentage, at 2%, whereas poultry has a
higher rate, at 6%. Meat items (21%) and marine products (21%) have more significant
percentages (23 percent). However, distinguishing between primary and secondary
processing is critical at this level. While India's direct processing skills (e.g., turning
wheat into flour) are well-developed, the secondary processing sector (e.g., turning
tomatoes into ketchup) lacks size and penetration.
 Exports are also falling short of their promise. Despite being one of the world's largest
producers of agricultural commodities, India's agricultural exports account for a small
percentage of total exports (10 percent of India's total exports, with the top five
exporting nations accounting for 34% of food exports). India is the 14th largest exporter
globally, accounting for only 2% of global food exports. At the moment, India's
agricultural exports are primarily raw commodities processed in other countries,
indicating that there is still room to advance up the value chain. India's processed food
exports have remained stagnant, with low-value-added items dominating. In addition,
industry analysts believe that Indian products are not competitive in the export market
in terms of price and quality. India's processed food exports have remained stagnant,
with low-value-added items dominating. In addition, industry analysts believe that
Indian products are not competitive in the export market in terms of price and quality.
 Interventions are needed at all levels of the value chain to unlock this hidden potential.
Due to a lack of knowledge among agricultural producers, the product lacks quality and
safety standards. Another stumbling block is the scarcity of processable types. At the
farm gate, aggregation centres are also in short supply. As various government
committees and investigations have noted, agriculture marketing restrictions
disincentivize large-scale acquisition and aggregation of products. There were no
private investments. As a result, there are significant holes in the cold chain. While
India has a large number of cold storage facilities, it lacks intermediate infrastructure.
Huge gaps exist in the number of packhouses, which are crucial for quality control
because they grade and produce. There are shortages of refrigerated cars available to

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carry perishable produce. When you combine inefficient and ineffective post-harvest
management at the farm gate, you have a recipe for disaster. Annual crop losses are
estimated to be more than Rs. 90,000 crores.
 The importance of the food-processing industry has been acknowledged, and numerous
programmes to stimulate growth and employment have been implemented. First, the
agriculture reforms announced in 2020 can relieve bottlenecks in processor and
exporter procurement. Farmers' direct sales and contract farming can aid in the
development of more backward links between the food processing and export sectors.
These attempts to liberalize farm markets must be viewed in the context of a slew of
other initiatives, demonstrating a comprehensive strategy for agriculture and food
processing development.
 Dedicated monies are supporting infrastructure development at all levels. The
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) aims to improve infrastructure at the farmgate
and aggregation points, as well as strengthen pre-processing and primary processing
capacities, with a budget of Rs. 1 lakh crore. The Alf was extended to APMC market
yards in the Budget Speech, enhancing infrastructure in the mandi system. A dedicated
Animal Husbandry Development Fund and the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada
Yojana were also launched as part of the Aatma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan. The creation
of 10,000 farmer producer organizations is another essential intervention (FPOs). FPOS
combines the advantages of aggregating farmers with the benefits of a contemporary
corporate structure, allowing the cooperative spirit that fueled India's White Revolution
to be retained with greater openness and responsibility. Farmers who band together in
FPOs have more bargaining power when purchasing inputs and selling their produce.
FPOs can strengthen small and marginal farmers, who often lack negotiating power on
both inputs and outputs. It's worth noting that 85 percent of India's farmers are small or
marginal, implying that the benefits will most likely flow down the pyramid as
intended.
 The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana was launched a few years ago with the
goal of establishing large-scale capabilities. They will have completed 46 food

10
processing projects by 2020. With a budget of Rs 10,000 crores, the PM – Formalisation
of Micro Food Enterprises (PM-FME) project was launched. The One District One
Product (ODOP) is also being used efficiently. The expanded green to include 22
perishable commodities in addition to tomatoes, onions, and potatoes. In terms of
foreign investment, 100 percent FDI in food processing sectors, 100 percent FDI in the
manufacture of food items, and 100 percent FDI in trading are permitted via the
automatic method (including e-commerce). Between April 2000 and December 2020,
the food processing industry received $10 billion in FDI equity inflows. FDs can
provide the much-needed technological boost across the value chain, reducing waste,
maintaining quality, and extending the shelf life of food items. Income tax exemptions
and capital investment subsidies are among the fiscal incentives available to domestic
businesses.
 Another consideration is sustainability, which was must give equal weight to
productivity. Soil health and water tables are deteriorating, which could influence
output and, as a result, food security in the future. To transition to more environmentally
friendly agricultural practices, interventions are needed, such as replacing flood
irrigation with micro-irrigation, promoting balanced fertilizer use, and judicious
pesticide use. India has achieved food security since the Green Revolution. Since then,
the technologies that have been advocated have resulted in increased land productivity.
Boost productivity and output, high-yielding seeds, irrigation expansion, fertilizers, and
pesticides were encouraged. The result was food security for a country that had
previously been food insecure. However, over time, it has been evident that other
outcomes have not been as positive for the country. Agriculture earnings have expanded
at a slower rate than non-agriculture earnings, expanding the income disparity. With 85
percent of India's farmers classified as small and marginal, the Green Revolution's
concepts were better suited to larger businesses than smaller ones as mechanization
became a realistic option.
 There is also emerging evidence that standard agricultural methods are harming the
environment. In certain places of India, inefficient water use has resulted in water
scarcity. According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), over 90% of all
groundwater taken each year is used for agriculture. In terms of annual extractable

11
groundwater resources, India drew 63.3 percent of the total. Individual states' situations
are far more concerning. Punjab was extracting 166 percent of its yearly supplies,
causing water tables to be depleted. Haryana is in a similar scenario, with a rate of 137
percent. Another area where fertilizer use is out of balance is causing environmental
damage. Nitrogenous (N) fertilizers are consumed more than P & K fertilizers. Since
the 1970s, the fertilizer response ratio has decreased by almost 322 times, necessitating
further fertilizer use. Farmers' input costs will also rise as a result of this. Since the
Green Revolution, the agricultural policy paradigm has ensured our food security, but
not our nutritional security. 39% of Indians are still malnourished. Diversification of
farm produce and cold-chain investments are crucial. According to research from the
Tata-Cornell Institute, agriculture has two significant impacts: nutrition and water.
Increased household incomes lead to better nutritional outcomes through access to more
diverse diets, better healthcare, and better education, among other things. The second
mechanism is that rising earnings open up more varied meals, directly linked to
improved nutritional results.
 Increased productivity and diversification of farm produce are required to meet the
changing demands of a growing population. Climate change will have significant
consequences as well. Crop yields are expected to drop by 10 to 25% by 2050,
according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014). Our hard-
won food security and poverty reduction accomplishments could be eroded if
adaptation and mitigation techniques are not implemented. As a result, India's output
must rise, yet the current policy paradigm would only hasten climate change. As a
result, productivity in the current system frequently comes at the expense of
sustainability and environmental effect. Simultaneously, models based on agroecology
principles may be found, recorded, and scaled up to assist raise productivity,
sustainability, and farmer incomes.
 Technologically based innovative solutions can aid any sector's success. It is common
knowledge that the agriculture and food industries are confronted with numerous issues.
Digitization may play a role in the answer. There is a thriving Agri-Tech ecosystem in
India. From crop advisory to farming as a service (FaaS), and from agri-logistics to
financial services, start-ups provide solutions across the whole value chain. If tech-

12
driven solutions are used to improve and individualize resource management, the sector
can witness significant growth in the future years. Partnerships with corporations and
government agencies will be crucial in scaling these solutions.
 They must prioritize the demand side to ensure the sector's long-term existence.
However, as people's lifestyles get more hectic, a shift in the consumer behaviour can
be noted, with an increasing number of people opting for processed foods. As
consumers want healthier options and traceability in their products, product
development can be made more consumer-centric by taking this into account.
 The food processing business mainly focuses on the domestic market, with exports
accounting for only 12% of total output, the economy is in dire straits. The world still
has a lot of untapped potential. The necessitates making the production export-oriented.
It would require adhering to international quality standards. While there are numerous
internationally recognized quality standards, such as the Codex Alimentarius standards,
many rich countries have more strict health regulations to protect their land from any
health risks posed by imports from developing countries. It's also vital to establish
traceability. Improving food traceability not only helps to ensure food safety but also
enhances corporate performance. Traditional food production practices can be
standardized to promote uniformity and minimal loss during the process, which can
help generate demand.
 One of the major impediments in the sector is a lack of consumer knowledge. While
some foods, such as Kale and Oats, are widely considered nutrient-dense, few people
are aware of their alternatives. In this regard, Indian 'Super Foods' could be promoted
as an alternative to superior healthy food products. Amaranth, for instance, can be
substituted for Quinoa, Buckwheat for Oats, and Beet Greens for Leafy greens. It would
fuel their demand while also providing much-needed impetus for infrastructure
development to support the business. Rural India will require significant private
investment to connect to huge domestic and international markets.
 CONCLUSION:

