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The document is a comprehensive multidisciplinary research book edited by Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee, focusing on various aspects of ecotourism, particularly its impact on wildlife in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It includes multiple chapters contributed by different authors, discussing topics ranging from ecological assessments to social media marketing strategies during the pandemic. The book aims to provide practical knowledge and lessons for future interdisciplinary collaboration and research in light of current global health issues.

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Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol.-2 Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee Principal Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723 Address: No -1-B, Sector 10B, Vasundhara Sector 10, Delhi - 201012, Behind Vanasthali Public School E-mail: swaranjalipublication@gmail.com Website: swaranjalipublication.com Contact No. +91-9810749840/8700124880
Author © : Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee Publisher : Swaranjali Publication Sector-10B, Vasundhara, Ghaziabad (U.P.)-201012 Phone : 9810749840, 8700124880 E-mail : swaranjalipublication@gmail.com Website : www.swaranjalipublication.com Book : Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol.-2 Edition : First Edition, 2021 ISBN : 978-93-5470-767-4 Price : 499/- Printed By : Swaranjali Print ISBN-978-93-5470-767-4 All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electric, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder.
PREFACE The aim of this Book is two-fold. First, the authors present a knowledge's application of multidisciplinary research based on the experience of ideas in the form of chapters comprised of multidisciplinary cases and focusing on the knowledgeable chapter cases. There are many theoretical accounts of, how one may approach multidisciplinary research, but here the author's aim to offer a practical and knowledge full account of how the theoretical goal of multidisciplinary research can play out in the ‘real world’. After addressing the current conceptual understanding of multidisciplinary, the authors will explain how useful the concepts of different subject area, in fact, are when applied to the typical constraints that many academics face today in conducting joint subjects. The authors, will provide lessons for future multidisciplinary collaboration and suggestions for developing methods of multidisciplinary research during Current Pandemic. The current pandemic is started in the December 2019. The disease appear in the sellers of Sea Food Market of city Wuhan, Hubei Province of China. The disease appear like the Symptoms of common cold and pneumonia but it was highly infectious and powerful character of dispersal. Hence the disease is also called Wuhan virus disease due to its origin. Another name was suggested by Scientist on the basis of spines present on capsid is called Corona virus. Due to the appearance in December 2019 the disease is also called COVID-19. In the Month of January 2020 it spread in several countries and became a pandemic worldwide. The virus was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern regarding COVID-19 on 30 January 2020, and later declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 31th July 2021, more than 198 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 4.22 million confirmed deaths attributed to COVID-19, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history. In this reference we started this book to find out countryside prevention and treatment on this leathal pandemic. In our system of indigenous knowledge and the science of Ayurveda have also the solution of such health problems since the time immemorial. In this book Fifteen chapters are composed of by the Papers, Chapters and articles provided by different Authors from entire country. Due to the current pandemic, most of the chapters related to COVID-19 and it's Prevention, Control and the ideas of Education to prevent the dispersal of disease in common public. Indeed, the name of current book is " Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol-02 due to the entry of all subjects area to increase our knowledge and skills in all fields for more and more progress. No doubt, These writings will be useful to improve the current conditions of COVID- 19 and our path of life. DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany. M. G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj, 209723, India
ABOUT THE EDITOR DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723-India. Dr. Bajpayee got his research training in the field of Ethno medico botany, Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy leading to the award of Ph.D,. degree from Rohilkhand University in 2004 under the able guidance of Dr. S. C. Sharma. Soon after the completion of doctoral degree, he joined the Department of Botany, Dr. R.M.L.PG. College, Allipur, Hardoi. Dr. Bajpayee starts his research career just after the completion of his Master Degree in (1994) Botany from G.F. College, Shahjahanpur and Published a number of Research Papers in the field of Medicinal Plants. Today, Dr. Bajpayee is an eminent researcher of interdisciplinary subjects like Phytotherapy, Medicinal Plants, Ethno medico botany, Plant Antimicrobials and published more than 30 research articles. He is the Member of Editorial Board Team in more than 50 Research Journals of National and International origin. He published several Chapters in National and international Books of global repute. Now a days Dr. Bajpayee is the Head of Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany, and Principal at M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj Uttar Pradesh. Under his able guidance four doctoral student and 8 M.Phil. student completed his research Degree in the field of Medicinal Plants, Phytotherapy and Ethno medico botany. He is the Life member of Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata., Indian Ethnobotanical Society., Excel Research Management Association., Bio Leagues Worldwide., and a number of World fame institutions. With unexhausted academic and research activities Dr. Bajpayee completed Master Degrees in more than 7 subjects and NET of UGC in two subjects. He is working scientist on the original innovative interdisciplinary fields in the Medical Sciences, Medicinal Plants, Plant Antimicrobials etc. His dedication to the subject will revolutionize the future theories in the field of Phytotherapy, Phytopharmacy and Medicinal Plant's studies.
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1:.................................................................................................. 1 A Study of Impact of Ecotourism on Wildlife Arvind Chouhan CHAPTER 2: ..................................................................................................9 Covid-19 Restrictions & Ease in Global Air Pollution are Good in the Worst-Case Scenario Puliyankurichi Mookkan Velmurugan & Selva Ganapathy Velusamy CHAPTER 3: ..................................................................................................21 Designing of Garment with Jacobean Embroidery D Mahaa Nandhini, S M Naseera, S Mounica, Dr. R Prabha CHAPTER 4: ..................................................................................................27 Covid-19 Associated Mucormycosis in India - A Review Gokul S. Bajaj & Dr. Suruchi R. Kadu CHAPTER 5: ..................................................................................................32 A Research on Tata Motors Covid-19 Situation on Customer Brand Awareness N. Hariharan CHAPTER 6: ..................................................................................................45 Life Science for Engineers Hema Vellaisamy CHAPTER 7: ..................................................................................................58 A Research on Social Media Marketing Strategies and Impact in Covid-19 Situation N. Hariharan & Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee
CHAPTER 8: ..................................................................................................72 The Potential of Environmental Benefits of Urban Agriculture and Their Future Madhu Prakash Srivastava and Ramakant Maurya & Dr. Kaptain K Bajpayee CHAPTER 9: ..................................................................................................84 Quantum Tunneling in Photosynthesis; Frog - Electron Correlation V. Buvaneswari CHAPTER 10: .................................................................................................94 Problem and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in Jharkhand Dr. Bidyanand Choudhary CHAPTER 11: ...............................................................................................102 Development of Fashionable Garments Using Various Washing Techniques P. Sam Vimal Rajkumar CHAPTER 12: ...............................................................................................112 West Bengal : Socio – Economic Backwardness of Muslim Communities in 24 Parganas. Sujit Naskar CHAPTER 13: ...............................................................................................119 Analysis of Strychnine-Mass Spectrometry Dr. Shobharani Panchagnula CHAPTER 14: ............................................................................................. 122 The Future of Migrant Workers in India with The Rising Covid-19 Pandemic Dr. Sumanta Bhattacharya
CHAPTER 15: ............................................................................................. 127 Determination of Hardness of Water by Complexometric Method Using Edta Mrs. M. Shanti,
1 CHAPTER-1 A STUDY OF IMPACT OF ECOTOURISM ON WILDLIFE Arvind Chouhan Assistant Professor (Zoology) Govt Bangur PG College, Pali (Rajasthan) ABSTRACT Prior to the advent of COVID-19, ecotourism was one of the fastest expanding economic sectors. It's an entirely different perspective on the world. Ecotourism is defined as a responsible visit to a natural region that protects the environment, promotes the well- being of the local community, and includes interpretation and education for both tourists and personnel. The Sariska National Park is located in Alwar District of Rajasthan. It is world famous for Royal Bengal Tigers. Other wild animals like Stripped Hyena, Python, Palm civet, Jackal, Slot bear, monkeys and various species of birds also in abundance. In today's globe, the word "ecotourism" is the most often used. It's an entirely new way of looking at the world. Ecotourism is a responsible visit to a natural region that protects the environment, promotes the well-being of the local community, and includes interpretation and education for both guests and personnel. On the one hand, ecotourism generated cash that aided conservation efforts while also providing jobs for locals. Ecotourism, on the other hand, is responsible for changes in wild animal behaviour and physiology, habitat destruction, biological invasion, changes in wild animal feeding habits, and, in certain cases, disease transmission. Non-native species such as cats and dogs are frequently introduced by ecotourists and those working in the hospitality industry. They have the potential to be disastrous for natural prey species. Ecotourists have the ability to spread potentially deadly diseases and parasites. The present paper is about present status of ecotourism in Sariska National Park, its probable impacts on wildlife, some suggestions to make ecotourism beneficial deal for wildlife. Key words: Ecotourism, Sariska National Park, Wildlife, non-native species. INTRODUCTION According to TIES (2015) ecotourism means, “accountable travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the welfare of the local people and comprises interpretation and education” with the specification that education is to guests and staff. Moreno, (2005) revealed that the organized viewing of wildlife is known as nature tourism. Nature visitors pay a substantial sum of amount to see wildlife in their local area and in other part of world that encourage nure watching in order to attract tourist revenue.
2 Groom et al. (1999) after analysis of maintainable use of wildlife in Peru’s Manu Biosphere Reserve and Puero Maldonado National Parks determines the value of ecotourism in educating communities about the requirement of wildlife conservation. In present decade tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors, particularly international tourism. According to UNWTO (2019) growing middle class in emerging economies, technological advances, affordable travel, new business models and easy visa facilitation, international tourist arrivals grew 5% in 2018 and touched 1.4 billion marks. International tourists’ arrival increased from 664 million in 1999 to 1,400 million in 2019. In 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic, tourism badly affected. People have always had a strong desire to travel the world, to immerse themselves in different cultures, and to know about different ways of living. Ecotourism is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education”. Study Area Sariska National Park is a tiger reserve in Alwar District of Rajasthan. It is stretches over an area of 881 km2 comprising scrub-thorn arid forests, dry deciduous forests, grasslands, and rocky hills. It was given the status of a tiger reserve in 1978. The wildlife sanctuary was declared a national park in 1990, with a total area of about 273.8 km2 . It is the first reserve in the world with successfully relocated tigers. Methodology The present study is based on the secondary data. All data collected from various sources, in this study use of data and information provided by, Newspapers, Ministry of Forest, Ministry of Tourism, Books, Internet and Magazines etc. Fauna of Sariska National Park Aside from Bengal tigers, the reserve is home to a varitey fo wildlife, including Indian leopards, jungle cats, striped hyenas, golden jackals, chital, sambar deer, nilgai, wild boar, small Indian civets, Javan mongoose, ruddy mongoose, honey dodgers, Rhesus macaques, Northern plain grey langur, Indian hare Grey partridge, white-throated kingfisher, Indian peafowl, bush quail, sandgrouse, treepie, golden-backed woodpecker, crested serpent eagle, and Indian eagle-owl and among the birds seen. According to Sanker, et al (2010) two tigers from Ranthambhore National Park were sent to Sariska Tiger Reserve in July 2008. In February 2009, another female tiger was moved. Times of India (2018) reported that on October 2018, there were 18 tigers including five cubs. Times of India(2018) reported that on October 2018, there were 18 tigers including five cubs. Khati (2020) reported by 2020, the tiger population in the reserve has risen to 20. Zones in Sariska The Park covers around 800 square kilometer area and has 2 gates with 4 zones together. The most popular gate being Sariska gate, has 3 zones namely zone1, zone 2, zone 3. Telha gate has accessible to zone 4 and the gate is approximately 80 kilometers from Sariska gate. Based on the sighting data from Wild Trails, better sightings can be seen in zone 1,2 and 3, hence Sariska gate is preferred for a better safari in Sariska.
3 Zone 1- The zone is one of the most visited territories in Sariska. There are options to choose jeep or canter for safari in this zone. Zone 2 – The zone is less popular among the core zone, however, there are high chance of sightings in this zone. Zone 3- The zone is as popular as zone 1in terms of sighting. Many tourists and naturalists recommended this zone for great sightings. Zone 4- The zone is considered least popular since it is far from the other 3 zones and can be accessed through Telha gate. (https://www.sariskanationalpark.com/) Sariska National Park Income from Tourists (in lacs) According to Annual Reports of Government of Rajasthan Forest Department, Income from tourism is Sariska as follow- S. N. Year Income (in lacs) 1. 2013-14 15.43 2. 2014-15 21.15 3. 2015-16 38.42 4. 2016-17 39.01 5. 2017-18 40.56 6. 2018-19 41.82 7. 2019-20 70.00 (Source: Annual Reports) Probable Negative Impact on Wildlife Biological Invasion The number and species richness of non-native species are much higher in tourist destination compared to control sites. The role of tourism and recreation in the spread of non-native species. According to Anderson, et al. (2015) people from all over the world to visit natural sites, creating a large opportunity for non-native species to spread from one environment to another. The number and species richness of non-native species are much higher in tourist destination compared to control sites, and this associations holds true for both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. DISEASES Ecotourism can act as vectors for potentially lethal germs and parasites, just as they can be a key pathway for the introduction of non-native species. The demand for close encounters with wild monkeys has spawned a lucrative ecotourism sector, which many believe is critical to obtaining money for conservation efforts and primate protection from poachers. According to Woodford, et al. (2002) these advantages must be weighted against the increased risk of disease transmission, which might have disastrous consequences for remnant wild populations. If primates are kept in close contact to humans. Ecotourists may also inadvertently introduce a deadly pathogen indirectly on boots or clothing. In such cases, bacteria or viruses released into an environment where there is no natural resistance can quickly spread through native populations. In their research Ushman, et al. (2008) found that heavily used trails in central California had much higher numbers of Phytophthora ramorum-a pathogen that causes sudden oak death- in the soil compared with areas that were off the trail, suggesting that the dispersal of the pathogen was driven by
4 human activity. Captive penguins are very susceptible to a variety of illnesses, according to evidence from zoos. As a result, ecotourism, when combined with other stresses such as changing climate and rising pollution, may make penguins even more vulnerable to disease outbreaks. Consequences of Food Provisioning Various researchers found that wildlife is also threatened by solid waste and chemical pollution in the air and water. Kendall, et al. (2010) in their research found that wildlife is also threatened by solid waste and chemical pollution in the air and water. Rodriguez, et al. (2014) in their research found that some creatures was repelled by light pollution, lowering the amount of habitat available to them, while others are attracted to it, sometimes fatally, as nocturnal seabirds have shown. Shannon, et al. (2016) studied that noise pollution has gotten a lot of attention in the last two and half decades because of its effects on a wide spectrum of land and aquatic wildlife. Habitat Degradation Although main objective of ecotourism is to protect natural habitat, there are a number of environment costs associated with allowing large numbers of people access to natural areas, including the use of limited resources such as water, infrastructure construction, habitat fragmentation, human waste and litter, chemical, light and noise pollution. All these things can degrade habitat quality, causing wildlife to suffer, especially if they are close to tourist infrastructure. Although one of the goals of ecotourism is to protect natural habitat, there are a number of environmental costs associated with allowing large numbers of people access to natural areas, including the use of limited resources (such as water), infrastructure construction, habitat fragmentation, human waste and litter, and chemical, light, and noise pollution. All of these things can degrade habitat quality, causing wildlife to suffer, especially if they're close to tourist infrastructure. Anderson, et al. (2015) in their observations found that habitat loss and degradation have been the most serious threat to biological diversity around the planet. Impact of Ecotourism on Behaviour and Physiology of Wild Animals Ecotourism scaling up of short-term behavioral impacts of ecotourism to longer-term population level effects. Research on cetaceans offers some of the best evidence for the scaling up of short-term behavioural impacts of ecotourism to longer-term population level effects. Bejder, et al. (2006) in their observation found that Repeated visits to dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, and Fjord land, New Zealand, have been linked to not only Long-term changes in social structure and a decrease in local abundance. short-term changes in behaviour, but also long-term changes in social structure and a decrease in local abundance. Steven, et al. (2011) in their observation seen behavioural avoidance of recreationists, which results in changes in population distribution and abundance. Braunisch, et al. (2011) found that as a result of winter recreation activities, black grouse (Tetrao Tetrix) in the Swiss Alps saw a 12 per cent loss in accessible wintering habitat and a 36 per cent decline in abundance.
5 J, Gill, et al. (2001) found that shorebirds like the black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), which are supposed to be easily disturbed, human presence does not always have an impact on distribution and abundance. Ecotourists’ disproportionate influence on one species may have an impact on other taxa in the ecological community. According to Muhly, et al. (2011) ecotourists’ disproportionate influence on one species may have an impact on other taxa in the ecological community. In certain circumstances, disturbance-sensitive predators will simply avoid locations where people are present, producing a predator refuge or human shield for prey species. Ecotourism activities may lead to diminished predator responses, generating increased boldness, lower alertness, and higher vulnerability to predators over time. Geffroy, et al. (2015) proposes that prey species’ habituation to human activities may lead to diminished predator responses, generating increased boldness, lower alertness or watchfulness, and higher vulnerability to predators over time. Bremnaer, et al. (2004) found in their research that bold conduct was found to be a good predictor of mortality after release in the wild in a study of captive-bred swift foxes (Vulpes velox). According to Leighton, et al. (2010) though the presence of ecotourists can harm disturbance-sensitives predators, these predator shelters can help endangered prey species survive. Tourists on beaches, for example, help hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Caribbean by limiting the activity of invasive mongooses, which prey on hatchlings. Laurance, et al. (2013) in their observation found that Human presence can also benefit some wildlife populations and their habitats. Illegal hunting, as well as logging, have a negative impact on habitat. Turtle, in particular, have benefited from ecotourism, as the presence of individuals intent on seeing and safeguarding turtles has resulted in increased offspring survival. Amsini, F., et al. (2012) revealed that ecotourism and human presnce have only a secondary role in the successful conservation of threatened great apes, which rely first and foremost on competent law enforcement. Jones, M. E., (2000) found that one of the most prevalent ways that tourists kill animals was by colliding with them in a car. The improvement of a road leading into the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, for example. The creation of a park in Tasmania resulted in a huge increase in the population of eastern quolls (Dasyurus). Cars have killed Sarcophilus viverrinus and Sarcophilus harrissii. The reality was that the following successful attempts to limt automobile crashes, the quoll population became locally extinct and had to be restored The instances of wildlife killed as a result of ecotourism have been international phenomonon. According to Igginbottom, K., (2000) the wild animals killed by vehicles uaually happen around hotels and resorts, and they involve the presence deadly animals like venomous snakes or mosquitos. Kasereka, B., et al. (2006) through evidence proved that monkeys used for tourist viewing are more vulnerable to poaching than those who are not. So, quite possibility that wildlife of Sariska National Park faces threat of Disease, Physiological and Biological Changes,
6 Habitat Degradation, Consequences of Food Provisioning and biological invasion from ecotourism and supportive activities. Probable Positive Impacts on Wildlife in Sariska National Park The ecotourism helpful in protection efforts and research developments in delicate areas, while also offering travelers a chance to experience those areas firsthand. Ecotourists obtain knowledge of ecosystems, geology and biology of specific natural location, which in trun inform their conservation efforts. Some of the amount that goes into ecotourism also goes to conservation efforts, such as repopulating endangered species and reforestation. Many of the world’s most stunning natural sites also happen to exist in least developed countreis, such as Ecuador, Madagascar and Nepal. Ecotourism efforsts in these countries helpful in providing economic assistance. In nut shell all these positive impacts can helpful in conservation of wildlife in Sariska National Park. Suggestions Ecotourism is unavoidable consequence. He can make it fruitful for wild life through following steps - • Include sustainable tourism alternatives in trip. • Go green at your hotel. • Reduce your carbon footprint. • Say NO to illegal trade. • Support sustainable options in island destinations. • Take care of heritage places. • Challenge yourself to step outside of your comfort zone. • Support community-based tourism and initiatives. • Respect the practices of local people. • Use reusable bags. • Consider Sustainable Tourism Alternatives • Stay outside the city centre • Reduce carbon footprint • Say no to illegal trade • Take care of heritage places • Eat in local restaurants • Respect the Practices of Local People • Use Reusable Bags CONCLUSION Ecotourism and related activites can have a wide range of ecological effects on wildlife in Sariska National Park. There is substantial evidences that ecotourism is not a bengin activity that causes minimal disturbancee, but rather that it can have significant consequeces for the survival, reproductive success and long-term viability of a number of species populations, particularly those that are rare, sensitive to disturbance and geographically isolated. The indirect effects of human presence on the distribution, abundance, reproductive success, and survival of species that are disturbance sensitive are driving these consequences. Visitors can also have direct consequences, such as causing death, supplying artificial food resources to increase sightings of elusive animals, contributing to habitat fragmentation and destruction, importing non-native species, and serving as vectors for disease. Despite the potential negative significances, tourism is an essential source of cash for conservation and provides valuable experiences for individuals to become wildlife advocates while also
7 educating them about biodiveristy problems. There is no doubt that tourism can be an imprtant tool in effective conservatin, but the possible negative effects of human presence must be understood and managed reponsibility in conjuction with plethora of other variable that threaten wildlife’s long-term survival. REFERENCES Anderson LG, Rocliffe S, Haddaway NR, Dunn AM (2015) The role of tourism and recreation in the spread of non-native species: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10: e0140833. Bejder, L., Samuels, A. M. Y., Whitehead, H. A. L., Gales, N., Mann, J., Connor, R., and Krutzen, M. (2006). Decline in Relative Abundance of Bottlenose Dolphins Exposed to Long-term Disturbance. Conservation Biology, 20(6), 1791-1798. Braunisch, V., Pathey, P., and Arlettaz, R. (2011). Spatially Explicit Modeling of Conflict Zones Between Wildlife and Snow Sports: Prioritzing Areas for Winter Refuges. Ecological Applications, 21(3), 955-967. Bremner-Harrison, S., Prodohl, P. A., Elwood, R. W., (2004). Behvioural Trait Assessment As A Release Criterion: Boldness Predicts Early Death in A Reintroduction Programme of Captive-bread Swift Fox (Vulpes velox). Anim Conserv 7:313-320. Choudhary, V. (2020). Sariska National Park-complete Detail-updated. Nature Conservation. In. http://naureconservation.in/sariska-national-park-complete-detail- updated/ Retrived: 05 August 2021. Geffory, B., Samia, DSM., Bessa, E., Blumstein, DT., (2015). How Nature-based Tourism Might Increase Prey Vulnerability to Predators. Trends Ecol Evol 30:755-765. Gill, J. A., Norris, K., and Sutherland, W. J. (2001). The Effects of Disturbance on Habitat Use by Black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(4), 846- 856. Government of Rajasthan Forest Department. (2020). Annual Report 2018-2019. https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/forest-department/public- information/annual-reports.html https://ecotourism.org/news/ties-announces-ecotourism-principles-revision https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/partivadan%2 02016-17%20for%20web.pdf] 2013-14 to 2015-16 https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/Public%20Inf ormation/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Reports%202013- 2014/Annual%20Report%202013-14.pdf] 2012-13 and 13-14 https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/Public%20Inf ormation/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Reports%202012- 2013/Annual%20Report%202012-13.pdf] 2011-12 Igginbottom, K., (2000). The Effects of Non-consumptive Wildlife Tourism on Freeranging Wildlife: A Review. Pacific Conserv Biol 6:183-197. Jones, M. E., (2000). Road Upgrad, Road Mortality and Remedial Measures: Impacts on a Population of Eastern Quolls and Tasmanian Devils. Wildl Res 27:289-296. Kasereka, B., Muhigwa, J-B.B., Shaulkoma, C., Kahekwa, J. M., (2006). Vulnerability of Habituated Grauer’s Gorilla to Poaching in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC. Afr Study Mongr 27:15-26. Kendall RJ, Lacher TE, Cobb GC, Cox SB (2010). Wildlife Toxicology: Emerging Contaminant and Biodiversity Issues. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Khati, D. S. (2020). "How the lockdown impacted our tiger reserves | Analysis". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
8 Laurance, W. F.,(2013). Does Research Help to Safeguard Protected Areas? Trends Ecol Evol 28:261-266. Leighton, P.A., Horrocks, J.A., Kramer, D. L., (2010). Conservation and the Scarecrow Effect: Can Human Activity Benefit Threatened Species by Displacing Prdators? Biol Conserv 143:156-2163. Moreno, P. S. (2005). Ecotourism Along the Meso-American Caribbean Reef: The Impacts of Foreign Investment. Human Ecology, 33(2), 217-244. Muhly, T. B., Semeniuk, C., Massolo, A., Hickman, L., and Musiani, M. (2011). Human Activity Helps Prey Win the Predator-Prey Space Race. PloS One, 6(3), e17050. Rodriguez, A., Garcia, D., Rodriguez, B., Cardona, E., Parpal, L., and Pons, P. (2015). Artificial Lights and Seabirds: Is Light Pollution a Threat for the Threatened Balearic Petrels?. Journal of Ornithology, 156(4), 893-90. Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q.; Nigam, P.; Malik, P. K.; Sinha, P. R.; Mehrotra, R. N.; Gopal, R., Bhattacharjee, S., Mondal, K. and Gupta, S. (2010). "Monitoring of reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India: preliminary findings on home range, prey selection and food habits". Tropical Conservation Science. 3 (3): 301– 318. doi:10.1177/194008291000300305. Shannon, G., Mckenna, M. F., Angeloni, L. M., Crooks, K. R., Fristrup, K. M., Brown, E., and Wittemyer, G. (2016). A Synthesis of Two Decades of Research Documenting the Effects of Noise on Wildlife. Biological Reviews, 91(4), 982-1005. Steven, R., Rickering, C., and Castley, J. G. (2011). A Review of the Impacts of Nature. Tranquilli, S., Abedi-Lartey, M., Amsini, F.(2012). Lack of Conservation Effort Rapidly Increases African Great Ape Extinction Risk. Conserv Lett 5:48-55. Ushman JH, Meentemeyer RK (2008). Multi-scale Patterns of Human Activity and the Indcidence of an Exotic forest Pathogen. J Ecol 96:766-776. Wilson, M. C., Chen, X. Y., Corlett, R. T., Didham, R. K., Ding, P., Holt, R. D., and Yu, M. (2016). Habitat Fragmentation and Biodiversity Conservation: Key Findings and Future Challenges. Woodford MH, Butynski TM, Karesh WB (2002). Habituating the great apes: The Disease Risks. Oryx 36:153-160.
9 CHAPTER-2 COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS & EASE IN GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION ARE GOOD IN THE WORST-CASE SCENARIO Puliyankurichi Mookkan Velmurugan and Selva Ganapathy Velusamy Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai (OMR) Tamilnadu, Chennai-600119. ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), known to cause 2019- coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a zoonotic coronavirus and crosses species to infect human populations, where an efficient transmission of virus occurs human-to- human. Nationwide lockdown is being adopted to stop public transport, keep people at their homes and out of their work, and maintain social distancing. In turn, large geographic areas in the world (including China, Italy, Spain, and USA) have been almost halted. This temporary halt is significantly slashing down the air pollution (air pollutants and warming gases) in most cities across the world. This paper: (i) introduces both COVID-19 and air pollution; (ii) overviews the relation of air pollution with respiratory/lung diseases; (iii) compiles and highlights major data appeared in media and journals reporting lowering of air pollution in major cities those have been highly impacted by the COVID-19; and also (iv) lists the way forward in the present context. Because COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic and currently far from over, strong conclusions could not be drawn with very limited data at present. The temporary slashed down global air pollution as a result of COVID-19 restrictions are expected to stimulate the researchers, policy makers and governments for the judicious use of resources; thereby minimize the global emissions, and maintain their economies once the pandemic eases. On the other, lifting of the nationwide lockdown and eventual normalization of the temporarily halted sectors may also reverse the currently COVID-19 pandemic-led significantly slashed down global air pollution that could make the future respiratory health crisis grimmer. Keywords Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; respiratory diseases; air pollution INTRODUCTION The recent global outbreak of an infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has already been considered as a global health emergency by the world health organization (WHO). Previously known by the provisional name 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus is known to cause COVID-19 (Chen and Li 2020; El-Feky et al. 2020). SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic coronavirus that has crossed species to infect human populations, where an efficient transmission of virus occurs human-to-human. SARS-CoV-2 has already spread over about 200 countries in the world and, as of 4th April, the WHO has reported 1,051, 635 confirmed cases and 56,985 confirmed deaths in total due to COVID-19 (WHO 2020) (Table 1; Fig. 1). Therefore, the world is trying every approach to control the rapid transmission of SAAR- CoV-2 and so the spread of COVID-19 in humans. In an effort to slow the virus’ very fast pace spread, a large number of countries is adopting the strategy of practicing social
10 distancing and telling people to stay in their homes through implementing the strict lockdown. Worldwide, the streets of the most cities are deserted; the normally bustling pubs, bars and theatres have been closed; operation of the public transport has been restricted; the most extensive travel restrictions are in place, and people are working remotely from their homes. Since mid-February 2020 and/or beginning of March 2020, about three-week nationwide lockdown has halted increasingly large geographic areas which is impacting economies across the world and also the status of global air pollution. Region Confirmed cases of COVID-2019 Confirmed death Global 1051635 56985 European Region 583141 42334 Western Pacific Region 110362 3809 Eastern Mediterranean Region 65903 3592 Region of the Americas 279543 6802 South-East Asia Region 6528 267 African Region 5446 170 Table 1. COVID-2019 confirmed cases and deaths as of 4th April 2020 (WHO 2020). Fig.1 Countries, territories or areas with confirmed reported cases of COVID-19 as of the 30th of March 2020 (WHO 2020). In the following sections, air pollution is introduced; the relation of air pollution with major respiratory /lung diseases is overviewed; major data appeared in media and journals reporting lowering of air pollution in major cities those have been highly impacted by the COVID-19 are compiled and highlighted; and also the future prospects in the present context are enlightened. Air pollution Owing its importance as a major part of several essential cycles on Earth, air is required to survive by most species including human beings. Air provides oxygen (O2) for respiration to occur, and also carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis to happen in plants. However, rapid establishment of industries aimed at making our daily life confortable, on the other hand, is
11 adding highly toxic substances to air and making it very hard to breath. Air is called polluted when it exhibits harmful concentrations of a mix of particles and gases such as black carbon (soot), smoke, mold, pollen, methane (CH4), and CO2. Particulate matter (PM), black carbon, ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are among the major types of air pollutants Fig. 2. Types and sources of major air pollutants (Helen 2020). (Fig. 2). Increasing levels of small size components or PM (PM10; PM2.5; UFP-ultrafine particles, <0.1 mm in diameter, 20-times smaller than the width of a human hair) have been confirmed in air sampled in the major world cities. PMs are contributed mostly as by- products of combustion from coal-fired power stations, wood and charcoal-burning stoves, vehicle engines and factories. In particular, PM10 (<10 micrometers) and PM2.5 (<2.5 micrometers) can be breathed deeply into the lungs and may cross into the bloodstream; therefore, pose higher health risks (Nunez 2019). 1.1 Air pollution and respiratory/lung diseases Air pollution is known since long back to affect all regions of the world. Notably, in addition to smog, soot, greenhouse gases (CO2; CH4), N2O; O3), varyingly affect the planet and our health. Both indoor and ambient air pollution exposure have been argued as a major risk to respiratory health worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (Saleh et al. 2020). NO2 at concentrations above 200 micrograms per cubic meter has been considered as a toxic gas which causes significant inflammation of the airways (WHO 2018a). Major health consequences of air pollutants include respiratory infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, even in combination with stroke and heart diseases (Kim et al. 2018). Globally, 9% of deaths are contributed by air pollution, and this varies from 2% to 15% by country. During 2017, air pollution contributed to 9% of deaths globally. Give this, air pollution has been considered as one of the world’s leading risk factors for death (Ritchie and Roser 2020) (Figs. 3 and 4). Nine out of ten people have to breath in air containing high levels of pollutants. Such data is making the impact of air pollution on human health grimmer (WHO 2018b). Compared to high-income countries, 49% cities and most of the cities (97%) in low- and middle- income countries with >100,000 inhabitants were reported to not meeting the WHO air quality guidelines in the year 2018 (WHO 2018c). Though WHO is continuously working with countries to monitor air pollution and improve air quality, air pollution has been reported to cause 7 million deaths
12 worldwide each year, mostly through no communicable diseases including acute respiratory infections like pneumonia (Healio 2018). Earlier, notable health risks of air pollution and also the historical highlights of its toxicology has also been very well-discussed in literature (Stanek et al. 2011; Kurt et al. 2016; Soriano et al. 2017; Costa 2018; Glencross et al.2020) Fig. 3. Data exhibiting disease burden by risk factor in the year 2017. (Ritchie and Roser 2020). Fig. 4. World map highlighting share of deaths from air pollution in the year 2017 (Ritchie and Roser 2020). 1. COVID-19 and the status of global air pollution In the present condition of COVID-19, experts have argued that high air pollution and smoking make people more vulnerable to this disease (Korber 2020; Perappadan 2020; TWC India Edit Team 2020). Morevoer, air pollution has been expected as a common denominator for countries with major cases of severe COVID-19 infection, China, South
13 Korea, Iran, and northern Italy (BMJ 2020a). In particular, cities with higher air pollution were arugued as at more risk of COVID-19 (Basu 2020; Barbiroglio 2020; Korber 2020). Earlier, varying extents of air pollution have been associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections and pulmonary diseases (Schikowski et al. 2005; Ciencewicki and Jaspers 2007; Neupane et al. 2010; Cohen et al. 2017; Horne et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019; BMJ 2020b). Conditions caused by dirty air may be likely to cut survival chances under COVID-19 (European Public Health Alliance 2020). Despite the most stringent World Health Organization guidelines and EU standards for air pollution, the levels of air pollutants still high in most cities. In particular, PM2.5 alone has been reported to cause about 412,000 premature deaths in 41 European Countries in 2016. About 374,000 of those deaths occurred in the European Union (EU) (European Environment Agency 2019a). Therefore, air pollution has become one of the biggest environmental health risks in Europe (European Environment Agency 2019b). The Northern Italy, center of Europe’s COVID-19 pandemic occurred, has the hotspot of the air pollution. In Italy, the highest daily jump was recorded in COVID-19 deaths, whereas of 29th March 2020, more than 10,000 people have died since the start of this pandemic (Spary et al. 2020). After Italy, the world's second-highest coronavirus death toll was recorded in Spain, where deadly COVID-19 has so far claimed 5,690 lives (Regencia and Alsaafin 2020). As of 29th March 2020, the US had the most confirmed cases worldwide, surpassed China and Italy. COVID-19 caused death in US soared to 2,100. Interestingly, halting of large geographic areas due to lockdown has also led to some unexpected consequences in terms of moderate to significant lowering of air pollution in most parts of the world including China, Italy, and California (Calma 2020a,b). In addition to pollution, greenhouse gas emissions have also fallen across continents (Henriques 2020). In context with the greenhouse gas emissions, 72% and 11% of the transport sector’s greenhouse gas emissions are contributed by the driving and aviation respectively (IPCC 2018). In China, the measures to minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have resulted in reductions of 15% to 40% in output across key industrial sectors and also has temporarily reduced China’s CO2 emissions by a quarter (Table 2). With electricity demand and industrial output commencing 3 February 2020 Sector Status of decreases (%) Coal consumption at power plants 35 Operating rates for main steel products 15 Coal throughput at the largest coal port 29 Coking plant utilization 23 Satellite-based NO2 levels 37 Utilization of oil refining capacity 34 Table 2. Status of decreases in energy demand and emissions in major sectors related In particular with CO2, around 800m tonnes of CO2 (MtCO2) were released in China over the same period in 2019. On the other, NO2, an air pollutant closely associated with fossil- fuel burning exhibited 36% lower over China (in the week after the 2020 Chinese new year holiday) than in the same period in 2019 (Myllyvirta 2020; NASA 2020) (Fig. 5).
14 Fig. 5. Images showing the status of NO2 in major cities of China during January 1-20, 2020 and February 10-25, 2020 amid COVID-19 restrictions (image credit: McGrath 2020). Notably, in Italy, a remarkable drop has been revealed in NO2 pollution that comes mainly from traffic, especially diesel vehicles, which are also a major source of PM (European Public Health Alliance 2020) (Fig. 6A). PM10 levels in Lombardy have fallen dramatically after 10 days of COVID-19 social distancing measures (Fig. 6B). France also showed the measured drop in NOx as economic activity and transportation therein are at a bare minimum due to COVID-19 (Balken Green Energy News 2020) (Fig. 7).
15 Fig. 6. Images showing the reduction in the levels of particulate matter of size 10 micrometer (PM10) in Lombardy (A) and NO2 in major cities of Italy after 10 days of COVID-19 social distancing measures (image credit: European Public Health Alliance 2020). Fig. 7. Images showing the reduction in the level of NO2 in major cities of France on COVID-19 lockdowns (image credit: Balkan Green Energy News 2020). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had issued travel advisory for 3 states including New York, New Jersey and Connecticut to avoid non- essential travel for two weeks in an attempt to tamp down spread of coronavirus in the region. New York remains the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in the US (CBS News 2020). Earlier, New York air monitoring work had revealed exceptionally high CO numbers in New York for the last year and a half (Pascus 2020). However, during the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in New York, traffic levels were estimated to be down 35% compared with a year ago. Significant decreases in the emission of CO and that of the planet-heating gas CO2 have also fallen sharply. New York had also exhibited 5-10% drop in CO2 and a solid drop in methane as well (McGrath 2020). Additionally, COVID- 19 pandemic led less commercial activity and traffic dropped NO2 levels in certain areas across the United States (Fox2Detroit 2020) (Fig. 8).
16 Fig. 8. Images showing the status of NO2 in major cities of United States during March 1- 22, 2019 and March 10-22, 2020 amid COVID-19 restrictions (image credit: Fox 2 Detroit 2020) In context with India, air pollution has been reported to plummet in the end of second week of COVID-19 lockdown. In terms of air quality index (AQI; range: 0 to 500; good: 0-50; satisfactory: 51-100; poor: 201-300), a total of 91 cities were under ‘Good’ & ‘Satisfactory’ category, with 31 cities with ‘Good’ AQI values; and no city was under ‘Poor’ AQI category, as on March 29, 2020 (SAFAR-India 2020; Vishnoi 2020) (Fig. 9). Additionally, the measures against COVID-19 have led to a drop in PM2.5 30% in Delhi and by 15% in Ahmedabad and Pune, respectively (The Hindu 2020). In New Delhi, the diversion and/or cessation of flights witnessed dropping down of the air pollution levels by 71% in just one week, where the level of PM2.5 dropped from 91 micrograms per cubic meter (on 20 March 2020) to 26 micrograms per cubic meter in just a couple days of the lockdown (Davidson 2020). Earlier, the ‘Janata Curfew’, observed on March 22 (from 7 am-9 pm) led to a significant reduction in particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), where a 44 percent reduction in PM10 levels particularly in Delhi between 22 and 23 March 2020 (FP 2020). Fig. 9. Image showing air quality across major cities in India as on 27th March 2020 (SAFAR-India 2020).
17 CONCLUSIONS & PROSPECTS Because COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic and currently far from over, strong conclusions could not be drawn with very limited data at present. No doubt air pollution is increasing worldwide and has been widely reported to be closely related with the severe lung/respiratory diseases in human. The nationwide halting of public transports and closure of major industrial units has resulted in obvious significant reductions in emissions of a variety of gases related to energy and transport. Indeed, industrial developments and production are necessary for supporting the world population. However, lifting of the nationwide lockdown and eventual normalization of the temporarily halted sectors may also reverse the currently COVID-19 pandemic-led slashed down global air pollution and can make the future respiratory health crisis grimmer. Hence, the indication of slowing down of public and personal transport, and travel in slashing down the air pollution is expected to stimulate the researchers, policy makers and governments to judicious use of resources and thereby minimize the global emissions and maintain their economies once the pandemic eases. REFERENCES Balkan Green Energy News (2020) Air pollution sharply falls worldwide on COVID-19 lockdowns,https://balkangreenenergynews.com/air-pollution-sharply-falls-worldwide- on-covid-19- lockdowns/, accessed on 30 March 2020 Barbiroglio E (2020) People Living In Polluted Cities May Be At Higher Risk From COVID19.20March2020,https://www.forbes.com/sites/emanuelabarbiroglio/2020/03/ 20/people-living-in-polluted-cities-are-at-higher-risk-from-covid-19/#4814581a4b99, accessed on 29 March 2020. Basu J (2020) COVID-19 outbreak: Cities with higher air pollution at more risk, sayexperts. Down to Earth https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/covid-19-outbreak-cities- with-higher-air-pollution-at-more-risk-say-experts-70016, accessed on 28 March 2020. BMJ (2020a) Covid-19: a puzzle with many missing pieces. 19 February 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m627, accessed on 29 March 2020. BMJ (2020b) https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m627/rr-3, accessed on 29 March 2020. Calma J (2020a) Maps show drastic drop in China’s air pollution after coronavirus quarantine.TheVergehttps://www.theverge.com/2020/3/2/21161324/coronavirus- quarantine-china-maps-air-pollution, accessed on 28 March 2020. Calma J (2020b) Air pollution could make the COVID-19 pandemic wose for somepeople.TheVergehttps://www.theverge.com/2020/3/19/21186653/coronavirus- covid-19-air-pollution-vulnerable- lung-disease-pandemic, accessed on 28 March 2020. CBS News (2020) Coronavirus updates: U.S. deaths top 2,100 as CDC issues travel advisory for 3 states.30 March 2020, https://www.cbsnews.com/live- updates/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-latest- news-2020-03-29/, accessed on 30 March 2020. Chen Y, Li L (2020) SARS-CoV-2: virus dynamics and host response. The Lancet Infectious Diseases doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30235-8 Ciencewicki J, Jaspers I (2007) Air pollution and respiratory viral infection. Inhal Toxicol 19:1135-1146. Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K et al. (2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. The Lancet 389(10082):1907-1918.