13
The economic impact of the food processing industry is extensive. By improving negotiating
power, lowering distress sales, and assuring a continuous supply to processors, the sector can
significantly help the empowerment of farmers, particularly women. It provides farmers with
traditional finance as well as assistance from other government programmes. It also allows
them to capture value on-farm through pre-processing and processing activities, resulting in
less waste. Off-farm employment will be generated right across the value chain as the sector
grows, providing a lucrative path for job creation in the country. The domestic industry will
increase due to the high export potential, resulting in total economic growth. Nonetheless, to
ensure our food and nutritional security in the future, sustainability will have to play an equal
part in pursuing higher output and productivity
 REFERENCES:
1. https://iasexamportal.com/the-gist/kurukshetra-potential-in-food-processing-industry
2. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/gist-of-kurukshetra-july-2021/
3. Hu, Minling, et al. “Interleukin-22 Alleviated Palmitate-Induced Endoplasmic
Reticulum Stress in INS-1 Cells through Activation of Autophagy.” PLoS One, vol.
11, no. 1, Public Library of Science, Jan. 2016, p. e0146818.
4. https://www.business-opportunities.biz/2021/01/28/how-businesses-use-information-
technology-2021/
5. https://audiophilestyle.com/forums/topic/46517-concert-hall-sound/page/2/
6. https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs/14980/
7. https://www.ramapo.edu/law-journal/thesis/international-refugee-regime-failing-
system/
8. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-launches-rs-1-lakh-crore-financing-
facility-under-agri-infra-fund-2276664
9. https://www.magzter.com/stories/Newspaper/The-Hindu-Business-Line/Fix-Farm-
Distress-Boost-Rural-Demand
10. https://www.ngri.org.in/research-news/hydrogeochemistry-health-risk-
assessmentphpphpphp.php
11. http://www.animalsaustralia.org/features/five-things-we-could-learn-from-pigs.php
12. https://medium.com/zeux/the-internet-of-things-iot-5-reasons-why-the-world-needs-
it-125fe71195cc
13. https://www.scielo.br/j/floram/a/j8crqZ9pF8yDhTfqPm7s4Py/?format=pdf

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Chapter – 2
Empathy as life’s Essential Skill
By : Dr. Ritesh Mishra
Associate Professor ,Department of Education Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota Bilaspur
Abstract
Empathy is a basic element of morality. It is an essential and broad concept that is related
cognitive and emotional reactions of an individual to the observed experiences of another. It is
a key element of successful relationship; personal or official and help the individual to
understand the perspectives need situations and intentions of other people.
Keywords
Empathy, Life Skill
Introduction
Empathy is an important psychological aspect of human life and any skill that is useful for life
can be considered as life skill. Understanding the other persons thinking or experience as if it
were being experienced by the seas without actually experiencing is an empathy consist
emotional as well as cognitive components fillings of distress, compassion for another person
is the two important aspects of life as well as very important for. Wellbeing and as a life skill
its develop individuals into active and due to advances of neuroscience and psychology
empathy recognized as a modern concept; According to Daniel Goleman, three types of
empathy occurs Riess (2010) staled that empathy is not only soft skill but also it is a neuro
biological based competency that the cardinal feature of empathy is that. it’s usually its helps
connect people. Bartsonet all. (2007) found that empathic responses are not necessarily elicited
by perceived similarity to others but can also be elicited by valuing the welfare of people.
So, its concluded that empathy is an important life skill.
Empathy is an important trait in human beings which is required to maintain social order and
cooperation. It permits individuals to comprehend and relate with others. Empathy is also a
very essential antecedent to belonging, trust, and intimacy. It is likewise a powerful feeling that
makes it hard to choose not to see the sufferings of others. Empathic individuals experience

15
various happiness and pleasurable benefits. Empathy regularly empowers charitable conduct
and empathy based kindness has shown to strengthen many relationships, reinforce
connections, decrease enmity and even improve mental and physical health.
Interestingly, research shows that more joyful individuals will in general be less mindful of
negative feelings in others. However, for the wellbeing of humanity and in order to create
happiness within ourselves and for others it is important to invest a considerable amount of
time and effort to practice empathy and be ready to witness greater trust, respect, positivity,
better relations and increased productivity in our lives.
Empathy enormously influences our daily existence. It also has the ability to nurture every kind
of relation we are in or which we enter into. This essential skill comes handy when we practice
its key components as this helps us to understand each other's perspectives and to interact better
with the people in your life. Empathy though inherited can also be developed by practice.
Actionable tips to develop empathy
Although we are all born with this skill it is noted that it has been underused by many people.
Now that we know that being empathetic is useful, let us now know what empathy means?
The origin of the word empathy traces all the way back to the 1880s, when German therapist
Theodore Lipps introduced the expression "einfuhlung" (in a real sense, "in-feeling") to depict
the passionate enthusiasm for another's sentiments. It has additionally been depicted as the way
toward understanding an individual's abstract encounter by vicariously sharing that experience
while keeping a perceptive stance. Daniel Goleman, an author and a science journalist defines
it as the capability to read other people. In simple words empathy is a powerful life’s essential
skill that can be easily explained as the ability to see things from the point of view of another
person or in other words it can be defined as the ability to emotionally put themselves in the
other person's shoes.
● Make listening a priority
Helen Riess, who is a psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School and chief scientist of
Empathetics, which provides empathy training for health care practitioners, says “Don’t just
stand in someone else’s shoes, as the saying goes, but take a walk in them”,

16
Before you can connect with what another person is feeling, you need to perceive what that
feeling is. Listening is important—however it is not as easy as said. It is important to put forth
an attempt to see the signs individuals are giving that can show what they are feeling.
Having this skill will also be helpful when the other person does not express or cannot express
their situation. You can understand the non-verbal cues. By trusting in your instinct, you'll be
better prepared to comprehend unspoken correspondence with others. This implies you will
actually improve your associations with others in the working environment and in social
spaces.
● Share the feelings of others
When you perceive the feelings of the other person, empathy puts you to know from that
individual's perspective. This type of empathy is deeply rooted in mirror neurons which are
answerable for natural responses such as getting emotional at a wedding, cringing when
someone stamps our leg, feeling of compassion towards a pet, all these emotions are deeply
rooted and connecting in such a way which can help form strong bonds. Some research also
suggests that to gain success in this task mirror neurons play a vital role.
At the point when individuals become submerged in another person's sorrow, misery, or
disturbance, standing next to the person in grief and consoling them with an understanding also
sends a message to the other person that they need not face the problem alone, this gives great
strength to the person in grief.
● Making yourself vulnerable
This may be in the form of listening to your own feelings or your unmet needs with
understanding and compassion. Making yourself vulnerable does not make the problems
magically go away but in turn it helps in feeling connected within oneselves and helps to endure
them easily. It can also be considered as a tool to express honesty within oneselves.
At the point when you share your own vulnerability, similar to blame, nervousness, or disgrace,
you set open doors for others to understand you. You can benefit from making yourself
vulnerable in two ways: It deepens your commitment to being empathic for other people and
you likewise would acquire solace exploring extreme feelings in discussions with others.

17
● Taking action by offering help
In a research study it was noted that the rhesus monkeys were reluctant to pull a chain which
delivered food to themselves, if doing so gave an electric shock to a fellow companion. One
monkey quit pulling the chain for 12 subsequent days after seeing another monkey get an
electric shock. Those primates were in a real sense starving themselves to try not to hurt their
fellow companions.
Likewise in another research study it was noted that the research participants who were
watching the other participant get electric shocks, were given a choice to help the other
individual by taking the leftover shocks themselves, individuals with high empathy were bound
to step in and help in this event, even when they could have basically turned away and avoid
watching it anymore.
For empathy to be most effective it is not only important to understand the sufferings of others
it is also important to know that you are in a position to step in and offer any help you can.
● Raise empathetic children
Teaching empathy to children is powerful in their development because “today's child is
tomorrow's future”. For the future of our nation to be better it is important to inculcate qualities
in children such as showing kindness, care and compassion. Inducing the thought of empathy
among children is a useful strategy to prevent peer group-based biases in children's helping
behavior and developing the useful strategy to prevent peer group-based biases in children's
helping behavior
Strategies to practice empathy
● Talk with others- Note to start conversations with others you meet in your everyday
life. While speaking with them, give specific consideration to what that individual is
feeling.
● Notice non-verbal communication signals- It is important to look out for verbal and
nonverbal signs to assist them with an understanding of their situation. Do not wait until
they ask for help. When you feel that they need help, pitch in and help it is as simple as
that.