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21 CHAPTER-3 DESIGNING OF GARMENT WITH JACOBEAN EMBROIDERY D Mahaa Nandhini1 , S M Naseera2 , S Mounica3 , Dr. R Prabha4 1 M.Sc Postgraduate Student, Department of Textiles and Fashion Apparel 2 Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Textiles and Clothing 3 Assistant professor, Department of Textiles and Clothing 4 Assistant professor (SG), Department of Textiles and Clothing Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore (T.N), India. ABSTRACT Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories which is influenced by cultural and social attitudes. The fashion designing is the one that is used to create new trends and styles. Jacobean embroidery is the earliest form of embroidery that use different kinds of stitches with colours. The garment is designed out of the research that was done about the fashion evolution. Fashion evolution gets differ throughout the years and the styles gets vary. Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture. High amount of mass market production is casual wear and every day wear. The garment is designed for women. The embroidery that was used in the garment will be elegant and the garment was used as a occasional wear. The designing was done in the category of haute couture. Jacobean textile design is an ancient design that carried religious symbolism for many early cultures, it sprang from the Tree of Life Motif. English designers make own creative touches to the tree of life, enhancing it with large by outrageous exotic flowers and also highly designed leaves. Thus, was born the Jacobean embroidery designs. Over the years many artists have gained inspiration from the Jacobean textile design and made their own interpretations of it as well today, its complex arrangements of vines and fantasy flowers remain a popular design in garments and other products. Keywords: Jacobean Textile Designs, Ancient Design, Haute-Couture, Exotic Flowers and Highly Designed Leaves. INTRODUCTION The term "Fashion" is commonly used as a synonym for style and alluring. Fashion is the term that is used to refer the state of mind (1). Fashion is a sort of communal art, in which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. The word Fashion is not about dressing but shows an expression of mood and taste of an individual. Fashion tends to change, which supports the extensively fashion market. India was always considered as the centre for textile and clothing trade is also growing to known for a centre of innovation in garment and accessories design. The fashion design is the most important work in fashion industry. Designing involves creating original designs after studying the changing trends of the market. i.e., Market research. It has various fields of specialisation like garments, footwear, jewellery and even luggage. It is the challenging field as it requires the coordination of various jobs, in small concerns it is the one man show but in the big organisations the jobs are specialized and allotted to different people.
22 Manufacturing involves purchasing textiles and fabric required for design and marketing the garment according to the master pattern. Manufacturing process requires employment of the large number of the trained personnel (2). Fashion is most commonly associated with clothing, but it even applies to anything from interior architecture to models of toys. Fashion is mostly influenced by cultural and social attitudes. Modern fashion design is divided into two basic categories: Haute couture and Ready-to-wear. Haute couture is the one which is made for an individual person and Ready-to-wear is the one which is a mass production gets to wear by society (3). Jacobean textile design is springing from the Tree of motif, an ancient design that carried religious symbolism of many early cultures. It provides greater power and as such could provide protection and even fertility. Indeed, a trip through any major fabric store would offer any number of Jacobean styled fabric mainly in the home furnishing department. Its longevity as a textile design begins with the tree of life motif and its journey as trade grows between the east and Europe during the 17th century. The Jacobean embroidery represents the sharing of arts from very different cultures and illustrates how commerce and technology plays an important role in the resulting and the long-termed Jacobean embroidery textiles. Jacobean embroidery is the pair of all other embroidery, in this type of embroidery the plain stitch, chain stitch, satin stitch etc, are used in the Jacobean embroidery (4). 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Types of fashion designing: In Fashion designing there are totally three types of designing in which categorized according to the consumer’s needs. The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories. Some important types of fashion designing are; • Haute couture. • Mass market. • Ready-to-wear. (5). 2.1 Haute couture: Haute couture refers to a creation of exclusive custom fitted clothing. The types of fashion design which predominated until the 1950's was 'made-to-measure' or Laute couture. A couture garment is made for an individual customer. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the limit it takes to make. Haute couture is high-end fashion that is constructed by hand from start to finish, made from high quality, expensive, often unusual fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced and capable sewers, often using time consuming, hand-executed techniques. (6) Couture translates literally from French as "dressmaking" but may also refer to fashion, sewing, or needlework and is also used as a common abbreviation of haute couture and refers to the same thing in spirit. Haute translate literally to "high". An haute couture garment is often made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearer's measurement and body stance. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are also described as having no price tag: budget is not relevant. (7) The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worth's work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century. The Dapifer notes that worth would allow his clients to select colours, fabrics and other details before ever beginning his design process which was unheard of at that time. In modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be
23 used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the terms is also used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan, New York city or Tokyo. In either case, the term can refer to the fashion houses of fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend-setting fashions or to the fashions created. (8). 2.2 Mass market: These days the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. This caters for a wide range of consumers, producing ready-to-wear clothes in large quantities and standard sizes, cheap materials, creatively used, produce affordable fashion. The mass-market theory, otherwise known as the "trickle across", is a social fashion behaviour marketing strategy established by Robinson in 1958 and king in 1963. Mass market is defined as," a market coverage strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and appeal to the whole market with one offer or one strategy". The mechanism focuses on the fashion innovators found within every social economic group and the influences in response to the couture enthusiastic that innovate as part of their stylish aspect. (9) In contrast to the trickle-down effect of fashion innovation, this theory states that fashion trickles across different social groups as opposed to upper to lower classes. Fashion innovation is not just confirmed to the upper class but can actually come from the innovators amongst the different socio-economic groups. Thus, known as a trickle across theory. The theory's roots from new fashion adoption influences "simultaneously by different social economic group and are contained within the different groups”. (10) The key dynamics of this theory are as follows: • Adoption of new trends by all socioeconomic groups simultaneously. • Consumers preference from a large scale of existing trends. • within each socioeconomic group there are fashion innovators that meet their preferred fashion demands. • The flow of fashion information and individual influence in the fashion world "trickles across" each social economic group. • "Vertical flow" remains evident, it is primarily in the fashion industry e.g., fashion editors. (11). 2.3 Ready-to-wear: Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between couture and mass market. they are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusively, so they are rather costly. Ready-to-wear or prêt-a-porter is the term for factory-made clothing, sold in finished condition in standardized sizes, as distinct from made to measure or bespoke clothing tailored to a particular person's frame. off-the-peg is sometimes used for items other than clothing such as handbags. Ready-to-wear has rather different connotations in the spheres of fashion and classic clothing. In the fashion industry, designers produce ready-to-wear clothing, intended to be worn without significant alteration because clothing made to standard sizes fits most people. They use standard patterns, factory equipment, and faster construction techniques to keep costs low, compared to the custom-sewn version of the same item. Some fashion houses and fashion designers produce mass-produced and industrially manufactured ready-to-wear lines but others offer garments that are not unique but are produced in limited numbers.
24 3. Jacobean embroidery: It is amazing to realize that a textile design which was desired and flaunted by the elite society of the 1600s in England, in the most ostentatious environments imaginable, would be so prevalent today in our own contemporary interior designs. Indeed, a trip through any major fabric store would offer any number of Jacobean-styled fabrics, typically in the home furnishings department. Perhaps it is even more versatile today, for this same Jacobean textile design may be found on items from stationery to dishware. (12). Its longevity as a textile design begins with the history of the Tree of Life motif and its journey as trade grows between the East and Europe during the 17th century. One would not have to stretch the imagination very far to see the resemblance between the Jacobean textile design’s twisting, meandering vines, laden with fruits and huge, strange looking flowers, as seen in the Schumacher fabric, and the ancient Tree of Life design growing forth with outstretched branches from a pot, vase or mound as shown in the 17th century coverlet. Indeed, it is the Tree of Life motif, later modified and embellished, from which the Jacobean textile design was born around the time of James I of England (1566- 1625), thus the name “Jacobean” as “Lacobus” is Latin for James I. (13) The early Indian Tree of Life design provided a springboard for the British designers who took the flowering tree, added their own creative ideas, and tailored it to their society’s own tastes. Most notably the flowers became more exaggerated and took on a look best described as fantasy flowers for they show little botanical likeness to any real flowers. The flowers of some Jacobean designs are so unusual that they appear to be a cross between a flower and a pineapple and their leaves often take on a dreamy, loose and bending demeanour. Additionally, English designers often changed the background colours as their clients much preferred lighter backgrounds, referring to the more common Indian background colours as "sad red grounds”. (14) METHODOLOGY The garment designs will be based upon the recent trend in the fashion market. The designs will get illustrated by using Adobe Photoshop. After finalizing the designs, the pattern will be drawn according to the design and the size. The basic stitch is used to finish the garment and over lock stitch is used to finish the raw edges of the whole garment. The Jacobean embroidery is used in the waist area of the garment by using "Emphasis" method. "Emphasis" means the focal point in the garment, it can be achieved through colour, size, placement and use of lines. Emphasis is the centre of interest, which draws and holds the attention more than any other part. The floral pattern was used in the embroidery design: the rose with leaves. The pinkish red and green colour was used in the embroidery work so that the colour will be look bright in the black background colour. RESULT For fabric: 95% polyester 5% spandex were used. Occasion: Weekend casual wear. Colour of the fabric: Black. The elegant style dress with A-line type, zipper embellishment, fit and flare silhouette, stand collar, long sleeve. The fabric has a medium elasticity, and good strength. For embroidery silk thread is used.
25 Embroidery Design – Adobe illustration - Jacobean Embroidery Garment Design CONCLUSION The research was done based upon the fashion evolution from the Victorian era was noted. The garment was designed based on the research that was done about the fashion evolution. The most distinctive quality about the fashion from the early times is that it increases in simplicity. However, the fashion is commonly used to describe a style of clothing worn by the peoples of that country. (16) The name “Jacobean” comes from James I of England (Latin: Jacobus). Jacobean textile design is springing from the Tree of motif, an ancient design that carried religious symbolism of many early cultures. The garment will be sketched based upon the research of the fashion evolution from the earliest century. The pattern for the garment will be done according to the size and design. The embellishment work will also be done in the designed garment. The Jacobean embroidery works are the ancient form of works, the designs will be based upon the everyday life and nature. (17) The embroidery design will be used as an emphasis in the garment, as a centre of attraction. The numerous numbers of garment design and the embroidery design were done by use of cad designs. The flat sketch was done by use of adobe illustrator and the final garment gets decided by getting suggestions from others. Thus, the final garment gets stitched and the embroidery works were done in the garment by use of the silk thread with bright colours such as red, pink, orange and green. So that, it will be brighter in the black background. REFERENCES (1) Basics fashion design and construction- Annete Fischer (2008). (2) 2000 years of fashion: History of costumes- Francois Broucher (1966). (3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/haute-couture. (4) https://embroiderersguilg.com/. (5) The fundamentals of fashion design- Richard sorger, Jenny udale (2006). (6) https://en.wikipedia.org/. (7) https://study.com/history of fashion trends. (8) Basics fashion design 01- Simon Seivewright (2012).
26 (9) Fashion: design course- Steven Faerm (2010). (10) The history of fashion journalism- Kate nelson best (2017). (11) Handbook of fashion design- Ritu Jindal (1998). (12) https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/texts-films-customs/embroidery journal. (13) www.vam.ac.uk. (14) https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/texts-films-customs/embroidery journal. (15) Elements of fashion and design- G.J.Sumathi (2007). (16) Jacobean Textile design: Surviving (and thriving) through the test of time- Janis A) L.Wild (2015).
27 CHAPTER-4 COVID-19 ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS IN INDIA - A REVIEW Gokul S. Bajaj Assistant Professor, Department of Botany Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Mh. Dr. Suruchi R. Kadu Assistant professor, Department of Botany Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Mh. ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease Associated mucormycosis (CAM) is an emergence of opportunistic fungal infection, affecting many lives of patients suffering from COVID 19 along with other medical history. India is most suffered country as we belong to tropic and sub tropic areas where risk factor of such infections is already high. There are 6 types of mucormycosis according to the area of the body affected. This non contagious disease is mainly spread through the inhalation of spores which resides in humid areas, predominantly in hospitals and their treatment needs careful assessment of the factors like nature and effect of drugs and medical history of the patients. KEYWORDS – Mucormycosis, COVID 19, pandemic, India, Diabetes, Rhizopus INTRODUCTION Now a days, novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, also called COVID-19) has become global threat and have affected millions of people worldwide. Fungal infections, including mucormycosis, aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis, have been reported in patients with severe COVID-19 or those recovering from the disease and have been associated with severe illness and death. Mucormycosis was previously known as zygomycosis. According to WHO, mucormycosis is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus is a filamentous fungal disease which is angioinvasive (Blood vessel infecting) caused by order Mucorales- class Zygomycetes, has become third most infective mycosis (Petrikkos et al., 2012; Prakash and Chakrabarti, 2021). Indian population is 80 times more affected by mucormycosis than whole world and central government has declared India as a mucormycosis pandemic on May 10, 2021. Mucorales fungi are very predominant pathogen which infects wide range of hosts, ranging from plants to invertebrates and humans. Most commonly found pathogen genus are Rhizopus (most common genus associated with mucormycosis), Lichtheimia (formerly known as Absidia and Mycocladus), and Mucor, zygomycetes genera (e.g. Rhizomucor, Saksenaea,Cunninghamella, and Apophysomyces). (Andrianaki et al., 2013) Based on the body parts affected, mucormycosis can be divided into 6 types- (1) Rhinocerebral (2) Pulmonary (3) Cutaneous (4) Gastrointestinal (5) Disseminated
28 (6) Uncommon Presentations. (Petrikkos et al., 2012) Patients with history of diabetes mellitus, organ transplant, kidney disease, tuberculosis, corticosteroids or immunosuppressants consumption, iron overload and trauma are at more risk of mucormycosis (Prakash and chakrabarty, 2021). Mucormycosis majorly affect males than females and targets COVID 19 patients (Active or recovered both) along with others (singh et al., 2021). CAM (CORONAVIRUS DISEASE ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS) COVID-19, a global pandemic is showing significant incidence of secondary infections, bacterial and well as fungal as immune system is hampered. In regular circumstances, when we expose to the fungal spores our immune system respond in variety of ways, they doesn’t allow them to settle down in our body and eradicates them, release of free oxygen radicles and phagocytosis is performed by the neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. In COVID- 19 case, altered immune system cannot combat and this leads to the occurance of opportunistic infections. As a treatment of variety of diseases, consumption of steroids/monoclonal antibodies/broad-spectrum antibiotics against COVID-19 may lead to the development/exacerbation of preexisting fungal diseases (Amod et al., 2021; Mehta et al., 2021). TRANSMISSION OF MUCORMYCOSIS Mucormycosis is actually an opportunistic fungi, it cannot affect an individual until he is immunologically weakened. It is noncontagious, not spread from person to person. Spores of mucormycosis can be inhaled or swollen with air, food, etc. and it is more persistent in humid areas such as AC ducts, moist mask, hospital premises outbreaks are observed because of adhesive bandages, wooden tongue depressors, hospital linens, negative pressure rooms, water leaks, poor air filtration, non-sterile medical devices, and building construction, etc. They mainly colonize in nasal, pharyngeal and oral mucosa including paranasal sinus. From paranasal sinus, it can transmit to nasolacrimal duct and medial orbit, even reaching upto skull and causes severe issues such as orbital cellulitis, chemosis, proptosis, loss of vision, ophthalmoplegia, superior orbital fissure syndrome, sagittal sinus thrombosis, epidural or subdural abscess formation. Sometimes, patient with bloody nasal discharge is diagnosed with the infection of mucormycosis to the brain via nasal turbinals causing cerebral ischemia which leads to cerebral infraction and also death. (Pagare sultan, 2021). Zygomycetes shows very high affinity to the blood vessels, shows rapid invasion and disseminate widely. (Kontoyiannis, 2012). Rhizopus oryzae is mostly found causative agent of mucormycosis with a world-wide distribution and higher occurance in tropical and subtropical regions. (Battaglia et al., 2012) SYMPTOMS According to WHO, different type of mucormycosis can be diagnosed by observing symptoms mentioned as follows- Sr. No. Types of mucormycosis Associated symptoms 1. Rhinocerebral (sinus and brain) mucormycosis • One-sided facial swelling • Headache • Nasal or sinus congestion • Black lesions on nasal bridge or
29 upper inside of mouth that quickly become more severe • Fever • Lethargy, seizures, slurred speech, partial paralysis 2. Pulmonary (lung) mucormycosis • Fever • Cough • Chest pain • Shortness of breath • Hemoptysis 3. Cutaneous (skin) mucormycosis • Skin lesion that resembles blisters or ulcers. The infected area may turn black. Other symptoms include pain, warmth, excessive redness, or swelling around a wound. 4. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis • Abdominal pain • Nausea and vomiting • Gastrointestinal bleeding 5. Disseminated mucormycosis • Tends to occur in people who are already sick from other medical conditions, which makes it difficult to identify which symptoms are related to mucormycosis. Patients with disseminated infection in the brain may develop mental status changes or coma. CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS . Diagnosis of CAM can be done with routine laboratory diagnosis, in clinical practice, histopathology, direct examination of wet mounts and cultures, direct microscopy of culture along with non-invasive diagnostic methods such as molecular serology and metabolomics- breath test (Skiada et al., 2020). TREATMENT Anti-fungal treatment along with supportive care is useful in the management of COVID- 19. Glucocorticoids in combination with antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir are beneficial in COVID-19. Use of Glucocorticoids is inexpensive, easily available and reduces rate of mortality in patients. (Garg et al., 2021) Treatment of mucormycosis needs an accurate and rapid diagnosis along with correction of predisposing factors, surgical resection or debridement, which will lead to effective anti-fungal therapy. Antifungal Agents such as Polyenes such as Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB), amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) are useful in treatment and Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is most promising drug as it is safer, efficient alternatives to normal antifungals. Along with this, Azoles e.g. Fluconazole and voriconazole are effective against mucormycosis. Even itraconazole is also useful against Absidia species. Iron chelation therapy also holds promising approach in fight against mucormycosis (Jaju et al., 2020; Spellberg et al., 2009). Here, physicians play an important role for the prevention of emergence of these CAM and other opportunistic pathogens and early diagnosis which can reduce mortality and morbidity rate significantly. Utilization of therapeutics with low dose for the short duration and minimum, needed use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (Mehta et al., 2021)
30 CASE STUDIES Rammaert et. al., (2012) studied 169 cases with 29% children, 61% males. Patients were having history of solid organ transplantation (24%), diabetes mellitus (22%), and severe prematurity (21%). Most common prevalence of disease was found in skin (57%), followed by gastrointestinal tract (15%). Rhizopus was the most common genus (43%) and infection portal of entry was included as surgery and presence of medical devices such as catheters or adhesive tape. Possible outbreaks can be related with use of adhesive bandages (19 cases), wooden tongue depressors (n = 5), ostomy bags (n = 2), water circuitry damage (n = 2), and adjacent building construction (n = 5). They suggest that to overcome such transmission, it is necessary to give a closer attention to avoid healthcare-associated mucormycosis, especially in neonatology, hematological, and transplantation units in hospitals. Hosseini et. al., (2005) conducted a survey of ten patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis between February 2000 to April 2004. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis along with Diabetes was the pathophysiology of nine out of ten patients. Analysis of factors such as predisposing factors, symptoms, sites of extension, number and sites of surgical debridement as well as outcome. Patients show ocular, sinonasal and facial soft tissue infection along with pterygopalatine fossa. Invasion does not occur through lamina papiracea or the maxillary sinus. Four patients lost their lives during study and causes were hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmia and refractory pneumonia. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis was spread through the pterygopalatine fossa, and extends into the orbit and facial soft tissues. When mucor reaches to the nasal cavity, enters in pterygopalatine fossa, inferior orbital fissure and finally the retrobulbar space of the orbit, resulting in ocular signs. Other facial soft tissues, palate and infratemporal fossa can be infected through connecting pathways from the pterygopalatine fossa. Hence, debridement of the pterygopalatine fossa is a hope to minimize severity of mucormycosis. Pal et. al., (2021) studied 30 case series, pooling data involving 99 patients with CAM. Maximum patients belongs to India (72%), majorly male (78%) and patients with history of diabetes mellitus (85%). History of COVID-19 was present in 37% patients with mucormycosis development after the recovery. Time period between diagnosis of COVID- 19 and the evidence of mucormycosis infection (CAM) diagnosis was of 15 days, most commonly Rhino-orbital mucormycosis was most common (42%), followed by rhino- orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (24%) Pulmonary mucormycosis was observed in 10 patients (10%). Use of Glucocorticoids was found in 85% of cases and mortality rate was 34%. CONCLUSION This review mainly focuses on opportunistic nature of mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients; especially in COVID 19 infected ones. In COVID 19, due to consumption of variety of drugs, physiology of body changes and if patient has to go through the surgery or other medical utilities, these situations create higher chances of infection of mucormycosis. Early diagnosis with proper, effective and safer medication will be proven as greater help to overcome this condition. REFERENCES Andrianaki, A. M., Kyrmizi, I., Thanopoulou, K., Baldin, C., Drakos, E., Soliman, S. S. M., Shetty, A. C., McCracken, C., Akoumianaki, T., Stylianou, K., Ioannou, P., Pontikoglou, C., Papadaki, H. A., Tzardi, M., Belle, V., Etienne, E., Beauvais, A., Samonis, G., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Chamilos, G. (2018). Iron restriction inside
31 macrophages regulates pulmonary host defense against Rhizopus species. Nature Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05820-2 Battaglia, E., Benoit, I., van den Brink, J., Wiebenga, A., Coutinho, P. M., Henrissat, B., & de Vries, R. P. (2011). Carbohydrate-active enzymes from the zygomycete fungus Rhizopus oryzae: a highly specialized approach to carbohydrate degradation depicted at genome level. BMC Genomics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164- 12-38 Garg, D., Muthu, V., Sehgal, I. S., Ramachandran, R., Kaur, H., Bhalla, A., Puri, G. D., Chakrabarti, A., & Agarwal, R. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature. Mycopathologia, 186(2), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-021-00528-2 Gupta, A., Sharma, A., & Chakrabarti, A. (2021). The emergence of post-COVID-19 mucormycosis in India: Can we prevent it? Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 69(7), 1645. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_1392_21 Hosseini, S. M. S., & Borghei, P. (2005). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: pathways of spread. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 262(11), 932–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-005-0919-0 Kontoyiannis, D. P., Lewis, R. E., Lotholary, O., Spellberg, B., Petrikkos, G., Roillides, E., Ibrahim, A., & Walsh, T. J. (2012). Future Directions in Mucormycosis Research.Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S79–S85. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir886 Mehta, S., & Pandey, A. (2020). Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated With COVID-19. Cureus. Published. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10726 Pagare J, Johaley S. Diagnostic role of CBCT in fulminating mucormycosis of maxilla. International Journal of Research and Review. 2019; 6(7):575-579. Pal, R., Singh, B., Bhadada, S. K., Banerjee, M., Bhogal, R. S., Hage, N., & Kumar, (2021). COVID‐19‐associated mucormycosis: An updated systematic review of literature. Mycoses. Published. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13338 Petrikkos, G., Skiada, A., Lortholary, O., Roilides, E., Walsh, T. J., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2012). Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Mucormycosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S23–S34. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir866 Prakash, H., & Chakrabarti, A. (2021b). Epidemiology of Mucormycosis in India. Microorganisms, 9(3), 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030523 Rammaert, B., Lanternier, F., Zahar, J. R., Dannaoui, E., Bougnoux, M. E., Lecuit, M., & Lortholary, O. (2012). Healthcare-Associated Mucormycosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S44–S54. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir867 Singh, A. K., Singh, R., Joshi, S. R., & Misra, A. (2021). Mucormycosis in COVID- 19: A systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 15(4), 102146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.019 Spellberg, B., Walsh, T., Kontoyiannis, D., Edwards, Jr., J., & Ibrahim, A. (2009). Recent Advances in the Management of Mucormycosis: From Bench to Bedside. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(12), 1743–1751. https://doi.org/10.1086/599105
32 CHAPTER-5 A RESEARCH ON TATA MOTORS COVID 19 SITUATION ON CUSTOMER BRAND AWARENESS N. HARIHARAN DDTP.,DOA, DIBM PARVATHY’S ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, WISDOM CITY, DIDIGUL -624 001, TAMIL NADU, INDIA ABSTRACT Brand awareness version for enjoy products that overcomes the limitations of patron desire fashions, especially when it is not smooth to take into account a few qualitative attributes of a product or while there are too many attributes relative to the available quantity of preference date, via capturing the consequences of unobserved product attributes with the residuals of reference consumers for the identical product. They decompose the deterministic factor of product software into parts: that accounted for by way of found attributes and that because of non-located attributes. By using estimating the unobserved factor via concerning it to the corresponding residuals of digital experts representing homogeneous corporations of people who experienced the product earlier and evaluated it. The usage of Bayesian estimation methods and markov chain Monte Carlo simulation inference, applying two kinds of patron preference. 1. Standard preference data for online customer ratings in internet reference services. 2) Revolved preferences it is data for movies for offline customers. The values empirically show that this new approach outperforms several opportunity collaborative filtering and attribute-based choice fashions with each in and out of sample fits. The model is relevant to each net recommendation services and client preference research. KEYWORDS : Brand consciousness, consumer alternatives. INTRODUCTION TO BRAND AWARENESS With the opening of the market or the publish liberalization period has resulted in many organizations getting into the markets with services of their items and offerings. In the earlier ranges of economic revolution client needed to take delivery of what the manufacturer has produced but these days customers are a great deal more knowledgeable, disturbing, count on lot greater to healthy their ever changing existence patterns. There through their satisfactory expectancies have been increased from time to time a good way to rebuild it-self round its purchaser. The producer ought to be capable of fulfill, with the form of product and offerings to suit the ever-changing patron requirements. In developing an advertising and marketing strategy for merchandise, the dealers need to confront the branding selection. Logo is a chief difficulty in product. Clients have strong preference for specific variations and types of basic goods and services. The manufactures ultimately study that market electricity lies with the logo name companies. Clients shopping for choices are prompted through the Brand. In this competitive international, the “Brand performs an essential role and a logo may be very prominent asset owned by means of a company. Logo is endowed with focus, perceived exceptional, institutions and logo loyalty. Brand is offered as creative concept. A logo is a promise of the seller to supply a particular set of advantages or attributes or offerings to the buyer. Logo represents a stage of exceptional.
33 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To customer to purchase product Tata motors 2. To variables of brands and awareness influence them to purchase. 3. To understand what role does the logo has in the minds of customers. 4. To identify awareness to brand Tata motors four wheelers. 5. To about the customer’s satisfaction in Tata motors offers 6. To discover the marketplace capacity for Tata cars four wheelers. 7. To Maintain and improve brand awareness. NEED FOR THE STUDY The intention of any organization is to for the most part obtain bigger piece of the pie high level of deals the Industry; this could be just accomplished by building a higher level of brand faithful clients. Any organization can get by through there is a solid computational the market on the off chance that it has brand steadfast clients. Today many significant organizations in the market attempt to keep up and improve their marked value. Without making appropriate brand mindfulness they can't fabricate brand image. Solid brands help assemble the corporate image and furthermore by making it simpler for the organizations dispatch new brands. Today marks are treated as major suffering resources of an organization – more over brand value are significant supporter of client value. This all can happen just there is appropriate brand mindfulness. The lights four wheeler businesses have been growing quickly are gone the day while having a little and blend size vehicles were viewed as an extravagance. Presently days it is seen as a simple need. Client relationship the board and information mining are basic differentials that empower upper hand for firms zeroed in on expanding client piece of the pie. In spite of the fact that interest in advertising, deals and administration advancement can be compelled because of financial and social contemplations, the underlying investigation of the examination demonstrates regular European buyer clothing destinations empower higher substance profundity, navigational setting and help, customer correspondence, and business effectiveness. Nonetheless, the investigation simultaneously demonstrates lower client customization and mining, way of life association and advertising, and customer, Community connection, on the locales. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The data collected sources in primary and secondary, the information get to regard products and organization. Primary Data: The primary data collect questonnrie it is related in customer brand awareness towards Tata motors product different features and satisfactions. Such as Price, Color, Modal, brand etc. Secondary Data: The secondary data taken from Reports, Advertisements, Newspapers, Customer database, Pamphlets, it five sources collected secondary data. INTERNET SAMPLEING The Tata motors limited customers in Madurai City only and range of allover India. Samples taken target is population of study in brand awareness in Tata motors.
34 SAMPLE SIZE The sample size is 200 collected form selected data base company. The research depth survey and collecting data observation concerning Tata Motors customers brand awareness. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE In this technique each and every unit of the population has on equal opportunity of the selected technique sample. Using only random sampling technique adopt selection sample method. DATA COLLECTION PROCESS Need of the objective, types of the data it data collected with the help of questionnaire’s and another data identified in the data collection process. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The research role is very important in customers brand awareness in covid-19 situation on Tata motors. It is help to human achievements towards understand and identify the brand. The systematic markets research helps to brand image and finding of the customers in awareness of Tata limited motors. The research mainly focused to Madurai city peoples to different locations, age groups and particular brand find out of the preference. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The customers not be contracted in outstand lack of time 1. The research has been classified to Madurai city only. 2. The project sample study is 200 customers only. 3. The complete customer feelings 4. The customers change from time to time it is possibility of research so some changes in the result it is awareness level. 5. Sometimes few customers not responded suitably due to lack of time, ignorance. REVIEW LITERATURE Within the word of Philip Kotler “A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or layout or mixture of them. Intended to discover the products or offerings of 1 dealer or organization of dealers and to distinguish them from the ones of competitors.
35 ROLE OF BRANDING In today’s global logo names come to create perceive to distinguish one product from every other. The subsequent points to pin down its specific role. • Brand is a great asset: Brand is an intangible asset, due to the fact it is not possible to copy brand name. • Brand is promotional device: the product differentiation is done with the aid of a brand through sales promotion. • Brand is a weapon to protect marketplace: a customer has tried and appreciated a product, the logo permits him to discover the product and repeat the purchase. • Brand is antidote for middle men’s survival: the elegance of middle man constantly tends to move for a success logo. • Brand Is A Means Of Identifications Of Clients: log o is the perfect manner of figuring out services or products by using customers. THE CONSUMERS THROUGH SIX LEVELS AS DISPLAYED BRAND CONVEYING OF THE CUSTOMERS Attributes: It is a particular product brand first bring to the mind certain. Benefits: The product with brand in benefits of customer buying. Values: The product tell about the another same product values. Culture: It means is respect the different culture of the brand. Personality: Which the persons and objective of the brand related projects. User: The product users and audience own target of brand suggests. TYPES OF BRANDS
36 BRAND AWARENESS OF THE PRODUCT The extent of recognition can variety from mere reputation to consider too top of thoughts to dominant. The employer is spending cash to keep Brand in patron’s memory. A sturdy logo awareness way clean acceptance of recent products. Brand with strong recognition can introduced and bought to create emblcall with enduring strength. An organization can put its customer attention, pick out and expand it in addition to construct sturdy brand. It's miles greater with the aid of creating a brand loyalty and setting up identity of a product. Brand awareness is asset which logo managers create and beautify to build brand fairness. It is related to the character and features of product. It ends in logo energy which is constituted by way of measuring the variable like management, balance, marketplace, geographic, fashion, assist and protection etc… Creating logo cognizance with using advertising, advertising event control and so forth… an extraordinary logo has unique kind of focus which retains reputation. Brand recognition satisfies a need of the client. A customer as pursuits, aims, motivation drives and choice. Customer feels extra powerful whilst he uses the Brand. Satisfactions or desire for a Brand indicates how unswerving the client is possibly to be logo. Now a day’s clients are experience with brand cognizance for distinctive product, in which the consumers’ expectations degrees are improved toward brand, product and so on… possibly the maximum distinct skill of professional entrepreneurs is their potential to create, preserve, defend and enhance brands. Branding is the artwork and cornerstone of advertising. The yank marketing association defines a brand as a name, time period, sign, image or design, or a mixture of them, supposed to become aware of the products or offerings of one seller or group of dealers and to distinguish them from the ones of competition. Thus a brand identifies the seller or maker. “What distinguishes a brand from its unbranded commodity opposite numbers is the purchaser’s perceptions and feelings about the product’s attributes and the way they perform? Ultimately, a logo is living within the minds of customers. A brand can be better placed through associating its call with desirable benefits. A brand is tons greater than a name, brand, shades, a tagline, or symbol. These are marketing tools techniques. A logo is
37 essentially a marketer’s promise to supply a specific set of feature, advantages and services continually to the consumers. The marketer should establish a venture for the logo and a vision of what the brand need to be and do. Logo bonding happens whilst clients revel in the corporation as handing over on its advantage promise. The fact is that manufacturers are not built with the aid of advertising but by using the Brand experience. Manufacturers range in the quantity of energy and price they've in the market place. At one excessive are manufacturers that aren't recognized by maximum customers. Then there are manufacturers for which shoppers have a reasonably high diploma of brand consciousness. Past this are brands with an excessive degree of logo acceptability. We outline Brand fairness because the fine differential impact that knowing the Brand call has on purchaser response to the products or services. Logo fairness effects in clients showing a preference for one product over any other whilst they're basically identical. The quantity to which customers are willing to pay more for the unique Brand is a degree of logo fairness. A brand wishes to be cautiously managed in order that its fairness does now not depreciate. This calls for keeping or enhancing logo focus, perceived great and functionality and effective associations. These tasks require continuous R & D investment, skilful marketing and fantastic trade and consumer carrier. DATA ANALYSIS Q1. What is your Occupation? Sample Business Professional Employee Student Total 200 62 42 54 42 200 EXPLAINATION The chart is occupation it is business persons is high level of 62% out of 200 respondents are professional is 42 are employee is 54% and student is 42 %. Over all high level is business persons.
38 Q2. How long do you using the cars? Sample Before 1 year Before 2 year Before 3 year Till now Total 100 66 54 20 60 200 EXPLAINATION The chart is 200 respondents till now is before 3 years is 20 %, before 2 year is 54% and before 1 year is 66 % it is highest level of using the cars. Q3. Who influenced you toward purchase a car? Sample Adds Sales persons Friends Some other Total 200 22 76 60 42 200
39 EXPLAINATION The chart is influenced you toward purchase a car More Than peoples purchased car is sales person is 76% Friends is 60 % and watching add is 22 % peoples liked sales persons buying cars. Q4. How is their Tata Motors complaints handling? Sample Excellent Good Average Poor Total 200 70 60 40 30 200 EXPLAINATION The chart is complaints of Tata Motors excellent is 70% are good is 60 % are average is 40% and poor 30 % finally handling complaints excellent way of Tata Motors. Q5. How is the delivery system of Tata Motors? Sample Excellent Good Average Poor Total 200 60 54 66 20 200
40 EXPLAINATION The chart is delivery system of tata motors it is liked customers excellent is 60% out of 200 respondants average is high level 66% are poor is very low 20 and good is 54%. Finally delivery system is good liked peoples only Tata Motors. Q6. What is with Tata Motor users overall satisfaction level? Sample Excellent Good Average Poor Total 200 64 76 34 26 200 From the chart is Tata Motors users overall satisfaction level it respondents of 200 more than users liked the product so 76% good of this second place is excellent is 64% are average is 34% and poor is 26 it is very lower level of poor. Finally Tata Motors is satisfied of the customers Q7. How remains their response to you entering in to the Tata Motors office? Sl.NO Overall satisfied No of customers Percentage 1 Excellent 48 48 2 Good 96 96 3 Satisfied 54 54 4 Poor 2 2 5 Total 200 200
41 EXPLAINATION The chart is office respondent of Tata Motors in the office total respondents is 200 very lower level is poor 2% are good is 96% it is average of good and excellent 48% the overall options is then Tata Motors products and service quality is excellent. Q8. What is Tata Motors overall satisfaction level in peoples? SI.NO Longue facility No of customers Percentage 1 Excellent 24 24 2 Good 48 48 3 Average 122 122 4 Poor 6 6 5 Total 200 200
42 EXPLAINATION The customer satisfaction chart is 200 respondents average is higher level 122% are good respondents is 48% are customer satisfaction is excellent 24% in the Tata Motors. Q9. How stands their lounge facility of Tata motors? Sample Excellent Good Average Poor total 200 30 46 60 64 200 EXPLAINATION From the following the chart total respondents is 200 Poor is 64%, good is 46% respondents average is 60% it is high level out of 200 respondents. Finally excellent is 30%. Overall facility is poor. Q10. What do you rate the Tata Motor: Features Sample Poor Mode rate Satisfact ory Excellent Total Transaction 200 34 76 60 30 200 Repair ability 200 54 40 60 46 200 Spare parts 200 52 54 60 34 200 Time bounding 200 34 60 34 72 200
43 EXPLANATION -Transaction The total 200 respondents Excellent 30% are good, Satisfactory is 60% are average is 76, and finally 34% are poor, opinion of them Tata Motors services are good. It is leader of automobile Industry. Reparability facility The 200 respondents in excellent 46% are good, 40% are poor is 54% are poor in reparability facility is to be good. Maintain of service stations and improve delivery departments. Spare parts facility From the table and chart note is 200 responding Excellent is 34% , are average and 54% are poor in this 52% spare parts facility may be satisfied. The spare parts not available in all shops. So improve spare sprat shops in Tata Motors. Time bounding facility The table and graphs noted total 200 responding reveals is 72% are excellent 34% are good, 60% it is average, and finally 34% are poor. The time bounding facility is good, sometimes delay delivery of product. FINDINGS • After the analysis the sample size 100 it include the customers, method of questonnrie • find out the brand awareness towards in covid-19 situation towards Tata motors.2. The customers bought the cars in 2 years back it is useful to Indian economy and important point of thee customers. • The Tata Motors advertisements press and electronic media playing dynamic mode it is a promotional strategy. • The Tata motors customers conducted the educational program purpose is maintain the Tata Motors. • Tata Motor popular brand is Indica it is processed the customers of 45% in Tata Moto SUGGESTIONS OF THE RESEARCH 1. The Tata Motors all brand spare parts maintain in the company of the motors four wheelers. It case of inconvenient of the customers. It is important for one. 2. The four wheeler Motors reduce the service charges for some rupees. It liked to Tata
44 Motors customers. 3. The main point of facing problems of some peoples in Mileage problems it is must rectified. 4. Tata Motors Pvt. Ltd. Increasing customers loyalty and service campus it promotional measure. 5. The motor services stations very demand of areas but available in small service stations it is satisfactions of customers. 6. The research focused Tata motors sales and services it is useful to important and improves companies. CONCLUSION The customers having the good awareness and level of the regarding programs of Tata motors conduct attend various reasons attending programs. Delivery of New cars serviced the car in correct time. Sometimes delay in the service secessions. Customers faces the some mileage problems. It is comparing Incica cars and remaining another models. The some complaint during in the delivery of the car some damages and late of delivery it some issues of Tata Motors it is branch complain but Tata Motor is best customers satisfaction. The Tata Motors continue to work it is useful for emerging economics of the world. Increase the market share low and end of the all cars. Tata Motor is market leader of the auto mobile industry and high market share available in Tata. T- Trust, A- Acceptability, T- Transparency, A- Accountability. REFERENCES 1) Guiles,m.g(2008), “gas economic system takes a hack seat as vehicles get faster and more a laugh”, wall street journal, october, p.33. 2) Madikonda kishore babu and raghunatha raddy, d., a study on passenger automobile enterprise in india’ , indian jouranl of marketing, vol. 34, no. 10, oct 2004. 3) Rama parsad, m.v., passenger automobile surplus manufacturing will lead to higher exports- part ii, motorindia, vol48, no.7, feb 2004. 4) Ashok j., a take a look at on growing strategies to improve the sales of maruti zen pessenger automobile’, international journal of control technological know-how, vol. 1 no. 1, july 2005. 5) Bhargave s.c. passenger car enterprise: maruti continues the lead’, statistics for you, april 2000. 6) Bhasin t.m. ‘channelising retail credit’indian banks’association, vol. xxvii, no. 8, aug 2005. 7) Aayush chowdhury, abhishek kapoor, profiling the younger indian client’, advertising and marketing express, vol. v, issue nine sep 2005. 8) www.marutisuzuki.com 9) www.tatamotors.com 10) www.carwale.com/research/motors/tata 11) www.hyundai.com/in 12) www.capitaline.com
45 CHAPTER-6 LIFE SCIENCE FOR ENGINEERS Hema Vellaisamy, M.Sc, Biotechnology (Department of Biotechnology), St.joseph's College, (Affiliated with Bharadhidasan University, Trichy) Trichy. ABSTRACT Life sciences pave a way and provide engineers a vast platform for the development and applying of technology. The name itself says that these fields of study has its own life and live till persistence of life in earth. This broad field of study includes food technology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, forestry, genetics and heredity, pharmacology and their related fields. Various branches and thrust areas are developed in order to come up with new devices and strategies. Cellular and molecular level of understandings uplifts genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology to the next level of study to provide the best solution. The ultra-small sized based nano study and computational biology creates a path for variety of application in day-today-life. Keywords:- Life Science, Biotechnology, Instrumentation, Imaging, Genes. INTRODUCTION Life science engineering deals with the application of engineering principles and practices to living organisms since all the living organisms are complex engineering systems such as gases and heat exchange, intake of raw materials for metabolism, sensory system, etc,. Bioengineering is the combination and it is fused with physical, chemical, modern, computational sciences along with engineering techniques and strategies. The major thrust areas comprises of • Biomedical engineering • Biophysics [biomechanical engineering, biophotonics, biosensors, bioelectronics] • Computational biology [data storing and analysis] • Nanoscale engineering or nanotechnology [gene and drug delivery, bioimaging] BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: Biomedical engineering or scientific engineering is the software of engineering ideas and layoutideas to medication and biology for healthcare purposes.This discipline is concerned with developing and improving of living health through or by introducing new devices, system, algorithms drugs and medicines. With the clear knowledge on the anatomic and physiologic functions along with certain instrumentational facts and ideas, it is possible to come up with artificial limbs and organs. Bio-molecular engineering, a divisional branch of biomedical engineering includes the useful manipulation of cells and the organic molecules they compriseand are capable to troubleshoot specific problem and solve. Similarly, cellular engineering is concerned with genetic engineering, protein engineering, DNA microarray fabrication, biosensors and tissue engineering.
46 PRINCIPLE: It is a combination of principles like • Electricals and electronics [Bioamplifers] • Mechanical[artificial limbs/organs; prostheses] • Physical[diagnosing images; therapeutic devices] • Chemical [Chemical analyzers, chromatography in quality analysis] • Optics [fiber optics ,optical measurements] • Computer science [computational medicines, signal and image analysis] • Material sciences [implanted devices, artificial tissues] INSTRUMENTS: • Analyzing instruments like calorimeter, spectrometer • Monitoring instruments like bedside monitor, foetal monitor • Controlling instruments like defibrillator, dialysis instrument, heart and lung machine • Therapeutic instruments like nuclear medicine, electro surgery, ultrasound therapy • Supplementary instruments like hearing aid, pacemaker • Recording instruments like blood cell counter (haemocytometer), blood pressure meter, pH meter, Stethoscope, electrocardiograph, electromyography, thermograph, ultra sonograph, radiograph(x-ray) There are also various types of transducers that are important to be noted, such as • Resistive transducers for muscle force and stress humidity respiration (thermistor) • Inductive transducers for flow measurements muscle movements (LVDT) • Capacitive transducer for heart sound measurement, pulse pick up • Photoelectric transducer used for pulse transducers blood pressure oxygen analysis • Chemical transducers -electrodes and pH electrodes Biomedical engineering is an emerging and upcoming platform due to • Fast and non-invasive way • Used in immunoassay proteomic studies • Serves a methodology to study different mi RNA from larger pools • Along with nanotechnology ,they are used in the identification of micro RNA biomarkers in neuro-oncology (in the cases of pediatric ependymoma, anaplasticglioma, gliomameningioma, pituatary adenoma and acoustic schwannoma) Few examples include, artificial CT scanners for better imaging, artificial blood: polymerized human hemoglobin, continuous glucose monitoring(or)glucose detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, in ear device for controlling stuttering, confocal microwave frequency for breast cancer detection, microelectrodes in neuro-transplant, earthworm like robotic endoscope for small intestine Artificial CT scanners for better imaging of heart: This rapid and high performing scanner CT for blocked arteries is an aquilon 64 CFX multi- slice scanner by Toshiba that includes clear quality and speed image production that overcame the use of angiograms/cardiac catheterization for checking our real blocks. This is done with passing a thin tube from growing to arteries of heart along with the dye for the production of contrast X-rays the high resolution of the picture (64)is produced by a machine that is computer controlled passes X rays that produces signals in the form of
47 digital and are detected, recorded and reconstructed. There are also cellular and molecular level engineering that includes genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering is a process which involves culturing of organisms(i.e.)as a result we obtain number of products, from which gene or a genetic material serves as the raw material whereas recombinant DNA technology is concerned with the modification of the genetic material and that plays a significant role in genetic engineering thereby overcoming the drawbacks and enhances the specificity. GENETIC ENGINEERING: Genetic engineering was introduced in 1970's which is an emerging field of recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering is broadly defined as the process of combining two pieces of DNA in order to obtain the specific traits with desirable characteristics. Since this kind of combinations really doesn’t happen biologically, we tend to produce them in laboratory conditions under controlled environment. The manipulation and altering the genetic composition of an organism's genetic material is capable of modifying the characteristic of an organism. The purpose of developing an engineered organism differs from species to species. This process has ethical issues in human engineering.But through r DNA technology there are many beneficiary effects for human. For example genetically engineered plants are constructed to produce economically and commercially important and valuable organism, for therapeutic drug production prevention of genetic abnormalities. Cloning small pieces of DNA and propagating them in bacteria was the base and simplest form of cloning but now it has evolved to an enormous field where the whole genomes are being clone and moved from cell to cell to cell, to cell using variations of techniques and that would come under genetic engineering as a very broad definition. Even though there are many statements available, the proper definition does not yet stated. Genetic engineering includes gene identification, gene targeting, gene delivery, gene editing, etc The schematic representation of the process of genetic engineering takes place in the following steps; • Selection and isolating the gene of interest from the donor-The gene of interest that is desired must be only a few kb with high content with low repetitive DNA sequences. Isolation of the gene is done with the help of restrictive enzymes on digestion are true polymerase chain reaction • Plasmid selection and construction (vector) - This is one of the most important step because the plasmids serves as the carrier molecule that is, they carry the selected cell and are ready to transform. Plasmid DNA as a circular double stranded cytoplasmic DNA that is found in found in bacteria. They are used as plasmids because of their independent replication. • Transformation of genes-This tedious process depends accordingly and are discussed below(gene delivery) • Insertion of the desired DNA into the host genome • Selection of transformants-Earlier methods of detection of the transformer used selectable markers to differentiate the transform and untransformed cells. Currently polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based detection method is widely accepted. This method uses primers that are designed complementary to the gene of interest and amplified. In the case of mutation in the DNA, DNA sequencing methods are used for identification.
48 Gene identification is the selection of desired gene from the donor (i.e.) the gene of interest is selected accordingly. Gene delivering is the process of delivering the gene of interest into the target or host for further ligation and recombination to occur.There is two methods of gene delivery techniques namely • Viral mediated • Non-viral mediated Viral mediated gene delivery technique deals with the use of viruses to transfer the transformed DNA into the host. Examples include adenoviruses, T4 bacteriophage, retroviruses, etc. Non viral mediated gene delivery technique includes physical and chemical methods Physical method involves the use of physical force for increasing the cell membrane permeability for entry of transformed cell. They include microinjection, electroporation, gene gun, ultrasound mediated methods and hydrodynamic systems. Chemical methods use natural polymers, liposome, dendrimers, synthetic proteins, and lipids. They are of less immunogenic and less toxic Particle bombardment method or DNA bio-listics method is the use of DNA coated micro projectile which is used to transfer the transformed cells after it is accelerated. The micro projectile is allowed to penetrate the cell wall membrane to interact with the host cells. This projectile is small and are capable to penetrate the cell with limited damage and efficient for the introduction of the transform cell into the host. Biological methods include liposome mediated transfer, agro bacterium mediated transfer. Electroporation is the most used and best suited for the transformation of plant cells and chloroplast both the linear and circular DNA materials can be transformed by this method. This is done by application of electric voltage of about 1000-1500 volts. Sonoporation is application of ultrasound for delivering the DNA that disrupts the cell membrane. Microinjection also called as transformation of cells by intranuclear microinjection method. This process requires micro-capillaries and microscopic devices for delivering the DNA material into the cell. It is also used to understand the inter intracellular transport and fluorescent dyes that are being injected for a variety of purposes. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment is the least toxic for the plant cell transformation. This is done during the somatic hybrid production. The protoplast is subjected with the polyethylene glycol for the uptake of the naked DNA. Gene editing is the process of altering the messages of the DNA in order to modify the sequence of the genetic material thereby with the possible and effective product. The ultimate aim of this procedure is to fix the defective, damaged or abnormal portion of the DNA.
49 HISTORY OF GENE EDITING: • In late 70s Herb Boyer and Stanley Cohen discovered the antibiotic resistant organism (genetically engineered bacteria). • In 2012 a group of scientist from the University of California introduced the bacterial immune system which is able to edit genes at the targeted location and they named it as CRISPR-CAS9 system. This editing remains as the spark of the genetic and this idea aroused when the human insulin-producing bacteria was discovered. After the FDA approval of the synthetic insulin genetically modified tomato named as flavr- savr tomato and some species of cotton were under implementation for editing. TYPES OF GENE EDITING: Depending on the type of nucleus that is involved in the process there are three major techniques that are used in gene editing. ZFNS (Zinc Finger Nuclease) • TALEN (Transcriptional Activator-Like Effector Based Nuclease) • CRISPR-CAS9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) STEPS INVOLVED: The process of gene editing can be into the following steps:- • Identification of a particular site in an organisms genome • Designing the undamaged DNA copy of that particular site • Guide RNA designing • Use of enzymes to cut the damaged DNA • Insertion of new DNA • Repairing the site RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY: Recombinant DNA technology is the integration of foreign DNA into the target DNA that is integration of foreign gene into the target gene in order to obtain additive traits both in phenotype and genotypic means. History: The recombinant DNA was first proposed by Peter Morgan belongs to the biochemistry department at Stanford University medical school. The first publication involves the intracellular replication of the recombinant DNA which took place during 1972 and 1973. In 1980 Paul Berg, the professor at Stanford was awarded the Nobel prize for his to work on nucleic acids in regard to recombinant DNA. A team of scientists(Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans) in 1978 were awarded Nobel prize in physiology or medicine for discovering restriction endonuclease which enhanced the technique of our DNA technology. The very first licensed recombinant DNA product was patented by list of scientist from Stanford University for human insulin production. Every genetically engineered product undergoes a process where the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, transformed into the organism and the transformant is allowed to integrate. Recombinant DNA products include genetically modified organisms, recombinant vaccines,
50 transgenic animals and plants, etc. Genetically modified organisms: Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973 made the first genetically modified organisms in bacteria the first produced bacteria were provided antibiotic resistance to the kanamycin. They inserted the gene responsible for this antibiotic resistance into a plasmid and incorporated the plasmid into the host and it is allowed to integrate. As a result they found that the bacterium was then able to survive in the presence of kanamycin. Rudolf Jainisch in 1974 introduced the transgenic mice by inserting the foreign DNA into its embryo. Genetically modified mice with genes removed was created in 1989.this was found as the first animal to synthesize transgenic proteins in their milk and these mice were engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator a protein that is involved in breaking down the blood clots. In 1983, the first recombinant plant was developed by Michael, Richard and his colleagues; they infected tobacco with agro bacterium with an antibiotic resistance gene. The plants are then subjected to tissue culture techniques for checking the antibiotic resistance capabilities. In 2000 vitamin a enrich golden rice was the first plant that was developed with increased nutritive value. Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson in 1976 produced a human protein called somatostatin in E.coli. Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin from bacteria named as “humulin” was approved by the food and drug administration in 1982. In 1987 a strain of pseudomonas became the first genetically modified organisms that were released into the environment for the beneficial effects. The first antibiotic resistant tobacco plant which was genetically modified crops was produced in 1982 and in 1994 cal gene obtained an approval for the release of genetically modified food that is “flavr savr” tomato followed by engineer tobacco engineer insect resistant potatoes during the year 1994 and 1995. Later during 2003 the first genetically modified animal called zebra fish with their respective fluorescent genes were commercialized and aqua Salmon in 2015, the first genetically modified animal was approved for consuming. Biosensor: The device that is used for the analytical purposes that detects specific changes in the biological processes there by converting them into electrical signals. They include any kind of biological matter like enzymes, tissues,organ, cells, fluids, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc The main features of biosensors are caused sensitivity stability and reproducibility. The sample is communicated with the help of an elite that is been checked and the biological response is changed into an electrical signal using a transducer. The basic principle behind this sensor is that the biological material is deactivated and placed near in contact with the transducer. The electronic stimulus due to the contact of analyst is calculated.that can be calculated. In specific cases the device may be connected to the gaseous discharge, electrons, and hydrogen ions. The transducer is a device that can alter and convert them into electrical signals which is then further calculated. There are different
51 types of biosensors namely electrochemical biosensors (amperometric, potentiometric, impedimetric, and voltammetric), physical biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, thermometer biosensors, optical biosensors, wearable biosensors, enzyme biosensors, DNA biosensors, immune-biosensors, magnet biosensors, resonant biosensors. The application of biosensors in various fields includes drug discovery, disease detection, micro and macro environmental monitoring, food quality monitoring, water quality management. Specifically they are used in common health care management, metabolites measurement, insulin treatment, in military, agricultural and veterinary applications, detection of crime, medical diagnosis, pharmaceutical manufacturers and organ replacement, etc Biochip: Bio chip also called as micro array is a non-electronic device, set of small microarrays that are been placed on a plate that is allowed to perform number of biological reactions in a limited time simultaneously. Every chip can be considered as a micro reactor that is capable of detecting particular molecules like enzymes, proteins, DNA, antibodies, etc. After the biochip gets activated(low- power electromagnetic field through radio signals) they transmits the identification code to the operator through their radio signals which then is received to change into digital form and is exhibited on LCD. The types of microchip includes • DNA microarray • Microfluidic chip • Protein microarray. Potential applications includes Safe e-commerce systems, forensic investigations, restore the records of medical, cash, passport,etc.,applicable in the medical field such as blood pressure sensor, glucose detector, and oxygen sensors and are widely used for the signal processing. NANOTECHNOLOGY: The technology that does not exist but your existence has made development and are developing. They hold the supreme power to reduce the overall medical costs and overcomes especially through their efficiency in disease detection, drug discovery and drug delivery simply nanotechnology is the study that predominantly deals and it is related to the small, a very tiny particles.1 micrometer is equal to 1 millionth of a meter (i.e.) 1000 nanometer. At present in our day to day life we use many nanoparticle products such as Sunscreen-that blocks UV radiation; Clothing-nanoparticles of silica that creates fabrics that repel water and other liquids; Furniture they are made of carbon nanofibers which are less flammable and other adhesives Even our human body is formed of nanoparticles like RBC's which is 2.5 microns in diameter, the width of the DNA molecule is about to 2nm,the width of human hair is about 80-100 microns. Nanoprobe technology: The early detection assay (i.e.) the bio-barcode technology developed by nanosphere is about 1, 00,000 times more sensitive than any other tests available for detecting ADDI(Alzheimer's disease, prostate cancer and other diseases). This technology involves the application of gold nanoparticle probes with antibodies to the target protein that is attached to the polymeric surface along with this; they carry a specific covalently attached
52 oligonucleotide and complementary oligonucleotide.When probe gets attached to the target protein the bio-barcode that is serving as a protein markers is washed away due to the nanoprobe contain many oligonucleotides bound per protein where the amplification takes place which is related to the protein. Lab on a chip: Lab on a chip technique seems to be a best example in the field of medicine especially in the drug research and diagnostics. This chip contains 15,000 different oligonucleotide probes that have the ability to detect various genetic variations in the cytochrome genes. Amplichip CYP450 was the first Food and Drug Administration approved technology that involves microarray based test that have the ability to determine cytochrome p4502D6 and 2C19.These two genes have the ability to influence the drug efficacy and reactions. Researchers stated that, with this technique it might be possible to prevent the selection of therapies. Quantum dots: The use of fluorescent dyes to tag cells and cellular components is important mechanism in medical. They are smaller sized semiconductors that act as light emitting diode for bio- imaging due to their smallest size they act and functions as cell and even molecules that do not have effects on others cells. A variety of target molecules like monoclonal antibodies are attached to the polymer coated quantum dots making them to attach with specific biomarkers. Various pharmaceutical companies in collaboration with quantum Dot Corporation apply these semiconductors in high content drug screening. Successful outcomes include labelling HER2 breast cancer marker with the help of nanodots. Reformulated drugs: Nanocrystal technology is a nanoparticulate drug developed by a neuroscience based biotechnology company. This technology enables the formulation and improving the activity and end product characteristics. The simplest form of delivering drugs involves the reformulation of drugs in their nanoparticle form by reducing the size of the drug to about 200 nm, enhances the total surface area (enlarge)and thereby the relative insolubility of the drug is also overcomed. A new formulated drug called “sirolimus” tablet has been approved and is in use from early 20's. Drug discovery: Bio-Nano tubules also called as smart bio- Nano tubules are lipid protein tubes that have 16nm diameter of inner space which is used for the drug or gene delivery applications by the control the state of liquid and protein content it is possible to switch between two faces of nanotubes with other open ends are closed ends with leopard cabs this process stands as the base for chemical, drug encapsulation and release. Researches explained that drugs could be delivered by smart bio Nano tubules in in a manner specific to the cancer cells thereby reducing the side effect of chemotherapy treatments. Also they stated that any drug that is capable of entering into the nanotubes without destroying them into the target cell could be delivered.For example-sirolimus and paxlitaxel. Cancer therapy: The basic concept of these therapies are to destroy the tumor tissue and inhibit or destroy the cancer cells growth. The applications of nanoparticles in Cancer therapy includes,
53 Photo-thermal therapy -this therapy involves the use of nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles and NIR along with thiol and amine groups. Colloidal gold can absorb light at specific wavelength which then makes them useful for the hyperthermic cancer treatment and it related applications. This is also done to reduce the heat that is normally caused during the therapies. Paclitaxel can be given when the membrane is being destroyed by the heat that is generated by the gold nanoparticles under laser irradiation to provide the anticancer effect. Some examples of photo-thermal therapy and immunotherapy molecules are Prussian blue nanoparticles, polyethylene glycoxylated single wall nanotubes, gold nanostars are involved in tumors such as neuroblastoma, breast tumor, bladder tumor, colorectal cancer.etc., Photodynamic therapy- this non-invasive and cytotoxic therapy is a form of light therapy that uses light molecular oxygen and photosensitive agents to kill the cancer cells. Ferroptosis along with the nano drug increases the anticancer action by and it promotes the production of ROS. Chemotherapy-nanoparticles play a crucial role in delivering the drugs to the target site and providing a platform for their multi-functioning. Nanoparticles can increase the penetration and accumulation of the drug in the tumor cells and tissues, thereby improving the antitumor activity compared to the other drugs. These characters make them suitable for chemotherapy in the cases of lung cancer. Medical imaging has improved significantly in the reason days where nanoparticles play an important part in medical imaging in the cases of magnetic resonance imaging. This magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that provides different parametric information. In order to minimize the side effects due this imaging, recent advances in nanoparticles have showed their potential to use as contrast agents contrasting agents such as; Gadolinium is a contrast agent that is used for the diagnostic in MRI in which when they are exposed to zinc ions(Zn2+ ),relativity increases thereby multiple applications are possible. They are used as biomarkers for insulin secretion in beta cells since zinc ions (Zn2+ ) are important in the biological processes involving the enzyme catalyst reactions. It is also possible to detect excess collagen along with gd nanoparticle-based contrasting agents in MRI. Dendrimers are also used in the medical imaging due to their various properties such as rigidity, use of surface modifications, they have a various applications like cell tracking, blood pool imaging, tumor targeted theranostics, lymph node imaging. Also nanoparticles such as carbon (C13 ), nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, graphene manganese, silicon, peptides are also used for better imaging in the magnetic resonance imaging. Immunotherapy-normal cells producenanosized particles called exosomes. They communicate between the cells and with the environment through cargo transfer. Through the exosomes that is known as tumor derived exosomes, they provide antitumor effect and affect the tumor microenvironment. Computed tomography is an instrument that uses x-ray as a source and detector to form and images it is generally used to provide 3D anatomical information of tissues and organs such as cardiovascular tracts, gastrointestinal tract, liver and lungs.One such drawback of CT is they lack sensitivity when exposed to contrasting agents and this remains a step behind from MRI.
54 Futuristic approach of nanotechnology includes that they could be designed in such a way to encapsulate and then to deliver the drug or gene in the specific site of the body. The potential applications of nanotechnology include markers for identification of variety of complications like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, cardiac diseases and pulmonary diseases. COMPUTATIONAL BOENGNEERING: Computational bioengineering generally deals with the science of approaches in a computational method to biology and medical problems that range from molecular modeling to the healthcare informatics. They include biomechanics, bioimaging in a computational basis. Computational methods and its understanding can lead to a clear idea on phenomena such as fluid flow in blood vessels; mechanics of cartilage compression and in the processing of medical images. This form of study includes mathematical, statistical, biological, physical and chemical principles and applications. An engineering approach to life science suggests synthetic biology than the systematic biology. synthetic biology is simply a step forward engineering process with a moto to design specification, biological parts, and mechanism sticks approaches whereas system biology is a reverse engineering that is concerned on the feedback dynamics and adaptations. For clear biological understanding and applications synthetic biologist build and systemic biologist model. Software’s that are used for the computational studies • . NET bio-helps developers in researches and scientist to their framework • AMPHORA for metagenomics analysis software • Anduril for component based workflow framework for data analysis • Ascalaph designer for computer program of molecular modeling for molecular designs • Autodock for automated docking tools • BIO tool for genome automatic • Bioclipse for chemo and bioinformatics based platform • Biojava to study the functions for manipulating sequences protein structures annotation systems and simple statistical • BioPHP for PHP language tool kit for DNA and protein sequence, analysis, alignment, database parsing and bioinformatics tool • biopython a python language toolkit • BLAST for algorithm and program for comparing the primary biological sequence and its information including DNA and protein • GALAXY for scientific workflow and data integration system • Gene pattern for scientific workflow system providing number of genomic analysis tools • SOAP suite for assembling alignment and analysis of short read next generation sequencing data • Taverna workbench is a tool to design and execute workflows • UGENE is an integrated bioinformatic tool that is written in C++ • unipept for metaproteomics biodiversity analysis gene panel a web tool to generate list of teams based on the specific conditions and phenotypes
55 BIONFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY: Biostatistics and computational biology is similar terms but are different from each other. Bioinformatics refers to the study that includes large set of biological data, statistics and finally that result in an in-depth study, examples of bioinformatics studies includes comparative study of the chemical composition of proteins that clears the pathway for improving personalized medicine and to predict the function of protein from the data sequence and by structural information. Applications of bioinformatics include microbial genome applications,molecular medicine, personalized medicine, gene therapy, drug development, evolutionary studies, biotechnology, crop improvement, artificial intelligence, machine learning animal behavioral studies, forensic analysis, bioweapon creation and improvement of nutritional quality. They include the branch of studies like genetics, genomics, proteomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, phylogenetics, system biology, structural analysis, molecular modeling pathway analysis. Computational biology is concerned with the solution to the problems that have been raised from the bioinformatics studies. Examples include analyzing how proteins interact with each other through protein folding, movement and interaction. Applications of computational biology includes stochastic models, system biology, molecular medicine, metabolic pathway studies, cellular biology, biochemical studies, radiotherapy, deep learning, neural networks, oncology, animal physiology, advanced mathematics, genomic trends and genetic analysis. They include various branch of study like computational bioengineering, computational biomechanics, computational bioimaging, mathematical biology, theoretical biology. Synthetic biology involves promoters, inducers, transcriptional factorscircuit, feedbackdevices Systematic biology involves cell organelles pathways and networks modules bio- molecules COMPARISON BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND ENGINEERED SYSTEMS 1. Human eye versus camera lenses • Both focus on inverted images and to the light-sensitive surfaces • In the case of camera, it focuses on the film of the sensor chip and in eye,it is focused on retina • Aperture in camera is used to focus light on the film while in the eye pupil act as a focusing agent on retina • Both can adjust quantity of in light that is being entered. In a camera it is done with the help of diaphragm, while in our eye it is done by iris • Retina is the sensory layer that lines very back of our eyes it acts like a need sensory chip in a digital camera • Retina has numerous photoreceptor nerve cells that helps to change the light rays into electrical impulse and send them through the optic nerve and to the brain where an image is finally received and perceived
56 2. FLYING BIRD AND AIRCRAFT • Trying to navigate in air by imitating the bird is very common and they build wings to strap on to their arms or machines with flapping wings are called ornithopters. The trouble is, it works better at bird scale but not enough to lift a man or a machine off the ground. • In 1784, a few aeronauts made it with uncontrolled flight lighter air balloons filled with hot air • In the 19th century an English baronet from the gloomy moon of Yorkshire came up with a flying machine with fixed wings and movable control surfaces. • This stood as the fundamental concept of airplane. • George Cayley built the first true airplane- a kite mounted on a stick with the movable tale, it was crude but it proved that the idea works and from that the very first glider evolved. • The amazing machine that have taken us to space at speed faster than sound. 3. WRIGHT BROTHERS AND FIRST AIRPLANES: • Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed wing powered flight possible. • Wright brothers gained mechanical skills essential and noticed that the birds soared into the wings and that the air flowing over the curves of age of their wings created to lift. In order to turn, birds under some conformational change. • Wrights designed their own glider by concentrating much and majorly on how it turns out and that small birds don't change the shape of the wings when flying rather they change the speed of a flapping wings, for example to start a left turn the right wing is slapped more vigorously to turned right the speed of flapping the same to the other wing to fly straight both wings of clapped at the same speed. This is the principle behind the airplane invention CONCLUSION A clear and well understanding and applicable knowledge in life science paves way for various field of research in which many such current issues could be solved or altered by the application of technology. An engineer catalyses the rate of betterment of all well being. Through various technologies it is now possible to combat every fault and is capable of fixing with potential and continuous efforts, ideas and strategies. REFERENCES Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. (2005, March 14). Most Advanced CT Scanner Improves Imaging Of Heart, Avoids Need For Surgical Inspection. Science Daily. Retrieved July 4, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03 /050309103535 .htm Steponaitis, G.; Skiriutė, D.; Kazlauskas, A.; Golubickaitė, I.; Stakaitis, R.; Tamašauskas, A.; Vaitkienė, P. High CHI3L1 expression is associated with glioma patient survival. Diagn. Pathol. 2016, 11, 42. Steponaitis, G., Skiriutė, D., Kazlauskas, A. et al. High CHI3L1 expression is associated with glioma patient survival. DiagnPathol 11, 42 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-016-0492-4 Ganau, M., Paris, M., Syrmos, N., Ganau, L., Ligarotti, G., Moghaddamjou, A., Chibbaro,
57 S. (2018). How Nanotechnology and Biomedical Engineering Are Supporting the Identification of Predictive Biomarkers in NeuroOncology. Medicines, 5(1), 23. Mack J. (2005). Nanotechnology: What's in it for Biotech?.Biotechnology healthcare, 2(6), 29-36. Siddique, S., & Chow, J. C. L. (2020). Application of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy. Nanomaterials, 10(9), 1700. doi:10.3390/nano10091700 National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health. Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. 2, Methods and Mechanisms for Genetic Manipulation of Plants, Animals, and Microorganisms. Wallace RB. Principles of gene manipulation. An introduction to genetic engineering. Studies in microbiology. Am J Hum Genet. 1981;33(4):652-653
58 CHAPTER-7 A RESEARCH ON SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING STRATEGIES AND IMPACT IN COVID-19 SITUATION N. HARIHARAN DDTP.,DOA.,DIBM. Parvathy’s Arts and Science College Wisdomcity, Dindigul-624001 Tamil Nadu, India DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany. M. G. College, Marhpura Kannauj,209723, India ABSTRACT The global pandemic of Covid-19 whilst having its effect on numerous sectors, had an enormous effect on virtual marketing and marketing as well, in worldwide, local and neighborhood degree. However, this effect for most part became a positive one, instead of what became being witnessed in numerous other fields such as economy, human aid, and many others., whilst the virus created lot of uncertainties amongst clients and marketers alike, with appreciate to health, social existence, monetary balance, employment, and many others., the same additionally led to behavioral shifts together with running remotely, spending lot of time interior, adopting to home-education, getting to know new recipes from the internet, accelerated attention on fitness and hygiene, fending off crowded regions, multiplied social media engagement, shift in the direction of online content material, etc., and all of those had a massive impact on advertising and marketing and marketing efforts. With extended social media engagement and craving for digital content, digital Medias furnished the entrepreneurs with lot of possibilities to cash on. At the identical time, this also made the marketers to act mindfully and be socially responsible while imposing digital advertising strategies. This paper is made with a try and highlight, analyses and apprehend the effect of covid-19 pandemic on digital marketing and advertising and marketing as a whole. These days, we are in 21st century and those do not locate time to come & have interaction with each different. Social media facilitates in connecting themselves with social networking sites through which now humans can stay a ways and yet stay linked. Other than this media like Facebook create a devoted connection among product and individual which ends up in huge advertising and marketing opportunities. KEYWORDS:- Digital, Advertising, covid-19, Pandemic, Marketing, Social media, INTRODUCTION Digital marketing is a branch of marketing that uses internet and digital technologies to improve products and services such as computer and mobile phones, websites, social media sites, utility software, e-mail and other sites. In the 1990s and 2000s, digital marketing growth, brands and marketers have changed the technology to use technology to implement marketing plans and techniques. In recent times, digital marketing has become very widespread, content marketing, (M.V.M) Micro video marketing. Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Search Engine Marketing (SEO), Social Media Marketing (SEM),
59 Influencers Marketing In – app P.O.S Advertising, Social Media Optimization (SMO), E- commerce marketing, digital advertising displays, email marketing, while growing at digital marketing and advertising, the Covid-19 explosion . Digital coherent audience to customize the advertisers to different buyers. REVIEW LITERATURE Evaluation of literature is a written evaluation of predominant writings and different assets on a selected subject matter. This presents an essential evaluate of miscellaneous studies, researches, books, scholarly articles, blogs and all other assets associated with social media advertising strategies. 1. Laato et al. (2020) furnished a summary of the literature at the impact of pandemics on human conduct and observed that researchers have given little interest to a virulent disease’s effect on patron conduct. Rather, studies has typically focused on pandemic impacts on behavior for preventive fitness. The covid-19 pandemic gives an opportunity to benefit treasured patron behavior insights in the course of a state of affairs of consumer uncertainty about the way to react. For this reason, the modern-day have a look at sheds mild on how consumers’ social media behaviors have shifted since the pandemic emerged. 2. Brendan James Kegan and Jennifer Rowley (2017) contributes to expertise regarding social media advertising and marketing approach via Growing a level version of sum assessment and uncovering the demanding situations on this process. The studies paper has evolved a social Media advertising and marketing evaluation framework. This framework has the following six stages: setting assessment objectives, figuring out key Overall performance signs figuring out metrics, facts series and evaluation, document technology and control selection making. 3. Rodney Graeme buffet (2017) examines the have an impact on of interactive social media advertising and marketing communications on young adults‟ cognitive, Affective and behavioral mind-set components in south Africa. In growing countries, where there may be a lack of studies in social media advertising and marketing communications. The practical implication of the Examine is that the companies and their manufacturers ought to remember the usage of and/or adapting their strategies based on the declining effect of Social media advertising and marketing communications at the hierarchical attitude levels amongst young customers and the divergent impact on Usage and demographic variables while focused on the rewarding and technologically advanced, but capricious, technology greatest consumers. 4. Priyanka p.v and Padma Srinivasan (2015) in her studies look at recognized different factors that decide the acquisition of a product using Social media from a consumer’s point of view. A model from the store’s attitude has been advanced that explains how social media may be used for growing patron loyalty. The observe concludes that non-stop customer service offerings will result in improvement of customer Retention. 5. In a recent case observe with the aid of Christopher rat cliff (2014) on a global organization that appears to have mastered its social media approach, ford. In his blog, he explains how ford has blanketed the important thing success factors in its approach which include customized posts, person connectivity thru Tone of voice and perhaps most importantly, a social media team that reads and responds to each unmarried remark made through fans. But, it is well worth noting that ford has worked out what works for its very
60 own commercial enterprise, and this genuine strategy won’t necessarily pressure the equal Achievement for exceptional agencies. 6. Ates bayazit hayta (2013) of their studies paper “a look at on the of effects of social media on younger customers’ buying behaviors” Determines the results of social media networks on purchasing behaviors of young clients. The observe results indicate that social media equipment without delay consequences the buying behaviors of customer, relying upon their age group and educational fame. 7. Benjamin ach (2013) in their bachelor thesis highlighted the evolution of the advertising strategies of companies and more specially in their Communique techniques, with the vital rise of social media affect, which is changing the way human beings get informed as well as their Shopping decision method. This studies underlined the truth that groups, small or massive sized, ought to get online and to apply social media and to adapt their business fashions if they need to live on top of the opposition on their markets. The studies is supported via a case look at of an Australian internet marketing employer, on the way to get treasured insights from net marketing experts. 8. Robert v. Kozinets, Kristine de valck, Andrea c. Wojnicki and Sarah j. S. Wilner (2010) reviewed and synthesized extant wom theory. This article indicates how entrepreneurs employing social media marketing techniques face a situation of networked coproduction of narratives. It then Gives a observe of an advertising marketing campaign wherein mobile phones were seeded with distinguished bloggers. 80-three blogs had been followed for Implications for the way entrepreneurs have to plan, target, and leverage wom and the way scholars must recognize wom in a networked international. 9. Hansel and deis (2010) have encouraged that marketers need to remember all feasible avenues to positively use social media to increase Advertising and enhance advertising and marketing. Earlier than enforcing a selected social media method, the benefits, drawbacks, and challenges associated with it need to be addressed. The method have to assist in facilitating the social media inputs and discussions. Further, social media techniques should also be used to song a business presence on line, and to ensure that clients are not degrading the branding fee. The net-based totally social media has made it possible for one person to speak with hundreds or maybe heaps of different people about Products and the groups that offer them on net. Hence, the impact of client to consumer communications has been substantially elevated. 10. Edelman (2010) in a take a look at for Harvard commercial enterprise review, discusses how the net and social advertising has changed no longer best the manner Organizations perform but additionally how customers pick out their merchandise. It takes the reader through the funnel metaphor that become previously being used the whole patron adventure and informs companies what they ought to no longer recognition energy and resources on. Supplying statistical data approximately Diverse surveys permits companies to identify the important thing regions they ought to concentrate on for you to construct a strong logo photograph online. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Today the internet for all in digital world. It is important for growing usage internet provide development of social media marketing for all persons in the world. Then social media marketing increasing age groups of differently in million peoples purchasing products of
61 social media marketing. It is useful of time savings, easy accessibility, convenience, different price range, availability of products and so on in social media marketing. At the same time of customers easy pay to product amount uncomfortable to give the bank account number, personal information, credit card numbers, delay on delivery, transits security problems, lack of interactivity, lack of significant discount in social media marketing. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. The research on the concept of Digital marketing. 2. To research the control of Covid -19 situation on Social media marketing. 3. Covid-19 to analyze the future role of Social marketing post in Covid -19. 4. The study on social media marketing and impacts. 5. The research the overview of social media marketing. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. The study is only for secondary data. 2. Time constraints when collecting secondary data. 3. Study is not desirable to generalize all the data from this study. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY 1. Hypotheses method used in the research have been summarized and agreed below. 2. Ho1: Social media marketing sites awareness on Facebook, Whatsapp, Twitter, Instagram, and linked in, Youtube has not been influenced by the Gender of the respondents, Age, and Educational qualification. 3. Ho2: Consumer motivational factors in social media ,marketing on Product Price, New fashion, Public image, secured delivery, Color, Premium quality, designs and quantity, Advanced technology, Easy availability has not similar with the Educational qualification and gender of educational qualification. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is associated with the intention of understanding concept of digital marketing and to know its impact, the covid-19 pandemic erupted in Digital marketing and the postponed the future of Digital Marketing post-covid -19 infection. RESEARCH METHOLODOGY The research methodology directs the general pattern of forming procedure for gathering valid and reliable data in investigation. The research methodology is includes the description of sample size, research design, development, sampling techniques and description of the tools. The data collection of Primary and secondary data for analyzing social media marketing. RESEARCH DESIGN This research title is “A research on social media marketing strategies and impact in covid- 19 situation” and the methodology discussed the data collection, reliability analysis, sampling design, period of the study pilot study and statistical tools and techniques in social media marketing. The validity of a research depends on the logical method of collecting the data and analyzing in sequential order. In the current study and general analysis of Primary survey data and Secondary data were used systematically. SOURCES OF THE DATA Primary Data This research is primary source of data is attained by interview schedule to various
62 respondents in Madurai district. The collection of samples help the researcher to carry out a reliable analysis. Secondary Data Secondary sources are the details are presented already. In this research the secondary data were collected from the published articles, previous records, submitted thesis, magazines, and internet etc. PRESENTAGE ANALYSIS 1. Gender The 1 table is called the respondents in gender wise classification of male, female and other gender selected for the Percentage analysis. Source- Primary data The table-1 explain that out of 469 respondents male is (51.17%) and female is (46.7%) Then respondents other generations (2.13%). It data calculated used to percentage analysis in 100 that the majority (51.17%) of the respondents selected for the social media marketing. 2. Age (15-59) Source- Primary data SI.NO Particulars Respondents Percentage 1 Male 240 51.17 % 2 Female 219 46.70 % 3 Other 10 2.13 % 4 Total 469 100 % SI. No Age Respondents Percentage 1 Less Than 15 23 5% 2 16 to 25 Years 189 40% 3 26 to 36 Years 131 28% 4 37 to 47 Years 83 18% 5 48 to 58 Years 34 7% 6 Above 59 Years 9 2%
63 The table -2 out of 469 respondents in different age groups less than 15 to above 59 it is 16- 25 age group highest level of (40%) very low level is above 59 years (2%) and medium level is 26 to 36 it is (28%) of age respondents. Then majority of 16 to 25 age respondents. 3. Educational qualification Source- Primary data SI.No qualification respondents Percentage 1 High school 62 13% 2 Higher secondary 89 19% 3 Graduate 164 35% 4 Post-graduate 110 23% 5 Others 44 9% 6 Total 469 100% 7 Total 469 100%
64 The table -3 is educational qualification more than graduate persons high percentage of (35%) then very lower level percentage of other (9%) total respondents 469 used percentage method in 100. And the majority of graduate and post graduate students. It is useful for social media marketing. 4. Social media marketing SI. No Social media Respondents Percentage 1 Facebook 120 26% 2 Whatsapp 104 22% 3 Twitter 40 9% 4 Instagram 75 16% 5 linked in 54 12% 6 Youtube 76 16% 7 Total 469 100%
65 The table-4 social media marketing out of 469 respondents, used percentage method in 100 and more than face book is first place (26%) whatsapp is (22%), then you tube and face book is same percentage (16%) then very low level is (9%) it majority of face book 26%. 5. Factors Most Influence your social media marketing and Gender the Respondents In this part, an attempt is made by the researcher to know whether the factors most impact of your social media marketing in gender wise different from male to female gender or not. Then hypothesis framed and tested relating to this is given below in Table 5. Ho: There is no suggestion among the gender and factors greatest result your social media marketing. Most influencing factors of social media marketing Gender of respondents Total Male Female Others Price 33 30 5 68 Brand 38 25 3 66 Color 39 29 4 72 Quality 35 28 2 65 Reduce travelling distance 40 31` 3 43 Appearance of product 32 30 5 67 Offers & Discount 38 46 4 88 Total 255 188 26 469
66 The table -5 it is factors of social media marketing it is comparison of three genders male, female, and other generation the social media marketing in customer one good product buying some qualities wanted for customers in all shopping in better social media marketing. Price, color, brand for quality products and traveling distance, satisfactions of the product and offers and discount it is all needed for good product for customers. More than persons check for brand and price it is important for one online shopping and social media marketing. The total respondents 469. 6. Factors Impact Your Social media marketing and Educational Status The educational qualification is the respondents shows an important role in Social media marketing in digital shopping. This section is the educational qualification or not. The hypothesis framed and tested relating towards in Table 6. Ho: There is no association among the educational qualification of the respondents and factors most effect of your social media marketing. Educational status Factors Literature up to school UG/ Diploma PG Profess ional Total Price 16 17 9 11 53 Quality 15 22 8 10 55 Color 19 11 5 9 44 Brand 18 15 12 12 57 Reduce 11 6 7 17 41 travelling distance 18 11 12 11 52 Appearance of product 12 18 5 12 47
67 Offers & 22 15 9 11 57 Discount 15 19 14 15 63 Total 146 134 81 108 469 The table – 6 it is factors of social media marketing it is comparison of the social media marketing in customer. The total respondents 469 then literature up to school 146 respondents, UG and diploma is 134, PG is 81 respondents, professional is 108. The overall total is 469. The majority of literature up to school and UG diploma. DIGITAL MARKETING In simple terms, the use of digital marketing internet and other related digital sites can be implemented by marketing plans and techniques under digital marketing, sellers use the Internet, mobile devices, emails, social media, search engine, video streaming sites and other channels. However, some marketing experts need to be considered completely different and new effort, which requires new and different ways to access and connect customers. The Digital Marketing Target is noted. That is, brands and marketers can target a particular portion of the customer based on a variety of factors, and can identify the media’s media to join such a customer base. Unlike traditional marketing techniques, digital marketing is interactive in nature. AI based technology, such as Twitter, Facebook, integrates the market with customer feedbacks, such as AI based technology, and helps an interactive two way between the company and the customer. Advertising digital operating system is very flexible in nature and customized and customized without much rustle in accordance with the requirements and needs of the various customer site, and it is also optimized for various display levels, and thus traditional technique of advertising DIGITAL MARKETING TOOLS Consumer engagement has significantly increased with the digital platform brands and marketing measures, as customer’s response to traditional marketing approaches are reduced in recent times. The increase in engagement has led to the development of various digital marketing tools. A) SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION It is the process of improving the view, and improving the specific search engine, increases the quality and quantity of standard and quality for webpage or web page. For example, the Google search engine will be optimized for an associated search query anytime, search results will show the website link in the first position of the organic result section. B) SEARCH ENGINE MARKETING It is a payment process, when search engines are searching for search engines when search engines are search engines by search engines, when search engines show their website link by search engines, when search engines are searching for the search engines by search engines, when search engines are searched by search engines, when search engines will be searched by search engines. C) SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
68 Social Media Marketing is a digital marketing element, under the digital marketing element, under which uses social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, SnapChat, etc. S.M.M includes both organic and mineral efforts. D) VIDEO MARKETING AND MICRO VIDEO MARKETING Video marketing and micro video marketing have received a large customer engagement over the past few years. It is used by brands to promote their products and services to customers with video streaming sites on video streaming sites on video streaming sites on YouTube and Micro video streaming sites. E) E-MAIL MARKETING E-mails are the tool that uses customers directly to target customers. Emails are used to send promotional and other types of customers to potential customers, and create the need for advertised product or service. E) AFFLIATE MARKETING Because of the commission-based sales, the connection marketing provides custom connections to subsidiaries and visit a customer company website / or buy product by the parallel connection, the company will pay a certain percentage commission to the company. G) Mobile Marketing The number of smartphone uses globally increasing globally, brands such as mobile applications, emails, mobile-optimal websites and social media have begun to connect their customers on mobile phones. H) INFLUENCER MARKETING It is one of the newest tools for digital marketing, in which social media influence, the Youtube Stars, Tick Dog Stars, such as companies are used to promote their products on their products. For example, a Jewie rope was built to promote their earrings and speakers in the name of Bhutan Palm. THE DIGITAL MARKETING IMPACT IN COVID-19 The wide collection of Covit-19 takes caused a serious negative effect on marketing events in the field, especially due to locking. However, it has opened digital marketing doors because people have changed for a faster digital media than expected. The following points will illustrate the impact of Covid-19 in digital marketing and advertising. 1. INCREASED SOCIAL MEDIA INVOLVEMENT LED TO INCREASED SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING As a result of the eruption of Covid-19, there was a lot of free time for people, and they were often spent in social media. As a result, it offers an opportunity to invest with their customers for marketers with various social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. II. SWITCHING TO LIFETIME VALUE FROM K.P.I EXPECTATIONS Digital marketing is traditionally based on analyzing the performance and efficiency of digital marketing campaigns and the key performance indicators (K.P.I). Nevertheless, CD
69 to cut the importance of Corona Virus, KP. I and the importance of customer has increased the importance of lifetime value. III. INCREASED REQUIREMENT FOR VIDEO AND MICROCADO CONTENT Although Reliance Geo-led Internet Revolution has changed the Internet inexpensive, the visit of the visit -19’s visit to the population, and now they had a lot of time to spend. As a result, video streaming sites such as Youtube have increased to video contents. Similarly, there is an increase in micro video content sites. These things will promote and promote their products and services to marketers IV.A.I-BASED CHAT BOTS During the isolation, the people’s online activities have increased, and the majority workers worked from home status, and companies adopted AI based chat-bots, which require the prerequisite chat room for customers. These bots are unexpectedly increased by the use of this kind of chat-competition for these bots, as a result, these chat-bots have become a virtual assistant to customers. V. EMPHASIS OF EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING In this locking period people spend more time online, customers have to give importance to marketing online experience, otherwise the customer will have boring opportunities if otherwise the webpage, landing page. Or the virtual environment does not provide a good experience. Thus, when customers visit the website, when visiting the Webton, the marketers are heavily emphasizing the customer’s online experience when viewing the landing pages, while visiting landing pages. VI. SURGE IN DEMAND FOR O.T.T. CONTENT HUBS The need for the Netflix and Amazon Prime of the Over-the-Top Content Centers at the Covit-19 Locke Town period. This requirement for O.T.T operating systems provides an opportunity to improve their products and service through these sites for digital marketing. VII. INCREASED PRODUCT RESEARCH AMONG CUSTOMERS People spend more time in performing research for the past few months. Products and services online. So, brands and marketers did their FUTURES OF DIGITAL MARKETING POST COVID-19 There is no doubt that the impact of Covid -19 is impact on digital marketing, but the future forward will have to maintain or improve the current digital opportunities to maintain customer base. Purchased during the covid-19 period. I. SOCIAL RESPONSIBLY IN SOCIAL MEDIA EXISTENCE Even though companies have received customizable involvement in various social media sites, the future companies have to maintain this involvement, at the same time they have to ensure that they are responsible. II. MAINTAINING ONLINE REPUTATION With the increase of the customer’s online time expenditure and the increase of social media operations, any mistakes from the part of the company will lead to a faster information and lead to a serious setback. Therefore, it is very hard and necessary to maintain online reputation.