18
● Focus while listening to others- It can sometimes be overwhelming to manage
distractions which could grab your attention easily while remaining sincerely attuned
throughout the discussion. Learning to manage the distractions is important while
listening to others.
● Make a move- Perceive that you can get things done, even a little help can have an
effect in another person's life.
● Teach kids to be empathetic- Empathy can be learnt, taught and understood. Adults can
teach young ones to be forgiving, generous, kind and patient which help children to be
exposed to worldviews which help them to learn the essence of empathy.
Conclusion
Along with the ability to understand others, empathy also gives you the required motivation to
bring in the change. Regardless of whether that implies comforting a companion, purchasing a
little present for the person who needs it, or may it be donating to charitable causes or to helping
the victims of a natural disaster, empathy becomes very powerful when you use it as an
inspiration to do something about the issue. At any given point when you see another person
going through a difficult time, make sure to listen and be clear in what you will be able to do
about it. The beautiful thing about empathy is that it improves your life when others begin to
flourish.
Empathy has the ability to nurture every kind of relation we are in or which we enter into.
Learning to care for others is necessary for our personal development. It helps to create healthy
and meaningful relationships. This is the key ingredient to make the world around you a better
place to live and to become the best person you can be.
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20
Chapter – 3
Smart Buildings – The future of Smart Cities in Indian
Real Estate
By : Sathyanarayana Kaliprasad1
, Veer P. Gangwar2
1
Student, PhD Management, LPU, 2
Professor, PhD Marketing.
Abstract:
Structures that uses automated processes to control the building's functions, such as heating,
ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, security, and other systems, is referred to as a smart
building. Sensors, actuators, controllers and microchips are used in smart buildings to collect
data and manage it according to the tasks and services of a company. This infrastructure assists
building owners, operators, and managers from the Corporate Real Estate (CRE) and
Commercial Real Estate (CmRE) in improving asset reliability and performance, which
decreases energy consumption, optimizes space utilization, and lessens the impact of buildings
on the environment. Buildings that aren’t “connected” provides the essentials: shelter,
temperature control and safety at the same efficiency level for years, but newer buildings, or
older structures that have been converted to smart buildings, are constantly changing. Smart
buildings, at their most basic level, improve tenant productivity by providing lighting, thermal
comfort, air quality, physical security, sanitation, and other services at lower costs and with
less environmental effect than buildings that are not connected. IBM describes a smart city as
"one to optimize its knowledge, control and the utilization of limited resources through the use
of all the connected information accessible at this time." In order to build methods for
development and handle urban difficulties, and develop a combination of technologically
capable and sustainable infrastructure, a smart city leverages information and communication
technology framework is called a Smart City. Vison statement from Government of India “The
purpose of the Smart Cities Mission is to drive economic growth and improve the quality of
life of people by enabling local area development and harnessing technology, especially
technology that leads to Smart outcomes.” (https://smartcities.gov.in/), Here Smart Buildings
play a critical role in developing Smart Cities, the research paper showcases the Strength,
Weakness, Opportunity and Threats for the future of Real Estate.
Keywords: Corporate Real Estate, Commercial Real Estate, Smart Buildings, Smart Cities.

21
1.0 Introduction:
Globally, smart office buildings, health care facilities, hospitals, educational facilities,
stadiums, Information Technology (IT) and Information Technology enabled services (ITeS)
and a variety of other smart buildings exist. According to Navigant Research, the worldwide
smart building technology industry will produce $8.5 billion in sales in 2020, up from $4.7
billion in 2016, with a compound annual growth rate of 15.9% over the projected period.
Connecting basic systems like lights, electricity meters, water meters, pumps, heating, fire
alarms, and chiller plants with sensors and control systems is the first step in creating a smart
building. Elevators, access systems, and shading can all become part of the system at a later
time. A smart building is defined by no single set of standards, but they all have one thing in
common: integration. Many new buildings are equipped with “smart” technology and are
linked to a smart power grid.
To work in a smart building, you don't even have to shift offices or develop a new structure.
Building automation systems, such as those from Honeywell or Johnson Controls, are available
so that property owners can take advantage of the power available in older buildings. These
advantages include everything from energy savings to increased production to long-term
sustainability. Smart building approaches can lower energy costs, boost facility worker
productivity, increase building operations, assist sustainability efforts, and improve decision-
making across the board. Additional characteristic is the classification of electrical loads, which
range from critical to high priority to non-essential. When the facility load rises and approaches
the high limit level, the nonessential loads are shut off in subgroup order, followed by the high-
priority loads.
Whether you manage a small or large building or institution, possibilities are it now has more
interconnections than it has ever been. That's great news since it implies, you're on your way
to creating a Smart Building. A Smart Building's purpose is to provide helpful services that
help residents be more productive and safer while minimizing expense and environmental
effect. A smart building optimizes and reduces energy use and can run on renewable energy
sources. It prioritizes occupant protection and living standards. This includes not just physical
security, such as linked fire suppression and alarm systems, but also social protection, such as
clean air and water, among other things.
2.0 Literature Review: Developing a City Smart captures the planning, need, skills and
knowledge of the WHY, HOW and WHAT mission we need to accomplish from a Smart
Building and Smart City. It really is planned, strategic move not just for the current time but

22
for generations to come as journey begins. The literature review included analyzing a wide
range of articles on the topic of smart building and smart cities. The design of the review
basically involved a three-stage approach (Webster & Watson, 2002). "It is the first time that
certain areas in the cities will be comprehensively developed in a systematic and qualitative
way, it is the first time that there has been such extensive citizen consultation. It is the first time
that allocation of funds in a government scheme is done not by decisions of ministers or officers
but on the basic of competition" Shri Narendra Modi, PM of India (at the Economic Times
Global Business Meet, 30 January, 2016).
Fig 1: Smart Building Components
The (Janowski, 2015) model of digital government development has been a useful perspective
on this relationship, that describes how e-government develops in a four-stage model that
includes government, electronic, electronic and politically driven electronic governance toward
contextualization and complexity. It begins with digitization without any change management
and only moves into the transformation of the internal government, affecting the external
relations and interactional transformation (Zissis & Lekkas, 2011). In addition, technology is
playing an important role as a facilitator to link government and governance as stated in
'emerging technologies and new strategies to make governance and structures more agile and
resilient' (Gil-Garcia et al., 2014). Literature has indeed demonstrated that institutional
environments have a significant role to play in digital public engagement forms in public work
(Bonsón et al. 2015). (Sæbø et al., 2008) stated improved administrative efficiency by ICT is
also a key element of the interoperability between various departments through shared
infrastructures and applications (Mellouli et al., 2014), data management services, integration
and alignment of system architectural and work processes (Gottschalk, 2009; Klievink &
Janssen, 2009). ICT Investment in improved administrative efficiency, automation and

23
efficiency is expected to have a major impact on improving service and making it available to
citizens; (Zissis & Lekkas, 2011). These components plays a critical role in input, analysis and
output. Data center and infrastructure services give you with the tools you'll need to power
your augmented reality apps. Whether you need colocation, managed or network services, or
want to run your servers in the cloud, our experts can assist you in finding the best options for
your organization. (Sathyanarayana K, et. el., 2021)
Fig 2: Smart City Components
Furthermore, the advancement of technologies related to mobile handheld devices
(smartphones, palmtops, and tablets) as well as the widespread adoption of wireless
transmission media (which enable easy Internet access) has indicated a clear shift in the center
of personal computing: from old desktop computers (and, more recently, laptop computers) to
these new mobile devices. Furthermore, the number of smartphone users has been rapidly
increasing around the world. Experts have concluded that collaborative services for data entry
and query will definitely be done via cellphones as a result of the combination of these variables
(Sathyanarayana K, et. el., 2021). Five major IoT technology are on the market: 1) Bluetooth
Base Beacons (BLE) / iBeacons, 2) ultra-wide band (UWB), 3) wireless positioning systems,
4) micro-field mapping, and 5) RFID. There is no other technological feature on the market
than the micro-location. BLE is increasingly popular, due to the low power and usability

24
characteristics because it can be connected to phone and tablet handheld devices (F. Zafari et.,
el., 2016).
2.0 Research Methodology:
A snowball approach was the third and final step to examine references from the 26 articles
identified in order to determine further relevant material. This allowed us to contain papers on
a range of newspapers, conferences and grey literature. Finally referring them with the current
knowledge available and published from the government of India website were research to be
a part of this paper in the year Sep 2021. "In India, with about 40 crore inhabitants, there are
more than 4,300 towns and cities as of 2018. The urban population is expected to reach around
60 crores by 2030 at the current rate of growth. About 50% of the population (approximately
80 crore) in the country is estimated to be urban by 2050 (World Urban Prospects 2018)."
3.0 Results and Findings: A Smart Building's equipment and systems must be connected and
communicating with one another. A building's chiller, for example, may collect weather data
from the outside and occupancy data from the inside, allowing it to run only when required to
maintain the optimum temperature for its customers.
What makes all of this possible? Small, smart, and affordable sensors connected via the Internet
of Things (IoT), as well as EAM software that analyses and uses data generated by these
sensors to control and optimize operations. Smart Building systems create data that can be used
to track the actual location of assets, detect potential operational concerns, and optimize
preventative maintenance activities.
A smart building's sensors and other gadgets generate massive volumes of data. Managers and
technicians can utilize the information to track asset location, monitor performance, and spot
potential operational concerns. However, they will only be able to do so if they can collect and
interpret data from hundreds, if not thousands, of devices within an IoT-connected smart
building. They can also increase uptime and safety, as well as extend the life of your assets
while improving efficiency. Advanced analytics capabilities in EAM software can assist in
analyzing the structured and unstructured data generated by IoT-connected devices in a smart
building to improve decision making and identify opportunities for cost savings and operational
efficiency. Managers will have the tools they need to gain insights into the operations of
facilities, grounds, and equipment, so they can create greater operational extensibility while
reducing costs.
3.1 SWOT
3.1.1 Strengths