70 III. MANAGING WEB TRANSPORTATION Posting the Covid-19, when people return to their normal lifestyle methods and practices, the challenge in front of the market is to get the same size and quality web traffic on their websites on their websites. Marketers must continue to develop digital content and virtual environment to manage and maintain Internet traffic. IV. INVESTING IN AI-BASED CHAT-BOTS UI and UX is good and the use of the future marketers in the future market when it is increasing the use of chat-bodies during the locking period. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 1. The study explains that out of 469 respondents male and female 51.17 %, Female 46.70% other is 2.13 % then majority is male respondents 2. It was found that respondents in the age group, 469 respondents Less Than 15, 16 - 25, 26 – 36, 37- 47, 48 -58, Above 59 Years 16-25 is high level percentage 40%. Very low level is 5 % and 9 % . 3. Educational qualification more than graduate persons high percentage of (35%) then very lower level percentage of other (9%) total respondents 469 used percentage method in 100. And the majority of graduate and post graduate students. It is useful for social media marketing. 4. Social media marketing out of 469 respondents, used percentage method in 100 and more than face book is first place (26%) whatsapp is (22%), then you tube and face book is same percentage (16%) then very low level is (9%) it majority of face book 26%. 5. The table -5 it is factors of social media marketing it is comparison of three genders male, female, and other generation the social media marketing in customer one good product buying some qualities wanted for customers in all shopping in better social media marketing. 6. Price, color, brand for quality products and traveling distance, satisfactions of the product and offers and discount it is all needed for good product for customers. More than persons check for brand and price it is important for one online shopping and social media marketing. The total respondents 469. 7. Factors of social media marketing it is comparison of the social media marketing in customer. The total respondents 469 then literature up to school 146 respondents, UG and diploma is 134, PG is 81 respondents, professional is 108. The overall total is 469. The majority of literature up to school and UG diploma. SUGGSTIONS OF THE STUDY 1. Greatest of the customers are of opinion that shipping charges charged by companies are very high, in online shopping and social media marketing it is suggested to companies to both reduce shipping charges or delivery of product in given freely it is important for one of the main suggestion. 2. Peoples liked this reduce shipping charges and delivery charges the products given freely. 3. Majority of customers are not responsive about various pre and post services in social media marketing. 4. Companies should aware customers regarding how security regarding customer credit
71 card no. is maintained by companies it sometime wrong way. 5. Customers regarding return strategy and producer if wrong or bad product arrived in social media marketing. CONCLUSION In the current situation, digital is in the heart of all companies and digital marketing in the hands of brands and marketers to implement marketing strategies in infectious period. Despite the great impact of the marketing industry, the digital marketing branch saw the largest incentive. Has Covid-19 digital marketing fast track and has led to further improving digital marketing measures. REFERENCES In dadson, “The Art of Digital Marketing”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2016): 01-05. April Hanlone, “Digital Marketing: Strategic Planning and Integration”, Sage Release, (2019). Dave Safi, BR. Smith, “Digital Marketing Excellent: Online Marketing Planning, Improvement and Coordination”, Rutledge, Fifth Edition (2017). Diginomic.com/what-futuredigital-marketing-and-impact-covid-19Discover-Martech- Virtual-event-Review https://marketing.toolbox.com/artics Digital-Marketing- Definition-Type-Procedures-Examples https://www.marketingprofs.com/chirp/20 20/43008 / Covid-19- Impact on business and digital-marketing-initiatives https://blogs.Perficient.com/2020/04/08/thE-Impact-Digital-Marketing duringCovit-
72 CHAPTER-8 THE POTENTIAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF URBAN AGRICULTURE AND THEIR FUTURE Madhu Prakash Srivastava and Ramakant Maurya1 Department of Botany, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, U.P., India 1 Department of Zoology, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, U.P., India DR. KAPTAIN K BAJPAYEE Principal Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723-India ABSTRACT The population of cities in India continues to expand exponentially. It is predicted that by 2050, 55% of Indians will be living in urban areas. Traditional Agricultural Industry is challenged to keep pace with this as it is estimated that agricultural land capacity can increase by 2% only. The concept of Urban Farming has gained the serious attention of Planners and Academic communities in India. The combined issues of Population explosion, rapid 72rbanization and climate change are posing great threat to the Food Supply. Urban Farming is seen to have potential for cities to have at least some measure of Food Security. Urban farming is a process of using innovative scientific farming techniques to produce high yield and high quality of fresh organic food in very limited urban areas like terraces and balconies, all year –round. It is seen to have many advantages including non- dependence on vagaries of Climate, use of recycled water from Sewage and treated Wet waste as compost, proximity of producers to consumers, reduction of carbon footprints etc. The Concept of Urban Vertical Farm has been around since the 80’s but the Urban Farming Industry is not growing so fast. The main challenges seem to be Economic viability and Sustainability There is still a lack of any comprehensive knowledge and know-how in the public realm regarding practical aspects of Urban Farming. The Economic costs and viability for large scale urban Farming seems prohibitive. Thus, so far, the urban farming industry has not grown much. Key Ward: Environmental benefits, Urban Agriculture, Food Supply, Urban Farming INTRODUCTION An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and peri- urban areas. Typically urban agriculture applies intensive production methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air- based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, ◦livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community.
73 Today, some cities have much vacant land due to urban sprawl and home foreclosures. This land could be used to address food insecurity. One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need. This would prevent up to $115 million in annual economic leakage. Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields. Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food. Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of food waste. The US has an approximated population of 324,874, 430 people. This figure represents about 4.45% of the global population. The American inhabitants live a highly developed life. In fact, close to 85 percent of them live in the municipal regions. Hara, Murakami, Tsuchiya, Palijon, and Yokohama, conducted research in one of the Philippines’ urban regions, namely Metro Manila, where they investigated the level of vegetable farming in the region. (Yuji Hara, et.al 2013). The rate of urbanization in the Philippines and other regions has also been on the rise. This situation has raised questions among authorities concerning how to sustain the huge urban population with respect to transportation, accommodation, and food supply. Currently, the world population is approximated at 7.1billion. The number is anticipated to double in the near future, thus posing a threat to the food supply. Urban agriculture provides a platform to circumvent food insecurity. According to recent statistical findings as Islam, Rabiul, Siwar, and Chamhuri reveal, “UA is a means of stabilizing household food security and prevents massive malnutrition. (Rabiul Islam and Chamhuri Siwar et. Al 2012). The process of initiating urban agriculture appears to be technical in the town due to the bureaucratic pressure that requires participants to be skilled. Furthermore, as Ricci, Mattogno, Monardo, Palazzo, and Valentino observe, the witnessed stiff competition on agricultural products in San Diego has led to an increased interest in high-quality production (Manuela Ricci et.al 2014). To overcome the challenges that are associated with urban agriculture in the city, local authorities have launched several initiatives to enhance urban farming. For example, the City Farmers Nursery was introduced in the 1970s to educate farmers on urban farming, especially poultry farming. The city also has the San Diego Foodscaping as an organization that is committed to guiding the residents on organic farming techniques. Furthermore, it also has Seeds@City Urban Firm, which seeks to promote farming among urban youths. These programs have helped the city to make impressive progress towards investing in urban agriculture. They have helped the town to protect its endangered plants and animals while assuring the urban dwellers of their food security. Moreover, they provide an easy platform for youths to get employment, especially in underserved communities (Manuela Ricci et al. 2014) New York City is one of the most populated cities in North America. It is highly developed with reference to its impressive real-estate project. While one would not expect urban agriculture in New York, many projects have been established here to promote farming within and around the city. In fact, the city is a leader when it comes to urban farming in the US. It has over 700 farms with an average minimum size of 2500feet. Urban farming in the town is not only meant for the residents to get a variety of fresh crops but also to help in accomplishing community goals such as education, conservation of the environment, and storage of rainwater, among other goals ( Lam et.al 2007 ).
74 The unity of the non-governmental organization and the city authorities has helped to integrate urban agriculture as part of Philadelphia’s urban lifestyle system. The city is still committed to improving the state of agriculture, as evidenced by the various legislative amendments and the ratification of new policies to favor urban agriculture. According to Ricci et al., UAUC is an effort that is meant to localize urban agriculture in the area since it matches the city’s vision of “promoting land-use policies and programs recognizing the value of small farms preserving regional lands (Manuela Ricci et al. 2014). The situation will encourage the growth of a localized food economy. In a span of five years, beginning from 2002 to 2007, farms in the US increased by 4 %. Approximately 2.2million US citizens have declared farming the best practice. Most of the farms are small and owned by women. Thus, they serve the local markets. Urban agriculture also received a strong boost from the inspiration by the US First Lady Michelle Obama, who initiated farming projects in the White House. Her inspiration has seen a 40% upsurge in the number of gardens in various towns in the US. Urban agriculture is increasingly becoming a popular concept in the US with reference to the way it has captured the awareness of many scholars who want to investigate the issue of food integrity and people’s health in the region as Wortman and Lovell confirm.( Sort Wortman and Sarah Lovell et.al 2013). For instance, industrial farms prefer to use machinery to produce their products in bulk because of the large market that they to satisfy. On the other hand, in the case of urban agriculture, farmers always pay more attention to the quality and safety of products they release into their communities. A similar case can be witnessed in San Diego City, where consumers, farmers, and students work to promote the cultivation of local foods.Their claim concurs with Beckford and Campbell’s position that consuming regionally produced foods helps in establishing a healthy community that has a stable local economy (Clinton Beckford and Donovan Campbell et.al 2013). Urban Farming – Urban farming includes a wide range of projects and activities relating to food production. And with the recent revival of farming in and around towns, through growing food themselves and attending farmer’s markets, people have been reconnecting to agriculture. This rapidly growing trend has the potential to feed communities and generate economic opportunities. Urban agriculture is popular for a variety of reasons including sustainability, affordability, health, and convenience. There are many types of urban agriculture today, including community and backyard gardens; planting on the rooftop and balcony; increasing in vacant lots, the list goes on in parks. Urban agriculture, urban farming, or urban gardening is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. Urban agriculture can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping, and horticulture. These activities occur in peri-urban areas as well, and peri-urban agriculture may have different characteristics. Urban agriculture may represent varying rates of social and economic growth. It can be a social movement for sustainable societies, where organic farmers, “foodies,” and “locavores” form social networks focused on a common ethic of nature and holism of society. Such networks will grow when formal institutional support is provided, becoming incorporated into local urban planning as a campaign for sustainable urban growth called “transition town.” Food protection, education, and producing income for others are the main reasons for the profession. In any case, more direct access by urban agriculture to fresh vegetables, fruits, and meat products will improve food security and food health.
75 Types of Urban Agriculture 1. Backyard Gardens: This is cultivating food in the homeland. Its produce is mostly shared between friends, family, and neighbors as it typically leads to a harvest surplus. The food can be preserved and conserved as well. Backyard gardens benefit communities as neighbors can share each other’s backyard and use different farming methods leading to better yields. 2. Street landscaping: That is the landscaping of streets for various purposes, such as community gardens, that the local residents prefer to use for. Not only do they make the streets look beautiful but they also purify the air and create a clean atmosphere. Because they are located primarily along the street, their added advantage is their ability to reduce urban runoff from stormwater. 3. Forest gardening: This relates to the tradition of growing gardens within an urban forest. Forest planting is accomplished by the production of various crops, vegetables, and fruits in urban environments. Forests typically provide an atmosphere conducive to crop production, and for this purpose, they help preserve forests and can render deforestation a nonfactor in urban settings. Forest planting may also be part of afforestation activities, which enables trees to be planted as a step towards mitigating global warming in urban areas. 4. Greenhouses: This includes agricultural practice in greenhouses in residential, industrial, and public urban spaces. They need a considerable land area to be set up depending on the crops being planted. Greenhouses provide farmers with the opportunity to grow a crop throughout the year as they provide a regulated environment in which the crops can be exposed to the different conditions needed for production. 5. Rooftop gardens: Since urban areas have limited space, it doesn’t mean that they can’t practice agriculture. This is where space on the rooftop comes in because they can easily be used to grow vegetables, fruits, and herbs. The downside of rooftop gardens is that it can help to minimize urban heat island and enhance the air quality. Apart from these, gardens on the rooftop can be used to beautify leisure establishments. 6. Green walls: The green wall includes vegetation or food crops growing on a wall’s external or internal area. It does not take up much room as the system used helps to supply sufficient water to the food and it uses soil present on the walls. This is a good way to reduce the runoff from stormwater. 7. Vertical farms: It theoretically entails planting upwards to reduce the footprint of agricultural property. Green walls may be used as a tool for vertical farms as they often use limited space and are performed on the vertical wall sides. 8. Container Gardens: Perhaps the most common way for urbanites to participate in gardening, container gardens are a perfect way to transform a small farm into some outdoor space or window room. Without much time or effort, urban farmers may grow many fresh vegetables and herbs for themselves simply by using containers as a place to plant food crops. There are no legal hoops to go through and there are readily available resources and information for help.
76 9. Patio Gardens: The patio garden, an extension of the container garden, is typically similar but on a much larger scale. Many apartments and condominiums have patios that look out over the neighborhood and have clear access to sunshine, most importantly. These can be transformed into small gardens that grow all kinds of produce. Many patio gardeners combine hanging pots and containers to create a three-dimensional urban farm on their deck. 10. Polyculture for Small Gardens: Anyone with very little room to grow food would possibly use polyculture as a way to increase crop yields and diversity. Simply put, polyculture is the combining of plants within a garden to provide several plants (and crops) at once. For example, growing lettuce at the foot of corn plants will provide both commodities in a small space. The same allows for the combination of climbing plants on a trellis with bush-type plants at the trellis’ foot. This intensive approach provides high yields for small spaces, which requires a great deal of soil input to make it fertile enough for the plants. Benefits of Urban Farming Urban farming has a lot of advantages, not only for those involved but also for the local city. a. Urban Farming Provides Food Security Organic produce is not cheap in grocery stores. A large number of families can’t even afford to purchase organic food. Food protection means giving people access to healthy and appropriate nutritious food for their families around the world. Urban farming offers families greater access to food security. This also provides people with a way to add to their profits without wasting too much on capitalization. Urban agriculture makes food sustainable so more people can access it. b. Urban Farming Creates a Sense of Belongingness Living in the town is fast. Nearly everybody is on the move and there is barely any room for people to mingle and chat with neighbors. Urban farming is an important way to bring together urban dwellers — like community planting, urban farming brings a sense of belonging to most marginalized people within the city. It’s a perfect way to put together like-minded people for a major cause. c. Urban Farming Promotes Public Health Cities have a growing population, and people suffering from obesity and other diet- related health problems are frequently found. Urban farming beings offer local populations affordable and safe food. This helps the community’s people battle life- threatening conditions such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Urban agriculture is also a healthy form of exercise and also promotes health and wellbeing. d. Urban Farming Reduces Carbon Emissions Localizing the source of a product helps to reduce the fossil fuel consumption required for processing, transporting, and selling food products. A typical meal has to fly from the farm to the table 4,200 miles away. Urban farming reduces the carbon footprint, as well as being affordable. e. Urban Farming Introduces Innovative Techniques Urban farmers face the challenge of finding creative solutions to address urban farming challenges such as land, capital, electricity, and waste, in a city space that lacks large open, fertile grounds conducive to agriculture. Innovative farming methods are
77 implemented to help farmers grow products without losing quantity and quality. f. Urban Farming Creates Jobs Urban agriculture is a growing market. As it rises, it offers additional employment opportunities for city dwellers, particularly in areas where poverty and hunger are rife. The local economy is also boosted by small enterprises engaged in urban agriculture. g. Urban Farming Creates Green Spaces The first thing that comes to mind when thinking about urban areas is the tall buildings and massive infrastructures. Evidently, urban areas lack green spaces, which significantly influence an area’s climate and environment. Urban farming enables green spaces to be built which adds a great esthetic appeal, provides calming and relaxing spaces, and reduces precipitation. Green spaces also mitigate the heat island effect by trapping carbon by photosynthesis. Urban farming- opportunities and challenges An analysis has been made of various sources, including opinions voiced by practicing Urban Farmers to summarise below the main Benefits and Challenges, opportunities and constraints posed for implementing Urban Agriculture in the context of Indian cities. It is formatted to align with the four pillars of Sustainability. A. Urban Farming – Opportunities Urban Farming, although it appears to be simple, impacts a community in various ways. Provides Food security, environmental benefits, biodiversity, even the city form gets modified, city-dwellers get socially conscious and activated. B. Environmental Integrity. Improved Waste management: The most important benefit of UA is its potential to utilize the organic wastes produced by the city. It contributes to natural resource conservations. It can turn waste from a problem in to a resource. It reduces the public cost of transportation and management of waste. The funds saved can be better utilized for more constructive programs of urban amenities. As the private sectors gets involved in UA, citizens can create cleaner and better living environment especially in areas not receiving waste management service from Municipal corporations. Most cities today face acute problems in finding place for dumping waste resulting in air water & land pollution in cities & in bio regions. Examples of Ramsey site bio region Deepor Beel in Guwahati greatly disturbed due to dumping of garbage. Deonar in Mumbai is also a dumping ground, polluted the city when it caught fire. Waste water and solid waste systems are costly for city administration & yet they do not have capacity to service the entire city centre. Urban farming contributes to this process by a) Producing crops for life stock consumption, b) By composting wet waste and c) Processing waste water for direct production and for irrigation. C. Conservation of resources: UA assists the conservation of bio regions and their resources by reducing the pressure to convert deserts, mountain slopes and rain forests into cropland. Because Urban Agriculture methods are intensive, and yield from UA is estimated to be more than six times that of rural production.UA also uses very little water due to innovative irrigation systems (drip irrigation, aeroponic cultivation).
78 D. Replenishing of soil nutrients: Composting of organic wastes puts the nutrients back into the soil. There is no contamination of soil and water bodies. Significant ecological, economic and health benefits thus accrue. Enhancement of Bio Diversity: By greening the city, UA gives scope for Bio diversity of vegetation, birds, and return to their habitat. Many varieties of vegetables which have stopped being produced can be revived.UA beautifies the city, moderates the Microclimate and making it comfortable for living. E. Disaster mitigation: This benefit of UA is perhaps least appreciated and least understood, for example, on steep slopes, flood plains, wet lands and other disaster prone areas, trees and orchards and marketable grasses such as vetiver can be planted They are excellent for reducing erosion and vulnerability to disasters. Products that are grown by Urban Farmers As stated, attempting to raise livestock such as cattle, pigs, and sheep within city limits is much harder for urban farmers, simply because of the legal restrictions. But most other items which can be produced by any traditional farm are on the table. Urban farmers produce vegetables, fruit, root crops, even grains and herbs and medicinal plants, or purely ornamental plant varieties. The three of those products are more perishable than many other crop types. This gives urban farmers a major advantage in terms of freshness and efficiency compared to larger companies that might need to ship their commodity several days before they reach their destination. It can grow both microgreens and mushrooms indoors and take up very little space. Many urban farmers can grow these crops in converted shipping containers, or anything else that is basically one large room’s equivalent size. Due to their short shelf life, leafy greens such as arugula and spinach get high prices that need growing outdoors or in greenhouses or wind tunnels. Nevertheless, market gardening techniques and practices can be used to grow large amounts of food in a tiny room. Social Considerations Urban Farming in its nascent stages in Indian cities is characterized by a high degree of professionalism with a structured knowledge transfer and cultivation practice. It clearly represents a projection surface, reflecting the community’s environmentally conscious behavior. Promotions of UA activities in residential areas make a significant contribution to sustaining and distributing knowledge within the community of practice. It is also attributed to other larger benefits, such as community building, management of green spaces and ecosystem service provision, including local climate, biodiversity and cultural services. Many organizations, for example in Mumbai, Bangaluru and Kerala are disseminating knowledge of results of their own research in Urban Farming suitable for their own area to the communities. This is bringing about a change in mind set and sensitivity towards the environment, Social wellbeing accrues. Environmental Considerations Closing The Loop, Sustainance of the environment and retaining Bio diversity is of utmostmportance for a city to remain alive Piling up of garbage, soil erosion, destruction of vegetation, depletion of water bodies, pollution of resources are the killers of cities. Cities have a chance to turn the trends to make their city sustainable. Urban farming is a vital tool for sustainability. Closing the loop is the process where in all waste is converted into
79 resources and utilized in a continuous closed loop. Waste Management and Sewage management The three R’s of Waste Management, Reduce, Re-Use and Re cycle have to be put into practice at local levels. Compost from wet waste, and recycled water from Sewage can be comprehensively utilized by the city in Urban Farming in a CLOSED LOOP. Complete self- sufficiency in terms of Food production may not be possible and nor ideal, but maximizing the utilization of Waste is of vital importance for the Environment in the City. To foster the development and growth of urban agriculture, the city planners may have to consider implementing techniques that include zoning ordinances, comprehensive plans and, in some cases, state legislation Land-use Urban agriculture and food production systems if considered along with land use patterns, a comprehensive consideration of Urban Agriculture and protection of Environment can be made. • Identification of land for urban agriculture; • Major water bodies and marshy lands should not be filled up • Waste lands can be used for tree plantation and urban farming; • Agricultural land within metropolitan area is to be protected under the provisions of Town and Country Planning Acts; • Underutilized areas on long banks of rivers or canals can be developed for urban-agro forestry including parks and garden at places; • Planting fruit trees in the periphery of existing city parks, can generate employment and municipal income for maintaining of parks and other such areas; • New townships and housing estates should incorporate city farming, horticulture, etc; from the planning stage itself; • Derelict land, abandoned brick fields and other areas near industries should have an ecological restoration program making it part of the planning condition while granting permission • Revitalization of canals will encourage aquaculture and fish production; Urban farms transform their communities for the better across the United States Urban farming thrives in vacant fields, in parks, on rooftops, and also in hospitals. As more people want to know where their food comes from, community leaders across the country are looking for creative ways for residents in their town to grow fresh produce. But urban agriculture does more than just provide access to locally grown food — it boosts economic growth, reduces carbon emissions, and addresses issues of environmental degradation, public health, poverty, and more by giving people more control over the food system. From quarter-acre farms run by elementary students to green roof gardens feeding thousands, here are a few urban farming ventures aimed at creating a better place for their society. 1. Detroit Dirt The goal of Detroit Dirt is to build a zero-waste mentality through communities and move a low-carbon economy forward. It is a compost business that aims to complete the “life cycle” of food production through the recycling of waste into energy. Pashon Murray, the leader behind the Detroit composting revolution, is turning tens of thousands of tons of food waste away from landfills a year and into a closed-loop composting system Murray built entirely from the ground up.
80 2. Ohio City Farm Ohio City Farm is one of the largest contiguous urban farms in the United States and is located in Cleveland, Ohio. The farm, with over six acres, aims to provide the underserved residents of Cleveland with fresh, local, and healthy food, while also boosting the local food economy and teaching the community about healthy eating. It is also home to Refugee Response, an job training program that helps the newest immigrants in the city develop the skills required to thrive in their new communities by growing and selling fresh organically farmed products. 3. Acta Non-Verba Located in Oakland, CA, Acta Non-Verba is an urban youth farm which is developed, cultivated, harvested, and sold by local elementary and middle-aged children. The quarter- acre nonprofit farm, developed and led predominantly by women of color from the surrounding neighborhood and a broader group, seeks to question patriarchal structures and climate with urban agriculture. ANV designs its monthly farm days, workshops, and after- school program to give young children the opportunity to explore nature in a secure, welcoming green space, studying, developing, and enjoying balanced, nature-based activities that will inspire them. 4. Boston Medical Center When more hospitals strive to grow their own food for their patients and the community, one New England hospital has become a pioneer in the trend by putting a farm right on the rooftop of the hospital. Boston Medical Center is not only Boston’s biggest rooftop farm, but it’s also Massachusetts’ first hospital-based rooftop farm. The 7,000 square foot farm grows more than 25 crops and aims to produce 15,000 pounds of food every season, along with a few beehives for honey production. 5. SAVOR…Chicago Located on top of McCormick Place (North America’s largest convention center), this rooftop farm is Midwest ‘s largest soil-based rooftop farm, according to the Chicago Botanic Garden, which maintains the farm through its Windy City Harvest program. SAVOR represents nearly 3 million customers a year at McCormick Place and has been recognized for its environmental leadership and creativity through Green Seal Certification and Environmental International APEX Certification. Significance to the International Trade Agricultural products like sugar, tea, rice, spices, tobacco, coffee, etc. constitute the major items of exports of countries that rely on agriculture. If there is a smooth development practice of agriculture, imports are reduced while export increases considerably. This helps to reduce countries’ unfavorable balance of payments as well as saving foreign exchange. This amount may be well used to import other essential inputs, machinery, raw material, and other infrastructure that is helpful for the support of the country’s economic development. Urban Agriculture Important and its Role in Everyday Life • In most parts of the world, agriculture is an important source of livelihood. • This entails hard work, but it contributes to the nation’s food safety and health. • Agriculture was the primary source of the economy prior to the industrial revolution. • With many trade options coming up, many are dependent on their income on agriculture. • Agriculture is the most peaceful and environmentally friendly method.
81 • It is a very reliable source of life for humanity, as well as one of the honest sources of income. Many people from developing countries rely for their livelihood on agriculture. • Some people still have agriculture as a side business in other businesses or jobs. • Agriculture is not limited to cultivation and farming alone. It also includes dairy, poultry, forestry, beekeeping, and sericulture. CONCLUSION The present situation of urban agriculture in global & Indian context has been analysed and its role in shaping societies to lead a healthy lifestyle & to create a community, which can resist even in the period of food crisis has been understood. It has been found that, urban agriculture is not just about demarcating space for vegetable gardens, but about designing the whole system of how it is planted, pruned, watered and harvested. There can be innovative architectural solutions for each of these aspects to make the whole system a very sustainable solution. There can be better designs that give them the ability of doing farming without problems of drainage & maintenance made easy by the incorporation of systems that reuse, reduce & recycle the household waste. The architects have a very crucial role in help shaping a better lifestyle for the people, so that even though they don't understand it at the present, they can plug into it in the future by providing the facility initially. Urban agriculture is a important technique in agriculture in urban aria in small places. The urban agriculture is help in full fill the requirement of food material, and decreases the food crises in India, because population are increase very rapidly and urbanization are increase in very fast so urban agriculture are very important. India is very rapidly growing country in world. Urban agriculture that crop grown in Roof Top, Hanging garden, Rode side plant. In Urban agriculture that involve several crops are grown that is Tomato, Potato and other vegetable are grown and other ornamental plant are grown, urban agriculture are currently trending in India. Urban agriculture is help in controlling the pollution and minimizes their pollution level. The urban agriculture is important alternative way to fulfil all needs and their help in release pressure of food crises and healthy life in all people. The present situation of urban agriculture in global and Indian context has been analysis and its role in shaping societies to lead a healthy lifestyle and to create a community, which can resist even in the period of food crisis, has been understood. It has been found that, Urban agriculture is not just about demarcating space for vegetable gardens, but about designing the whole system of how to it is planted, pruned, watered and harvested. There can be innovative architecture solutions for each of these aspects to make the whole system a very sustainable. There can be better designs that give them the ability of doing farming without problems of drainage and maintenance madeeasy by the incorporation of system that reuse, reduse the household waste, the architects have a very crucial role in help shaping a better lifestyle for the people, so that even though they don’t understand it at the present, they can plug into it in the future by providing facility initially. In the coming future, when space become very limited in urban areas, urban agriculture could be incorporated along with the apartments or even in high risk building, solely for agriculture. By proper implementation and designing, urban agriculture can help to shape the life of the people as well as the community for their betterment, strengthening the relationship between the urban and rural areas, and in completely eradicating food crisis.
82 REFERENCES Hara, Yuji, Akinobu Murakami, Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Armando Palijon, and Makoto Yokohari. (2013) “A quantitative assessment of vegetable farming on vacant lots in. Urban fringe in Metro Manila: Can it sustain long-term local vegetable demand?” Applied Geography, 41, No. 1 : 195-206 Islam, Rabiul, and Chamhuri Siwar.(2012) “The analysis of Urban Agriculture Development in Malaysia.” Adv. Environ. Biolo 6, No.3 (2012): 1068-1078. Lam, Sun.(2007). Urban agriculture in Kingston: Present and Future Potential For Re- localization and Sustainability. Canada: Queens University, 2007. Sort Wortman, and Sarah Lovell (2013) “Environmental Challenges Threatening the Growth of Urban Agriculture in the United States.” Journal of Environmental Quality 42, No. 1:1283-1294. Manuela Ricci, Claudia Mattogno, Bruno Monardo, Anna Palazzo, and Pietro Valentino(2014) “Feeding the City-Foodsheds and Urban Agriculture in San Diego,” City Safety Energy Journal 2, No. 1 : 31-36 Clinton Beckford and Donovan Campbell (2013) Domestic Food Production And Food Security In The Caribbean (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 23 Resource Centers on Urban Agriculture and Food Security," [Online]. Available: http://www.ruaf.org/node/512. [Accessed 10 7 2013]. S. Vadlapatla, "Urban agriculture booms in Hyderabad," 4 may 2013. [Online]. Available: www.timesofindia.com. [Accessed 10 july 2013] PLATES Backyard Gardens Street landscaping
83 Forest gardening Green walls Greenhouses Rooftop gardens
84 CHAPTER-9 QUANTUM TUNNELING IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FROG - ELECTRON CORRELATION V. BUVANESWARI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – MADURAI ABSTRACT Photosynthesis is one of the gifts of mother nature that opens many doors and give countless insights for the better understanding of energy conversion process. It is really amazing to think how the remarkable energy conversion system work on the molecular level. Quantum tunneling plays a major role in the transference of energy from one pigment molecule to the other in the photosystems. This chapter correlates the electron excitation energy transfer with the concept of a frog in the pot. Key words: Photosynthesis, Quantum Tunneling, Photosystem, Reaction Center, Light harvesting complex, Excitation energy transfer INTRODUCTION Mother nature teaches us a lot. Small things will expose big ideas if we observe them deep and close. Natural Photosynthesis is one such process occurs at nanoscale which forms the fundamental concept and paves many ways and gives futuristic hope in achieving highest efficiency in energy conversion mechanism. Though it is difficult to understand the little magical world which is invisible, it is quite interesting to dwell in the quantum wells and learn an amazing energy transfer system which works more efficiently. NATURAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS Photosynthesis is the natural process of preparing starch by the plants with the liberation of oxygen using the essential sources of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. It is the quantum phenomenon which obeys the law of conservation of energy by converting light energy into chemical energy. Fig.1
85 Photosynthesis is conducted in a highly dynamic organelle All chloroplasts have significantly three membranes – the outer chloroplast membrane, the inner chloroplast membrane and the thylakoid system. There is a semi gel like fluid called Stroma lies in between the outer and inner chloroplast membranes that fills up the whole space in which the thylakoid system floats. Thylakoid membrane surrounds an aqueous phase thylakoid lumen gives the structure of thylakoids. Thylakoid membrane is the site where light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. It contains many integral membrane proteins in which Photosystems I and II, Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase plays a vital role in light harvesting mechanism. PHOTOSYSTEMS Light harvesting complex and the reaction center are the two major parts of photosystems. Light harvesting complex (Antenna Complex) enriched with the 100s of highly ordered arrays of photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments which act as the best photo sensitizers in trapping photons of sunlight. Pigments at the highest energy level lie far away from the reaction center and pigments at the lowest energy level lie closer to the reaction center. Fig.2 This architecture of ordered array of chlorophyll pigment molecules from highest to the lowest energy level helps in the effective exciton energy transfer to the reaction center. WORKING OF PHOTOSYSTEMS One of the significant reactions involved in the synthesis of glucose and oxygen is the light reaction during which photons from sunlight excite electrons in the highest energy lying chlorophyll pigment. These excited electrons undergo resonance excitation energy transfer from one chlorophyll pigment to the other and thus finally funneling down the energy to the reaction center. The reaction center is the lowest energy lying enzyme which uses the energy of photons to reduce molecules and provide electrons. At the reaction center, the highly energetic electron is trapped and transferred to a high-energy molecule (Electron acceptor).
86 Fig.3 Fig.4 QUANTUM TUNNELING IN PHOTOSYSTEMS: FROG-ELECTRON CORRELATION Quantum tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which energy transfers the potential barrier as a wave function. It is classically impossible for the electron to propagate through the potential barrier, but quantum mechanics makes this possible by treating the electron as a wave. Fig.5
87 In this chapter, the role of quantum tunneling in the transference of excitation energy from one pigment to the other and how the energy is funneled down finally to the reaction center is explained with the Frog-Electron Correlation. It is just related that the chlorophyll pigment molecule to the pot and also the poor frog caught inside the pot to the electron in the pigment. Consider the discrete energy levels of the chlorophyll pigment as it behaves like a potential well. Follow the same in the pot too. Let the energy levels be E0, E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5. Assume both the frog and the electron are in the ground state. Fig. 6 Bring the same scenario in all the other pigments, but in the descending energy leveled potential wells. Fig. 7 Fig. 8
88 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Then assemble all the pots in descending order like energy levels with 6 comes first followed by 5, 4, 3, 2. Frogs in all pots have the size and the same energy as so electrons too, and all are in the ground state E0. Remember the potential energy of the pots are different and thus the chlorophyll pigments too. Frogs in the pots feel it difficult to lifting them up to the higher energy level since they possess feeble energy rather than the pots as like the electrons in the potential wells of chlorophyll pigments. Fig. 11 Imagine the frog in the first pot is boosted up by gaining energy from the photons of sunlight. With this added up energy, the frog is able to jump up to the next possible excited state. Fig.12
89 Fig. 13 As we know nothing is more stable in the excited state, the frog falls down to the ground state by releasing the energy of the photon. This energy is transferred to the next pot with 5 discrete levels. Fig. 14 Now the frog in this pot absorbs the energy and gets excited to the nearby exciting level. Fig. 15
90 This frog too obeys the law of nature. It returns back to the ground state within a fraction of time by releasing out the energy gained from the photon. Fig. 16 This process is repeated in all the pots until the excitation energy reaches the lowest energy level pigment i.e., the reaction center where the number of discrete levels is very low. Fig. 17 Fig. 18
91 Fig. 19 Fig. 20 Now the highly energetic and excited frog reaches the height of the pot and is ready to jump out of the pot. Fig. 21 But destiny plays in the life of the poor frog. The poor frog is caught as the prey by a snake.
92 Fig. 22 Replace the role of frogs in the pots with the electrons in the chlorophyll pigments. This is how the excitation energy funnels down from the highest energy level chlorophyll pigment to the lowest energy level reaction center. Like the frog caught by a snake, the highly energetic electron in the reaction center is trapped by a high-energy molecule which is the electron trapper or acceptor, and from where the electrons go to the electron transport chain. CONCLUSION Rapid progress in manipulating the secrets of natural photosynthesis helps in improving the understanding of natural systems which lays foundation in building strong futuristic research ideas. This chapter is an attempt of relating the nanoscale phenomena to the macroworld in order to make ease of learning fundamentals that definitely gives more insights to delve deeper. This Frog-Electron Correlation of quantum tunneling and the idea of donor-acceptor assemblies in photosystems enhance the better understanding of natural photosynthesis at the nanoscale and helps in the development of artificial systems for energy harvesting in near future. REFERENCES J. Strü mpfer,† M. Şener,‡ and K. Schulten*,†,‡ † - How Quantum Coherence Assists Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and ‡ Department of Physics and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign - © 2012 American Chemical Society - The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters - dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz201459c | J. Phys. Chem.Lett. 2012, 3, 536−542 Tjaart P.J. Kru¨ger, Vladimir I. Novoderezhkin, Elisabet Romero, and Rienk van Grondelle - Photosynthetic Energy Transfer and Charge Separation in Higher Plants - Chapter 3 - J. Golbeck and A. van der Est (eds.), The Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Biophysics for the Life Sciences 11, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1148-6_3, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Sergei Savikhin and Ryszard Jankowiak - Mechanism of Primary Charge Separation in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers - Chapter 7 - J. Golbeck and A. van der Est (eds.), The Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Biophysics for the Life Sciences 11, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1148-6_7, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 M. Gerodiasa , M. Victoria Carpio-Bernido, b,c,1 and Christopher C. Bernidob,c - Resonant Tunneling in Natural Photosynthetic Systems Kit a Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal QC, Canada H3A 2T8 b Physics
93 Department, University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City 6000, Philippines c Research Center for Theoretical Physics, Central Visayan Institute Foundation, Jagna, Bohol 6308, Philippines https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylakoid_membrane Iain McConnell, Gonghu Li, and Gary W. Brudvig* Energy Conversion in Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA *Correspondence: gary.brudvig@yale.edu DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol. 2010.05.005 https://youtu.be/vBpsHAxsxAg Frank Jones – Quantum Mechanics in Photosynthesis – December 10, 2010 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem#:~:text=Photosystems%20are%20functiona l%20and%20structural,transfer%20of%20energy%20and%20electrons.&text=There% 20are%20two%20kinds%20of%20photosystems%3A%20PSI%20and%20PSII
94 CHPATER-10 PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN JHARKHAND Dr. Bidyanand Choudhary Assistant Professor, Department of Economics J.N. College, Dhurwa (Ranchi University, Ranchi) ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is one of the essential factors in production process; it is characterized by words such as innovation, change, risk taking, opportunity recognition, diving force and economic growth. It is constructive and something positive, leading to improvement in nature. Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organized and operate business enterprise and engaged in producing process. The definition given by government of India as “Women entrepreneur as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women.” About 1.5 lakhs rural women in the state have made their mark as successful entrepreneurs by taking training and financial assistance provided by the government in the form of easy loans. Now the entrepreneurial women of Sakhi-Mandal are touching new heights of success in giving a new direction to the rural economy. It is estimated that at present about 16 percent women entrepreneurs in India. Besides many obstacles and social barriers the percent of women entrepreneurships has increased over period from 10 percent in 2000-01 to 13.72 percent in 2010-11. While their work force participation in 2010-11 is 25.5 percent in Jharkhand. Now with growing awareness and spread of education, women have started shifting 3Ps viz Pickles, Power and Papad to 3 modern E’s viz Engineering, Electronics and Energy. In some areas women reached remarkably. It is consolidated effort needed from all area of society required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their greater participation in business along with male entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship basically implies in control of one’s life and activities and women entrepreneurs need to be given confidence, independence and mobility to come out of their paradox. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Paradox, Entrepreneur, Participation, Production, Enterprise INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurship is one of the essential factors in production process; it is characterized by words such as innovation, change, risk taking, opportunity recognition, diving force and economic growth. It is constructive and something positive, leading to improvement in nature. It is related to modernity in which development implies not only to change but progress in every field. Entrepreneurs are such people who include new ideas and new producing technique to produce goods and introduced in market. It helps profit situation in production, which later on revealed development of economy. It is an attitude to create something new and an activity which creates value in the entire social eco system. Women entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the development of society, economy and nations. Hence women entrepreneurs have been making a considerable impact in all most all the segments of the economy which is more than 25 percent of all kinds of business. About 1.5 lakhs rural women in the state have made
95 their mark as successful entrepreneurs by taking training and financial assistance provided by the government in the form of easy loans. Now the entrepreneurial women of Sakhi- Mandal are touching new heights of success in giving a new direction to the rural economy. However the number of women entrepreneur is increasing globally with huge obstacles as lack of capital, less experience, strict social constraints and fewer skills. Women entrepreneurships has or should have an important impact on the economy in terms of jobs, sales, innovation, economic growth and renewal. Some required qualities for women entrepreneur are ability to learn facing challenges willingingness to take risks and chances, winning capability etc. Now a days it seems that they are facing problems like problem of finances, family responsibilities limited mobility factor and domination by male old and outdated social outlook etc. This paper suggests various problems and future prospects of women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organized and operate business enterprise and engaged in producing process. The definition given by government of India as “Women entrepreneur as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women”. They engaged in business due to Push and Pull Factors which encourage women to have an independent occupation and stands on their own legs. Under the influence factors like households chores and domestic responsibilities, the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urge to do something new, this is describe as a Pull Factors. While in Push Factors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the responsibility is thrust upon them. It is estimated that at present about 16 percent women entrepreneurs in India. Besides many obstacles and social barriers the percent of women entrepreneurships in Jharkhand has increased over period from 10 percent in 2000-01 to 13.72 percent in 2010-11. While their work force participation in 2010-11 is 25.5 percent in Jharkhand. The various types of women entrepreneurs’ are- • Women entrepreneurs in organized and unorganized sectors. • Women entrepreneurs in traditional and modern industries. • Women entrepreneurs in urban and rural areas. • Women entrepreneurs in large and small scale industries. • Single women and joint venture entrepreneurs. In Jharkhand women participation into business is a new phenomenon but JSLPS (Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society) encourage them by financing, training and skill development programme. JSLPS is an autonomous unit under the state rural development department. JSLPS has been working towards providing livelihood to poor and downtrodden women from rural areas since the last trimester of 2016 and in two years it has managed to link over ten lakhs women. The aims of JSLPS are that to make the socially excluded and financially backward women understand their capabilities and make themselves dependent. Under Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojna-National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) a flagship scheme of the Ministry of Rural Development for women empowerment this initiative taken to empower women. Now with growing awareness and spread of education, women have started shifting 3Ps viz Pickles, Power and Papad to 3 modern E’s viz Engineering, Electronics and Energy. In some areas women reached remarkably. The recently published periodic labour force survey
96 2017-18 has measured the overall labour force participation rate for Jharkhand at 31.2 percent as against the all India average of 36.9 percent. For male this rate is 50.4 percent in Jharkhand while 55.5 percent is the national average. Similarly for females it is 10.9 percent and 17.5 percent in Jharkhand and India respectively. Worker Population Ratio for the females is lower than that male both for Jharkhand and India. It is 10.3 percent and 16.5 percent respectively. The overall Unemployment Rate(UR) among males in Jharkhand is 8.2 percent and among females it is 5.3 percent . The government of Jharkhand is very active in this process and various types of schemes and programmes for tapping and enhancing the potentials of labour force are being implemented in the state. Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society (JSLPS) Department of Rural Development, Govt. Of Jharkhand is committed towards promoting livelihood for the marginalized deprived and disadvantaged women of the rural community in the state. It aims to create a socio-economically developed Jharkhand through inclusive growth strategies for empowering the underprivileged members of the vulnerable communities/groups through social mobilization, financial inclusion, livelihood promotion and skill development. The Mahila Kisan Sashakthikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) programme of the Government of India aims to improve the status of women in agriculture and bridge the gender-gap that still exists in the Indian agrarian world to bring about systemic changes in the sector.Launched in 2010-11,the programme was initiated through Aajeevika- National Rural Livelihood Mission(NRLM),with a specific agenda to: • create sustainable livelihood-institutions around agriculture and allied activities • create sector-specific, geography-specific best package of practices • create a wide pool of community resource persons for scaling up livelihood- interventions in the entire country Mahila Kisans have been galvanized across 10 districts and trained. Today there are 27,327 of them trained unders this programme with Ranchi and East Singhbhum leading the way.429 villages across 139 Gram Panchayats in 25 blocks of these 10 districts have been brought under the fold of MKSP. Some successful women entrepreneurs in Jharkhand 1. Babita Devi- Babita Devi, an entrepreneur residing in the village of Nawa Toli, Block Kamdara, in Gumla district, Jharkhand is an energetic woman with the zeal and hope to address the needs of the community. Babita has three adolescents in the house, two of them studying in the government school, while the eldest daughter is pursuing her Nursing Degree from Hyderabad. She introduced VLSC in her village in June 2013 and it’s been two years since her VLSC is serving the community. She aggregates Rice, Pulses, other grains from the community members and sells them in the market. She has built her place in the community because they recognize her valuable contribution. With the huge amount of aggregation, she earns up to 1 lakh per year which suffices the family food requirements as well as for the education of the children. 2. Lalita Devi- Lalita Devi is a 30-year old-woman of Nagarsiskari, Sisai block, Gumla district in Jharkhand. She got married in the year 1996 and has three children studying in Ranchi. The family depends on marginal agricultural activities for their livelihood. With a low annual income, the family struggled to meet their basic requirements. The training
97 helped her increase her profits through the scientific cultivation of Lac. Later in 2015, she received training on entrepreneurship development, where she learned about the benefits of a market feasibility study, break-even point, investment, social enterprise. It helped her in organizing the priorities and to establish and run her grocery store. Keeping business records was one of the unique characteristics which enabled her in understanding her profits and in strategizing her investments. After the full fledge training on enterprise development and management, she has expanded her operations in retail by providing an array of products to the community as per their demands. She generates an annual profit of 10,000 from selling grocery products and social products such as sanitary napkins addressing hygiene conditions of the community. With the savings that she made by selling, Lalita Devi purchased a second-hand auto which is used for transportation for procurement of grocery from market and aggregation of local products from village and sale to market. She aspires to construct a new home as well as meeting the quality education of her children. 3. Prabha Devi- This lady is a mother of a two and a half-year-old boy child. She feels happy running this center as now she can send her children to private school. She married Nilu Singh three years back who was the only earning member of a family of seven people and their annual family income was not more than 10000 which was not sufficient. The only source of income was seasonal agriculture which includes paddy and some amount of pulses. Prabha Devi with emotions of faith and fear, showed her interest to start a VLRAC at her premise. After passing through the required parameters, she received training under the School of Entrepreneurship at Ranchi. Gender Enterprise Development Training enabled Prabha to understand entrepreneurship, learn gender-sensitive and responsive intricacies, to run an enterprise, in a patriarchal ecosystem. Initially, she started with items like grocery, stationery, cosmetics, and others as there were no retail shops in the area. Later she has started aggregating Paddy at her VLRAC and then selling it to the block-level market. Similarly, in a very short period, she has started earning a profit of 3000 per month. To increase the footfall at her shop, Prabha Devi has started sewing garments for ladies. Prabha Devi plans is to own a Flour mill. Exclusive schemes for empowering women in Jharkhand Tejaswani Rural Women Empowerment Programme-The programme has been implemented by Women Finance and Development Corporation which provides financial assistance to rural women in districts. It helps individuals who are poverty stricken and also tackles issues like gender imbalances and tribal dominance. The beneficiaries belong to the poorest of the poor section of the areas. It provides different empowerment inputs, training, group management, accounting and decision taking. It also trains the rural people in accordance to conflict management, gender sensitization, income enhancement inputs, legal awareness, health and hygiene and management of group funds. Presently it is focusing on livelihoods, micro-enterprises and marketing linkage. The Better India-It is an online portal that shares latest inspirational stories for the entrepreneurs of India. It has stories of transformation, business innovations, government projects, policies and their impact on the people and other success stories that are motivational and a source of encouragement for the entrepreneurs. Mlinda Sustainable Environment Private Limited- The organisation impacts the economic growth through renewable energy and wildlife conservation. It was started in 2005 and is working full time for creating an impact in the society. It has installed solar
98 mini-grids and sells the energy for domestic and productive uses in rural India. It supports the communities and helps them to become financially and environmentally sustainable. The organisation has provided 5 tribal women in Jharkhand with solar-powered rice hulling machine and they have started their own rice hulling enterprise. Jharkhand Department of Industry-Jharkhand State Industrial Policy 2012 given by Jharkhand Department of Industry. Its main objectives include making Jharkhand a favoured destination for investors and sustainable growth of industrial sector. It looks after friendly linkages between large industries and MSME industries. It assists the manufacturing activities of industries. It facilitates maximum utilization of mineral and natural resources. It accelerates the growth of sericulture, handicraft, handloom, Khadi and village industries for generation of employment in rural areas. Free Mobile Phone Scheme for Women Entrepreneurs in Jharkhand-This scheme is given by the Chief Minister Mr Raghubar Das. Under this scheme one lakh free smart phones to women entrepreneurs. This scheme’s main objective is promoting Digital India and to encourage cash less economy in Jharkhand. The government wants to increase digital literacy by doing this. MSME Development Institute, Ranchi-MSME Development Institute provides technical assistance by conducting seminars and workshops, project profiles and capacity assessment. It provides skill development training by various skill development programmes and management development programmes. It also performs economic investigation and statistics and performs market development activities. It also promotes export. Xavier Institute of Social Service-Entrepreneurship Development Programs are organized from time to time for development of entrepreneurship. It aims at all round development of an area or a person which emphasizes on economic development. It has conducted more than 300 Entrepreneurship Development Programs and vocational training programs. Jharkhand Start-up Policy 2016-This policy was introduced to build a robust business friendly ecosystem in Jharkhand. Government of Jharkhand aims to create opportunities and improvement driven governance as it recognizes the fact that enabling start-up ecosystem can facilitate growth and scaling of at least 1000 direct start-ups and supports 1500 start-ups virtually, by the year 2021. Jharkhand State Industrial Policy, 2001-On 15th November 2000, this Policy was enumerated to optimally utilize the available resources of the State in a planned manner and to mobilize the industrial development of the State. To achieve industrial growth, the districts of the State have been categorized into three categories, so as to capitalize the industrial potential through planned utilization and development of natural and human resources and to gradually increase the employment opportunities. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)-DWCRA had the main objective to improve the socio-economic status of the poor women in the rural areas by creating groups of women for income-generating activities on a self-sustaining basis. The main strategy adopted to make this successful under the programme was to facilitate access for poor women to employment, skill up gradation, training credit and other support services so that the DWCRA women as a group could take up income-generating activities for supplementing their incomes. It sought to encourage collective action in the form of group activities so that they can work better and was more sustainable than the individual effort. It encouraged the habit of thrift and credit among poor rural women to make them self-
99 dependent. The Scheme had been merged into Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) with IRDP, TRYSEM etc. from April, 1999. Udyogini-It facilitates and manages training for grass root level women’s group for the World Bank Institute funded Women’s Enterprise Management Training Outreach Programme (WEMTOP). It also provides training to NGO staff for Training Enterprise Support Staff (TEST). Presently Udyogini is working with 50,000 producers and it aims to increase its outreach to 1, 00,000 producers in 5 states- Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand. The services include skill and entrepreneurship training, business counselling, market linkages, financial linkages, institution building and social security. Problems of women entrepreneurs Basically women entrepreneurs of Jharkhand are suffer from two main category of problems, such problems can be designated as follows:- (A) General Problems- i. Lack of self confidence and optimistic attitude amongst women. ii. Absence of proper support and back up for women by their own family members and the outside world people. iii. Old and outdated social outlook to stop women from entering in the field of iv. entrepreneurship. v. Cut throat competition with other group of men and established self sufficient entrepreneurs. vi. Domination by male and ideology of male dominated society. (B) Specific Problems- i) Problems of lack of finance facility. ii) Limitation of mobility of women entrepreneur as compare to the male. iii)Family commitments and responsibility. iv)Illiteracy among women. v) Scarcily of row materials. vi)Lesser risk and uncertainity bearing attitude. Challenges for women entrepreneurs As well as Indian women, Jharkahnd women give more emphasis to family and relationship. Early morning till sleeping at night they are busy to shape their family members i.e children, home and others. This is the main obstacles for them to work outside from home. Few female can devote all their time and energies to their business. The success of business also depends on how their family supports them. Only few women are able to manage both home and business efficiently and devoting enough time to perform all responsibilities. The main challenges to women entrepreneurs are that they are women. As male dominant society not allowing them to perform their work in business. Women predict that they don’t have risk bearing capacity. Women are looked as weak in all respects. Lack of financial assistance is one of the barrier of women entrepreneurs in Jharkhand. But after JSLPS this problem are solve some extent. In Jharkhand illiteracy of women causes that in rural area financial facility not avail by them. The institutional and legal environment is critical to the growth of female owned enterprises. The family members and the society are reluctant to stand with them to support. Women entrepreneurs have to face competition with the men entrepreneurs who easily involve in the promotion and development activities. As a result women go behind them. Women in Jharkhand are basically rural background and dependent on men
100 from childhood. They are less educated, economically not stable nor self dependent which reduce their ability to take risks and uncertainties of business. The traditional social approach stops women from entering in the field of entrepreneurship. They are under social pressure which restrains them to prosper and achieve success in the field of entrepreneurship. Women managed business are often small and it not easy for them to access the information easily, connected with new technology and knowledge about government scheme provided for them. Suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs in Jharkhand It is consolidated effort needed from all area of society required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their greater participation in business along with male entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship basically implies in control of one’s life and activities and women entrepreneurs need to be given confidence, independence and mobility to come out of their paradox. Some measures can be taken for their development and empower them to perform better and face challenges in business. • Continuous need to encourage, inspire ,motivate and family support. • Awareness programme conducted in society. • Emphasis of spread education among women in rural area and arrange training programme, practical experience and overall personality development. • Organized training programme to develop their business skill, managerial leadership, risk bearing capacity, profit planning and other skills. • Vocational training for understand production process and production management. • Education institute should be tie up with government and assist to develop plan of business projects. • Women entrepreneurs who are in business provided easily loan by banking institutions. • Mahila samiti should be strengthening more and more in all the districts. • Sakhi mandal might be provided tax free and interest free loan. Need of subsidization also. REFERENCES Economic survey government of Jharkhand 2019-20. The Pioneer, Tuesday 13 July 2021. Narayan,R and Lakra,V. "Women Entrepreneurship in Ranchi - Problems and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3, April 2018, pp.2206- 2210,URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11673.pdfjamshedpurtv.in/women- entrepreneurs-of-jharkhand/ Mahajan S. Women Entrepreneurship in India, Global Journal of Management and Business Studies. 2013; 3:10. Parimala Devi B. Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in India, International Journal of Science and Research. 2014; 3:9 James GH, Satyanarayana K. Women entrepreneurship in India problems and prospects, International Journal of Academic Research. 2015, 2(8). Padhi P, Padhy A. Women Entrepreneurship in India: Present Status, Problems and Prospects, International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Studies. 2014; 1:3. Aditi Avasthi comparative analysis of Pradhanmantri Jan dhan Yojana.
101 All India report number and area of operational holdings: Agricultural Census Report 2010- Census Reports 2001 and 2011, Government of India. Garg, S. and Agarwal, P. 2017. Problems and Prospects of Woman Entrepreneurship – A Review of Literature. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(1): 55-60. Goyal M, Prakash J. Women Entrepreneurship in India- Problems and Prospects, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2011, 1-5. Jennings JE, Brush CG. Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature, Journal of Academy of Management. 2013; 7:1.
102 CHAPTER-11 DEVELOPMENT OF FASHIONABLE GARMENTS USING VARIOUS WASHING TECHNIQUES P. Sam Vimal Rajkumar Teaching Assistant, Fashion Technology, AISD, Alagappa University ABSTRACT We are living in the fashionable era everyone wants to wear fashionable garments. As a result the people can make the difference with others. At present, the garment wash is a new technology in the garment trade. Normally washing means cleaning something, but in the garment trade, only of garments is not the garment wash. Garment washing is a technology which is applied to change or modify the outlook, appearance, comfort ability and design of garments. Garments washing are the best touch of a garment. Depending on garments construction different types of washing process can be done. Key words: Fashion, Garment washing , Washing Techniques, Finishes. INTRODUCTION OF GARMENT WASHING The technology which is used to modify the appearance, outlook comfort ability & fashion of the garments is called garment washing. 1.1. Objects of Garment Washing Garment washing is the best touch of a garment. Same type of garments can produce several effects for several wash. • To create wash look appearance, seems the new touch of fashion. • By the washing technique, faded/old, color or tinted affect. • Washing technique creates new fashion such as tagging, grinding, destroy, blasting, whickering, permanent wrinkle, deep dye, tie dye, p.p spray, hand crapping, p.p spoonzing etc. • To reduce size materials that imports soft hand feels. • To attraction the customers/buyer by different types of fashionable washing and market development. • Due to washing, shrinkage occurs in the garments. There is no possibility of further shrinkage of the wash garments. • Any dirt, spot or germ if added in the garments during manufacturing is also removed due to washing. 2. WASHES Garment washing has evolved from the bare requirement of shrinkage to significant value addition to the garments. The invention of apparel as a fashion statement has added fuel to the creativity of the washer to try out new finishes. Washes can be broadly categorized into three types: 1. Aesthetic Finishes 2. Functional Finishes 3. Correctional Finishes
103 2.1. Aesthetic Finishes 2.1.1. Acid wash This term is a complete misnomer as virtually no acid is used in this process. Denims are washed with pumice stones soaked with hypo to give significant contrast in the color of the Denim Material. The same process can be employed on yarn dyed garments giving several finishes. In this process pumice stones are substituted with thermocol balls. 2.1.2. BALL WASH Garments are washed with different kind of Balls like Emery, Rubber, Plastic and Silicone coated Balls to give myriad finishes. 2.1.3. Enzyme wash It is an ecological way of treating the Garment to get a washed, bright, clean and premium look.
104 2.1.4. Silicon softener Wash durable soft silky hand feels achieved with selected Silicone emulsions and softeners 2.1.5. Vintage wash Vintage looks created on the Garment with different auxiliaries depending on the fabric. We also have G2 Process by which we can get different vintage levels without using any chemical and water. Please refer to the technology section of the website for further details. 2.1.6. Stone wash This is a traditional method of washing Denims and other heavy fabrics like Canvas. It gives a newly manufactured garment a worn out appearance. This process increases the softness and flexibility of stiff and rigid fabrics. Abraded, worn and battered look on heavier fabrics like drills and twills done using Pumice stones.
105 2.1.7. Perlite wash Delicate light weight garments which require the stone wash effect are washed with perlite powder in place of Pumice stones to avoid damage. The advantage is that we get the stone washed effect throughout the fabric and not just on the upper surface as in case of stones. 2.1.8. Peach wash Peaching or sueding is a mechanical finish done on fabrics, but the same effect can be replicated in the garment form by chemical treatments. 2.2. Functional Finishes Garment manufacturers are challenged to find innovations and to seek new materials that provide tangible benefits. Properties such as Easy care, antimicrobial, Antistatic, Stain resistant, water and oil repellency, flame retardant, UV protection, thermal and moisture control can be incorporated into the garment to make them functional. 2.2.1. Antimicrobial Anti-microbial finish causes a fabric to inhibit the growth of Microbes. The humid and warm environment found in textile fibers encourages the growth of the microbes. In the
106 present day world most of us are very conscious about our hygiene and cleanliness. Clothing and textile materials are not only the carriers of microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria, odour generating bacteria and mould fungi, but also good media for the growth of the microorganisms. Anti Microbial finished Garments remain pure, clean and fresh as the finish combats the growth of the odor causing Bacteria. Microbial infestation poses danger to both living and non-living matters. Obvious smell from the inner garments such as socks, spread of diseases, staining and degradation of textiles are some of the detrimental effects of bad microbes. Though the use of antimicrobials have been known for the decades, it is only in the recent couple of years several attempts have been made on finishing textiles with antimicrobial compounds. The consumers are now increasingly aware of the hygienic life style and there is a necessity and expectation for a wide range of textile products finished with antimicrobial properties. 2.2.2. Ultra violet protection Sunlight includes rays of invisible UV radiation and over exposure to UV radiation can lead to Sunburn,accelerated skin ageing, Skin cancer. Garments treated with this finish protects us from the harmful radiations. UV protection is especially required for fair skinned sun sensitive people, Children, People who spend more time in the sun. 2.2.3. Soil release Stain release agents give the fabric a property by which stains can be easily washed out during laundering. This is achieved by a combination of Fluorine and Hydrophilic groups in the Soil release Agent.The fluorine group repels oil while the Hydrophilic group facilitaes stain removal in the washing.
107 2.2.4. Water & Oil repellency Water and Oil repellency happens when the surface tension of the solid surface is lower than that of oil & water. As such water and oil will enter the fabric surface as surface tension of cotton is higher than that of Oil & water.When the fabric is treated with this finish the surface tension is lowered than that of the Liquids. Hence your garment becomes Water and Oil Repellent. 2.2.5. Flame retardancy Flame retardants improve the resistance to ignition of the Substrate thereby reducing the chance of starting a fire. In case of a fire they reduce the flame spread and rate of fire development, thus providing extra time to extinguish the fire or make an escape. Flame retardants act physically as well as chemically in combating the fire by cooling the substrate,forming a protective layer over it,diluting the combustible material and also by chemical reactions. 2.2.6. Moisture management By this finish the Garments especially that are worn next to the skin, transport the sweat from the body and evaporate it to the atmosphere in double quick time. So you feel the
108 garments more dry ,they don’t cling on to your body. Also you feel lot more cool. This finish makes the fabric more breathable. 2.3. Correctional Finishes 2.3.1. Color fixing Fastness parameters like fastness to washing, crocking, light can be improved. 2.3.2. Anti seam slippage In some garments seams slip at the slightest force applied. This can be corrected by using a special auxiliary. In addition to preventing seam slippage, the strength is also increased by this treatment. 2.3.3. Antiozonate finish The yellowing of indigo dyed garments especially denims is due to the exposure to Ozone from the atmosphere. This Ozone oxidizes the indigo to products that are dull and yellow in color. Hence your favorite Jean has yellow stains on exposed portion which you detest. To offset this Denims are treated with Special Anti Ozonate Softners in the final finishing bath.
109 These softners b4nd Ozone and arrest the oxidation of Indigo. Hence along with the customery softness your denim also gets Ozone Protection.The yellowing of indigo is due to the oxidation by exposure to Ozone from the atmosphere. To offset this special anti ozonatesofteners are added to the final bath. 2.3.4. Color enhancing Dark Colors like blacks, Navies can be made deeper and brighter by this process. 2.3.5. Optical brightener wash Optical brighteners are designed to mask the yellow or brown tones in the fibers and make the fabric look cleaner and brighter in white garments. 2.3.6. Anti pilling wash This treatment reduces the forming of pills on fabrics and knitted products made from yarns with a synthetic fibre content, which are inclined to pilling by their considerable strength,flexibility, resistance to impact. This finish is based on the use of chemical treatments which aim to suppress the ability of fibres to slacken and also reduce the mechanical resistance of the synthetic fibre.
110 3. WASHING TECHNOLOGY 3.1. G2 – waterless washing machine The concept of Sustainable Garment Washing an eco friendly approach to washing is being enhanced by the G2 Waterless Washing Machine. The Air from the atmosphere is introduced into the G2 generator. This air is converted into Ozone gas that is moved inside the tumbler. The O3 washes the garment breaking the anchor of the fibre dyeing. The O3 is transformed back to air and released into the atmosphere. • Vintage look on Non denims. • Shade band on Non Denims from a single shade. • Back staining is completely removed in Denims. • Crocking fastness is improved in dark colors. • Reduces the water consumption. • Yellowing of Denims greatly reduced. • Denims with Appliques can be washed. • Black and Grey denim fade down without turning brown. • Bleaching without Bleach. This technology allows significant water and energy usage reduction. It also eliminates the need of toxic processes such as bleaching and permanganate usage. By using the air from the atmosphere,G2 reproduces Ozone gas conditions to give garments the real look of outdoor usage. Reproducibility Reproduces same physical and chemical conditions wash after wash, thus standardizing all outcomes. 3.2. Nano bubbles E Soft is a breakthrough Nano technology in Garment softening . Super soft touch feels can be achieved. The e-Flow technology, gets air from the atmosphere and transforms it into nanobubbles. Products and water then naturally distribute themselves forming the nanobubble skin, a perfectly homogeneous mix between water, products and air. The skin of
111 the nano-bubbles is responsible of transporting the properties of the product to the garment are an optimal & efficient way. Functional elements are then carried on the nanobubble surface in an optimal & efficient way. • Unmatched superb touch feels can be achieved • Delicate Garments which could get damaged in the normal wash cycles, can be effectively softened via E Soft Technology. • The brightness and lustre will be enhanced. • Color loss will be zero CONCLUSION Garments washing process is very broad in textile industry. Under this investigation it is clear that after washing garments are gathered some properties like appearance, softness, comfort and strength because unwashed garments are almost stiff and rough. Now a day, every garments industry tries their level best to produce quality product but that industries are survive and prosper who can produce best quality products at a competitive price. It is further noted that trends are changed very quickly as per customer demand so to meet the desire of them washing process are able to open new market. REFERENCES 1. www.motherlandgarments.com 2. www.textilelearner.com – Garment Washing
112 CHAPTER-12 WEST BENGAL : SOCIO – ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS OF MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN 24 PARGANAS. Sujit Naskar Guest Lecturer Department of History Basanti Devi College (NSOU) ABSTRACT Socio-Economic backwardness is a multidimensional concept. The Muslim communities is an backwardness group in West Bengal . Muslim communities of West Bengal are a substantial minority and second religious group. They are, being in disadvantageous position and in marginal condition, socio-economically backwardness in the districts of 24 Parganas (WB) . Even though there is lack of literature on the study of Muslim communities of 24 Parganas, the present study is an attempt to explore their socio-economic backwardness, living standard and social backwardness of Muslim communities in 24 Parganas. The Muslim communities are backwardness in the major aspects of social living such as education, employment, government opportunities, social and physical infrastructure and health. The possible ways, to escape from social backwardness like reservation for Muslim communities and other major steps, have been taken by the Government of West Bengal. Key Words: Muslim communities, socio-economic backwardness, social segregation, Muslim communities reservation. INTRODUCTION West Bengal is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-lingual State. People belonging to many religions, such as Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Christianity live in the State . Muslims constitute the largest minority communities with 30 per cent population of this state . They are not only the largest minority communities, but their presence is visible in all the districts and administered territory of the State . West Bengal occupies third position among various states and union territories of the country in terms of percentage of Muslim population . Muslims of 24 Parganas (West Bengal) and of other parts of the India have contributed largely in the development and transformation of society, culture and civilization of India. Their role in the freedom struggle of the country is unquestionable. Nevertheless, discrimination, social stagnation and educational marginalisation cumulatively resulted in growing economic backwardness of the Muslims in larger parts of the country.1 This largest minority communities has been converted to the lowest socio-economic stratum in post-independent west Bengal . They have lagged behind the Schedule Castes in many walks of life. They are educationally most backward, economically poor and politically a powerless communities of the West Bengal in general and of 24 Parganas in particular. More often the communities became victim of pogrom in which innumerable Muslims are killed; their shops are burned, their women are beaten and raped and their property is destroyed and looted. As a result, they are compelled to leave their home and property and
113 live in dingy lanes and slums. Constitutional guarantees are distant dream for them. Governmental Plan and Programmes do not reach to the Muslim concentration areas and if reached its implementation is half-hearted by implementing governmental and non- governmental agencies. No political party and religious leaders are known to have taken active interest in the social, economic and educational progress of the communities and ensuring them safety and security, but recently government of West Bengal has launched many Shemes for the upliftment of the minority communities of India especially for the Muslims.2 The total of 8 types ( Abdals, Churihara, Hajiam, Khalifa, Kunjra, Nikari, Rangrez, Sayyad) of Socio-Economic backwardness Muslim communities live in the 24 Parganas (West Bengal) . Most of the communities are poor and landless. They are mainly engaged in menial occupation like begging, fish mongers, churiwala, snake charmer, cotton-carder etc. Few of them are associated with agriculture and petty business. Almost all the communities belong to lower social strata of the society. They are the most educationally backward community and few communities do not send their children to school due to their poverty despite.3 Now, I will basically discuss the 8 Muslim communities who are backwardness of socio-economic in 24 Parganas. NIKARI The Nikaris are a Muslim community. The word Nikari is derived from the Persian word nek means God. Thus, nek and kari i.e. Nekari stands for 'doer of good work'. They prefer to introduce themselves Dalasayad or Dafadar. People of the other communities call them as Nikari or Nikiri. Dafadar, sarkar, etc., are their titles. They have a belief that they heve bom of Soleman Paigamber the Badshah of Jins and a daughter of a fisherman.4 They are mostly concentrated in the district of 24 parganas and in Calcutta. The Nikari people speak and write in Bengali. The Nikaris sell fish. They also depend on fruit gardening. They take ponds to cultivate fish, and gardens on lease from others. Most of them are landless. Only a few possesses land of their own. Some are service holders or agricultural labourers. They take fish or mangoes to the daily or weekly markets and sell them. It is reported that the number of leasers among them has increased. The Nikaris have a folk tail about their origin which is: Soleman Paigamber was the emperor of theym. One of the Jins was his personal servant. Soleman used to go for nature's call keeping his ring in the custody of that servant. One day the servant wore Soleman's ring and got the appearance of Soleman. Then Soleman went to his hundred wives and asked them not to allow the servant into the Begam Mahal and went away.5 One his way he saw fisherman trying to catch fish in vain. He stopped there and consequently the fisherman could catch a lot of fish. The fisherman asked his identity. He replied that he was a common man. The fisherman took him to his house and thus he prospered in his fish business. The fisherman was then converted to Islam, and he gave his daughter in marriage to Soleman.6 The issues of that pair become Nikaris and Dalasayam. The Nikari is the educationally backward community. The boys Study upto secondary level, wheras girls study upto primary level only at madrasas. CHURIHARA The Churiharas are a small Muslim community with synonyms, Churihar and Churiwala. Traditionally they were traders in glass bangles, from where their name has been derived. They came from Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh and settled in West Bengal. They are found mostly in 24 Parganas district and in Calcutta city. They speak in Hindi and Urdu among themselves and in Hindi and Bengali with others. They use the Devangari script. They are classified under Other Backward Clases (OBC).7 The churihara women look after
114 domestic work. They paddle glass bangles, cosmetics and dolls on the village streets, but not until they become a mother. Women share the economic burden equally with their husbands; in some cases. they shoulder a greater burden than the men. But in spite of this they have a low status in the family. Most of the members of Churihara community are landless. Their main traditional occupation is trading in glass bangles and cosmetics. Many Churiharas also work in factories or as agricultural labourers and tailors. They buy what they need for their businesses from the urban markets and sell their products at different villages, fairs and daily and weekly markets. There are no bonded labourers or child labourers among them. Earlier, they were experts in making glass bengales.8 But now, these are made in Firozabad and sent to Calcutta. The Churiharas buy these bangles from Calcutta and sell them at the rural, or sub urban markets. The Churiharas are so poor that saving becomes near impossible. They sometimes take loans from the moneylenders and shop keepers for their business. Due to their abject poverty the Churihara boys and girls normally study up to primary level. HAJJAM The Hajjam in West Bengal are a Muslim barbar community. Nai, Nauwa, and Jarrah are their synonyms. The community does not have any title.9 'Hajjam' means who performs 'hajamat'. The name Nai or Nauwa comes from the word Napit and Jarrah performs to hair dressing.10 There are seven sub-castes- Awadhia, Kanaujia, or Biahut, Tirhutia, Srivastab or Bastar, Magahiya, Bengali and turk-Nauwa. All these sub-castes are Hindus except the Turk Nauwa, which he has considered as Muslims. The hajjam of 24 Parganas mostly have come from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Their relatives are found in North and South 24 Parganas and Calcutta. They live in 24 Parganas mostly in urban areas. They use Bhojpuri dialect and Arabic script within their families and kin groups whereas they speak with others in Bhojpuri as well as in Bengali and use Devangiri and Bengali scripts for written correspondence with others. They are categorized as OBC. Dhunia women contribute in the family income more than men. Some of them make bidis, some work as nurses or as teachers. The hajjam women generally control the family expenditure but in some cases family expenditure is also controlled by mens. Inspite of the fact, they enjoy a low status in family. The hajjam do not depend on any natural resources for their subsistence. Majority of them are landless in 24 Parganas but some of them have agricultural lands still in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Shaving is their traditional occupation. But many of them are engaged as industrial workers, carpenter, masons, hawkers of readymade garment, cloth, toys, and slippers or are owners of stationary shops. Any type of business is the primary occupation of the community. They sell their merchandise in daily markets for cash. Child labour does not exist among them. Gradual shifting from their traditional ocuupation to various activities due to the incrasing pressure on their traditional vocation is the major change in the occupational pattern of the community.11 The numbers of industrial labour among them has also increased. Many of the urban dwellers have received loans from Government through Special rural Employment Programme scheme for tailoring and various other businesses. The community members are holding white collar jobs. They have teachers, engineers, doctors among them; their members are engaged in different services; they have members in gram panchayat, and some of them are directly involved in political activities. The Hajjam have become aware of the necessity of educating for their children. Many of their boys and girls read up to secondary level.12
115 KHALIFA Khalifa are a Muslim community of West Bengal, with the synonym Ostagar. Other Muslim calls them Hajam though none of them work as hajamats. Respondents says Ibrahim Khalil- Ullah is their first ancestor, was ordered by the Prophet to perform circumscision. The Kans is Sunni Muslims and belong to Hanafi sub-sect. The Khalifas live mostly in 24 parganas districts. They speak and write in Bengali.13 Khalifas are endogamous community. The Khalifas have no social division, they consider neibouring Shaikh as higher, and other Muslim communities such as the Dhawas and Churiharas as lower than themselves. The Khalfas main economic resource is agricultural land and many own small plots. Cultivation and selling of fish are secondary occupation. They work as agricultural labourers, share- croppers and rickshawpullers. Performing circumcision is their traditional occupation. But now, many Kans have given up their traditional occupation and adopted modem jobs. Some Khalifas hold jobs or own small businesses nowadays. They carry fish to the aratdhars at the daily and bi-weekly markets. Agricultural land owned by Khalifa has decreased. As result the number of OBC khalifa agricultural labourers has increased. The community also has child labourers. Besides this some Khalifas are work as teachers or in white collar jobs, helping them establish modem inter-community links. Kans are socio-economically and educationally very backward. The Khalifa boys and girls study upto secondary level and few have gone to college.14 ABDALS Abdals is Muslim community with neither synonym, nor a special title-sometimes, mispronounced as 'Abder'. The etymology of the name is not known. The neighbouring erudite Muslims find two probable two etymological connections: 'Abdal' in Arabic means 'change'; and 'Abdal' is also the name of a Turkish town. Unlike certain Muslim communities - the Sheikh, Pathans and Sayyads- Abdals do not claim an outright Arabian, or West Asian, ancestry. In the past, they used Abdal as a surname, but now, they use Sheikh and Biswas. They say they have been living near Hindu communities from times long past. They also claim they were converted from Hinduism, probably during the reign of King Ballal Sen. They are mainly found in 24 Parganas and Calcutta.15 Though the Abdals are landless, they consider land as a major economic resource. A few however, are individual proprietors of land and, so, have full control over their land- holding. The Abdals main traditional occupation for krishi-karma. In rural areas, they still pursue their traditional occupation as a primary means of livelihood. They have taken up several subsidiary occupations too such as those of itinerant grocers, non-agricultural daily-wage laborers for earth -moving, roof-thatching, road construction and wholesale business in cattle.16 The literacy and education among Abdals is very poor. There are many drop-outs at school level and only few have completed their school education. The state of their poverty and backwardness in education appear to put a brake on their aspirations. Their socio-economic backwardness and quality of living put them in a lower position of which they are sufficiently aware. Neighbouring Muslims consider them low on account of their extra- Islamic activities and not in terms of economic backwardness. KUNJRA The Kunjras of West Bengal are a Muslim community; its synonyms are Subzifrosh and Rai. Many of them believ that they are the people who used to live at Kunj - a place in Arabia - and grow vegetables and fruits to sell according to the Prophet's instruction were known as Kunjras. The Kunjra as a greengrocer who sells tarkari and sabji, an occupation usually, but not exclusively, followed by Mohammedans in Behar.17 They came from Arabia and settled first in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. They came to West Bengal from Gaya or
116 Patna, Bihar, and settled down mostly in the urban areas of 24 parganas to avail the market facilities. The Kunjras have no social division. Kunjras as occupaying an intermediate position within the third block among four block of the Muslims hierarchical order. The Kunjras are lower in social status than the Mansooris, Ansaris or Momins- their neighbouring communities. In 24 Parganas Kunjaras are mostly landless communities. They are mainly vegetable and fruit sellers. Now, some are in the business of selling utensils and fish or hold jobs. The Kunjaras generally live in towns or cities, so that they are close to daily markets where they can sell their vegetables, fruits and fish. They also enter into contracts with different hotels for supplying vegetables.18 Kunjra boys help their father in business from the age of thirteen or fourteen years. The Kunjra shows positive attitude towards educafion as compare to other Muslim community. Boys and girls, usually study upto primary level, and most girls drop out after that. Some boys studied upto the high school and only a few upto colleges. RANGREZ The Rangrez are little known community of West Bengal. The group identified mainly in 24 Parganas and Calcutta, belongs to the Muslim Sunni sect and came from Rajasthan about 50 to 60 year ago and for this they are also called Mar-ari Rangrez. They have synonym like Rangrez, Rangarej, Rangraj, Ramgri, Ran gredh, Bhawas, Ramjari etc. They are also called lilgar. The name of the community has been derived from rang or colour, and rez or rekhtam or pouring. The community has several surnames like Lodhi, Chaohan, Solarki, Gori etc. the community states that they are called Rangrez due to their engagement in the occupation of using rang or colour.19 The distributed in many places of 24 Parganas like Barabazar, Baubazar, Jorasanko, Park street, Collin Street, Sagar Dutta lane etc. Though the exact figure of their population is not available but according to a rough estimate about eight thousand of them are living in 24 Parganas and Calcutta. The language or dialect they use at home and with the Kin group is Rajasthani. The script used by them is Urdu. They also use Hindi, Bengali and English language when they speak to others. As the community is named rangraz, the community maintains its livelihood on occupation which have something to do with colour.20 They have shops of varieties of chemical colours and other chemical ingredients necessary for colouring. They bring colours and chemicals from Delhi and Madras. They dyes variety of clothes. They also dye threads and printing sari. Generally, the Rangrez do not go to law courts. When there is a dispute in the community, they call five of six elderly and knowlegable persons to form a court of their own and the case is placed before them for arbitration. Literacy rate among them is not as low as compare to other Muslim community like Abdals etc., the standard of education is not at all high. One or two holders of C.A or L.L.B. degrees may be found among them. But women are rarely study beyond the primary standard.21 SAYYAD The Sayyad is a another muslim community of 24 Parganas (WB). Sayyad is the term used strictly ybr those communities, individuals or group of individuals who claim their descent yrow the last Prophet Muhammad, and his family members ahle-bait, viz., his daughter Fatima and his cousin and son-in-law Ali.22 In 24 Parganas they are mainly found of Barabazar, Baubazar, Park street and Metiabruz etc. The Sayyad are divided into two religious sects of Shia and Sunni. The Sayyad of Shia sect in Metiabruz use Meerza as their surname. The Sayyads of Surmi sects use infact no surname, rather they use Sayyad as a title and prefix it to their names. They speak Benagli, Hindi and English both at home and at outside. But some section of the community feels proud and honour to speak and write in Urdu.23 The Sayyads' major economic resource is land. They exercise control over the land
117 that they possesses. The community is mainly land owning. Ownership of land among the Sayyads is on the basis of individual proprietorship. The Sayyads claim no hereditary or traditional occupation. In rural 24 Parganas they live mainly on agriculture. Educated sections among them have gone in for various white collar jobs and profession like teaching or jobs in bank. As subsidiary occupation they have taken up business and trade. Non among them work as labourer. The community is wholly dependent on market. There are no bonded labourers in the community. There is no child labourer either. However, children from other neighbouring communities are employed by the rich Sayyad. However, the kisan or agricultural labour on annual cotract is paid in kind along. Since independence a number of educated Sayyads Men and Women have gone in for jobs in tertiary sectors. Sayyads maintain no commensal relation with certain Muslim communities of lower social order such as Abdal. As regards connubial norms, the Sayyads repudiate ideally any restriction of inter community marital excahange among various Muslim communities. But, in practice they many their daughters within their own community.24 Hoewevr, Sayyad male are found to marry non-sayyad women of so called upper Muslim jat. The literacy among the Sayyads is high compared to that among any other Muslim community of the state. A small section of them have gone in for college and higher education. CONCLUSION From the above detail account about the Muslim communities in 24 Parganas, we can say that they are distributed in all the rural areas off the districts. Few communities of them came from outside West Bengal for trade and preaching Islam and settled permanently in 24 Parganas. But most of them are converts from lower caste local people or migrated from various parts of the districts from time to time. Members of most of the communities are not well aware about their origin except few older or knowlegable person within the community. Muslims are socially, economically and educationally more backward in the districts as compare to their co-religionists in other parts of the State . Muslims are landless community except few. In rural areas they are largely agricultural labourer, day labourer, bidi binders and servants in other's house. While in urban areas mostly they are rickshaw puller, street vendor, fruit seller, unskilled and skilled worker in industries, shop keeper, masons, etc. Their literacy level and education is very low. Generally, they send their children to maktabs for religious education only. Some children continue their study upto primary level in the local schools and then they drop-out. Though the parents are aware about the fact that the education is necessary for boys and girls in present society for their development but their low social status is the major impediment in pursuing higher education. They follow the religious obligation like their co-religionists in other parts of the state . There is social stratification exists within the community but it is not sharp. They are also aware about their abject poverty and in a hope that only some government affirmative action can help to elevate their socio-economic condition. REFERENCES Hussain, A. O. (2012). Muslims in West Bengal: Trend of Population growth and Education Status. Islam and Muslim Societies: A Social Science Journal. Vol.5. No.1. p 230. Sikand, I. A. Y. 09 February 2006. Survey of Socio-Economic Conditions of Muslims India. Available on: (http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-sikand090206.n). Accessed on 18 November 2007. Discussion with Md. Harunur khan. Age-45. Ex-service man. Calcutta: 10 May 2019. Risley, H. H. 1891. The Tribes and Castes of Bengal (Vol. II). Cacutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. p 133. Risley, H. H. 1891. Ibid. p 135.