25
 Ready to plug & play
 Future Compatible
 Compatible - Can span various buildings in multiple cities globally.
 Ability to integrate with multiple products
 Center point of administration.
 Single point to monitor and manage.
 Ability to develop, architect and create custom modules on splitting and
joining components, equipment’s, software, hardware and related networks.
 Flexibility in product customization
 Innovation and patent filling
 Compelling value proposition, for business including financial.
3.1.2 Weakness
 No single global framework or model to be used globally.
 Each company follows its known best practices
 The quality of the output is continuously varying based on the need of the
moment
 As there are in multiple products in the market, the options are huge and
integration is not a direct as it seems.
 Each product provides integration using Applications Programming
interfaces (API’s) but extra effort required to manage different products
from multiple organizations.
 Budget not tackled properly
 Investment gap not foreseen
 Applications with real time integration
 Applications with date rate high
3.1.3 Opportunity
 A single framework is a need of the hour, globally.
 A single API Framework would aid in simple, faster and better connections
to software’s, components, hardware equipment’s and related networks.
 Triggering technological innovations
 Modernizing the construction and build sectors
 Industrialization of energy renovation

26
 Small startup with less capability than some rivals for managing physical
servers and other DC IT equipment’s
 Lack of reputation in global market, local products take precedence
 Limited and local resources dependency
3.1.4 Threats
 Targets are unclear
 Lack of technical capability
 Time limited competitive advantage, other players may jump in quickly,
more options
 Other cost reduction measure may get priority (cooing, ups optimization)
 Resistance (esp. by technical decision makers) to changing the status quo in
server management as this is seen as a critical space.
 Energy management esp. for sensors
4.0 Conclusion: A powerful focus on people and recognition of their key role to enhance public
values through collaborative decision-making. (Charalabidis, Y., et. el., 2012). Although the
notion of smart governance can be applied in different contexts, we have tried to bring it into
context with regard to intelligent cities characterised by a new way of governing using
technology and increasing the ability of public administration to improve the standard of living
of citizens, government services and representative government. It concentrates solely on
government decisions to make life better in cities at the intersection of multiple realms Smart
(life, mobility, citizens, business, environment) Environment. (Castelnovo et al., 2015;
Anthopoulos & Reddick, 2016). The principal contribution of this paper to literature is to
superior differentiate between strongly-related government and governance concepts in cities
with an eminently technique that cannot always pay special consideration to the aspects of
governance in (insufﬁcient) collaboration between intelligent governments, intelligent citizens
and other stakeholders. We also ended up finding that e-governance advancement as a
fundamental prerequisite for smart government growth, and therefore the use of Information
technology for the purposes mainly of administrative efficiency, performance, citizen-
centeredness and better service delivery. The use of ICT in this conception develops from
financial backing of current processes to a more comprehensive facilitator of new interactions
where the proved existence and civic concentrate of participation policy, cleverly using online
communication Web 2.0 and immersive social media, play far more an important role.

27
The first limitation relates to the fact that we initially restricted our research into the most
influential academic journals in towns, even though we have applied a systematic approach to
search strategies. Even if we employed a snowball sampling technique to expand the samples
of papers from the top four journals, the possibility of missing the relevant papers cannot be
excluded. Second, this evaluation focused educational papers and books and thus lacks 'grey'
literature which could include a trend of old and new government reports, knowledge centre
policy briefs and other forums. First, a functioning of the notion and the interactions to be
evaluated by smart city initiatives can help in particular to understand the transformative efforts
necessary to enhance the overall efficiency and smart city governance opportunities. When an
intelligent government's 'status' is achieved, and processes become more collaborative, then it
forms the foundation on which to develop aspects of electronic and smart administration, in
which the administration is (by definition an intelligent government) an essential part of new
governance and plays a pivotal role in the efforts of coordination between all parties involved.
Consequently, we concise that the use of emerging information and communication (ICT)
innovations for the democratic accountability of smart government can be seen as the
foundation for creating smart governance as our first point.
Secondly, the digital transformations described in this paper have disruptively altered the
political and governance model process. Fast development with social media and participatory
techniques and civic engagement in public access, data processing, data mining and displays
enhances the potential of government-citizens to co-producing on-line support forms.
However, research still has not been carried forward to determine whether the quality of life is
really enhanced online levels of cooperation and (smart) governance. In this regard, further
research is needed.
Thirdly, it is possible to better explore the impact of open government on cooperation
governance as one of the major elements of intelligent city governance. (Peled, A., 2014) stated
the fundamental principles of open government remain data openness along with transparency,
participation and collaboration. Open Government has a strong connection to the concept of
collaborative governance because open data increases the possibilities for knowledge
development.

28
References:
Bonsón, E., Royo, S., & Ratkai, M. (2015). Citizens’ engagement on local governments’ Facebook sites. An
empirical analysis: The impact of different media and content types inWestern Europe. Government Information
Quarterly, 32(1), 52-62. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.11.001.
Castelnovo, W., Misuraca, G., & Savoldelli, A. (2015). Smart Cities Governance The Need for a Holistic
Approach to Assessing Urban Participatory Policy Making. Social Science Computer Review, 34(6), 724-739,
Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439315611103.
Charalabidis, Y., Koussouris, S., Lampathaki, F., & Misuraca, G. (2012). ICT for governance and policy
modelling: Visionary directions and research paths. In: Charalabidis Y., Koussouris S. (eds) Empowering Open
and Collaborative Governance, 263-282. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-
27219-6_14.
Estevez, E., & Janowski, T. (2013). Electronic Governance for Sustainable Development – Conceptual framework
and state of research. Government Information Quarterly, 30(supplement 1), S94-S109. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.11.001.
F. Zafari, I. Papapanagiotou, K. Christidis, Micro location for internet-of-things equipped smart buildings, IEEE
Internet Things J. 3 (1) (2016) 96–112, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2015.2442956.
Gil-Garcia, J. R., Helbig, N., & Ojo, A. (2014). Being smart: Emerging technologies and innovation in the public
sector. Information Quarterly, 31(supplement 1), I1–I8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.09.001.
Gottschalk, P. (2009). Maturity levels for interoperability in digital government. Government Information
Quarterly, 26(1), pp. 75-81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2008.03.003.
Janowski, T. (2015). Digital government evolution: From transformation to contextualization. Government
Information Quarterly, 32(3), 221-236. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.07.001.
Mellouli, S., Luna-Reyes, L. F., & Zhang, J. (2014). Smart government, citizen participation and open data.
Information Polity, 19(1, 2), 1-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-140334.
Peled, A. (2014). Traversing Digital Babel: Information, E-Government, and Exchange. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Sathyanarayana k (2021). Modern Research And Trends In Engineering Volume -2, Chapter 8.
Sæbø, Ø., Rose, J., & Flak, K. S. (2008). The shape of eParticipation: Characterizing an emerging research area.
Government Information Quarterly, 25(3), 400-428. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2007.04.007.
Wijnhoven, F., Ehrenhard, M., & Kuhn, J. (2015). Open government objectives and participation motivations.
Zissis, D., & Lekkas, D. (2011). Securing e-Government and e-Voting with an open cloud computing architecture.

29
Chapter – 4
An Overview of Digital Initiatives by Indian Government
By : Priya
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Arya P.G. College, Panipat, Haryana,
India
Abstract:
Over the duration of time major changes has taken place in our day to day life and with this
ICT has become an important part of it. “Digital India Programme” in India was a step which
incorporated ICT with every phase of our work. This programme also made government
services easily accessible to people. Every department services are made easy, secure, smooth,
24*7 available. It benefitted people in various fields like education, services and infrastructure
and so on. In this paper I have tried to highlight some major initiatives which were taken by
Indian Government under “Digital India Programme” in different areas.
Keywords – ICT, services, government, initiatives

30
I. Introduction
The concept of DIGITAL INDIA was a move introduced by the Government of India to
make the people of India digitally strong. Its aim was to provide government services to citizens
electronically rather than physically going anywhere and it was achieved by enhancing the
internet connectivity across the cities, towns and villages of the country.
Through this campaign, a lot of changes occurred in different fields by shifting their services
from offline medium to online. The implementation of online services brought major benefits
to the people in terms of time, money, comfortable level, easiness, etc. In the year 2015 the
Indian Government launched the “Digital India Project” by creating mobile applications,
websites to offer their services to every citizen digitally[1].
In this paper different types of digital initiatives are included which are carried out by the
government in various fields.
II. Paradigms of Digital India Programme
There are three main points that were considered to make India Digitally strong and successful.
 Digital Infrastructure for every citizen[1]
o The government has taken measures to provide the internet as a basic utility to
people
o Every person has been provided a digital identity that is unique, reliable
authentic, and available online.
o Mobile payments, bank accounts are implemented for the financial aspect
o Broadband highways are made
o Universal access to the internet is provided
o Internet Awareness Programme is built up
 Digital Strength of People[1]
o Resources are provided which could be accessed online from anywhere anytime
o All the content is made available in Indian Language so that each person
can understand
o Digital Literacy is being increased
o Necessary physical document submissions are removed