118 Ghaffar, S. S. (2010). Muslims in West Bengal: Imaginative Development.from Eastern Post. Available on : (http://www.theeasternpost.org/show). Accessed on 8 February 2015. Siddiqi, M. K. A. (1974). Muslims of Calcutta. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India. p 57 Singh, K. S. (2008). People of India. West Bengal(Vol.XXXXIII). Calcutta:Anthropological Survey of India. p 78. HAJJAM. Available on : (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjam). Risley, H. H. 1891. The Tribes and Castes of Bengal (Vol. I). Cacutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. pp 306-309. Discussion with Ajijul Hak. Age-50. Panchayet member. Calcutta: 20 January 2019.Siddiqui, M.K.A. 1989. Muslim Education in Calcutta. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India. p 24. Singh, K. S. 1992. People of India: An Introduction. National Series (Vol.1). Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India. p 17. Mondal, S. R. 1991 .Educational Status of Muslims- Problems Prospects and Priorities. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications. p 255. Hunter, W. W.(1969). The Indian Musalmans, Delhi: Indological Book House. p 158. Risley, H.H.1891. op.cit. p 527. Siddiqi, M.K.A. 1974. Op.cit. p 100. Rangrez: A community which paints the society turns colourless, Available on:(https://lucknowobserver.com/rangrez/#:~:text=Rangrez%20or%20Sabbag%20is% 20a,West%20Bengal%2C%20Rajasthan%20and%20Delhi). Accessed on 5 August 2016. Ibid, Available on: (https://lucknowobserver.com/rangrez/#:~:text=Rangrez% 20or% 20Sabbag%20is%20a,West%20Bengal%2C%20Rajasthan%20and%20Delhi). Discussion with Md. Samim Ali. Age- 54. L.L.B. Calcutta: 17 February 2019. Sayyad, A people group of India, Available on : (https://peoplegroupsindia.com /profiles/sayyad/. Battacharya, R. K. 1973. 'The Concept and Ideology of Caste Among the Muslims of Rural West Bengal' in I. Ahmad (Ed.), Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India. New Delhi: Manohar Publications. pp 107-136. Op.cit, Available on : (https://peoplegroupsindia.com/profiles/sayyad/).
119 CHAPTER-13 ANALYSIS OF STRYCHNINE-MASS SPECTROMETRY Dr Shobharani Panchagnula Assistant Professor –Basic Sciences Department G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science ABSTRACT Strychnine is an alkaloid found in strychnos nux vomica. It is the first alkaloid identified in the plants of the genus strychnos family loganiaceae. The content of strychnine was analysed by HPLC/MS method up to nanogram level from the seeds of strychnos nux vomica seeds. Strychnine was incubated and the incubated samples were analysed with HPLC-MS technique in positive ion and full scan detection mode. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the ranges of 0.02 to 8.0 µg/mL. The method showed high sensitivity and selectivity. KEY WORDS: Strychnine, Loganiaceae. HPLC/MS. INTRODUCTION Strychnos nux vomica is a tree native to the tropical forests on the Malabar Coast in southern India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.The seeds of the fruit are a rich source of strychnine. In some strychnos plants a dimethoxy derivative of strychnine, brucine is also present. Brucine is not as poisonous as strychnine. Strychnine is a natural alkaloid. A neurotoxin which is highly poisonous .Strychnine is primarily used as a pesticide to kill rodents and small predators and can rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, stomach and small intestines. The three ways in which strychnine can enter the body are through inhalation, ingestion and broken skin. Strychnine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It causes excitation of all parts of the central nervous system thus increasing the neuronal activity leading to increased muscular activity. Strychnine leaves the bloodstream quickly and distributes to the tissues. The biological half-life of strychnine is about 10 hrs. Few minutes after ingestion, strychnine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Two typical alkaloids, strychnine and brucine are the active constituents in many traditional medicines and have been used in important remedies to treat nervous diseases, vomiting, arthritis, and pains and also to promote blood circulation. METHODOLOGY Liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry is widely applied in the analysis of drugs and their metabolites. The samples were pretreated and separated on SB-C18 column with mobile phase (formic acid and formic acid acetonitrile 50:50). Electrospray ionization (ESI) was utilized and operated in positive mode. Stock solutions of strychnine were prepared in methanol (concentration 40 µg/mL). Five microliters of the stock solution were added to the fraction solution, shaken for equilibration and later incubation was initiated. The incubation mixtures were quenched, centrifuged and allowed to dry under nitrogen stream. The aliquot was used for the HPLC-MS analysis.HP
120 liquid chromatograph with a reversed phase column was used. The mobile phase was ammonium acetate and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min.ESI-MS analysis was performed in trap mass spectrometer. Positive ion mode was used for the determination. Nebuliser gas, flow rate, temperature of the dry gas were set at 35psi, 7.0 L/min and 4500V, respectively. He gas was used as collision gas for MS analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Acetonitrile and ammonium acetate were used as the mobile phase for the chromatographic analysis. The peak resolutions were obtained from different gradient –elution modes and the solvent grade elution program was established. Under the gradient elution conditions, the retention times of strychnine were 12min. The [M + H] + ions of strychnine at m/z 335 were chosen as parent ions for the fragmentation in MS-MS mode. The technique was used for the quantitative analysis of strychnine. The approach has shown high sensitivity and superior selectivity for the analysis of thermos-labile and nonvolatile compounds.
121 CONCLUSION The described HPLC/MS method helped in the determination of strychnine .The use of this technique allowed rapid and direct detection when the samples were analyzed for quantification. The detection of the alkaloid may be useful for the identification. Since the described method was rapid, sensitive and selective, the method is suitable for the identification of alkaloids and their metabolites. REFERENCES Heimberger SI, Scott AI (1973). "Biosynthesis of strychnine". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (6): 217–8. doi:10.1039/C39730000217 Migliaccio E, Celentano R, Viglietti A, Viglietti G (1990). "[Strychnine poisoning. A clinical case]". Minerva Anestesiologica. 56 (1–2): 41–2. Sandberg F, Kristianson K (September 1970). "A comparative study of the convulsant effects of strychnos alkaloids". Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica. 7 (4): 329–36. Everett AJ, Openshaw HT, Smith GF (1957). "The constitution of aspidospermine. Part III. Reactivity at the nitrogen atoms, and biogenetic considerations". Journal of the Chemical Society: 1120–3. doi:10.1039/JR9570001120 Dewick PM (2009). Medicinal natural products: a biosynthetic approach (3rd ed.). Chichester: A John Wiley & Sons. pp. 377–378. ISBN 978-0-470-74167-2. Wieland H, Gumlich W (1932). "Über einige neue Reaktionen der Strychnos - Alkaloide. XI" [On some new reactions of the Strychnos alkaloids. XI]. Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie (in German). 494: 191–200. doi:10.1002/jlac.19324940116. Nicolaou KC, Sorensen EJ (1996). Classics in Total Synthesis: Targets, Strategies, Methods. Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-29231-8 Gupta RC (2009-01-01). Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents. Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-800159-2. OCLC 433545336 Grunberger R (1971). The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 104. Boyd RE, Brennan PT, Deng JF, Rochester DF, Spyker DA (March 1983). "Strychnine poisoning. Recovery from profound lactic acidosis, hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysis". The American Journal of Medicine. 74 (3): 507–12.
122 CHAPTER-14 THE FUTURE OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN INDIA WITH THE RISING COVID-19 PANDEMIC Dr. Sumanta Bhattacharya Research fellow, Public-Foreign-Defense policy analyst Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Kolkata, West Bengal ABSTRACT Migrant workers form a huge part of the Indian workforce , who are mostly employed in the informal sector . With the sudden declaration of Lockdown and the shutting down of all the factories construction sites , no street vendors and stop of transportation facilitates hit the migrant workers in the worst way , millions of migrants have to travel back now , there was no transport facilitates , only a few inter states buses and trains were available , thousands of people are standing at one place with no COVID-19 prevention measures ,no access to food and water , many people died half a way out of hunger , today more people are dying out of hunger in India then covid-19 . The government has provided free food grains and launched crore of new ration card of people to get access to food grains . We need to introduce free food services in rural villages and for the poor and the government should increase their food subsidiaries for the citizens and introduce a new policy for migrant workers where again with the second lockdown people had to travel back again , and try to provide free vaccination for the poor and vulnerable section of the society . Keywords: Migrant workers, informal sector, COVID-19, ration card, food grains, policy, vaccination, lockdown INTRODUCTION With speedy urban development and the Industrial revolution , we have seen a lot of people migrating to the urban sector better jobs and lifestyle which is common across the globe where in many developed countries 92 % of the population has shifted to the urban sector, where urbanization and industrialization have brought massive benefits to its people. Migration can be construe as the movement of a group of people or individual to different states or countries to settle permanently or for job purpose and better opportunities ahead . If we talk about developing countries where majority of the people live in the rural sector especially in India , where 70 % of the population comprises of the rural sector and 30 % of the urban sector , for the country agriculture is a nerve centre for economy development, with India having the second largest population in the world . In India , Urbanization started from the British period , soon after the Independence of India and Partition of the country, humongous people travelled from one region to another . Industrial revolution has taken its way into India , after the Partition the agriculture sector was widely effected , so we saw many people coming the urban sector in such of jobs , this was the beginning of migration in India . With the upcoming years with rapid rise in urbanization , we are seeing huge amount of people migrating to the urban sector for better lifestyle and income. Lack of income in
123 the urban sector , with poor agriculture investment followed by land rights , no access to electricity ,education and proper sanitation , in villages apart from farming there are many less job opportunities and the amount a farmers earns per month is very less compared to the amount of labour they have put in and there exist a massive gap from the time there have send their raw material and the time they receive the money sometimes the period is even six months , most of the farmers live before poverty line , so they migrant in the urban region to earn a bit more than what they earned in the rural area, Rural India is so marked by social stigma which has never allowed development to take place for instance empowerment of rural women and including them into rural economy . The villagers who want their children to get well educated also shift to the urban sector due to lack of schools . Today the migrants rate have increased in the last 10 years , that is 72 million to 100 million we have seen migrants from rural to urban sector who work in factories , public sector, some are self employed as street vendors , some have open their local shops in the region, followed by working at construction sites in big cities , these migrants worker usually live in the urban slums area or in small recent homes in some locality which provides them some kind of food provisions on a daily basis . RESEARCH METHODOLOGY For the purpose of this exploration , I have used a amalgamation of two of the archetypical social sciences research tools application –as they are authentic and brilliant method to assemble statistics from multiple appellant in an methodical and convenient way. Question were asked to the common youth, public policy Analyst, rural people, farmers , survey, interviews –consisting of several interrogation which were dispersed among representative of each contender group. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH PAPER The main areas of exploration in this paper incorporates 1. Who are Migrant workers in India . 2. A study on the impact on migrant workers due to COVID-19 . 3. What has the government done to help the migrant workers and what is the present condition of the migrants workers. 4. What can be done to improve the condition of migrant workers . LITERATURE REVIEW Over the years the number of migrant workers have increased especially in developed cities like Delhi , Mumbai , Gujarat , Tamil Nadu and many others. In 2020 , when corona virus which never India in the month of February , a deadly virus which can kill a whole country , a globe virus which affected the whole world and resulted in complete lockdown in 90 % of the countries where the migrant where sent back to their countries , India and China were badly affected because of their huge migrant population . In India the main problem was of interstate migrants and rural to urban migrants . In India there are 139 billion migrants workers and majority of them live on daily wages , the sudden lockdown declared on 24th March , 2020 for 21 days affected all the citizens in India , in particularly the migrants workers , as they had no job left and no place to live as they dependent on the factories and office areas for living , all the factories, shops and transportation was completed off in no time , the migrants workers started packing their bags to return to their villages apart from that they didn’t have any other option , the government didn’t think much of the migrant
124 workers , only a few trains and buses were running that also inter states , local everything was shut , where thousands of people where waiting at the bus stop and railway station for hours and then day and night waiting for their chance to come , with no food and water , waiting in the open , many of them didn’t have a mask , COVID-19 prevention encompassed social distancing , wearing a mask and using sanitizer which 90 % of the people didn’t have and we could estimated that in no time these people could be affected by the virus and many people had to wait for days for their chance to come and thousands of people decided to walk , people were walking from one state to another without water or food , some were riding their bicycle and some had tricycle moving along with their families and in most of the cases the kids were very small and had no access to basic necessity , for some people the distance was above 1000 km , they took rest and worked , where many NGOs and individual people came out of their homes to help these migrant workers by providing free food , water ,mask and sanitizer on daily basis , till government didn’t make proper arrangement for these migrant workers , many people died waiting at the bus stop , railway station and walking , In India the economic was widely affected with complete lockdown and it was the migrant workers who constituted majority of the work force . FINDINGS The escape of migrant workers from the cities following the proclamation of 21 days lockdown , drew the attention on the humongous number of labourers who are working and living away from their home town as per 2016 census , the magnitude of the workforce is 50 crore out of which 10 crore are migrant workers .It is estimated that 29 % of the migrant workers depend on daily wages in big cities , the migrants in India cities are marked by three traits which includes internal migration , informality and circularity, these migrants are come from different states and are within India , they have low income, employed in the informal sector and many migrants workers depend on daily wages .Moreover the these migrants do not permanently relocate to the cities, expensive living of the urban environment compel the migrants to move without their families .The share of migrants in highest in the construction sector for women where urban forms 67% and rural 73 % . While for male these are employed in the public services and modern services in the urban sector 16 % and rural 40 % . For instance Delhi migration rate amounts to 43 %, Inter-state migration 88 % and within state migration 63 % , Mumbai migration rate amounts of 55 % , interstate migration 46 % and within state migration 52 % ., Surat has a migration rate of 65 % , interstate migration 50 % and within state migration is 76 % . Most of the migrants either come from Uttar Pradesh which accounts to 25 % of the Migrants or Bihar which accounts to 14 % followed by Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh , the migrants wanted to return back to their states , In fact Uttar Pradesh didn’t accept much of its migrant population. The migrants workers who returned back to their villages had no money to feed their family and already the rural condition was so worst with lack of hospital and primary health care facilities people have no access to mask or necessary medicines and followed by no ambulance people had to travel long distance to reach to the nearest hospital . The migrants who had retuned back to their home town has no idea whether they are affected by the corona virus or it, because of the lack of testing kit and they were no rules of social distancing being maintained while travelling . This shows the miserable condition health care system of India , during the first wave of covid-19 , the urban sector was badly affected with the virus , whereas during the second wave India ‘s rural area is seeing more deaths . Migrants workers who have returned back have no idea when will they be able to return or
125 will their state provide them with jobs , people have no access to food and water, already India is suffering from food shortage and water crisis, the migrants workers who have stayed back in the urban area are leaving the urban slums areas . Around 40 million people in India have lost their jobs during this pandemic period , the economy has been badly affected and truth about the Indian health care system is visible, until and unless the whole country doesn’t receive vaccination, there is no guarantee the whole system to start again and things are normalized . In India people are trying because of shortage or no access to food than of corona virus, the agriculture sector has also reduced its productivity. Whereas the government need to take initiatives to help the migrant workers to who have been hit the hardest due to this pandemic , where the government had doubled the ration of people. However the problem is in India 50 million people didn’t have a ration card, where 75 % of the rural population is depended on ration and 50 % in the urban area, the government launched 81 crore new ration card holders in the month of may and June, free food grains was provided to 2.7 crore where as the target was set to 8 crore. For instance, in Delhi 71 Lakh ration card has been issued in 2021, and in 2020 e-coupons around 60 lakh were issued to get free access to food grains for people who didn’t have a ration cards. 265 million people are facing problem of hunger due to COVID-19 in India. SUGGESTIONS Migrants are experience the hardest hit from the corona virus , where access to food has emerged as the biggest problem with no employment, we should organize free food services for all the vulnerable section of the society twice a week in every district and villages , free food package for children of every villages and open community kitchen where every day you get free access to food and you can eat as many times you want to. We should include more items to the ration list , foods that are rich in nutrition and protein that will keep the immunity system high of the poor people who can't get access to basic health care services, COVID-19 has shown as the harsh reality of the health care system in the rural sector in particular , where as apart from COVID-19, we also have many other disease which are present in the villages and we have patients, mandatory five doctors should be present in every villages with 10 nurses and weekly corona testing should be done , free distribution of mask to every migrant worker and its family with free food services. The Migrants people who have died in the covid-19 pandemic, their family should be provided with special health card and food packages. We need provide free food based on the nutrient system required for the pregnant lady and mal nutrition children. National Rural employment Guarantee act which issue 100 days of utilization, should take the initiative to provide employment to the migrants so that they have access to earning. We need provide free vaccination serve for all rural India, vulnerable section of the society. We need to introduce a new migrant worker policy , we will soon experience the third phase of the virus so before that we need to provide a better standard of living for the migrants who form the foundation community for the development of Indian Economy. CONCLUSION The incoming migrants to their home town , for them special arrangements had to be made for food , clothing and shelter , as many didn’t have family, the lockdown had opened where many factories had started working and some of the migrants had returned back to the city to work , however majority have lost their jobs in this pandemic. In spite of many initiatives taken by the government to provide maximum benefit to the migrant workers , the condition
126 is miserable and in the upcoming months the condition will double , the third wave of COVID-19 will be worst then this , vaccine had reached to just 2 % of the population , its difficult to serve such a huge population , still arrangements are taking place at every level to provide food and health facilitates for the migrant and poor people. The future is unpredictable and how long lasting this pandemic is going to last where all the schools and colleges have remained closed for the past two years . With cases reducing we hope that the lockdown opens and something can be done for the migrant population. REFERENCES • Shreehari Paliath , 2021 , May , A year after COVID-19 Lockdown , India still doesn’t have reliable data or policy on migrant workers . • Shailendra Kumar, 2021, Migrant workers and human rights : A critical study on India ‘s COVID-19 lockdown policy. Social Science and Humanities open, Volume 3, Issue 1. • Damini Nath, 2021, April , Migrants workers vulnerable again , say activists, The Hindu. • The Indian Express, 2020, December , The long walk of India’s migrant workers in covid -hit 2020 . • Shruthi Ashok, Porf. Neena Thomas, 2014, July, A study on issues of inter-state migrant labourers in India, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Volume 5 Issue 7. • Sangeeta Yadav Kumar Ravi Priya, 2020, December, Migrant workers and COVID- 19 : Listening to the Unheard Voices of Invisible India . SAGE Journals .
127 CHAPTER-15 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS OF WATER BY COMPLEXOMETRIC METHOD USING EDTA Mrs. M. Shanti, Asst.Prof of Chemistry, GNITS, Hyderabad ABSTRACT Water containing salts is called as hard water and water is essential for all life. Hardness can be defined as the water which contains salts of calcium and magnesium like chlorides, sulphates, nitrates,bi carbonates. In this paper I would like to determine the hardness of water by gathering different samples from one or more places and the results are tabulated by using EDTA method. KEY WORDS: EDTA Method, Hardness, Sample water, Indicator INTRODUCTION Hardness of water is due to the presence of the dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium ions. The calcium and magnesium ions are estimated by titrating water with ethylene- diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) using Eriochrome-black-T(EBT) indicator. EDTA EDTA titration is sensitive to pH .A buffer solution (NH4Cl+NH4OH)is used to maintain pH around 10.Beyond this pH , Mg is not sufficiently bound to the indicator (EBT) to give a sharp change at the end point.At pH 10 the indicator (EBT) is blue colored. At the same pH the complex formed by magnesium ion with the indicator Mg-EBT is colored wine red. The order of stability of the metal-EDTA and metal indicator complexes, is Ca-EDTA > Mg-EDTA > Mg-Erio-T > Ca-Erio-T (colourless) (Wine red) When a small amount of the indicator solution is added to a hard water sample, whose pH has been adjusted to 10 by the addition of the buffer solution, the indicator reacts with Mg2+ and Ca2+ to produce wine red color. When this solution is titrated with EDTA, EDTA reacts first with the free Ca2+ ions, then with the free Mg2+ ions and finally with Mg-EBTand Ca- EBT complexes liberating the blue colored free indicator. Thus at the end point the color of
128 the solution changes from wine red to blue. At the end point: EDTA [ Mg-Erio-T ] [ Mg EDTA ] + [Erio – T] wine red pH = 10 color less Blue (II) Temporary hardness of water is due to the dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. On heating these salts decompose to give insoluble carbonates and hydroxides. Ca (HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Mg (HCO3)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2 Thus temporary hardness can be removed by boiling the sample of hard water.Other soluble salts of calcium and magnesium which cannot be separated by simple heating impart permanent hardness to water. BODY OF THE CHAPTER: STEP 1. Preparation of standard MgSO4 solution: Weigh accurately about 0.5g of pure crystalline MgSO4.7H2O in to a clean 100ml standard flask, which has been cleaned with water and rinsed with distilled water. Dissolve it in minimum amount of distilled water and make up to the mark by adding distilled water. Shake the solution well for uniform concentration. Calculate its molarity. Molarity of MgSO4(M1) = 10W / 246.5 Where, 246.5gm = Mol. Wt of MgSO4 W= Weight of the given salt STEP 2. Standardization of EDTA Rinse a clean burette, first with distilled water and then with the EDTA solution and fill it with the same solution up to a convenient mark. Rinse a clean pipette with distilled water and then with the prepared MgSO4 solution. Pipette out 10ml of MgSO4solution into a clean conical flask which has been cleaned with water and rinsed with distilled water. Add 2ml of the buffer solution, 3-4 drops of Erio-chrome black-T (EBT) indicator.Titrate this solution with EDTA solution taken in the burette till the color changes from wine red to blue. Note down the reading. Repeat the titration for concurrent readings. Calculate the molarity of EDTA.
129 S. N o Volume of Standard Solution MgSO4 (V1) in ml Burette Reading(EDTA) Vi Vf V2= Vf- Vi 1 10 2 10 3 10 CALCULATIONS: MgSO4 Vs EDTA M1= Step 1 M2= ? V1 = 10 ml V2- = Burette Reading n1= 1 n2=1 M2=M1V1 X n 2 V2 X n1 STEP 3. Estimation of total hardness of water Pipette out 40 ml of the sample hard water (tap water) into a clean conical flask, which has been rinsed with distilled water. Add 2ml buffer solution, and 3 drops of Eriochrome-black- T indicator. Titrate this solution with the standardised EDTA solution until the color changes from wine red to blue. Note down the reading, repeat the titration for concurrent titre values and calculate the molarity and then the amount of total hardness of the sample hard water as parts per million of CaCO3 equivalents. S.No Volume of Hard Water (V3) in ml Burette Reading (EDTA) Vi Vf V2 1 = Vf- Vi 1 40 2 40 3 40 CALCULATIONS: Hard Water Vs EDTA M3 = ? M2 = Step 2 V3 = 40 ml V2- 1 = Burette Reading n3= 1 n2=1 M3= M2V1 2X n3 V3 X n2 Amount of total hardness in ppm = M3 X 100 X 1000
130 STEP 4. Estimation of permanent hardness of water: Place 250ml of the sample water in a 500ml beaker and boil gently for 20-30 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate into a 100ml standard flask. Make the solution up to the mark by adding distilled water and shake the solution well. Pipette out 20ml of this made up solution into a clean conical flask, which has been rinsed with distilled water. Add 2ml the buffer solution and 3-4 drops of Eriochrome black-T indicator. Titrate with the standard EDTA solution until the color changes from wine red to blue. Note down the reading, repeat the process to get at least two concurrent titre values. Calculate the permanent and then the temporary hardness as parts per million of CaCO3 equivalents. S.N o Volume of Per. Hard Water (V4) in ml Burette Reading(EDTA) Vi Vf V2- II = Vf- Vi 1 20 2 20 3 20 CALCULATIONS: Per.Hard Water Vs EDTA M4 = ? M2 = step 2 V4 = 20 ml V2- II = Burette Reading n4= 1 n 2=1 M4= M2 V2- II X n4 V4 X n2 Amount of permanent hardness in ppm = M4 X 100 X 1000 Temporary hardness = Total hardness – Permanent hardness CONCLUSION The present study had revealed various amount of hardness of the samples which may be harmful to the people, but the water showing extreme hardness may show some ill effects on the human health. There are both pros and cons of using extreme hard water and awareness must be brought among the public. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is thankful to the authorities of G.Narayanamma institute of Technology & Science (GNITS), Hyderabad, Telangana for the facilities provided. REFERENCES 1. Arnedo-Pena, A., Bellido-Blasco, J., Puig-Barbera, J., Artero-Civera, A., Campos-Cruañes, J.B., Pac-Sa, M.R., Villamarín-Vázquez, J.L. and Felis-Dauder, C. 2007. Domestic water hardness and prevalence of atopic eczema in Castellon (Spain) school children. Salud Pública De México., 492 (4): 295–301. 2. Drinking Water Hardwater Hardness Calcium Magnesium Scale Stained Laundry. Water- research.net. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
131 3. Gumashta, J., Gumashtab, R., Sadawarte, S.K. 2012. Hard water and heart: the story revisited. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences., 1(1): 07-20. 4. Harold D.F. 1994. Groundwater and Human Health,"Groundwater Resources of British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks and Environment Canada. 6.1-6.3. 5. ISO. 1984. International Standard ISO 6059. Water quality – Determination of the sum of calcium and magnesium – EDTA titrimetric method. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva. 6. Kobayashi, J. 1957. On geographical relations between the chemical nature of river water and death rate from apoplexy. Ber. Ohara Inst landwirt. Biol., 11: 12-21. 6. Kožišek, F. 2003. Health significance of drinking water calcium and magnesium. National Institute of Public Health. A review. 7. McNally, N.J., Williams, H.C., Phillips, D.R., Smallman-Raynor, M., Lewis, S., Venn, A. and Britton, J. 1998. Atopic eczema and domestic water hardness. The Lancet., 352(9127): 527–531. 8. Miyake, Y., Yokoyama, T., Yura, A., Iki, M. and Shimizu, T. 2004. Ecological association of water hardness with prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis in a Japanese urban area. Environ Res, 94 (1): 33–7. 9. National Research Council. 1974. Nutrients and toxic substances in water for livestock and poultry. National Academy Science, Washington, D.C.

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  • 1.
    Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol.-2 Dr. KaptainK. Bajpayee Principal Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723 Address: No -1-B, Sector 10B, Vasundhara Sector 10, Delhi - 201012, Behind Vanasthali Public School E-mail: swaranjalipublication@gmail.com Website: swaranjalipublication.com Contact No. +91-9810749840/8700124880
  • 2.
    Author © :Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee Publisher : Swaranjali Publication Sector-10B, Vasundhara, Ghaziabad (U.P.)-201012 Phone : 9810749840, 8700124880 E-mail : swaranjalipublication@gmail.com Website : www.swaranjalipublication.com Book : Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol.-2 Edition : First Edition, 2021 ISBN : 978-93-5470-767-4 Price : 499/- Printed By : Swaranjali Print ISBN-978-93-5470-767-4 All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electric, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder.
  • 3.
    PREFACE The aim ofthis Book is two-fold. First, the authors present a knowledge's application of multidisciplinary research based on the experience of ideas in the form of chapters comprised of multidisciplinary cases and focusing on the knowledgeable chapter cases. There are many theoretical accounts of, how one may approach multidisciplinary research, but here the author's aim to offer a practical and knowledge full account of how the theoretical goal of multidisciplinary research can play out in the ‘real world’. After addressing the current conceptual understanding of multidisciplinary, the authors will explain how useful the concepts of different subject area, in fact, are when applied to the typical constraints that many academics face today in conducting joint subjects. The authors, will provide lessons for future multidisciplinary collaboration and suggestions for developing methods of multidisciplinary research during Current Pandemic. The current pandemic is started in the December 2019. The disease appear in the sellers of Sea Food Market of city Wuhan, Hubei Province of China. The disease appear like the Symptoms of common cold and pneumonia but it was highly infectious and powerful character of dispersal. Hence the disease is also called Wuhan virus disease due to its origin. Another name was suggested by Scientist on the basis of spines present on capsid is called Corona virus. Due to the appearance in December 2019 the disease is also called COVID-19. In the Month of January 2020 it spread in several countries and became a pandemic worldwide. The virus was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern regarding COVID-19 on 30 January 2020, and later declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 31th July 2021, more than 198 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 4.22 million confirmed deaths attributed to COVID-19, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history. In this reference we started this book to find out countryside prevention and treatment on this leathal pandemic. In our system of indigenous knowledge and the science of Ayurveda have also the solution of such health problems since the time immemorial. In this book Fifteen chapters are composed of by the Papers, Chapters and articles provided by different Authors from entire country. Due to the current pandemic, most of the chapters related to COVID-19 and it's Prevention, Control and the ideas of Education to prevent the dispersal of disease in common public. Indeed, the name of current book is " Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol-02 due to the entry of all subjects area to increase our knowledge and skills in all fields for more and more progress. No doubt, These writings will be useful to improve the current conditions of COVID- 19 and our path of life. DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany. M. G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj, 209723, India
  • 5.
    ABOUT THE EDITOR DR.KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723-India. Dr. Bajpayee got his research training in the field of Ethno medico botany, Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy leading to the award of Ph.D,. degree from Rohilkhand University in 2004 under the able guidance of Dr. S. C. Sharma. Soon after the completion of doctoral degree, he joined the Department of Botany, Dr. R.M.L.PG. College, Allipur, Hardoi. Dr. Bajpayee starts his research career just after the completion of his Master Degree in (1994) Botany from G.F. College, Shahjahanpur and Published a number of Research Papers in the field of Medicinal Plants. Today, Dr. Bajpayee is an eminent researcher of interdisciplinary subjects like Phytotherapy, Medicinal Plants, Ethno medico botany, Plant Antimicrobials and published more than 30 research articles. He is the Member of Editorial Board Team in more than 50 Research Journals of National and International origin. He published several Chapters in National and international Books of global repute. Now a days Dr. Bajpayee is the Head of Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany, and Principal at M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj Uttar Pradesh. Under his able guidance four doctoral student and 8 M.Phil. student completed his research Degree in the field of Medicinal Plants, Phytotherapy and Ethno medico botany. He is the Life member of Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata., Indian Ethnobotanical Society., Excel Research Management Association., Bio Leagues Worldwide., and a number of World fame institutions. With unexhausted academic and research activities Dr. Bajpayee completed Master Degrees in more than 7 subjects and NET of UGC in two subjects. He is working scientist on the original innovative interdisciplinary fields in the Medical Sciences, Medicinal Plants, Plant Antimicrobials etc. His dedication to the subject will revolutionize the future theories in the field of Phytotherapy, Phytopharmacy and Medicinal Plant's studies.
  • 7.
    CONTENTS CHAPTER 1:.................................................................................................. 1 AStudy of Impact of Ecotourism on Wildlife Arvind Chouhan CHAPTER 2: ..................................................................................................9 Covid-19 Restrictions & Ease in Global Air Pollution are Good in the Worst-Case Scenario Puliyankurichi Mookkan Velmurugan & Selva Ganapathy Velusamy CHAPTER 3: ..................................................................................................21 Designing of Garment with Jacobean Embroidery D Mahaa Nandhini, S M Naseera, S Mounica, Dr. R Prabha CHAPTER 4: ..................................................................................................27 Covid-19 Associated Mucormycosis in India - A Review Gokul S. Bajaj & Dr. Suruchi R. Kadu CHAPTER 5: ..................................................................................................32 A Research on Tata Motors Covid-19 Situation on Customer Brand Awareness N. Hariharan CHAPTER 6: ..................................................................................................45 Life Science for Engineers Hema Vellaisamy CHAPTER 7: ..................................................................................................58 A Research on Social Media Marketing Strategies and Impact in Covid-19 Situation N. Hariharan & Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee
  • 8.
    CHAPTER 8: ..................................................................................................72 ThePotential of Environmental Benefits of Urban Agriculture and Their Future Madhu Prakash Srivastava and Ramakant Maurya & Dr. Kaptain K Bajpayee CHAPTER 9: ..................................................................................................84 Quantum Tunneling in Photosynthesis; Frog - Electron Correlation V. Buvaneswari CHAPTER 10: .................................................................................................94 Problem and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in Jharkhand Dr. Bidyanand Choudhary CHAPTER 11: ...............................................................................................102 Development of Fashionable Garments Using Various Washing Techniques P. Sam Vimal Rajkumar CHAPTER 12: ...............................................................................................112 West Bengal : Socio – Economic Backwardness of Muslim Communities in 24 Parganas. Sujit Naskar CHAPTER 13: ...............................................................................................119 Analysis of Strychnine-Mass Spectrometry Dr. Shobharani Panchagnula CHAPTER 14: ............................................................................................. 122 The Future of Migrant Workers in India with The Rising Covid-19 Pandemic Dr. Sumanta Bhattacharya
  • 9.
    CHAPTER 15: .............................................................................................127 Determination of Hardness of Water by Complexometric Method Using Edta Mrs. M. Shanti,
  • 11.
    1 CHAPTER-1 A STUDY OFIMPACT OF ECOTOURISM ON WILDLIFE Arvind Chouhan Assistant Professor (Zoology) Govt Bangur PG College, Pali (Rajasthan) ABSTRACT Prior to the advent of COVID-19, ecotourism was one of the fastest expanding economic sectors. It's an entirely different perspective on the world. Ecotourism is defined as a responsible visit to a natural region that protects the environment, promotes the well- being of the local community, and includes interpretation and education for both tourists and personnel. The Sariska National Park is located in Alwar District of Rajasthan. It is world famous for Royal Bengal Tigers. Other wild animals like Stripped Hyena, Python, Palm civet, Jackal, Slot bear, monkeys and various species of birds also in abundance. In today's globe, the word "ecotourism" is the most often used. It's an entirely new way of looking at the world. Ecotourism is a responsible visit to a natural region that protects the environment, promotes the well-being of the local community, and includes interpretation and education for both guests and personnel. On the one hand, ecotourism generated cash that aided conservation efforts while also providing jobs for locals. Ecotourism, on the other hand, is responsible for changes in wild animal behaviour and physiology, habitat destruction, biological invasion, changes in wild animal feeding habits, and, in certain cases, disease transmission. Non-native species such as cats and dogs are frequently introduced by ecotourists and those working in the hospitality industry. They have the potential to be disastrous for natural prey species. Ecotourists have the ability to spread potentially deadly diseases and parasites. The present paper is about present status of ecotourism in Sariska National Park, its probable impacts on wildlife, some suggestions to make ecotourism beneficial deal for wildlife. Key words: Ecotourism, Sariska National Park, Wildlife, non-native species. INTRODUCTION According to TIES (2015) ecotourism means, “accountable travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the welfare of the local people and comprises interpretation and education” with the specification that education is to guests and staff. Moreno, (2005) revealed that the organized viewing of wildlife is known as nature tourism. Nature visitors pay a substantial sum of amount to see wildlife in their local area and in other part of world that encourage nure watching in order to attract tourist revenue.
  • 12.
    2 Groom et al.(1999) after analysis of maintainable use of wildlife in Peru’s Manu Biosphere Reserve and Puero Maldonado National Parks determines the value of ecotourism in educating communities about the requirement of wildlife conservation. In present decade tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors, particularly international tourism. According to UNWTO (2019) growing middle class in emerging economies, technological advances, affordable travel, new business models and easy visa facilitation, international tourist arrivals grew 5% in 2018 and touched 1.4 billion marks. International tourists’ arrival increased from 664 million in 1999 to 1,400 million in 2019. In 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic, tourism badly affected. People have always had a strong desire to travel the world, to immerse themselves in different cultures, and to know about different ways of living. Ecotourism is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education”. Study Area Sariska National Park is a tiger reserve in Alwar District of Rajasthan. It is stretches over an area of 881 km2 comprising scrub-thorn arid forests, dry deciduous forests, grasslands, and rocky hills. It was given the status of a tiger reserve in 1978. The wildlife sanctuary was declared a national park in 1990, with a total area of about 273.8 km2 . It is the first reserve in the world with successfully relocated tigers. Methodology The present study is based on the secondary data. All data collected from various sources, in this study use of data and information provided by, Newspapers, Ministry of Forest, Ministry of Tourism, Books, Internet and Magazines etc. Fauna of Sariska National Park Aside from Bengal tigers, the reserve is home to a varitey fo wildlife, including Indian leopards, jungle cats, striped hyenas, golden jackals, chital, sambar deer, nilgai, wild boar, small Indian civets, Javan mongoose, ruddy mongoose, honey dodgers, Rhesus macaques, Northern plain grey langur, Indian hare Grey partridge, white-throated kingfisher, Indian peafowl, bush quail, sandgrouse, treepie, golden-backed woodpecker, crested serpent eagle, and Indian eagle-owl and among the birds seen. According to Sanker, et al (2010) two tigers from Ranthambhore National Park were sent to Sariska Tiger Reserve in July 2008. In February 2009, another female tiger was moved. Times of India (2018) reported that on October 2018, there were 18 tigers including five cubs. Times of India(2018) reported that on October 2018, there were 18 tigers including five cubs. Khati (2020) reported by 2020, the tiger population in the reserve has risen to 20. Zones in Sariska The Park covers around 800 square kilometer area and has 2 gates with 4 zones together. The most popular gate being Sariska gate, has 3 zones namely zone1, zone 2, zone 3. Telha gate has accessible to zone 4 and the gate is approximately 80 kilometers from Sariska gate. Based on the sighting data from Wild Trails, better sightings can be seen in zone 1,2 and 3, hence Sariska gate is preferred for a better safari in Sariska.
  • 13.
    3 Zone 1- Thezone is one of the most visited territories in Sariska. There are options to choose jeep or canter for safari in this zone. Zone 2 – The zone is less popular among the core zone, however, there are high chance of sightings in this zone. Zone 3- The zone is as popular as zone 1in terms of sighting. Many tourists and naturalists recommended this zone for great sightings. Zone 4- The zone is considered least popular since it is far from the other 3 zones and can be accessed through Telha gate. (https://www.sariskanationalpark.com/) Sariska National Park Income from Tourists (in lacs) According to Annual Reports of Government of Rajasthan Forest Department, Income from tourism is Sariska as follow- S. N. Year Income (in lacs) 1. 2013-14 15.43 2. 2014-15 21.15 3. 2015-16 38.42 4. 2016-17 39.01 5. 2017-18 40.56 6. 2018-19 41.82 7. 2019-20 70.00 (Source: Annual Reports) Probable Negative Impact on Wildlife Biological Invasion The number and species richness of non-native species are much higher in tourist destination compared to control sites. The role of tourism and recreation in the spread of non-native species. According to Anderson, et al. (2015) people from all over the world to visit natural sites, creating a large opportunity for non-native species to spread from one environment to another. The number and species richness of non-native species are much higher in tourist destination compared to control sites, and this associations holds true for both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. DISEASES Ecotourism can act as vectors for potentially lethal germs and parasites, just as they can be a key pathway for the introduction of non-native species. The demand for close encounters with wild monkeys has spawned a lucrative ecotourism sector, which many believe is critical to obtaining money for conservation efforts and primate protection from poachers. According to Woodford, et al. (2002) these advantages must be weighted against the increased risk of disease transmission, which might have disastrous consequences for remnant wild populations. If primates are kept in close contact to humans. Ecotourists may also inadvertently introduce a deadly pathogen indirectly on boots or clothing. In such cases, bacteria or viruses released into an environment where there is no natural resistance can quickly spread through native populations. In their research Ushman, et al. (2008) found that heavily used trails in central California had much higher numbers of Phytophthora ramorum-a pathogen that causes sudden oak death- in the soil compared with areas that were off the trail, suggesting that the dispersal of the pathogen was driven by
  • 14.
    4 human activity. Captivepenguins are very susceptible to a variety of illnesses, according to evidence from zoos. As a result, ecotourism, when combined with other stresses such as changing climate and rising pollution, may make penguins even more vulnerable to disease outbreaks. Consequences of Food Provisioning Various researchers found that wildlife is also threatened by solid waste and chemical pollution in the air and water. Kendall, et al. (2010) in their research found that wildlife is also threatened by solid waste and chemical pollution in the air and water. Rodriguez, et al. (2014) in their research found that some creatures was repelled by light pollution, lowering the amount of habitat available to them, while others are attracted to it, sometimes fatally, as nocturnal seabirds have shown. Shannon, et al. (2016) studied that noise pollution has gotten a lot of attention in the last two and half decades because of its effects on a wide spectrum of land and aquatic wildlife. Habitat Degradation Although main objective of ecotourism is to protect natural habitat, there are a number of environment costs associated with allowing large numbers of people access to natural areas, including the use of limited resources such as water, infrastructure construction, habitat fragmentation, human waste and litter, chemical, light and noise pollution. All these things can degrade habitat quality, causing wildlife to suffer, especially if they are close to tourist infrastructure. Although one of the goals of ecotourism is to protect natural habitat, there are a number of environmental costs associated with allowing large numbers of people access to natural areas, including the use of limited resources (such as water), infrastructure construction, habitat fragmentation, human waste and litter, and chemical, light, and noise pollution. All of these things can degrade habitat quality, causing wildlife to suffer, especially if they're close to tourist infrastructure. Anderson, et al. (2015) in their observations found that habitat loss and degradation have been the most serious threat to biological diversity around the planet. Impact of Ecotourism on Behaviour and Physiology of Wild Animals Ecotourism scaling up of short-term behavioral impacts of ecotourism to longer-term population level effects. Research on cetaceans offers some of the best evidence for the scaling up of short-term behavioural impacts of ecotourism to longer-term population level effects. Bejder, et al. (2006) in their observation found that Repeated visits to dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, and Fjord land, New Zealand, have been linked to not only Long-term changes in social structure and a decrease in local abundance. short-term changes in behaviour, but also long-term changes in social structure and a decrease in local abundance. Steven, et al. (2011) in their observation seen behavioural avoidance of recreationists, which results in changes in population distribution and abundance. Braunisch, et al. (2011) found that as a result of winter recreation activities, black grouse (Tetrao Tetrix) in the Swiss Alps saw a 12 per cent loss in accessible wintering habitat and a 36 per cent decline in abundance.
  • 15.
    5 J, Gill, etal. (2001) found that shorebirds like the black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), which are supposed to be easily disturbed, human presence does not always have an impact on distribution and abundance. Ecotourists’ disproportionate influence on one species may have an impact on other taxa in the ecological community. According to Muhly, et al. (2011) ecotourists’ disproportionate influence on one species may have an impact on other taxa in the ecological community. In certain circumstances, disturbance-sensitive predators will simply avoid locations where people are present, producing a predator refuge or human shield for prey species. Ecotourism activities may lead to diminished predator responses, generating increased boldness, lower alertness, and higher vulnerability to predators over time. Geffroy, et al. (2015) proposes that prey species’ habituation to human activities may lead to diminished predator responses, generating increased boldness, lower alertness or watchfulness, and higher vulnerability to predators over time. Bremnaer, et al. (2004) found in their research that bold conduct was found to be a good predictor of mortality after release in the wild in a study of captive-bred swift foxes (Vulpes velox). According to Leighton, et al. (2010) though the presence of ecotourists can harm disturbance-sensitives predators, these predator shelters can help endangered prey species survive. Tourists on beaches, for example, help hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Caribbean by limiting the activity of invasive mongooses, which prey on hatchlings. Laurance, et al. (2013) in their observation found that Human presence can also benefit some wildlife populations and their habitats. Illegal hunting, as well as logging, have a negative impact on habitat. Turtle, in particular, have benefited from ecotourism, as the presence of individuals intent on seeing and safeguarding turtles has resulted in increased offspring survival. Amsini, F., et al. (2012) revealed that ecotourism and human presnce have only a secondary role in the successful conservation of threatened great apes, which rely first and foremost on competent law enforcement. Jones, M. E., (2000) found that one of the most prevalent ways that tourists kill animals was by colliding with them in a car. The improvement of a road leading into the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, for example. The creation of a park in Tasmania resulted in a huge increase in the population of eastern quolls (Dasyurus). Cars have killed Sarcophilus viverrinus and Sarcophilus harrissii. The reality was that the following successful attempts to limt automobile crashes, the quoll population became locally extinct and had to be restored The instances of wildlife killed as a result of ecotourism have been international phenomonon. According to Igginbottom, K., (2000) the wild animals killed by vehicles uaually happen around hotels and resorts, and they involve the presence deadly animals like venomous snakes or mosquitos. Kasereka, B., et al. (2006) through evidence proved that monkeys used for tourist viewing are more vulnerable to poaching than those who are not. So, quite possibility that wildlife of Sariska National Park faces threat of Disease, Physiological and Biological Changes,
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    6 Habitat Degradation, Consequencesof Food Provisioning and biological invasion from ecotourism and supportive activities. Probable Positive Impacts on Wildlife in Sariska National Park The ecotourism helpful in protection efforts and research developments in delicate areas, while also offering travelers a chance to experience those areas firsthand. Ecotourists obtain knowledge of ecosystems, geology and biology of specific natural location, which in trun inform their conservation efforts. Some of the amount that goes into ecotourism also goes to conservation efforts, such as repopulating endangered species and reforestation. Many of the world’s most stunning natural sites also happen to exist in least developed countreis, such as Ecuador, Madagascar and Nepal. Ecotourism efforsts in these countries helpful in providing economic assistance. In nut shell all these positive impacts can helpful in conservation of wildlife in Sariska National Park. Suggestions Ecotourism is unavoidable consequence. He can make it fruitful for wild life through following steps - • Include sustainable tourism alternatives in trip. • Go green at your hotel. • Reduce your carbon footprint. • Say NO to illegal trade. • Support sustainable options in island destinations. • Take care of heritage places. • Challenge yourself to step outside of your comfort zone. • Support community-based tourism and initiatives. • Respect the practices of local people. • Use reusable bags. • Consider Sustainable Tourism Alternatives • Stay outside the city centre • Reduce carbon footprint • Say no to illegal trade • Take care of heritage places • Eat in local restaurants • Respect the Practices of Local People • Use Reusable Bags CONCLUSION Ecotourism and related activites can have a wide range of ecological effects on wildlife in Sariska National Park. There is substantial evidences that ecotourism is not a bengin activity that causes minimal disturbancee, but rather that it can have significant consequeces for the survival, reproductive success and long-term viability of a number of species populations, particularly those that are rare, sensitive to disturbance and geographically isolated. The indirect effects of human presence on the distribution, abundance, reproductive success, and survival of species that are disturbance sensitive are driving these consequences. Visitors can also have direct consequences, such as causing death, supplying artificial food resources to increase sightings of elusive animals, contributing to habitat fragmentation and destruction, importing non-native species, and serving as vectors for disease. Despite the potential negative significances, tourism is an essential source of cash for conservation and provides valuable experiences for individuals to become wildlife advocates while also
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    7 educating them aboutbiodiveristy problems. There is no doubt that tourism can be an imprtant tool in effective conservatin, but the possible negative effects of human presence must be understood and managed reponsibility in conjuction with plethora of other variable that threaten wildlife’s long-term survival. REFERENCES Anderson LG, Rocliffe S, Haddaway NR, Dunn AM (2015) The role of tourism and recreation in the spread of non-native species: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10: e0140833. Bejder, L., Samuels, A. M. Y., Whitehead, H. A. L., Gales, N., Mann, J., Connor, R., and Krutzen, M. (2006). Decline in Relative Abundance of Bottlenose Dolphins Exposed to Long-term Disturbance. Conservation Biology, 20(6), 1791-1798. Braunisch, V., Pathey, P., and Arlettaz, R. (2011). Spatially Explicit Modeling of Conflict Zones Between Wildlife and Snow Sports: Prioritzing Areas for Winter Refuges. Ecological Applications, 21(3), 955-967. Bremner-Harrison, S., Prodohl, P. A., Elwood, R. W., (2004). Behvioural Trait Assessment As A Release Criterion: Boldness Predicts Early Death in A Reintroduction Programme of Captive-bread Swift Fox (Vulpes velox). Anim Conserv 7:313-320. Choudhary, V. (2020). Sariska National Park-complete Detail-updated. Nature Conservation. In. http://naureconservation.in/sariska-national-park-complete-detail- updated/ Retrived: 05 August 2021. Geffory, B., Samia, DSM., Bessa, E., Blumstein, DT., (2015). How Nature-based Tourism Might Increase Prey Vulnerability to Predators. Trends Ecol Evol 30:755-765. Gill, J. A., Norris, K., and Sutherland, W. J. (2001). The Effects of Disturbance on Habitat Use by Black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(4), 846- 856. Government of Rajasthan Forest Department. (2020). Annual Report 2018-2019. https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/forest-department/public- information/annual-reports.html https://ecotourism.org/news/ties-announces-ecotourism-principles-revision https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/partivadan%2 02016-17%20for%20web.pdf] 2013-14 to 2015-16 https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/Public%20Inf ormation/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Reports%202013- 2014/Annual%20Report%202013-14.pdf] 2012-13 and 13-14 https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/Public%20Inf ormation/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Reports%202012- 2013/Annual%20Report%202012-13.pdf] 2011-12 Igginbottom, K., (2000). The Effects of Non-consumptive Wildlife Tourism on Freeranging Wildlife: A Review. Pacific Conserv Biol 6:183-197. Jones, M. E., (2000). Road Upgrad, Road Mortality and Remedial Measures: Impacts on a Population of Eastern Quolls and Tasmanian Devils. Wildl Res 27:289-296. Kasereka, B., Muhigwa, J-B.B., Shaulkoma, C., Kahekwa, J. M., (2006). Vulnerability of Habituated Grauer’s Gorilla to Poaching in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC. Afr Study Mongr 27:15-26. Kendall RJ, Lacher TE, Cobb GC, Cox SB (2010). Wildlife Toxicology: Emerging Contaminant and Biodiversity Issues. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Khati, D. S. (2020). "How the lockdown impacted our tiger reserves | Analysis". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
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    8 Laurance, W. F.,(2013).Does Research Help to Safeguard Protected Areas? Trends Ecol Evol 28:261-266. Leighton, P.A., Horrocks, J.A., Kramer, D. L., (2010). Conservation and the Scarecrow Effect: Can Human Activity Benefit Threatened Species by Displacing Prdators? Biol Conserv 143:156-2163. Moreno, P. S. (2005). Ecotourism Along the Meso-American Caribbean Reef: The Impacts of Foreign Investment. Human Ecology, 33(2), 217-244. Muhly, T. B., Semeniuk, C., Massolo, A., Hickman, L., and Musiani, M. (2011). Human Activity Helps Prey Win the Predator-Prey Space Race. PloS One, 6(3), e17050. Rodriguez, A., Garcia, D., Rodriguez, B., Cardona, E., Parpal, L., and Pons, P. (2015). Artificial Lights and Seabirds: Is Light Pollution a Threat for the Threatened Balearic Petrels?. Journal of Ornithology, 156(4), 893-90. Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q.; Nigam, P.; Malik, P. K.; Sinha, P. R.; Mehrotra, R. N.; Gopal, R., Bhattacharjee, S., Mondal, K. and Gupta, S. (2010). "Monitoring of reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India: preliminary findings on home range, prey selection and food habits". Tropical Conservation Science. 3 (3): 301– 318. doi:10.1177/194008291000300305. Shannon, G., Mckenna, M. F., Angeloni, L. M., Crooks, K. R., Fristrup, K. M., Brown, E., and Wittemyer, G. (2016). A Synthesis of Two Decades of Research Documenting the Effects of Noise on Wildlife. Biological Reviews, 91(4), 982-1005. Steven, R., Rickering, C., and Castley, J. G. (2011). A Review of the Impacts of Nature. Tranquilli, S., Abedi-Lartey, M., Amsini, F.(2012). Lack of Conservation Effort Rapidly Increases African Great Ape Extinction Risk. Conserv Lett 5:48-55. Ushman JH, Meentemeyer RK (2008). Multi-scale Patterns of Human Activity and the Indcidence of an Exotic forest Pathogen. J Ecol 96:766-776. Wilson, M. C., Chen, X. Y., Corlett, R. T., Didham, R. K., Ding, P., Holt, R. D., and Yu, M. (2016). Habitat Fragmentation and Biodiversity Conservation: Key Findings and Future Challenges. Woodford MH, Butynski TM, Karesh WB (2002). Habituating the great apes: The Disease Risks. Oryx 36:153-160.
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    9 CHAPTER-2 COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS &EASE IN GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION ARE GOOD IN THE WORST-CASE SCENARIO Puliyankurichi Mookkan Velmurugan and Selva Ganapathy Velusamy Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai (OMR) Tamilnadu, Chennai-600119. ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), known to cause 2019- coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a zoonotic coronavirus and crosses species to infect human populations, where an efficient transmission of virus occurs human-to- human. Nationwide lockdown is being adopted to stop public transport, keep people at their homes and out of their work, and maintain social distancing. In turn, large geographic areas in the world (including China, Italy, Spain, and USA) have been almost halted. This temporary halt is significantly slashing down the air pollution (air pollutants and warming gases) in most cities across the world. This paper: (i) introduces both COVID-19 and air pollution; (ii) overviews the relation of air pollution with respiratory/lung diseases; (iii) compiles and highlights major data appeared in media and journals reporting lowering of air pollution in major cities those have been highly impacted by the COVID-19; and also (iv) lists the way forward in the present context. Because COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic and currently far from over, strong conclusions could not be drawn with very limited data at present. The temporary slashed down global air pollution as a result of COVID-19 restrictions are expected to stimulate the researchers, policy makers and governments for the judicious use of resources; thereby minimize the global emissions, and maintain their economies once the pandemic eases. On the other, lifting of the nationwide lockdown and eventual normalization of the temporarily halted sectors may also reverse the currently COVID-19 pandemic-led significantly slashed down global air pollution that could make the future respiratory health crisis grimmer. Keywords Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; respiratory diseases; air pollution INTRODUCTION The recent global outbreak of an infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has already been considered as a global health emergency by the world health organization (WHO). Previously known by the provisional name 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus is known to cause COVID-19 (Chen and Li 2020; El-Feky et al. 2020). SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic coronavirus that has crossed species to infect human populations, where an efficient transmission of virus occurs human-to-human. SARS-CoV-2 has already spread over about 200 countries in the world and, as of 4th April, the WHO has reported 1,051, 635 confirmed cases and 56,985 confirmed deaths in total due to COVID-19 (WHO 2020) (Table 1; Fig. 1). Therefore, the world is trying every approach to control the rapid transmission of SAAR- CoV-2 and so the spread of COVID-19 in humans. In an effort to slow the virus’ very fast pace spread, a large number of countries is adopting the strategy of practicing social
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    10 distancing and tellingpeople to stay in their homes through implementing the strict lockdown. Worldwide, the streets of the most cities are deserted; the normally bustling pubs, bars and theatres have been closed; operation of the public transport has been restricted; the most extensive travel restrictions are in place, and people are working remotely from their homes. Since mid-February 2020 and/or beginning of March 2020, about three-week nationwide lockdown has halted increasingly large geographic areas which is impacting economies across the world and also the status of global air pollution. Region Confirmed cases of COVID-2019 Confirmed death Global 1051635 56985 European Region 583141 42334 Western Pacific Region 110362 3809 Eastern Mediterranean Region 65903 3592 Region of the Americas 279543 6802 South-East Asia Region 6528 267 African Region 5446 170 Table 1. COVID-2019 confirmed cases and deaths as of 4th April 2020 (WHO 2020). Fig.1 Countries, territories or areas with confirmed reported cases of COVID-19 as of the 30th of March 2020 (WHO 2020). In the following sections, air pollution is introduced; the relation of air pollution with major respiratory /lung diseases is overviewed; major data appeared in media and journals reporting lowering of air pollution in major cities those have been highly impacted by the COVID-19 are compiled and highlighted; and also the future prospects in the present context are enlightened. Air pollution Owing its importance as a major part of several essential cycles on Earth, air is required to survive by most species including human beings. Air provides oxygen (O2) for respiration to occur, and also carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis to happen in plants. However, rapid establishment of industries aimed at making our daily life confortable, on the other hand, is
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    11 adding highly toxicsubstances to air and making it very hard to breath. Air is called polluted when it exhibits harmful concentrations of a mix of particles and gases such as black carbon (soot), smoke, mold, pollen, methane (CH4), and CO2. Particulate matter (PM), black carbon, ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are among the major types of air pollutants Fig. 2. Types and sources of major air pollutants (Helen 2020). (Fig. 2). Increasing levels of small size components or PM (PM10; PM2.5; UFP-ultrafine particles, <0.1 mm in diameter, 20-times smaller than the width of a human hair) have been confirmed in air sampled in the major world cities. PMs are contributed mostly as by- products of combustion from coal-fired power stations, wood and charcoal-burning stoves, vehicle engines and factories. In particular, PM10 (<10 micrometers) and PM2.5 (<2.5 micrometers) can be breathed deeply into the lungs and may cross into the bloodstream; therefore, pose higher health risks (Nunez 2019). 1.1 Air pollution and respiratory/lung diseases Air pollution is known since long back to affect all regions of the world. Notably, in addition to smog, soot, greenhouse gases (CO2; CH4), N2O; O3), varyingly affect the planet and our health. Both indoor and ambient air pollution exposure have been argued as a major risk to respiratory health worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (Saleh et al. 2020). NO2 at concentrations above 200 micrograms per cubic meter has been considered as a toxic gas which causes significant inflammation of the airways (WHO 2018a). Major health consequences of air pollutants include respiratory infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, even in combination with stroke and heart diseases (Kim et al. 2018). Globally, 9% of deaths are contributed by air pollution, and this varies from 2% to 15% by country. During 2017, air pollution contributed to 9% of deaths globally. Give this, air pollution has been considered as one of the world’s leading risk factors for death (Ritchie and Roser 2020) (Figs. 3 and 4). Nine out of ten people have to breath in air containing high levels of pollutants. Such data is making the impact of air pollution on human health grimmer (WHO 2018b). Compared to high-income countries, 49% cities and most of the cities (97%) in low- and middle- income countries with >100,000 inhabitants were reported to not meeting the WHO air quality guidelines in the year 2018 (WHO 2018c). Though WHO is continuously working with countries to monitor air pollution and improve air quality, air pollution has been reported to cause 7 million deaths
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    12 worldwide each year,mostly through no communicable diseases including acute respiratory infections like pneumonia (Healio 2018). Earlier, notable health risks of air pollution and also the historical highlights of its toxicology has also been very well-discussed in literature (Stanek et al. 2011; Kurt et al. 2016; Soriano et al. 2017; Costa 2018; Glencross et al.2020) Fig. 3. Data exhibiting disease burden by risk factor in the year 2017. (Ritchie and Roser 2020). Fig. 4. World map highlighting share of deaths from air pollution in the year 2017 (Ritchie and Roser 2020). 1. COVID-19 and the status of global air pollution In the present condition of COVID-19, experts have argued that high air pollution and smoking make people more vulnerable to this disease (Korber 2020; Perappadan 2020; TWC India Edit Team 2020). Morevoer, air pollution has been expected as a common denominator for countries with major cases of severe COVID-19 infection, China, South
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    13 Korea, Iran, andnorthern Italy (BMJ 2020a). In particular, cities with higher air pollution were arugued as at more risk of COVID-19 (Basu 2020; Barbiroglio 2020; Korber 2020). Earlier, varying extents of air pollution have been associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections and pulmonary diseases (Schikowski et al. 2005; Ciencewicki and Jaspers 2007; Neupane et al. 2010; Cohen et al. 2017; Horne et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019; BMJ 2020b). Conditions caused by dirty air may be likely to cut survival chances under COVID-19 (European Public Health Alliance 2020). Despite the most stringent World Health Organization guidelines and EU standards for air pollution, the levels of air pollutants still high in most cities. In particular, PM2.5 alone has been reported to cause about 412,000 premature deaths in 41 European Countries in 2016. About 374,000 of those deaths occurred in the European Union (EU) (European Environment Agency 2019a). Therefore, air pollution has become one of the biggest environmental health risks in Europe (European Environment Agency 2019b). The Northern Italy, center of Europe’s COVID-19 pandemic occurred, has the hotspot of the air pollution. In Italy, the highest daily jump was recorded in COVID-19 deaths, whereas of 29th March 2020, more than 10,000 people have died since the start of this pandemic (Spary et al. 2020). After Italy, the world's second-highest coronavirus death toll was recorded in Spain, where deadly COVID-19 has so far claimed 5,690 lives (Regencia and Alsaafin 2020). As of 29th March 2020, the US had the most confirmed cases worldwide, surpassed China and Italy. COVID-19 caused death in US soared to 2,100. Interestingly, halting of large geographic areas due to lockdown has also led to some unexpected consequences in terms of moderate to significant lowering of air pollution in most parts of the world including China, Italy, and California (Calma 2020a,b). In addition to pollution, greenhouse gas emissions have also fallen across continents (Henriques 2020). In context with the greenhouse gas emissions, 72% and 11% of the transport sector’s greenhouse gas emissions are contributed by the driving and aviation respectively (IPCC 2018). In China, the measures to minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have resulted in reductions of 15% to 40% in output across key industrial sectors and also has temporarily reduced China’s CO2 emissions by a quarter (Table 2). With electricity demand and industrial output commencing 3 February 2020 Sector Status of decreases (%) Coal consumption at power plants 35 Operating rates for main steel products 15 Coal throughput at the largest coal port 29 Coking plant utilization 23 Satellite-based NO2 levels 37 Utilization of oil refining capacity 34 Table 2. Status of decreases in energy demand and emissions in major sectors related In particular with CO2, around 800m tonnes of CO2 (MtCO2) were released in China over the same period in 2019. On the other, NO2, an air pollutant closely associated with fossil- fuel burning exhibited 36% lower over China (in the week after the 2020 Chinese new year holiday) than in the same period in 2019 (Myllyvirta 2020; NASA 2020) (Fig. 5).
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    14 Fig. 5. Imagesshowing the status of NO2 in major cities of China during January 1-20, 2020 and February 10-25, 2020 amid COVID-19 restrictions (image credit: McGrath 2020). Notably, in Italy, a remarkable drop has been revealed in NO2 pollution that comes mainly from traffic, especially diesel vehicles, which are also a major source of PM (European Public Health Alliance 2020) (Fig. 6A). PM10 levels in Lombardy have fallen dramatically after 10 days of COVID-19 social distancing measures (Fig. 6B). France also showed the measured drop in NOx as economic activity and transportation therein are at a bare minimum due to COVID-19 (Balken Green Energy News 2020) (Fig. 7).
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    15 Fig. 6. Imagesshowing the reduction in the levels of particulate matter of size 10 micrometer (PM10) in Lombardy (A) and NO2 in major cities of Italy after 10 days of COVID-19 social distancing measures (image credit: European Public Health Alliance 2020). Fig. 7. Images showing the reduction in the level of NO2 in major cities of France on COVID-19 lockdowns (image credit: Balkan Green Energy News 2020). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had issued travel advisory for 3 states including New York, New Jersey and Connecticut to avoid non- essential travel for two weeks in an attempt to tamp down spread of coronavirus in the region. New York remains the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in the US (CBS News 2020). Earlier, New York air monitoring work had revealed exceptionally high CO numbers in New York for the last year and a half (Pascus 2020). However, during the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in New York, traffic levels were estimated to be down 35% compared with a year ago. Significant decreases in the emission of CO and that of the planet-heating gas CO2 have also fallen sharply. New York had also exhibited 5-10% drop in CO2 and a solid drop in methane as well (McGrath 2020). Additionally, COVID- 19 pandemic led less commercial activity and traffic dropped NO2 levels in certain areas across the United States (Fox2Detroit 2020) (Fig. 8).
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    16 Fig. 8. Imagesshowing the status of NO2 in major cities of United States during March 1- 22, 2019 and March 10-22, 2020 amid COVID-19 restrictions (image credit: Fox 2 Detroit 2020) In context with India, air pollution has been reported to plummet in the end of second week of COVID-19 lockdown. In terms of air quality index (AQI; range: 0 to 500; good: 0-50; satisfactory: 51-100; poor: 201-300), a total of 91 cities were under ‘Good’ & ‘Satisfactory’ category, with 31 cities with ‘Good’ AQI values; and no city was under ‘Poor’ AQI category, as on March 29, 2020 (SAFAR-India 2020; Vishnoi 2020) (Fig. 9). Additionally, the measures against COVID-19 have led to a drop in PM2.5 30% in Delhi and by 15% in Ahmedabad and Pune, respectively (The Hindu 2020). In New Delhi, the diversion and/or cessation of flights witnessed dropping down of the air pollution levels by 71% in just one week, where the level of PM2.5 dropped from 91 micrograms per cubic meter (on 20 March 2020) to 26 micrograms per cubic meter in just a couple days of the lockdown (Davidson 2020). Earlier, the ‘Janata Curfew’, observed on March 22 (from 7 am-9 pm) led to a significant reduction in particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), where a 44 percent reduction in PM10 levels particularly in Delhi between 22 and 23 March 2020 (FP 2020). Fig. 9. Image showing air quality across major cities in India as on 27th March 2020 (SAFAR-India 2020).
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    17 CONCLUSIONS & PROSPECTS BecauseCOVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic and currently far from over, strong conclusions could not be drawn with very limited data at present. No doubt air pollution is increasing worldwide and has been widely reported to be closely related with the severe lung/respiratory diseases in human. The nationwide halting of public transports and closure of major industrial units has resulted in obvious significant reductions in emissions of a variety of gases related to energy and transport. Indeed, industrial developments and production are necessary for supporting the world population. However, lifting of the nationwide lockdown and eventual normalization of the temporarily halted sectors may also reverse the currently COVID-19 pandemic-led slashed down global air pollution and can make the future respiratory health crisis grimmer. Hence, the indication of slowing down of public and personal transport, and travel in slashing down the air pollution is expected to stimulate the researchers, policy makers and governments to judicious use of resources and thereby minimize the global emissions and maintain their economies once the pandemic eases. REFERENCES Balkan Green Energy News (2020) Air pollution sharply falls worldwide on COVID-19 lockdowns,https://balkangreenenergynews.com/air-pollution-sharply-falls-worldwide- on-covid-19- lockdowns/, accessed on 30 March 2020 Barbiroglio E (2020) People Living In Polluted Cities May Be At Higher Risk From COVID19.20March2020,https://www.forbes.com/sites/emanuelabarbiroglio/2020/03/ 20/people-living-in-polluted-cities-are-at-higher-risk-from-covid-19/#4814581a4b99, accessed on 29 March 2020. Basu J (2020) COVID-19 outbreak: Cities with higher air pollution at more risk, sayexperts. Down to Earth https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/covid-19-outbreak-cities- with-higher-air-pollution-at-more-risk-say-experts-70016, accessed on 28 March 2020. BMJ (2020a) Covid-19: a puzzle with many missing pieces. 19 February 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m627, accessed on 29 March 2020. BMJ (2020b) https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m627/rr-3, accessed on 29 March 2020. Calma J (2020a) Maps show drastic drop in China’s air pollution after coronavirus quarantine.TheVergehttps://www.theverge.com/2020/3/2/21161324/coronavirus- quarantine-china-maps-air-pollution, accessed on 28 March 2020. Calma J (2020b) Air pollution could make the COVID-19 pandemic wose for somepeople.TheVergehttps://www.theverge.com/2020/3/19/21186653/coronavirus- covid-19-air-pollution-vulnerable- lung-disease-pandemic, accessed on 28 March 2020. CBS News (2020) Coronavirus updates: U.S. deaths top 2,100 as CDC issues travel advisory for 3 states.30 March 2020, https://www.cbsnews.com/live- updates/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-latest- news-2020-03-29/, accessed on 30 March 2020. Chen Y, Li L (2020) SARS-CoV-2: virus dynamics and host response. The Lancet Infectious Diseases doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30235-8 Ciencewicki J, Jaspers I (2007) Air pollution and respiratory viral infection. Inhal Toxicol 19:1135-1146. Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K et al. (2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. The Lancet 389(10082):1907-1918.
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    18 Costa DL (2018)Historical highlights of air pollution toxicology. Toxicological Sciences 164 (1): 5-8. Davidson J (2020) EcoWatch, India’s Air Pollution Plummets in COVID-19 Lockdown. Apr. 02, 2020, https://www.ecowatch.com/india-air-pollution-coronavirus-2645617908.html, accessed on 5 April 2020 El-FekyM, BellDJetal.(2020)COVID-19.Radiopaedia. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/covid- 19-3?langus, accessed on 28 March 2020 European Environment Agency (2019a) Cutting air pollution in Europe would prevent early deaths, improve productivity and curb climate change. https://www.eea.europa.eu /highlights/cutting-air-pollution-in-europe, accessed on 29 March2020. European Environment Agency (2019b) Europe's urban air quality — re-assessing implementation challenges in cities. EEA Report No 24/2018, doi:10.2800/214599, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-urban-air-quality, accessed on 29 March 2020. European Public Health Alliance (2020) Coronavirus threat greater for polluted cities. Mar 16, 2020, https://epha.org/coronavirus-threat-greater-for-polluted-cities/, accessed on 29 March 2020. European Public Health Alliance (2020) Coronavirus threat greater for polluted cities. Mar 16, 2020, https://epha.org/coronavirus-threat-greater-for-polluted-cities/, accessed on 29 March 2020. Fox2Detroit (2020) Air pollution drops across the globe amid COVID-19 pandemic, data suggests, https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/air-pollution-drops-across-the-globe- amid-covid-19-pandemic- data-suggests, accessed on 30 March 2020. Glencross DA, Ho TR, Camiña N, Hawrylowicz CM, Pfeffer PE (2020) Air pollution and its effects on the immune system. Free Radical Biology and Medicine doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.179. Healio 2018) Air pollution kills 7 million people each year, many from pneumonia.https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/respiratory- infections/news/online/%7Bb82c1c99-182d-4e16-96c7-f2021fb10fc8%7D/air- pollution-kills-7-million-people-each-year-many-from- pneumonia, Accessed on 28 March 2020. Helen A (2020) The Ultimate Guide to Understanding Air Quality Data in 2020. Breez Meter, 2 Jan. 2020, https://blog.breezometer.com/ultimate-guide-understanding-air- quality-data, accessed on 31 March 2020. Henriques M (2020) Will Covid-19 have a lasting impact on the environment? 27th March2020,https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200326-covid-19-the-impact-of- coronavirus-on-the- environment, accessed on 29 March 2020. Horne BD, Joy EA, Hofmann MG, Gesteland PH, Cannon JB, Lefler JS et al. (2018) Short- term elevation of fine particulate matter air pollution and acute lower respiratory infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 198:759-766. IPCC (2018) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2018), Summary for Policymakers. In: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)]. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 32 pp. ISBN: 978-92-9169-151-7.
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    19 Kim D, ChenZ, Zhou LF, Huang SX (2018) Air pollutants and early origins of respiratory diseases. Chronic Dis Transl Med 4(2):75-94. Korber R (2020) Severe Coronavirus & Poor Air Quality Could be Linked. BreezoMeter,https://blog.breezometer.com/coronavirus-air-quality-connection, accessed on 29 March 2020. Kurt OK, Zhang J, Pinkerton KE (2016) Pulmonary health effects of air pollution. Curr Opin Pulm Med 22(2):138-143. Liu Y, Pan J, Zhang H, Shi C, Li G, Peng Z et al. (2019) Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and asthma mortality. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 200(1):24-32. McGrath M (2020) Coronavirus: Air pollution and CO2 fall rapidly as virus spreads. BBC, 19 March 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51944780, accessed on 29 March 2020. Myllyvirta L (2020) Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China’s CO2 emissions by a quarter. 19 Feb. 2020, Carbon Briefs, https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis- coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced- chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter, accessed on 30 March 2020. NASA (2020) Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets OverChina, https://www. earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over- china, accessed on 30 March 2020. Neupane B, Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Marrie T, Arain A, Loeb M (2010) Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of hospitalization with community-acquired pneumonia in older adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181:47-53. Nunez C (2019) Climtae 101: Air Pollution. National Geographic, Feb. 4, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution/, accessed on 29 March 2020. Pascus B (2020) City traffic levels plummet 35% following new executive orders. 16 March 2020. https://www.crainsnewyork.com/coronavirus/city-traffic-levels-plummet-35- following-new- executive-orders, accessed on 29 March 2020. Perappadan BS (2020) Coronavirus: Air pollution may further impact patients, say doctors. The Hindu, New Delhi, 17 March 2020, https://www.thehindu.com/sci- tech/health/coronavirus-air-pollution-may-further-impact-patients-say- doctors/article31092789.ece, accessed on 29 March 2020. Regencia T, Alsaafin L (2020) Italy's coronavirus death toll passes 10,000: Live updates. Al Jazeera, March 29 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/ coronavirus- cases-top-100000-italy-deaths-rise-live-updates-200327231629838.html, accessed on 29 March 2020. Ritchie H, Roser M (2020) Air Pollution. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution', accessed on 31 March 2020. SAFAR – India (2020) System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research. http://safar.tropmet.res.in/, accessed on 5 April 2020. Saleh S, Shepherd W, Jewell C, Lam NL, Balmes J, Bates MN, Lai PS, Ochieng CA, Chinouya M, Mortimer K (2020) Air pollution interventions and respiratory health: a systematic review. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24 (2):150-164. Schikowski T, Sugiri D, Ranft U, Gehring U, Heinrich J, Wichmann HE, Krämer U (2005) Long-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with COPD in women. Respiratory research, 6(1):152. Soriano JB, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abera SF, Agrawal A, Ahmed MB et al. (2017)
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    20 Global, regional, andnational deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 5(9):691-706. Spary S, Donato VD, Braithwaite S (2020) CNN. March 27, 2020, https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/27/europe/101-year-old-coronavirus-scli- intl/index.html, accessed on 29 March 2020. Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL (2011) Air pollution toxicology - a brief review of the role of the science in shaping the current understanding of air pollution health risks. Toxicological Sciences, 120(suppl_1), S8-S27. The Hindu (2020) Air quality improves amid lockdown in India, 2 Apr 2020, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-quality-improves-in-india-amid- lockdown/article31234638.ece, accessed on 5 April 2020. TWC India Edit Team (2020) COVID-19: High Pollution, Smoking Make You More Vulnerable to Novel Coronavirus Disease, Warn Doctors. The Weather Channel India, 8 March 2020, https://weather.com/en-IN/india/pollution/news/2020-03-18-covid-19- pollution-smoking- vulnerable-novel-coronavirus-disease, accessed on 29 March 2020. Vishnoi A (2020) Lockdown clears up India's air, Economics Times, Apr 2, 2020, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lockdown- clears-up-indias- air/articleshow/74942627.cms, accessed on 5 April 2020. Westcott B, Marsh J, Woodyatt A (2020) Global coronavirus pandemic kills more than 30,000, CNN, March 29, 2020, https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus- outbreak-03-29-20-intlhnk/index.html, accessed on 29 March 2020. WHO (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report –75. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200404- sitrep-75 covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=99251b2b_2, accessed on 5 April 2020. WHO (2018a) Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. 2 May 2018. https://www.who.int /news- room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health, accessed on 30 March 2020. WHO (2018b) 9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action. WHO News Room, 2 May 2018, https://www.who.int/news- room/detail/02-05-2018-9-out-of-10people-worldwide-breathe-polluted-air-but-more- countries-are-taking-action,accessed on 30 March 2020. WHO(2018c) WHO global urban ambient air pollution database (update 2018). http://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/, accessed 28 March 2020.
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    21 CHAPTER-3 DESIGNING OF GARMENTWITH JACOBEAN EMBROIDERY D Mahaa Nandhini1 , S M Naseera2 , S Mounica3 , Dr. R Prabha4 1 M.Sc Postgraduate Student, Department of Textiles and Fashion Apparel 2 Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Textiles and Clothing 3 Assistant professor, Department of Textiles and Clothing 4 Assistant professor (SG), Department of Textiles and Clothing Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore (T.N), India. ABSTRACT Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories which is influenced by cultural and social attitudes. The fashion designing is the one that is used to create new trends and styles. Jacobean embroidery is the earliest form of embroidery that use different kinds of stitches with colours. The garment is designed out of the research that was done about the fashion evolution. Fashion evolution gets differ throughout the years and the styles gets vary. Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture. High amount of mass market production is casual wear and every day wear. The garment is designed for women. The embroidery that was used in the garment will be elegant and the garment was used as a occasional wear. The designing was done in the category of haute couture. Jacobean textile design is an ancient design that carried religious symbolism for many early cultures, it sprang from the Tree of Life Motif. English designers make own creative touches to the tree of life, enhancing it with large by outrageous exotic flowers and also highly designed leaves. Thus, was born the Jacobean embroidery designs. Over the years many artists have gained inspiration from the Jacobean textile design and made their own interpretations of it as well today, its complex arrangements of vines and fantasy flowers remain a popular design in garments and other products. Keywords: Jacobean Textile Designs, Ancient Design, Haute-Couture, Exotic Flowers and Highly Designed Leaves. INTRODUCTION The term "Fashion" is commonly used as a synonym for style and alluring. Fashion is the term that is used to refer the state of mind (1). Fashion is a sort of communal art, in which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. The word Fashion is not about dressing but shows an expression of mood and taste of an individual. Fashion tends to change, which supports the extensively fashion market. India was always considered as the centre for textile and clothing trade is also growing to known for a centre of innovation in garment and accessories design. The fashion design is the most important work in fashion industry. Designing involves creating original designs after studying the changing trends of the market. i.e., Market research. It has various fields of specialisation like garments, footwear, jewellery and even luggage. It is the challenging field as it requires the coordination of various jobs, in small concerns it is the one man show but in the big organisations the jobs are specialized and allotted to different people.
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    22 Manufacturing involves purchasingtextiles and fabric required for design and marketing the garment according to the master pattern. Manufacturing process requires employment of the large number of the trained personnel (2). Fashion is most commonly associated with clothing, but it even applies to anything from interior architecture to models of toys. Fashion is mostly influenced by cultural and social attitudes. Modern fashion design is divided into two basic categories: Haute couture and Ready-to-wear. Haute couture is the one which is made for an individual person and Ready-to-wear is the one which is a mass production gets to wear by society (3). Jacobean textile design is springing from the Tree of motif, an ancient design that carried religious symbolism of many early cultures. It provides greater power and as such could provide protection and even fertility. Indeed, a trip through any major fabric store would offer any number of Jacobean styled fabric mainly in the home furnishing department. Its longevity as a textile design begins with the tree of life motif and its journey as trade grows between the east and Europe during the 17th century. The Jacobean embroidery represents the sharing of arts from very different cultures and illustrates how commerce and technology plays an important role in the resulting and the long-termed Jacobean embroidery textiles. Jacobean embroidery is the pair of all other embroidery, in this type of embroidery the plain stitch, chain stitch, satin stitch etc, are used in the Jacobean embroidery (4). 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Types of fashion designing: In Fashion designing there are totally three types of designing in which categorized according to the consumer’s needs. The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories. Some important types of fashion designing are; • Haute couture. • Mass market. • Ready-to-wear. (5). 2.1 Haute couture: Haute couture refers to a creation of exclusive custom fitted clothing. The types of fashion design which predominated until the 1950's was 'made-to-measure' or Laute couture. A couture garment is made for an individual customer. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the limit it takes to make. Haute couture is high-end fashion that is constructed by hand from start to finish, made from high quality, expensive, often unusual fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced and capable sewers, often using time consuming, hand-executed techniques. (6) Couture translates literally from French as "dressmaking" but may also refer to fashion, sewing, or needlework and is also used as a common abbreviation of haute couture and refers to the same thing in spirit. Haute translate literally to "high". An haute couture garment is often made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearer's measurement and body stance. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed piece, haute couture garments are also described as having no price tag: budget is not relevant. (7) The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worth's work, produced in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century. The Dapifer notes that worth would allow his clients to select colours, fabrics and other details before ever beginning his design process which was unheard of at that time. In modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be
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    23 used except byfirms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the terms is also used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan, New York city or Tokyo. In either case, the term can refer to the fashion houses of fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend-setting fashions or to the fashions created. (8). 2.2 Mass market: These days the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. This caters for a wide range of consumers, producing ready-to-wear clothes in large quantities and standard sizes, cheap materials, creatively used, produce affordable fashion. The mass-market theory, otherwise known as the "trickle across", is a social fashion behaviour marketing strategy established by Robinson in 1958 and king in 1963. Mass market is defined as," a market coverage strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and appeal to the whole market with one offer or one strategy". The mechanism focuses on the fashion innovators found within every social economic group and the influences in response to the couture enthusiastic that innovate as part of their stylish aspect. (9) In contrast to the trickle-down effect of fashion innovation, this theory states that fashion trickles across different social groups as opposed to upper to lower classes. Fashion innovation is not just confirmed to the upper class but can actually come from the innovators amongst the different socio-economic groups. Thus, known as a trickle across theory. The theory's roots from new fashion adoption influences "simultaneously by different social economic group and are contained within the different groups”. (10) The key dynamics of this theory are as follows: • Adoption of new trends by all socioeconomic groups simultaneously. • Consumers preference from a large scale of existing trends. • within each socioeconomic group there are fashion innovators that meet their preferred fashion demands. • The flow of fashion information and individual influence in the fashion world "trickles across" each social economic group. • "Vertical flow" remains evident, it is primarily in the fashion industry e.g., fashion editors. (11). 2.3 Ready-to-wear: Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between couture and mass market. they are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusively, so they are rather costly. Ready-to-wear or prêt-a-porter is the term for factory-made clothing, sold in finished condition in standardized sizes, as distinct from made to measure or bespoke clothing tailored to a particular person's frame. off-the-peg is sometimes used for items other than clothing such as handbags. Ready-to-wear has rather different connotations in the spheres of fashion and classic clothing. In the fashion industry, designers produce ready-to-wear clothing, intended to be worn without significant alteration because clothing made to standard sizes fits most people. They use standard patterns, factory equipment, and faster construction techniques to keep costs low, compared to the custom-sewn version of the same item. Some fashion houses and fashion designers produce mass-produced and industrially manufactured ready-to-wear lines but others offer garments that are not unique but are produced in limited numbers.
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    24 3. Jacobean embroidery: Itis amazing to realize that a textile design which was desired and flaunted by the elite society of the 1600s in England, in the most ostentatious environments imaginable, would be so prevalent today in our own contemporary interior designs. Indeed, a trip through any major fabric store would offer any number of Jacobean-styled fabrics, typically in the home furnishings department. Perhaps it is even more versatile today, for this same Jacobean textile design may be found on items from stationery to dishware. (12). Its longevity as a textile design begins with the history of the Tree of Life motif and its journey as trade grows between the East and Europe during the 17th century. One would not have to stretch the imagination very far to see the resemblance between the Jacobean textile design’s twisting, meandering vines, laden with fruits and huge, strange looking flowers, as seen in the Schumacher fabric, and the ancient Tree of Life design growing forth with outstretched branches from a pot, vase or mound as shown in the 17th century coverlet. Indeed, it is the Tree of Life motif, later modified and embellished, from which the Jacobean textile design was born around the time of James I of England (1566- 1625), thus the name “Jacobean” as “Lacobus” is Latin for James I. (13) The early Indian Tree of Life design provided a springboard for the British designers who took the flowering tree, added their own creative ideas, and tailored it to their society’s own tastes. Most notably the flowers became more exaggerated and took on a look best described as fantasy flowers for they show little botanical likeness to any real flowers. The flowers of some Jacobean designs are so unusual that they appear to be a cross between a flower and a pineapple and their leaves often take on a dreamy, loose and bending demeanour. Additionally, English designers often changed the background colours as their clients much preferred lighter backgrounds, referring to the more common Indian background colours as "sad red grounds”. (14) METHODOLOGY The garment designs will be based upon the recent trend in the fashion market. The designs will get illustrated by using Adobe Photoshop. After finalizing the designs, the pattern will be drawn according to the design and the size. The basic stitch is used to finish the garment and over lock stitch is used to finish the raw edges of the whole garment. The Jacobean embroidery is used in the waist area of the garment by using "Emphasis" method. "Emphasis" means the focal point in the garment, it can be achieved through colour, size, placement and use of lines. Emphasis is the centre of interest, which draws and holds the attention more than any other part. The floral pattern was used in the embroidery design: the rose with leaves. The pinkish red and green colour was used in the embroidery work so that the colour will be look bright in the black background colour. RESULT For fabric: 95% polyester 5% spandex were used. Occasion: Weekend casual wear. Colour of the fabric: Black. The elegant style dress with A-line type, zipper embellishment, fit and flare silhouette, stand collar, long sleeve. The fabric has a medium elasticity, and good strength. For embroidery silk thread is used.
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    25 Embroidery Design –Adobe illustration - Jacobean Embroidery Garment Design CONCLUSION The research was done based upon the fashion evolution from the Victorian era was noted. The garment was designed based on the research that was done about the fashion evolution. The most distinctive quality about the fashion from the early times is that it increases in simplicity. However, the fashion is commonly used to describe a style of clothing worn by the peoples of that country. (16) The name “Jacobean” comes from James I of England (Latin: Jacobus). Jacobean textile design is springing from the Tree of motif, an ancient design that carried religious symbolism of many early cultures. The garment will be sketched based upon the research of the fashion evolution from the earliest century. The pattern for the garment will be done according to the size and design. The embellishment work will also be done in the designed garment. The Jacobean embroidery works are the ancient form of works, the designs will be based upon the everyday life and nature. (17) The embroidery design will be used as an emphasis in the garment, as a centre of attraction. The numerous numbers of garment design and the embroidery design were done by use of cad designs. The flat sketch was done by use of adobe illustrator and the final garment gets decided by getting suggestions from others. Thus, the final garment gets stitched and the embroidery works were done in the garment by use of the silk thread with bright colours such as red, pink, orange and green. So that, it will be brighter in the black background. REFERENCES (1) Basics fashion design and construction- Annete Fischer (2008). (2) 2000 years of fashion: History of costumes- Francois Broucher (1966). (3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/haute-couture. (4) https://embroiderersguilg.com/. (5) The fundamentals of fashion design- Richard sorger, Jenny udale (2006). (6) https://en.wikipedia.org/. (7) https://study.com/history of fashion trends. (8) Basics fashion design 01- Simon Seivewright (2012).