31
 Digital Governance
o All the information is made centralized which is available 24*7 form
everywhere
o All the services are provided online on mobile in real time system
o A paperless system is encouraged for every department services
o E-Services, E-transactions, E-documents are encouraged
III. Digital Initiatives in Various fields
 In Infrastructure
 Aadhar
Aadhar is the main strength of “Digital India” where every resident is given a unique
identity with an Aadhar number. It is the world’s largest biometric identification
system.[2].
 Common Services Centers (CSCS)
CSC scheme is implemented to provide access points to people so that they can get
essential public services, welfare schemes, healthcare, financial, education, and agricultural
services easily at one place.[2]
 DigiLocker
It is a Digital Wallet to make citizens digitally strong. It is a cloud-based platform that
can be accessed from anywhere and is very much secure. It provides safe issuance and
verification of lifelong documents related to a person. It has encouraged a paperless system.
 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
This is a truly appreciable programme which is run by Power Ministry to provide
continuous power supply to entire rural India.
 Bharat Broadband Network (BBNL)
Under this scheme, the National Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) in India has been
mandated.[2]

32
 In Services
 Accessible India Campaign and Mobile
It is also called “Sugamya Bharat Abhiyaan”.This campaign was initiated for people
with disabilites so that they can gain access to equal opportunities.it enables disable
people to live on their own and can stand with the society.[2]
 Agrimarket App
This application was built to keep farmers aware of the updated information about the
crop prices in the market. They can get the price details of their crop within 50 km of their
device location.
 BHIM (Bharat Interface For Money)
This app makes people digitally strong in term of financial transactions. It promotes
easy, secure, quick transaction of money through UPI.[1]
 Digital AIIMS
In medical field this app turned out to be very helpful for patients. A link was created
between AIIMS, Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) and the Ministry of
Electronics and Information Technology (MeiTY).[2]
 E-Panchayat
An e-governance step was taken for rural area for the automatic and smooth working
of Gram Panchayat functions. This platform connects panchayat with the rest of the world.
 In Education
 SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds)
Swayam is the made in India IT Massive Open Online Course platform which supports
open education for anyone anytime anywhere. It provides interactive learning to a large
number of people and connects them with best educators. It is launched by MHRD, AICTE
with the help of Microsoft.[3]

33
 E-Granthalaya
It is integrated Library Management system software which was developed
by National Informatics Centre (NIC), Department of Electronics & Information
Technology. It provides features to manage library functions online and also supports
online members.[4]
 National Digital Library (NDL)
MHRD under its National Mission on Education through Information &
Communication Technology has built up this project to provide a centralized repository
of learning sources. It contains different type of resources like audio books, text books,
videos, lectures, articles in one place.[3]
 E-Shodh Sindhu
MHRD merged three initiatives UGC INFONET Digital Library Consortium, NLIST
and INDEST AICTE Consortium into a single platform that is E-Shodh Sindhu. It
provides access to peer-reviewed journals, international journals in different disciplines
to the researchers.[3]
 Virtual Labs
This platform was provided by MHRD, Government of India under the agies of
“National Mission on Education through Information & Communication Technology”. It
is very helpful for remote virtual experiments. It consists of over 100 virtual labs and
around 700 virtual experiments.[4]
IV. Conclusion
In today’s Digital World when we are using ICT in our day to day work for study,
payments, entertainment, official works, communication, and so on, this paper concludes
various digital initiatives which are made by Government of India in different sectors to
make our country digitally powerful in terms of finance, education, services etc. Not only
these ICT enabled services makes our country and people strong but also they make our
lives easy and save our time and efforts by providing all the services through online mode.

34
V. REFERENCES
[1] I. R. Kennedy and R. Thangiah, Digital India Initiatives in Education An Overview.
2020. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14398727.
[2] “Di-Initiatives | Digital India Programme | Ministry of Electronics & Information
Technology(MeitY) Government of India.” https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/di-
initiatives (accessed Sep. 10, 2021).
[3] A. Mondal, “ICT in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges,” p. 10.
[4] “16 Digital Initiative In Higher Education You Must Know,” Mar. 29, 2020.
https://ugcnetpaper1.com/digital-initiative-in-higher-education/ (accessed Sep. 10,
2021).

35
Chapter – 5
Application of Internet of things [IOT] in Education
By : Shivpal Yadav
M.Sc., UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD
ABSTRACT:
Internet of things [IOT] is the combination of automation, network system, big data, sensing
,and artificial intelligence to create a new inexpensive and small products which provide a
better services with highly transparence and accuracy. We can use IOT from our head [Helmet,
Glasses] to feet [socks, shoes] for easy and safe lifestyles. We can see a revolation by using
IOT in education. By using IOT in education/classroom, we can provide a focused, sensible
and professionized information/education and also this technology help us to reduce
management costs, paper-work. IOT introduced large high quality, real-world datasets into the
foundation of educational design. The students can simply use system/IOT product and
performance data primarily shapes their design. Here you can get information about how
transform the campus education system and education business sector by using IOT.

36
INTRODUCTION:
The internet, also known as the NET, is the world's largest and most extensive network system.
The internet of things (IoT) is a network of objects or things that are equipped with electronics,
software sensors, and network connectivity to collect and exchange data. Objects can be sensed
and controlled remotely over an existing network using this network (IoT). Infrastructure,
allowing for more direct integration of the physical world with computer-based systems,
resulting in increased efficiency, accuracy, and economic benefit.
The Auto-ID centre at MIT and related market analysis publicised the concept of the internet
of things for the first time in 1999.
The internet of things has the following actions or capabilities: (1) communication
and collaboration, (2) addressability, (3) identification, (4) sensing, (5) actuation, and (6)
embedded information processing. (7) Geographical location (8) graphical user interfaces
"Things" originally meant "assembly," but it is now commonly used to refer to an object or
"that which is believed to exist." Simply put, both of these methods are used to deploy the
internet of things. To expand the number of devices, objects, and items that can be networked
in this manner, as well as the ways in which these items can meet, assemble, and communicate
with one another. It also allows for a reimagining of the internet's range and scope, such as
moving out of implicit cyberspace and virtual imaging to be situated in real life and to involve
concrete objects beyond the computer. Not only smartphones, but also refrigerators,
thermostats, pacemakers, toasters, lighting systems, and automobiles fall into this category.
The physical layer, which includes RFID [Radio Frequency Identification]
tags, sensors, and actuators, is the first of three layers that comprise an IoT-based object or
technology. The network layer, which includes small cell networks and local area networks
[LAN], as well as the much larger cloud computing storage network, is the second layer. IoT
systems must enter into a common communications protocol via middleware software in this
layer for these benefits to manifest; once this middleware [software] is activated, the data
becomes useful to humans. The application layer, which includes apps or digital
telecommunications technology such as Alexa Google Homes, is the final layer.
We are now living in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). Educational institutions
are constantly permitted to collect vast amounts of data using IoT-based technologies. They

37
are developing some specific systems by utilising these data. Students can use embedded
sensors, QR codes, and other technologies to explore an environment with these systems.
Students can access educational materials and other information at any time and from any
location. Teachers can also use smart objects or gadgets such as video projectors, cameras,
sensors, and face recognition as monitoring modules to improve teaching and learning.
Personalized and unique interaction is a major advantage of the internet of things in education.
IoT not only provides useful information, but it also democratises it by allowing
low-cost, low-power small devices to provide high performance. Through a thorough
examination of key areas, this technology aids in cost management, improving the quality of
education, professional development, and facility management improvement. The Internet of
Things also expands the knowledge base that is used to develop educational standards and
practises. Accuracy issues and a general lack of data plague education research. Large, high-
quality, real-world datasets are introduced into the foundation of educational design with the
Internet of Things. This is due to the Internet of Things' unique ability to collect massive
amounts of diverse data from any location.
Internet of Boffins[1969-95] > Internet of Geeks[1995-2000] >Internet of masses[2000-2007]
> Mobile internet [2007-2011] > Internet of Things[2012 & beyond].
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>>
Evolution of internet .
2. Advantages &Disadvantages of IoT
Every technology have curse and bone. IoT also have provides you gains and losses.
Advantages of IoT Disadvantages of IoT
1. Improved customer engagement:IoT
completely transformed accuracy to
achieve richer and more effective
engagement with audiences.
1. Security & privacy: hackers may gain
access to the system .there is a risk
that our information as it can be
misused.

38
2. Technology optimization: IoT
improve the customer experiences
and unlocks a world of critical
functional and field data.
2. Complexity: with complexity of systems,
there are many ways for them to fail.
3. Reduced waste:current analytics give
us superficial insight, but IoT
provides real world information
leading to more effective
management of resources.
3. Compliance: its complexity makes the
issue of compliance seem incredibly
challenging when many consider standard
software compliance a battle.
4. monitoring data: IoT helps us know the
precise quantity of supplies of air quality in
your home.
4. Data breach: data breaches are stressful.
Companies also worry about them and can
lose trust if their details are compromised by
their clients.
5. ease of access: you can easily gain the
required information in a clicks by smart
devices and internet.
5. Technology takes control of life: we lose
control of our lives. our lives will be fully
controlled and reliant on technology.
6.Speedy operation: IoT makes
automation effortless,smart industries
automate repetitive tasks.it is a cleaver
time saving tool.
6. Create unemployment: smart
survilance cameras, robots,smart
ironing systems, smart washing
machines and other facilities are
replacing security guards, Maids
ironmen and dry-cleaning services
etc.
3.Uses of IoT in education
3.1. Eye tracking: Advances in sensor-based technologies, such as facial expression
analysis and vision tracking, have made it possible in recent years to teach analytics
using multimodal data streams. Teaching analytics uses multimodal data collected
during students' interactions with playful learning environments to gain a better
understanding of game-based teaching, identify online students' performance, and
support individualised learning.

39
Researchers need information about so-called saccades and fixations, which refers to how long
and where a person is looking when using eye tracking. Eye tracking has a wide range of
applications in the educational process. Eye tracking is concerned with the movement of the
eye as a result of its physiology, as well as a condition in which the eye remains stationary for
a period of time. Devices that track eye movements and states keep track of when the eye
partially stops, such as when reading a single word. Fixation is when the eye is fixed in one
place and does not move. A stop can last anywhere from some few milliseconds to several
seconds or longer. Many factors, including the size of the study area, influence the length of
fixation. Saccadic movements, or saccades, are extremely fast eye movements between points.
Students used the Tobii EyeX eye tracking device to answer the questions. To answer
questions, they had to use their eyes to navigate. An application measured and converted the
coordinates of the student view into red eclipse in the background, using Visual Studio.[1]
Eye tracking is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that
combines electronics, psychology, and cognitive sciences in the study of human behaviour,
particularly in problem solving and decision making, as well as learning analytics.[1]
3.2. Smart Campus : The word 'smart,' which means 'clever,' is used to describe intelligent
interactions between devices, the Internet, and applications and environments. The
blurring of smart and intelligent definitions is also a blurring of automation and
artificial intelligence - the lines between these concepts are constantly being stretched
and pushed together. That is, automation is being promoted in the IoT in the hopes of
resulting in a form of AI that is not only helpful but also transformative.
The term "smart campus" refers to a campus that meets the strategic
objectives of providing students with "a seamless, responsive, and innovative digital
environment" to aid their studies and help foster hope in their future employability. The
development and refurbishment of buildings is framed by language in the master plan that
conveys high-speed WiFi and learning spaces with rich audio-visual systems to provide an
engaging and immersive student experience. This teaching and learning strategy is linked to
the larger smart campus vision, which aims to combine data on student movement and
attendance with IoT infrastructure to provide analytics for smart campus. On campus, for
example, facial recognition has already been used to collect big data. These approaches are in
line with broader educational viewpoints that promote the use of technology to improve student
experience and learning.[3]

40
3.2.1. campus energy management & eco-system monitoring :
Institutions can effectively balance power generation and energy usage to provide more
efficient operations by applying IoT-based intelligence to existing infrastructure. Energy
consumption data will be collected automatically using specialised sensors and actuator
systems in order to improve system economy efficiency and reliability.
Universities can create a green campus environment by reducing CO2
emissions, monitoring and controlling energy and water usage, and providing a healthy
environment for teaching and learning with IoT-based technology. To save energy, a green
campus architecture has been proposed to manage computers and air conditioning systems.
Temperature, humidity, CO2, and brightness have all been analysed using fixed sensors in
classrooms, study rooms, and the library. Another energy management project,
COMFORTSENSE, has been implemented on the campus of the LUIGE EINAUDI
UNIVERSITY OF TURIN. This project uses Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to improve
the energy efficiency and comfort of a building.[3]
3.2.2. Secure campus and classroom access control:
Some of the challenges that could be addressed by bringing new technologies into education
include creating a safe and healthy environment in universities and managing students' access
to classrooms, laboratories, and other areas of the university. RFID [radio frequency
identification] and NFC [near field communication] are two IoT enabler technologies that can
be used to improve university security and simplify access control.
By installing sensors and NFC tags, the SOOKMYUNG WOMEN'S
UNIVERSITIES[SWU] has implemented IoT-based access control systems on campus and
transformed the university campus into a smart model. Students can check the availability of
free desks in the library and reserve appropriate seats using the mobile application "smart
sookmyung." They can also keep track of their class attendance and register to enter campus
buildings.[3]
3.3. Improving teaching and Learning :
IoT can help students create a smart learning environment by allowing them to customise
environmental variables such as room temperature to their preferences. A smart classroom that
uses cameras and microphones to monitor students' behaviour and gauge their level of interest.
The effect of various physical environment parameters such as temperature, environmental
noise, and CO2 level on students' focus has also been investigated.

41
In the educational setting, wearable technology [part of the Internet of Things] can improve the
lecture process while causing the least amount of disruption in the classroom.
In THE UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE VALENCIA classrooms, for example,
Google glasses and a Sony smartwatch are used to allow the lecturer to collect important
information about the students' knowledge building process. This increases learning efficiency
by providing students with a personalised explanation.
3.4. The IoT & students with disability:
The World Health Organization (WHO) experts estimate that 15% of the world's
population is disabled. The potential capacity of the Internet of Things to deliver services to
students in ways that are highly personalised and nuanced to their individual needs and wants
is thus the IoT's allure. Actually, the Internet of Things, as a link between the physical and
virtual worlds, can provide a way to combine medical and social models to create a
transgressive and transitional approach to disability that is reflexive and nuanced to the
individual's needs. That is, the IoT's technological infrastructure can help to create a better
environment with digitised interfaces. Nodes and devices that have a direct impact on
conditions in order to provide people with disabilities with instantaneous and precise
accommodations.[3]
To make an interface accessible, disability-specific assistive technology
generally needs to the built into the product. Examples of this include:
 Screen reader: a text-to-speech programme that reads out computer and internet
information to people who are blind or vision impaired.
 Screen Magnifier: a screen magnification tool for enlarging content.
 On-screen keyword: enables people with mobility impairments to type by using a
pointing device to select letters and words on the screen.
 On-screen alerts: Visual messages can appear in place of audible sounds to help people
who are deaf or hearing impaired.
In general, IoT is viewed as a helpful technology that benefits everyone; however, for
students with disabilities, this benefit is amplified because it provides a “accommodation
rich” working environment.
4. IoT in education : Startup Ecosystem
The effect of IoT on the Education Business Model:
"A conceptual tool containing a set of objects, concepts, and their relationships with the
goal of expressing a specific firm's business logic," according to the definition of a business

42
model”. The Internet of Things has had a significant impact on education. Learners become
co-creators of knowledge when IoT is used in education, and data-driven decision-making
replaces and decision-making. The increasing use of IoT in education complements the
existing educational business model.[2]
The traditional education business model places importance on widely recognised
credentials, such as job valuation or university ranking, as a marketing strategy. IoT
provides a variety of benefits, including customised curricula, access to learning resources
from any device, at any time, lower costs, personalised learning, increased safety, and
collaboration. IoT provides a virtual and personalised relationship with real-time
interaction, adding a new dimension to customer relationships. New communication
channels, which are not present in the traditional model, are required to achieve these new
dimensions. The use of IoT in education has changed many aspects of the canvas education
business model and can provide numerous benefits to educational institutions. These can
be summarised as follows:[2]
4.1. Reducing cost: The Internet of Things (IoT) assists the organisation in reducing costs
in a variety of ways by automating operations. Energy managers, for example, can
easily access real-time energy consumption data from the campus and identify energy
wastage, resulting in significant cost savings.
4.2. Improving comfort and saving time in education:
By monitoring people, things, and places in real time and providing relevant feedback, the
use of IoT in higher education saves time and provides comfort to students and staff. Students
can keep track of their health. Routine tasks, such as student attendance registration, that have
traditionally taken a long time to complete could be automated to speed up the process and free
up lecture time.
4.3. Enhanced Safety:
Without dedicated security personnel for each part of the campus, access to different parts
of the campus can be managed and monitored centrally using the Internet of Things. Out-of-
hours laboratory access, for example, can be controlled using RFID-tagged student ID cards
and monitored using smart surveillance systems.
4.4. Increasing student collaboration and engagement:

43
The Internet of Things has transformed university classrooms by integrating sensors and
mobile devices into the environment. This has provided a one-of-a-kind opportunity for
increased student engagement and collaboration in the classroom.
List of some access software:
Examples : 1. Pachube : https://pachube.com/
5. Cubelets: http://www.modrobotics.com/
6. ShipAls: http://www.shipals.com/
7. GreenGoose: https://greengoose.com/
8. Widenoise: https://www.widetag.com/
9. Nike Shoes: http://www.apple.com/ipad/nike/run.html/
List of some IoT based Products:
1. Google Glass: Wearable computer.
2. Waze: An intelligent GPS navigation and traffic management tool.
3. Nest: Smart thermostat and smoke alarm.
4. Hapifork: tracking your eating habits and alerts you with the help of indicator lights
and gentle vibrations which you are eating too fast.
5. Smart Tooth Brush: the beam brush is a connected toothbrush that engages users
with their daily hygiene routinr.
6. Smart Egg Tray: Egg minder syncs with your smartphone to tell you how many
eggs you have got at home [upto 14 eggs] and when they are going bad.
7. Smart Hane Security : Canary is a complete security system packed into a single
device. It adopts to yout home over time and sends intelligent notifications with HD
video directly to your smartphone.
8. Smart Pet Game: CleverPet is a smart wifi connected game console for your dog.
Automatically entertain and educate your dog.

44
References:
1. Jan Francisti, Zoltan Balogh, Jaroslav Reichel, Martin Magdin, Stefan Koprda
and Gyorgy Molnar, “Application Experiences using IoT Devices in
Education”, applied sciences MDPI Appl.sci.2020,10,7286;
doi:10.3390/app10207286
2. Maryam Bagheri, Siavosh H. Movahed, “ The effect of the Internet of
Things[IoT] on education Businesz model; IEEE. Computer society, DOI:
10.1109/SITIS.2016.74
3. Leanne McRae, Katie Ellis and Mike Kent , “Internet of things [IoT]: Education
and Tehnology”, Curtin University, http://www.curtin.edu.au/
4. Putjorn Pruet, Deravi Farzin, Chee Siang Ang, Narong Chaiwut, “Exploring the
Internet of Educational things[IoET] in rural underprivileged areas, 978-1-
4799-7961-5/15/$31.00© 2015IEEE
5. Dimitrios Serpanos, Marilyn Wolf, “Internet-of-things[IoT] systems;, springer,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69715-4.
Some other sources
1. Internet of things, tutorialspoint, www.tutorialspoint.com
2. Introductioniot-140304093420-phpapp01.pdf
3. www.brightcookie.com
4. http://www.theinternetofthings.eu
5. https://affordableaccess.com.au/whats_accessible/what_is_an_accessibility
_feature/
6. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77595082.pdf

45
Chapter – 6
Role Of Women In Economic Development In India
By : Biplab Auddya
Ex-Student, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, India
Abstract
In India women’s are involved on different economic sector. Among the Indian states, Kerala
female literacy rate is highest (92.1%). According to census report 2011, 48.47% of female
population in India. India ranks 120 place among the 131 countries based on female labor force
participation rate. On 8th
March celebrated as ‘International Women’s Day (IWD)’ every year.
In India, 17% GDP, economic contributed by Indian women. According to Kotak Wealth
Hurun-Leading Wealthy Women 2020 list Roshni Nadar Malhotra is the chairperson of HCL
Company, she is the richest businesswomen in India. In 2020 female population in India is
662903000 and growth rate is 1.01%. According to the Mc Kinsey Global Institute report,
2015, an increase in female work participation USD 700 billion by 2025. The women’s
empowerment helps the women to improve their status of education, awareness and literacy.
Many women’s in India are popular by their works. Indian government takes many steps and
launched many programmes for Women’s Empowerment. Bina Agrawal, Padma Desai, Avnita
Bir, Gita Gopinath, Jayati Ghosh are some Indian women economists. There are some richest
women businesswomen in India like, Jayshree Ullal Ahiuwalia, Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, Leena
Gandhi Tewari, Radha Vembu, Malika Chiraya Amin, Nilima Motaparti.
Keywords- Women Empowerment, Indian Economic Development, Employment, Education,
Women in Indian Polity.

46
Introduction
India is the 2nd
largest populated country after China in the world. In the year 2020, 662 million
is the female population of India. From 1971 to 2020, Indian female population increased from
273 million and average annual growth rate is 1.82%. In the year 2009 female population in
India is 584142640, In 2010 female population in India is 59216985 and growth rate is 1.37%,
In 2011 female population in India is 599851725 and growth rate is 1.31%, In 2012 female
population in India is 607361114 and growth rate is 1.25%, In 2013 female population in India
is 614678382 and growth rate is 1.20%, In 2014 female population in India is 621854638 and
growth rate is 1.17%, In 2015 female population in India is 628929065 and growth rate is
1.14%, In 2016 female population in India is 635908885 and growth rate is 1.11%, In 2017
female population in India is 642787641 and growth rate is 1.08%, In 2018 female population
in India is 649574719 and growth rate is 1.06%, In 2019 female population in India is
656288183 and growth rate is 1.03% and In 2020 female population in India is 662903000 and
growth rate is 1.01%. SEWA or Self Employed Women’s Association registered in the year
1972, this organization is a forum for Indian women in the informal sector to attain social
security, achieve the full employment, child care and insurance facility. The Harros-Domar
Growth Model, Lewis Two-Sector Model, The Solow Growth Model are some of the
developmental theories. Women in India contribute almost 17% of national GDP. India ranks
95 out of 129 countries according to the global gender equality index 2019 and 112 out of 129
countries according to the global gender equality index 2019-2020 in the World Economic
Forum’s. According to the Mc Kinsey Global Institute report, 2015, an increase in female work
participation USD 700 billion by 2025. In India, Female LFPR shows a continual decrease
2004-2005 (29.4%), 2011-2012 (22.5%) and 2018-2019 (21.8%).
Objectives
I. To know about Women’s Empowerment.
II. To know the role of women in Indian economy.
III. To know about the Indian Economists.
IV. To know the businesswomen in India.
V. To know about different types of governmental steps that help women empowerment
in India.

47
Research Methodology
In this research paper mainly discuss about Role of Women in Economic Development in India,
collected all data are secondary data. The secondary data is collected from different sources
like governmental website, articles, research papers, journals, conference proceeding, book
chapter and newspaper.
Women’s Empowerment
The women’s empowerment helps the women to improve their status of education, awareness
and literacy. It means the improvement of their social, political, economic and health status, it
is also a process of social development. Awareness and knowledge is the best power for
women’s empowerment. Many women’s in India are popular by their works, like
I. Kalpana Chawla – Kalpana Chawla was born on Karnal, Haryana and later moved to
America to work for NASA. Kalpana Chawla was a example of bravery as she was the
first Indian women to go to the space. But unfortunately, her space shuttle disintegrated
while landing back on the earth and she passed away.
II. Mother Teresa – Mother Teresa is honored in the Roman Catholic Church like as Saint
Teresa. She received a Nobel Prize for peace in the year 1979.
III. Mary Kom – Mary Kom is a true example of excellence women. Mary Kom is one of
the strongest women in the world. She was the first female boxer in India who win a
gold medal win from in the 2018 Common Wealth games. The title ‘Magnificent Mary’
has been given to her work one excellence. Her biopic titled ‘Mary Kom’.
IV. Indira Gandhi – Indira Gandhi is only the female prime minister in the Indian history.
V. Indra Nooyi – Indra Nooyi as an example of women’s empowerment, CEO of the
second biggest organization in the world. She was mentioned in the list of the most
powerful women in the world.
VI. Maya Vishwakarma – Maya Vishwakarma was popular known as the ‘Padwomen of
India’. Deane De Menezes – Deane De Menezes has been awarded the Prestigious
Queen’s Young Leaders Award for her own impressive initiative, at the age 24. This
project aims to break the social stigma associated with the menstruation and the
economic and the gender inequality driving it.

48
Women and Indian Economic Development
The ranking of economic development of Indian women is 0.3%, where 1.0 means equality. In
India, women make up 7.5% of the world’s total population. According to NSSO unit level
data, Indian women involved by several economic sector and region for the years 2009-2010,
in Agricultural sector 70.1% (Northern India), 67.9% (North-East India), 76.9% (Central
India), 72.3% (Western India), 59.4% (Eastern India) and 61.4% (Southern India). In
Manufacturing Sector 6.4% (Northern India), 5.5% (Central India), 4.0% (North-East India),
18.7% (Eastern India), 5.9% (Western India) and 14% (Southern India). In Construction Sector
2.4% (Northern India), 8.8% (Central India), 9.6% (North-East India), 4.0% (Eastern India),
1.8% (Western India) and 5.6% (Southern India). In Services 20.9% (Northern India), 8.7%
(Central India), 18.3% (North-East India), 17.4% (Eastern India), 19.9% (Western India) and
18.5% (Southern India). In Mining Sector 0.2% (Northern India), 0.2% (Central India), 0.2%
(North-East India), 0.6% (Eastern India), 0.2% (Western India) and 0.6% (Southern India).
Indian Women Economists
There are some Indian women economists in India, like
I. Isher Judge Ahiuwalia- Isher Judge Ahiuwalia was an Indian economist, professor and
public policy researcher. She was chairperson of the ICRIER or Indian Council for
Research on International Economic Relations, also chairperson of The International
Food Policy Research Institute and Chairperson of the Government of India’s High
Powered Committee on Urban Infrastructure Services. In 2009, she was awarded
Padma Bhushan.
II. Krishna Bharadwaj- Krishna Bharadwaj was an Indian Neo-Ricardian ECONOMIT.
She wrote many books and journals. Born on 21th
August, 1935 and died 8th
March
1992.
III. Bina Agarwal- Bina Agarwal is an Indian development economist, professor of
Development Economics. She wrote a book- “A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land
Rights in South Asia” is the award winning book. Bina Agarwal mainly work on rural
economy.
IV. Inderjit Kaur Barthakur- Inderjit Kaur Barthakur is an economist, Indian civil servant
and writer, member of the North Eastern Council (NEC). She won the Mahila
Shiromani Award in 1989, Bharat Jyoti Award in 2008, International Women Award

49
in 1992, Indira Priyadarshini Award in 2011, the Padma Shri in 1992 and the Padma
Bhushan in 2009.
V. Shatakshee Ramesh Dhongde- Shatakshee Ramesh Dhongde is an associate professor
of the school of Economics, Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts, Geargia Institute of
Technology. She awarded Riverside Graduate Research Award from University of
California in 2005,
VI. Avnita Bir- Avnita Bir is an economy and the director principal of the R.N. Podar
school in Mumbai more than 15 years, she has worked in the Indian education system.
She has worked with many popular educational institutions of India, like Hyderabad
Public School, Mallya Aditi International School etc.
VII. Devaki Jain- Devaki Jain was born on 1933. She is an Indian economist and writer. She
was worked on mainly in feminist economics. She awarded Padma Bhushan in 2006.
VIII. Jayati Ghosh- Jayati Ghosh is an Indian development economist. She was won
International Labour Organization’s Decent Work Research Prize, Satyendranath Sen
Award, 2012 ILO Decent Work Research prize in 2010, Nordsub prize for Research in
Social Sciences in 2010, Ava Maiti Memorial prize in 2006 and UNDP award for
Excellence in Analysis in 2006.
IX. Deepali Pant Joshi- Deepali Pant Jashi is a economist and writer. In 1981 she joined
the Reserve Bank of India.
X. Reetika Khera- Reetika Khera is Associate Professor at the Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi and Indian Development Economist, Associate Professor at the
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmadabad from 2018 to 2020. She was wrote many
books and journals.
XI. Upinderjit Kaur- Dr. Upinderjit Kaur is an Indian Politician. She was professor of
Economics in Punjab University, principal of Guru Nanak Khalsa College, written two
books one is ‘Development of Theory of Demand’ and second book is ‘Sikh Religion
and Economic Development’.
XII. Dr. Shruti Kapoor- Dr. Shruti kapoor in an Indian economist, social entrepreneur and
women’s rights activist. She is named by Apolitical, one of the most Influential people
in Global Policy 2019, founder of Syfty, received the Rex Karamveer Global
Fellowship.

50
Otherwise Reetika Khera, Anuradha Das Mathur, Rohini Pande, Ila Patnaik, Utsa
Patnaik, Nirmala Sitharaman, Padmini Swaminathan, Parveen Talha, Usha Thorat and Sonal
Varma are some Indian women economists.
Businesswomen in India
There are some richest women businesswomen in India like,
I. Joyshree Ullal- Jayshree Ullal is the CEO of cloud-networking company, Arista
Networks. Her wealth is estimated Rs. 10220crore according to the report. She was the
senior vice president at Cisco.
II. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw- Kiran Mazumder-show is the managing director of Bengaluru
based biopharmaceutical firm Biocon and founder. Her wealth is estimated at Rs.
36600crore according to the report. She sits on the board of Infosys.
III. Roshni Nadar Malhotra- Roshni Nadar Malhotra is one of only child of Shiv Nadar,
who is founder of HCL and a billionaire industrialist. She controls HCL Tech and HCL
Inforsystems, also the CEO and Executive Director of HCL Corporation.
IV. Leena Gandhi Tewari- Leena Gandhi Tewari is the chairperson of USV, that is a
Mumbai based pharmaceutical and biotechnology firm. USV earns around 80% of the
domestic market and founder by Vithal Gandhi, her grand father in 1961, wealth is
estimated to be Rs. 21340crore.
V. Anu Aga & Meher Pudumjee- Anu Aga is the former chairperson of Puna based
engineering firm Thermax. Her estimated total wealth is Rs. 5850crore.
VI. Radha Vembu- Radha Vembu is the sister of Zoho founder Sridhar Vembu. Her wealth
almost Rs. 11590crore.
VII. Falguni Nayar & Family- Falguni Nayar is the CEO and founder of Nykaa. It is the
online store for cosmetics and beauty products. Her wealth is estimated at Rs.
5440crore.
VIII. Malika Chiraya Amin- Malika Ciraya Amin is the manging director & chief excutive
officer of Vododara based Alembic Phermaceuticals, estimated wealth of Rs.
7570crore.
IX. Nilima Motaparti- Nilima Motaparti is the director of pharma major Divi’s
Laboratories. According to the report, her wealth of Rs. 18620crore. She joined Divi’s
Lab in 2012.

51
Governmental Steps
Indian government takes many steps and launched many programmes for Women’s
Empowerment. The schemes are-
I. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao – On 22 January 2015 the “Save the girl child” movement
was launched, it is a joint initiative run by the Ministry of Women and Child
Development, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, the Ministry of Health
and Family welfare. Beti Bacho, Beti Padhao scheme was launched with an initial
funding of 100crores rupees. This scheme was launched on 22th
January 2015, to
provide batter educational facility to girls and their welfare, prevent the violation in the
birth of a girl child. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao is one of this type of scheme to save the
girl child and educate girl child, since January 2015, this campaign has also received
support from the Indian Medical Association.
II. One Stop Centre Scheme – This scheme launched on 1st
April, 2015. This is a centrally
sponsored scheme. The ‘One Stop Centers Scheme’ are established at the various
locations in India for providing shelter, legal, police desk, medical and the counseling
services to victims of violence under the one roof integrated with a 24 hour helpline.
The toll free helpline number is 181. Medical assistance, psycho-social
support/counseling, Assistance in lodging FIR/NCR/DIR. It is aim to set up one stop
centers (OSC), which is to be funded from the Nirbhaya Fund.
III. STEP – The Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women or STEP
scheme aims to provide skills that help to give the employability to women and also
provide self-employment. Support to Training and Employment programme for women
launched by The Ministry has administering STEP scheme since 1986-1987 as a
‘Central Sector Scheme’.
IV. Working Women Hostels – This programme introduced in the year 1972-1973 and after
amendment re-launched on 6th
April 2017. This scheme can be accessed on the
department of women and child development official webpage.
V. Nari Shakti Puruskars - This award are presented by the president of India every year
on 8th
March, International Women’s Day at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.
VI. Central Socio Welfare Board (CSWB) – To promote the social welfare activities and
the implementing welfare programmes for the women and children through voluntary
organizations. The scheme Central Social Welfare Board launched in the year 1953.
VII. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) – The Development
of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) scheme aims to improve the socio-

52
economic status of the poor women in the rural areas through creation of group of
women for income generating the activities on a self-sustaining basis. This programme
in Rural Areas was launched in the year 1982-1983.
VIII. Women Empowerment and Livelihood Programme in Mid-Gangetic Plains- It is a pilot
project of Indian Government. This programme also empowers to address their
political, legal, health problems. It focuses on women empowerment and Livelihood in
the Mid Gangetic Plains.
IX. Rajiv Gandhi National Scheme for the Children of working Mother – It is a central
governmental scheme. To improve nutrition and health status of children, to educate
and empower, to provide day care facilities for children (6 months to 6 years) of
working mothers in the community, cognitive, social and emotional development of
children, to promote physical.
Conclusion
India women play an important role for economic development. Many governmental acts or
schemes help women like, National Commission for Women Act (1990), The surrogacy
(Regulation) Bill, 2019, Pre-conception, Prenatal diagnostic techniques Act, 1994, The Trans
gender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, Dowry Prohibition Act, Indian Penal Code (1860),
Domestic Violence Act (2005), Indian Evidence Act (1872), Maternity Benefit Act (1961),
Hindu marriage act (1955), Protection of Children from the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act
and Rule 1996 and Immoral Traffic Prevention Act (1956). Some NGOs help women’s like
SEWA or The Self Employed Women’s Association, Azad Foundation, Snehalaya, CREA
foundation, Swaniti, Centre for Social Research (CSR), Kissan Asdhikar Manch programme
or MAKAM, Vimochana etc.

53
Reference
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economic development. EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management
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III. Eswari, G.A., 2019. A Study on Role of Women in Economic Development in
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