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    26 (9) Fashion: designcourse- Steven Faerm (2010). (10) The history of fashion journalism- Kate nelson best (2017). (11) Handbook of fashion design- Ritu Jindal (1998). (12) https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/texts-films-customs/embroidery journal. (13) www.vam.ac.uk. (14) https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/texts-films-customs/embroidery journal. (15) Elements of fashion and design- G.J.Sumathi (2007). (16) Jacobean Textile design: Surviving (and thriving) through the test of time- Janis A) L.Wild (2015).
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    27 CHAPTER-4 COVID-19 ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSISIN INDIA - A REVIEW Gokul S. Bajaj Assistant Professor, Department of Botany Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Mh. Dr. Suruchi R. Kadu Assistant professor, Department of Botany Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Mh. ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease Associated mucormycosis (CAM) is an emergence of opportunistic fungal infection, affecting many lives of patients suffering from COVID 19 along with other medical history. India is most suffered country as we belong to tropic and sub tropic areas where risk factor of such infections is already high. There are 6 types of mucormycosis according to the area of the body affected. This non contagious disease is mainly spread through the inhalation of spores which resides in humid areas, predominantly in hospitals and their treatment needs careful assessment of the factors like nature and effect of drugs and medical history of the patients. KEYWORDS – Mucormycosis, COVID 19, pandemic, India, Diabetes, Rhizopus INTRODUCTION Now a days, novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, also called COVID-19) has become global threat and have affected millions of people worldwide. Fungal infections, including mucormycosis, aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis, have been reported in patients with severe COVID-19 or those recovering from the disease and have been associated with severe illness and death. Mucormycosis was previously known as zygomycosis. According to WHO, mucormycosis is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus is a filamentous fungal disease which is angioinvasive (Blood vessel infecting) caused by order Mucorales- class Zygomycetes, has become third most infective mycosis (Petrikkos et al., 2012; Prakash and Chakrabarti, 2021). Indian population is 80 times more affected by mucormycosis than whole world and central government has declared India as a mucormycosis pandemic on May 10, 2021. Mucorales fungi are very predominant pathogen which infects wide range of hosts, ranging from plants to invertebrates and humans. Most commonly found pathogen genus are Rhizopus (most common genus associated with mucormycosis), Lichtheimia (formerly known as Absidia and Mycocladus), and Mucor, zygomycetes genera (e.g. Rhizomucor, Saksenaea,Cunninghamella, and Apophysomyces). (Andrianaki et al., 2013) Based on the body parts affected, mucormycosis can be divided into 6 types- (1) Rhinocerebral (2) Pulmonary (3) Cutaneous (4) Gastrointestinal (5) Disseminated
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    28 (6) Uncommon Presentations.(Petrikkos et al., 2012) Patients with history of diabetes mellitus, organ transplant, kidney disease, tuberculosis, corticosteroids or immunosuppressants consumption, iron overload and trauma are at more risk of mucormycosis (Prakash and chakrabarty, 2021). Mucormycosis majorly affect males than females and targets COVID 19 patients (Active or recovered both) along with others (singh et al., 2021). CAM (CORONAVIRUS DISEASE ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS) COVID-19, a global pandemic is showing significant incidence of secondary infections, bacterial and well as fungal as immune system is hampered. In regular circumstances, when we expose to the fungal spores our immune system respond in variety of ways, they doesn’t allow them to settle down in our body and eradicates them, release of free oxygen radicles and phagocytosis is performed by the neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. In COVID- 19 case, altered immune system cannot combat and this leads to the occurance of opportunistic infections. As a treatment of variety of diseases, consumption of steroids/monoclonal antibodies/broad-spectrum antibiotics against COVID-19 may lead to the development/exacerbation of preexisting fungal diseases (Amod et al., 2021; Mehta et al., 2021). TRANSMISSION OF MUCORMYCOSIS Mucormycosis is actually an opportunistic fungi, it cannot affect an individual until he is immunologically weakened. It is noncontagious, not spread from person to person. Spores of mucormycosis can be inhaled or swollen with air, food, etc. and it is more persistent in humid areas such as AC ducts, moist mask, hospital premises outbreaks are observed because of adhesive bandages, wooden tongue depressors, hospital linens, negative pressure rooms, water leaks, poor air filtration, non-sterile medical devices, and building construction, etc. They mainly colonize in nasal, pharyngeal and oral mucosa including paranasal sinus. From paranasal sinus, it can transmit to nasolacrimal duct and medial orbit, even reaching upto skull and causes severe issues such as orbital cellulitis, chemosis, proptosis, loss of vision, ophthalmoplegia, superior orbital fissure syndrome, sagittal sinus thrombosis, epidural or subdural abscess formation. Sometimes, patient with bloody nasal discharge is diagnosed with the infection of mucormycosis to the brain via nasal turbinals causing cerebral ischemia which leads to cerebral infraction and also death. (Pagare sultan, 2021). Zygomycetes shows very high affinity to the blood vessels, shows rapid invasion and disseminate widely. (Kontoyiannis, 2012). Rhizopus oryzae is mostly found causative agent of mucormycosis with a world-wide distribution and higher occurance in tropical and subtropical regions. (Battaglia et al., 2012) SYMPTOMS According to WHO, different type of mucormycosis can be diagnosed by observing symptoms mentioned as follows- Sr. No. Types of mucormycosis Associated symptoms 1. Rhinocerebral (sinus and brain) mucormycosis • One-sided facial swelling • Headache • Nasal or sinus congestion • Black lesions on nasal bridge or
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    29 upper inside ofmouth that quickly become more severe • Fever • Lethargy, seizures, slurred speech, partial paralysis 2. Pulmonary (lung) mucormycosis • Fever • Cough • Chest pain • Shortness of breath • Hemoptysis 3. Cutaneous (skin) mucormycosis • Skin lesion that resembles blisters or ulcers. The infected area may turn black. Other symptoms include pain, warmth, excessive redness, or swelling around a wound. 4. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis • Abdominal pain • Nausea and vomiting • Gastrointestinal bleeding 5. Disseminated mucormycosis • Tends to occur in people who are already sick from other medical conditions, which makes it difficult to identify which symptoms are related to mucormycosis. Patients with disseminated infection in the brain may develop mental status changes or coma. CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS . Diagnosis of CAM can be done with routine laboratory diagnosis, in clinical practice, histopathology, direct examination of wet mounts and cultures, direct microscopy of culture along with non-invasive diagnostic methods such as molecular serology and metabolomics- breath test (Skiada et al., 2020). TREATMENT Anti-fungal treatment along with supportive care is useful in the management of COVID- 19. Glucocorticoids in combination with antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir are beneficial in COVID-19. Use of Glucocorticoids is inexpensive, easily available and reduces rate of mortality in patients. (Garg et al., 2021) Treatment of mucormycosis needs an accurate and rapid diagnosis along with correction of predisposing factors, surgical resection or debridement, which will lead to effective anti-fungal therapy. Antifungal Agents such as Polyenes such as Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB), amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) are useful in treatment and Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is most promising drug as it is safer, efficient alternatives to normal antifungals. Along with this, Azoles e.g. Fluconazole and voriconazole are effective against mucormycosis. Even itraconazole is also useful against Absidia species. Iron chelation therapy also holds promising approach in fight against mucormycosis (Jaju et al., 2020; Spellberg et al., 2009). Here, physicians play an important role for the prevention of emergence of these CAM and other opportunistic pathogens and early diagnosis which can reduce mortality and morbidity rate significantly. Utilization of therapeutics with low dose for the short duration and minimum, needed use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (Mehta et al., 2021)
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    30 CASE STUDIES Rammaert et.al., (2012) studied 169 cases with 29% children, 61% males. Patients were having history of solid organ transplantation (24%), diabetes mellitus (22%), and severe prematurity (21%). Most common prevalence of disease was found in skin (57%), followed by gastrointestinal tract (15%). Rhizopus was the most common genus (43%) and infection portal of entry was included as surgery and presence of medical devices such as catheters or adhesive tape. Possible outbreaks can be related with use of adhesive bandages (19 cases), wooden tongue depressors (n = 5), ostomy bags (n = 2), water circuitry damage (n = 2), and adjacent building construction (n = 5). They suggest that to overcome such transmission, it is necessary to give a closer attention to avoid healthcare-associated mucormycosis, especially in neonatology, hematological, and transplantation units in hospitals. Hosseini et. al., (2005) conducted a survey of ten patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis between February 2000 to April 2004. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis along with Diabetes was the pathophysiology of nine out of ten patients. Analysis of factors such as predisposing factors, symptoms, sites of extension, number and sites of surgical debridement as well as outcome. Patients show ocular, sinonasal and facial soft tissue infection along with pterygopalatine fossa. Invasion does not occur through lamina papiracea or the maxillary sinus. Four patients lost their lives during study and causes were hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmia and refractory pneumonia. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis was spread through the pterygopalatine fossa, and extends into the orbit and facial soft tissues. When mucor reaches to the nasal cavity, enters in pterygopalatine fossa, inferior orbital fissure and finally the retrobulbar space of the orbit, resulting in ocular signs. Other facial soft tissues, palate and infratemporal fossa can be infected through connecting pathways from the pterygopalatine fossa. Hence, debridement of the pterygopalatine fossa is a hope to minimize severity of mucormycosis. Pal et. al., (2021) studied 30 case series, pooling data involving 99 patients with CAM. Maximum patients belongs to India (72%), majorly male (78%) and patients with history of diabetes mellitus (85%). History of COVID-19 was present in 37% patients with mucormycosis development after the recovery. Time period between diagnosis of COVID- 19 and the evidence of mucormycosis infection (CAM) diagnosis was of 15 days, most commonly Rhino-orbital mucormycosis was most common (42%), followed by rhino- orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (24%) Pulmonary mucormycosis was observed in 10 patients (10%). Use of Glucocorticoids was found in 85% of cases and mortality rate was 34%. CONCLUSION This review mainly focuses on opportunistic nature of mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients; especially in COVID 19 infected ones. In COVID 19, due to consumption of variety of drugs, physiology of body changes and if patient has to go through the surgery or other medical utilities, these situations create higher chances of infection of mucormycosis. Early diagnosis with proper, effective and safer medication will be proven as greater help to overcome this condition. REFERENCES Andrianaki, A. M., Kyrmizi, I., Thanopoulou, K., Baldin, C., Drakos, E., Soliman, S. S. M., Shetty, A. C., McCracken, C., Akoumianaki, T., Stylianou, K., Ioannou, P., Pontikoglou, C., Papadaki, H. A., Tzardi, M., Belle, V., Etienne, E., Beauvais, A., Samonis, G., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Chamilos, G. (2018). Iron restriction inside
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    31 macrophages regulates pulmonaryhost defense against Rhizopus species. Nature Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05820-2 Battaglia, E., Benoit, I., van den Brink, J., Wiebenga, A., Coutinho, P. M., Henrissat, B., & de Vries, R. P. (2011). Carbohydrate-active enzymes from the zygomycete fungus Rhizopus oryzae: a highly specialized approach to carbohydrate degradation depicted at genome level. BMC Genomics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164- 12-38 Garg, D., Muthu, V., Sehgal, I. S., Ramachandran, R., Kaur, H., Bhalla, A., Puri, G. D., Chakrabarti, A., & Agarwal, R. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature. Mycopathologia, 186(2), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-021-00528-2 Gupta, A., Sharma, A., & Chakrabarti, A. (2021). The emergence of post-COVID-19 mucormycosis in India: Can we prevent it? Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 69(7), 1645. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_1392_21 Hosseini, S. M. S., & Borghei, P. (2005). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: pathways of spread. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 262(11), 932–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-005-0919-0 Kontoyiannis, D. P., Lewis, R. E., Lotholary, O., Spellberg, B., Petrikkos, G., Roillides, E., Ibrahim, A., & Walsh, T. J. (2012). Future Directions in Mucormycosis Research.Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S79–S85. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir886 Mehta, S., & Pandey, A. (2020). Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated With COVID-19. Cureus. Published. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10726 Pagare J, Johaley S. Diagnostic role of CBCT in fulminating mucormycosis of maxilla. International Journal of Research and Review. 2019; 6(7):575-579. Pal, R., Singh, B., Bhadada, S. K., Banerjee, M., Bhogal, R. S., Hage, N., & Kumar, (2021). COVID‐19‐associated mucormycosis: An updated systematic review of literature. Mycoses. Published. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13338 Petrikkos, G., Skiada, A., Lortholary, O., Roilides, E., Walsh, T. J., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2012). Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Mucormycosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S23–S34. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir866 Prakash, H., & Chakrabarti, A. (2021b). Epidemiology of Mucormycosis in India. Microorganisms, 9(3), 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030523 Rammaert, B., Lanternier, F., Zahar, J. R., Dannaoui, E., Bougnoux, M. E., Lecuit, M., & Lortholary, O. (2012). Healthcare-Associated Mucormycosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S44–S54. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir867 Singh, A. K., Singh, R., Joshi, S. R., & Misra, A. (2021). Mucormycosis in COVID- 19: A systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 15(4), 102146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.019 Spellberg, B., Walsh, T., Kontoyiannis, D., Edwards, Jr., J., & Ibrahim, A. (2009). Recent Advances in the Management of Mucormycosis: From Bench to Bedside. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(12), 1743–1751. https://doi.org/10.1086/599105
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    32 CHAPTER-5 A RESEARCH ONTATA MOTORS COVID 19 SITUATION ON CUSTOMER BRAND AWARENESS N. HARIHARAN DDTP.,DOA, DIBM PARVATHY’S ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, WISDOM CITY, DIDIGUL -624 001, TAMIL NADU, INDIA ABSTRACT Brand awareness version for enjoy products that overcomes the limitations of patron desire fashions, especially when it is not smooth to take into account a few qualitative attributes of a product or while there are too many attributes relative to the available quantity of preference date, via capturing the consequences of unobserved product attributes with the residuals of reference consumers for the identical product. They decompose the deterministic factor of product software into parts: that accounted for by way of found attributes and that because of non-located attributes. By using estimating the unobserved factor via concerning it to the corresponding residuals of digital experts representing homogeneous corporations of people who experienced the product earlier and evaluated it. The usage of Bayesian estimation methods and markov chain Monte Carlo simulation inference, applying two kinds of patron preference. 1. Standard preference data for online customer ratings in internet reference services. 2) Revolved preferences it is data for movies for offline customers. The values empirically show that this new approach outperforms several opportunity collaborative filtering and attribute-based choice fashions with each in and out of sample fits. The model is relevant to each net recommendation services and client preference research. KEYWORDS : Brand consciousness, consumer alternatives. INTRODUCTION TO BRAND AWARENESS With the opening of the market or the publish liberalization period has resulted in many organizations getting into the markets with services of their items and offerings. In the earlier ranges of economic revolution client needed to take delivery of what the manufacturer has produced but these days customers are a great deal more knowledgeable, disturbing, count on lot greater to healthy their ever changing existence patterns. There through their satisfactory expectancies have been increased from time to time a good way to rebuild it-self round its purchaser. The producer ought to be capable of fulfill, with the form of product and offerings to suit the ever-changing patron requirements. In developing an advertising and marketing strategy for merchandise, the dealers need to confront the branding selection. Logo is a chief difficulty in product. Clients have strong preference for specific variations and types of basic goods and services. The manufactures ultimately study that market electricity lies with the logo name companies. Clients shopping for choices are prompted through the Brand. In this competitive international, the “Brand performs an essential role and a logo may be very prominent asset owned by means of a company. Logo is endowed with focus, perceived exceptional, institutions and logo loyalty. Brand is offered as creative concept. A logo is a promise of the seller to supply a particular set of advantages or attributes or offerings to the buyer. Logo represents a stage of exceptional.
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    33 OBJECTIVES OF THESTUDY 1. To customer to purchase product Tata motors 2. To variables of brands and awareness influence them to purchase. 3. To understand what role does the logo has in the minds of customers. 4. To identify awareness to brand Tata motors four wheelers. 5. To about the customer’s satisfaction in Tata motors offers 6. To discover the marketplace capacity for Tata cars four wheelers. 7. To Maintain and improve brand awareness. NEED FOR THE STUDY The intention of any organization is to for the most part obtain bigger piece of the pie high level of deals the Industry; this could be just accomplished by building a higher level of brand faithful clients. Any organization can get by through there is a solid computational the market on the off chance that it has brand steadfast clients. Today many significant organizations in the market attempt to keep up and improve their marked value. Without making appropriate brand mindfulness they can't fabricate brand image. Solid brands help assemble the corporate image and furthermore by making it simpler for the organizations dispatch new brands. Today marks are treated as major suffering resources of an organization – more over brand value are significant supporter of client value. This all can happen just there is appropriate brand mindfulness. The lights four wheeler businesses have been growing quickly are gone the day while having a little and blend size vehicles were viewed as an extravagance. Presently days it is seen as a simple need. Client relationship the board and information mining are basic differentials that empower upper hand for firms zeroed in on expanding client piece of the pie. In spite of the fact that interest in advertising, deals and administration advancement can be compelled because of financial and social contemplations, the underlying investigation of the examination demonstrates regular European buyer clothing destinations empower higher substance profundity, navigational setting and help, customer correspondence, and business effectiveness. Nonetheless, the investigation simultaneously demonstrates lower client customization and mining, way of life association and advertising, and customer, Community connection, on the locales. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The data collected sources in primary and secondary, the information get to regard products and organization. Primary Data: The primary data collect questonnrie it is related in customer brand awareness towards Tata motors product different features and satisfactions. Such as Price, Color, Modal, brand etc. Secondary Data: The secondary data taken from Reports, Advertisements, Newspapers, Customer database, Pamphlets, it five sources collected secondary data. INTERNET SAMPLEING The Tata motors limited customers in Madurai City only and range of allover India. Samples taken target is population of study in brand awareness in Tata motors.
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    34 SAMPLE SIZE The samplesize is 200 collected form selected data base company. The research depth survey and collecting data observation concerning Tata Motors customers brand awareness. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE In this technique each and every unit of the population has on equal opportunity of the selected technique sample. Using only random sampling technique adopt selection sample method. DATA COLLECTION PROCESS Need of the objective, types of the data it data collected with the help of questionnaire’s and another data identified in the data collection process. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The research role is very important in customers brand awareness in covid-19 situation on Tata motors. It is help to human achievements towards understand and identify the brand. The systematic markets research helps to brand image and finding of the customers in awareness of Tata limited motors. The research mainly focused to Madurai city peoples to different locations, age groups and particular brand find out of the preference. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The customers not be contracted in outstand lack of time 1. The research has been classified to Madurai city only. 2. The project sample study is 200 customers only. 3. The complete customer feelings 4. The customers change from time to time it is possibility of research so some changes in the result it is awareness level. 5. Sometimes few customers not responded suitably due to lack of time, ignorance. REVIEW LITERATURE Within the word of Philip Kotler “A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or layout or mixture of them. Intended to discover the products or offerings of 1 dealer or organization of dealers and to distinguish them from the ones of competitors.
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    35 ROLE OF BRANDING Intoday’s global logo names come to create perceive to distinguish one product from every other. The subsequent points to pin down its specific role. • Brand is a great asset: Brand is an intangible asset, due to the fact it is not possible to copy brand name. • Brand is promotional device: the product differentiation is done with the aid of a brand through sales promotion. • Brand is a weapon to protect marketplace: a customer has tried and appreciated a product, the logo permits him to discover the product and repeat the purchase. • Brand is antidote for middle men’s survival: the elegance of middle man constantly tends to move for a success logo. • Brand Is A Means Of Identifications Of Clients: log o is the perfect manner of figuring out services or products by using customers. THE CONSUMERS THROUGH SIX LEVELS AS DISPLAYED BRAND CONVEYING OF THE CUSTOMERS Attributes: It is a particular product brand first bring to the mind certain. Benefits: The product with brand in benefits of customer buying. Values: The product tell about the another same product values. Culture: It means is respect the different culture of the brand. Personality: Which the persons and objective of the brand related projects. User: The product users and audience own target of brand suggests. TYPES OF BRANDS
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    36 BRAND AWARENESS OFTHE PRODUCT The extent of recognition can variety from mere reputation to consider too top of thoughts to dominant. The employer is spending cash to keep Brand in patron’s memory. A sturdy logo awareness way clean acceptance of recent products. Brand with strong recognition can introduced and bought to create emblcall with enduring strength. An organization can put its customer attention, pick out and expand it in addition to construct sturdy brand. It's miles greater with the aid of creating a brand loyalty and setting up identity of a product. Brand awareness is asset which logo managers create and beautify to build brand fairness. It is related to the character and features of product. It ends in logo energy which is constituted by way of measuring the variable like management, balance, marketplace, geographic, fashion, assist and protection etc… Creating logo cognizance with using advertising, advertising event control and so forth… an extraordinary logo has unique kind of focus which retains reputation. Brand recognition satisfies a need of the client. A customer as pursuits, aims, motivation drives and choice. Customer feels extra powerful whilst he uses the Brand. Satisfactions or desire for a Brand indicates how unswerving the client is possibly to be logo. Now a day’s clients are experience with brand cognizance for distinctive product, in which the consumers’ expectations degrees are improved toward brand, product and so on… possibly the maximum distinct skill of professional entrepreneurs is their potential to create, preserve, defend and enhance brands. Branding is the artwork and cornerstone of advertising. The yank marketing association defines a brand as a name, time period, sign, image or design, or a mixture of them, supposed to become aware of the products or offerings of one seller or group of dealers and to distinguish them from the ones of competition. Thus a brand identifies the seller or maker. “What distinguishes a brand from its unbranded commodity opposite numbers is the purchaser’s perceptions and feelings about the product’s attributes and the way they perform? Ultimately, a logo is living within the minds of customers. A brand can be better placed through associating its call with desirable benefits. A brand is tons greater than a name, brand, shades, a tagline, or symbol. These are marketing tools techniques. A logo is
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    37 essentially a marketer’spromise to supply a specific set of feature, advantages and services continually to the consumers. The marketer should establish a venture for the logo and a vision of what the brand need to be and do. Logo bonding happens whilst clients revel in the corporation as handing over on its advantage promise. The fact is that manufacturers are not built with the aid of advertising but by using the Brand experience. Manufacturers range in the quantity of energy and price they've in the market place. At one excessive are manufacturers that aren't recognized by maximum customers. Then there are manufacturers for which shoppers have a reasonably high diploma of brand consciousness. Past this are brands with an excessive degree of logo acceptability. We outline Brand fairness because the fine differential impact that knowing the Brand call has on purchaser response to the products or services. Logo fairness effects in clients showing a preference for one product over any other whilst they're basically identical. The quantity to which customers are willing to pay more for the unique Brand is a degree of logo fairness. A brand wishes to be cautiously managed in order that its fairness does now not depreciate. This calls for keeping or enhancing logo focus, perceived great and functionality and effective associations. These tasks require continuous R & D investment, skilful marketing and fantastic trade and consumer carrier. DATA ANALYSIS Q1. What is your Occupation? Sample Business Professional Employee Student Total 200 62 42 54 42 200 EXPLAINATION The chart is occupation it is business persons is high level of 62% out of 200 respondents are professional is 42 are employee is 54% and student is 42 %. Over all high level is business persons.
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    38 Q2. How longdo you using the cars? Sample Before 1 year Before 2 year Before 3 year Till now Total 100 66 54 20 60 200 EXPLAINATION The chart is 200 respondents till now is before 3 years is 20 %, before 2 year is 54% and before 1 year is 66 % it is highest level of using the cars. Q3. Who influenced you toward purchase a car? Sample Adds Sales persons Friends Some other Total 200 22 76 60 42 200
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    39 EXPLAINATION The chart isinfluenced you toward purchase a car More Than peoples purchased car is sales person is 76% Friends is 60 % and watching add is 22 % peoples liked sales persons buying cars. Q4. How is their Tata Motors complaints handling? Sample Excellent Good Average Poor Total 200 70 60 40 30 200 EXPLAINATION The chart is complaints of Tata Motors excellent is 70% are good is 60 % are average is 40% and poor 30 % finally handling complaints excellent way of Tata Motors. Q5. How is the delivery system of Tata Motors? Sample Excellent Good Average Poor Total 200 60 54 66 20 200
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    40 EXPLAINATION The chart isdelivery system of tata motors it is liked customers excellent is 60% out of 200 respondants average is high level 66% are poor is very low 20 and good is 54%. Finally delivery system is good liked peoples only Tata Motors. Q6. What is with Tata Motor users overall satisfaction level? Sample Excellent Good Average Poor Total 200 64 76 34 26 200 From the chart is Tata Motors users overall satisfaction level it respondents of 200 more than users liked the product so 76% good of this second place is excellent is 64% are average is 34% and poor is 26 it is very lower level of poor. Finally Tata Motors is satisfied of the customers Q7. How remains their response to you entering in to the Tata Motors office? Sl.NO Overall satisfied No of customers Percentage 1 Excellent 48 48 2 Good 96 96 3 Satisfied 54 54 4 Poor 2 2 5 Total 200 200
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    41 EXPLAINATION The chart isoffice respondent of Tata Motors in the office total respondents is 200 very lower level is poor 2% are good is 96% it is average of good and excellent 48% the overall options is then Tata Motors products and service quality is excellent. Q8. What is Tata Motors overall satisfaction level in peoples? SI.NO Longue facility No of customers Percentage 1 Excellent 24 24 2 Good 48 48 3 Average 122 122 4 Poor 6 6 5 Total 200 200
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    42 EXPLAINATION The customer satisfactionchart is 200 respondents average is higher level 122% are good respondents is 48% are customer satisfaction is excellent 24% in the Tata Motors. Q9. How stands their lounge facility of Tata motors? Sample Excellent Good Average Poor total 200 30 46 60 64 200 EXPLAINATION From the following the chart total respondents is 200 Poor is 64%, good is 46% respondents average is 60% it is high level out of 200 respondents. Finally excellent is 30%. Overall facility is poor. Q10. What do you rate the Tata Motor: Features Sample Poor Mode rate Satisfact ory Excellent Total Transaction 200 34 76 60 30 200 Repair ability 200 54 40 60 46 200 Spare parts 200 52 54 60 34 200 Time bounding 200 34 60 34 72 200
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    43 EXPLANATION -Transaction The total200 respondents Excellent 30% are good, Satisfactory is 60% are average is 76, and finally 34% are poor, opinion of them Tata Motors services are good. It is leader of automobile Industry. Reparability facility The 200 respondents in excellent 46% are good, 40% are poor is 54% are poor in reparability facility is to be good. Maintain of service stations and improve delivery departments. Spare parts facility From the table and chart note is 200 responding Excellent is 34% , are average and 54% are poor in this 52% spare parts facility may be satisfied. The spare parts not available in all shops. So improve spare sprat shops in Tata Motors. Time bounding facility The table and graphs noted total 200 responding reveals is 72% are excellent 34% are good, 60% it is average, and finally 34% are poor. The time bounding facility is good, sometimes delay delivery of product. FINDINGS • After the analysis the sample size 100 it include the customers, method of questonnrie • find out the brand awareness towards in covid-19 situation towards Tata motors.2. The customers bought the cars in 2 years back it is useful to Indian economy and important point of thee customers. • The Tata Motors advertisements press and electronic media playing dynamic mode it is a promotional strategy. • The Tata motors customers conducted the educational program purpose is maintain the Tata Motors. • Tata Motor popular brand is Indica it is processed the customers of 45% in Tata Moto SUGGESTIONS OF THE RESEARCH 1. The Tata Motors all brand spare parts maintain in the company of the motors four wheelers. It case of inconvenient of the customers. It is important for one. 2. The four wheeler Motors reduce the service charges for some rupees. It liked to Tata
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    44 Motors customers. 3. Themain point of facing problems of some peoples in Mileage problems it is must rectified. 4. Tata Motors Pvt. Ltd. Increasing customers loyalty and service campus it promotional measure. 5. The motor services stations very demand of areas but available in small service stations it is satisfactions of customers. 6. The research focused Tata motors sales and services it is useful to important and improves companies. CONCLUSION The customers having the good awareness and level of the regarding programs of Tata motors conduct attend various reasons attending programs. Delivery of New cars serviced the car in correct time. Sometimes delay in the service secessions. Customers faces the some mileage problems. It is comparing Incica cars and remaining another models. The some complaint during in the delivery of the car some damages and late of delivery it some issues of Tata Motors it is branch complain but Tata Motor is best customers satisfaction. The Tata Motors continue to work it is useful for emerging economics of the world. Increase the market share low and end of the all cars. Tata Motor is market leader of the auto mobile industry and high market share available in Tata. T- Trust, A- Acceptability, T- Transparency, A- Accountability. REFERENCES 1) Guiles,m.g(2008), “gas economic system takes a hack seat as vehicles get faster and more a laugh”, wall street journal, october, p.33. 2) Madikonda kishore babu and raghunatha raddy, d., a study on passenger automobile enterprise in india’ , indian jouranl of marketing, vol. 34, no. 10, oct 2004. 3) Rama parsad, m.v., passenger automobile surplus manufacturing will lead to higher exports- part ii, motorindia, vol48, no.7, feb 2004. 4) Ashok j., a take a look at on growing strategies to improve the sales of maruti zen pessenger automobile’, international journal of control technological know-how, vol. 1 no. 1, july 2005. 5) Bhargave s.c. passenger car enterprise: maruti continues the lead’, statistics for you, april 2000. 6) Bhasin t.m. ‘channelising retail credit’indian banks’association, vol. xxvii, no. 8, aug 2005. 7) Aayush chowdhury, abhishek kapoor, profiling the younger indian client’, advertising and marketing express, vol. v, issue nine sep 2005. 8) www.marutisuzuki.com 9) www.tatamotors.com 10) www.carwale.com/research/motors/tata 11) www.hyundai.com/in 12) www.capitaline.com
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    45 CHAPTER-6 LIFE SCIENCE FORENGINEERS Hema Vellaisamy, M.Sc, Biotechnology (Department of Biotechnology), St.joseph's College, (Affiliated with Bharadhidasan University, Trichy) Trichy. ABSTRACT Life sciences pave a way and provide engineers a vast platform for the development and applying of technology. The name itself says that these fields of study has its own life and live till persistence of life in earth. This broad field of study includes food technology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, forestry, genetics and heredity, pharmacology and their related fields. Various branches and thrust areas are developed in order to come up with new devices and strategies. Cellular and molecular level of understandings uplifts genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology to the next level of study to provide the best solution. The ultra-small sized based nano study and computational biology creates a path for variety of application in day-today-life. Keywords:- Life Science, Biotechnology, Instrumentation, Imaging, Genes. INTRODUCTION Life science engineering deals with the application of engineering principles and practices to living organisms since all the living organisms are complex engineering systems such as gases and heat exchange, intake of raw materials for metabolism, sensory system, etc,. Bioengineering is the combination and it is fused with physical, chemical, modern, computational sciences along with engineering techniques and strategies. The major thrust areas comprises of • Biomedical engineering • Biophysics [biomechanical engineering, biophotonics, biosensors, bioelectronics] • Computational biology [data storing and analysis] • Nanoscale engineering or nanotechnology [gene and drug delivery, bioimaging] BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: Biomedical engineering or scientific engineering is the software of engineering ideas and layoutideas to medication and biology for healthcare purposes.This discipline is concerned with developing and improving of living health through or by introducing new devices, system, algorithms drugs and medicines. With the clear knowledge on the anatomic and physiologic functions along with certain instrumentational facts and ideas, it is possible to come up with artificial limbs and organs. Bio-molecular engineering, a divisional branch of biomedical engineering includes the useful manipulation of cells and the organic molecules they compriseand are capable to troubleshoot specific problem and solve. Similarly, cellular engineering is concerned with genetic engineering, protein engineering, DNA microarray fabrication, biosensors and tissue engineering.
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    46 PRINCIPLE: It is acombination of principles like • Electricals and electronics [Bioamplifers] • Mechanical[artificial limbs/organs; prostheses] • Physical[diagnosing images; therapeutic devices] • Chemical [Chemical analyzers, chromatography in quality analysis] • Optics [fiber optics ,optical measurements] • Computer science [computational medicines, signal and image analysis] • Material sciences [implanted devices, artificial tissues] INSTRUMENTS: • Analyzing instruments like calorimeter, spectrometer • Monitoring instruments like bedside monitor, foetal monitor • Controlling instruments like defibrillator, dialysis instrument, heart and lung machine • Therapeutic instruments like nuclear medicine, electro surgery, ultrasound therapy • Supplementary instruments like hearing aid, pacemaker • Recording instruments like blood cell counter (haemocytometer), blood pressure meter, pH meter, Stethoscope, electrocardiograph, electromyography, thermograph, ultra sonograph, radiograph(x-ray) There are also various types of transducers that are important to be noted, such as • Resistive transducers for muscle force and stress humidity respiration (thermistor) • Inductive transducers for flow measurements muscle movements (LVDT) • Capacitive transducer for heart sound measurement, pulse pick up • Photoelectric transducer used for pulse transducers blood pressure oxygen analysis • Chemical transducers -electrodes and pH electrodes Biomedical engineering is an emerging and upcoming platform due to • Fast and non-invasive way • Used in immunoassay proteomic studies • Serves a methodology to study different mi RNA from larger pools • Along with nanotechnology ,they are used in the identification of micro RNA biomarkers in neuro-oncology (in the cases of pediatric ependymoma, anaplasticglioma, gliomameningioma, pituatary adenoma and acoustic schwannoma) Few examples include, artificial CT scanners for better imaging, artificial blood: polymerized human hemoglobin, continuous glucose monitoring(or)glucose detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, in ear device for controlling stuttering, confocal microwave frequency for breast cancer detection, microelectrodes in neuro-transplant, earthworm like robotic endoscope for small intestine Artificial CT scanners for better imaging of heart: This rapid and high performing scanner CT for blocked arteries is an aquilon 64 CFX multi- slice scanner by Toshiba that includes clear quality and speed image production that overcame the use of angiograms/cardiac catheterization for checking our real blocks. This is done with passing a thin tube from growing to arteries of heart along with the dye for the production of contrast X-rays the high resolution of the picture (64)is produced by a machine that is computer controlled passes X rays that produces signals in the form of
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    47 digital and aredetected, recorded and reconstructed. There are also cellular and molecular level engineering that includes genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering is a process which involves culturing of organisms(i.e.)as a result we obtain number of products, from which gene or a genetic material serves as the raw material whereas recombinant DNA technology is concerned with the modification of the genetic material and that plays a significant role in genetic engineering thereby overcoming the drawbacks and enhances the specificity. GENETIC ENGINEERING: Genetic engineering was introduced in 1970's which is an emerging field of recombinant DNA technology. Genetic engineering is broadly defined as the process of combining two pieces of DNA in order to obtain the specific traits with desirable characteristics. Since this kind of combinations really doesn’t happen biologically, we tend to produce them in laboratory conditions under controlled environment. The manipulation and altering the genetic composition of an organism's genetic material is capable of modifying the characteristic of an organism. The purpose of developing an engineered organism differs from species to species. This process has ethical issues in human engineering.But through r DNA technology there are many beneficiary effects for human. For example genetically engineered plants are constructed to produce economically and commercially important and valuable organism, for therapeutic drug production prevention of genetic abnormalities. Cloning small pieces of DNA and propagating them in bacteria was the base and simplest form of cloning but now it has evolved to an enormous field where the whole genomes are being clone and moved from cell to cell to cell, to cell using variations of techniques and that would come under genetic engineering as a very broad definition. Even though there are many statements available, the proper definition does not yet stated. Genetic engineering includes gene identification, gene targeting, gene delivery, gene editing, etc The schematic representation of the process of genetic engineering takes place in the following steps; • Selection and isolating the gene of interest from the donor-The gene of interest that is desired must be only a few kb with high content with low repetitive DNA sequences. Isolation of the gene is done with the help of restrictive enzymes on digestion are true polymerase chain reaction • Plasmid selection and construction (vector) - This is one of the most important step because the plasmids serves as the carrier molecule that is, they carry the selected cell and are ready to transform. Plasmid DNA as a circular double stranded cytoplasmic DNA that is found in found in bacteria. They are used as plasmids because of their independent replication. • Transformation of genes-This tedious process depends accordingly and are discussed below(gene delivery) • Insertion of the desired DNA into the host genome • Selection of transformants-Earlier methods of detection of the transformer used selectable markers to differentiate the transform and untransformed cells. Currently polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based detection method is widely accepted. This method uses primers that are designed complementary to the gene of interest and amplified. In the case of mutation in the DNA, DNA sequencing methods are used for identification.
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    48 Gene identification isthe selection of desired gene from the donor (i.e.) the gene of interest is selected accordingly. Gene delivering is the process of delivering the gene of interest into the target or host for further ligation and recombination to occur.There is two methods of gene delivery techniques namely • Viral mediated • Non-viral mediated Viral mediated gene delivery technique deals with the use of viruses to transfer the transformed DNA into the host. Examples include adenoviruses, T4 bacteriophage, retroviruses, etc. Non viral mediated gene delivery technique includes physical and chemical methods Physical method involves the use of physical force for increasing the cell membrane permeability for entry of transformed cell. They include microinjection, electroporation, gene gun, ultrasound mediated methods and hydrodynamic systems. Chemical methods use natural polymers, liposome, dendrimers, synthetic proteins, and lipids. They are of less immunogenic and less toxic Particle bombardment method or DNA bio-listics method is the use of DNA coated micro projectile which is used to transfer the transformed cells after it is accelerated. The micro projectile is allowed to penetrate the cell wall membrane to interact with the host cells. This projectile is small and are capable to penetrate the cell with limited damage and efficient for the introduction of the transform cell into the host. Biological methods include liposome mediated transfer, agro bacterium mediated transfer. Electroporation is the most used and best suited for the transformation of plant cells and chloroplast both the linear and circular DNA materials can be transformed by this method. This is done by application of electric voltage of about 1000-1500 volts. Sonoporation is application of ultrasound for delivering the DNA that disrupts the cell membrane. Microinjection also called as transformation of cells by intranuclear microinjection method. This process requires micro-capillaries and microscopic devices for delivering the DNA material into the cell. It is also used to understand the inter intracellular transport and fluorescent dyes that are being injected for a variety of purposes. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment is the least toxic for the plant cell transformation. This is done during the somatic hybrid production. The protoplast is subjected with the polyethylene glycol for the uptake of the naked DNA. Gene editing is the process of altering the messages of the DNA in order to modify the sequence of the genetic material thereby with the possible and effective product. The ultimate aim of this procedure is to fix the defective, damaged or abnormal portion of the DNA.
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    49 HISTORY OF GENEEDITING: • In late 70s Herb Boyer and Stanley Cohen discovered the antibiotic resistant organism (genetically engineered bacteria). • In 2012 a group of scientist from the University of California introduced the bacterial immune system which is able to edit genes at the targeted location and they named it as CRISPR-CAS9 system. This editing remains as the spark of the genetic and this idea aroused when the human insulin-producing bacteria was discovered. After the FDA approval of the synthetic insulin genetically modified tomato named as flavr- savr tomato and some species of cotton were under implementation for editing. TYPES OF GENE EDITING: Depending on the type of nucleus that is involved in the process there are three major techniques that are used in gene editing. ZFNS (Zinc Finger Nuclease) • TALEN (Transcriptional Activator-Like Effector Based Nuclease) • CRISPR-CAS9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) STEPS INVOLVED: The process of gene editing can be into the following steps:- • Identification of a particular site in an organisms genome • Designing the undamaged DNA copy of that particular site • Guide RNA designing • Use of enzymes to cut the damaged DNA • Insertion of new DNA • Repairing the site RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY: Recombinant DNA technology is the integration of foreign DNA into the target DNA that is integration of foreign gene into the target gene in order to obtain additive traits both in phenotype and genotypic means. History: The recombinant DNA was first proposed by Peter Morgan belongs to the biochemistry department at Stanford University medical school. The first publication involves the intracellular replication of the recombinant DNA which took place during 1972 and 1973. In 1980 Paul Berg, the professor at Stanford was awarded the Nobel prize for his to work on nucleic acids in regard to recombinant DNA. A team of scientists(Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans) in 1978 were awarded Nobel prize in physiology or medicine for discovering restriction endonuclease which enhanced the technique of our DNA technology. The very first licensed recombinant DNA product was patented by list of scientist from Stanford University for human insulin production. Every genetically engineered product undergoes a process where the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, transformed into the organism and the transformant is allowed to integrate. Recombinant DNA products include genetically modified organisms, recombinant vaccines,
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    50 transgenic animals andplants, etc. Genetically modified organisms: Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973 made the first genetically modified organisms in bacteria the first produced bacteria were provided antibiotic resistance to the kanamycin. They inserted the gene responsible for this antibiotic resistance into a plasmid and incorporated the plasmid into the host and it is allowed to integrate. As a result they found that the bacterium was then able to survive in the presence of kanamycin. Rudolf Jainisch in 1974 introduced the transgenic mice by inserting the foreign DNA into its embryo. Genetically modified mice with genes removed was created in 1989.this was found as the first animal to synthesize transgenic proteins in their milk and these mice were engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator a protein that is involved in breaking down the blood clots. In 1983, the first recombinant plant was developed by Michael, Richard and his colleagues; they infected tobacco with agro bacterium with an antibiotic resistance gene. The plants are then subjected to tissue culture techniques for checking the antibiotic resistance capabilities. In 2000 vitamin a enrich golden rice was the first plant that was developed with increased nutritive value. Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson in 1976 produced a human protein called somatostatin in E.coli. Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin from bacteria named as “humulin” was approved by the food and drug administration in 1982. In 1987 a strain of pseudomonas became the first genetically modified organisms that were released into the environment for the beneficial effects. The first antibiotic resistant tobacco plant which was genetically modified crops was produced in 1982 and in 1994 cal gene obtained an approval for the release of genetically modified food that is “flavr savr” tomato followed by engineer tobacco engineer insect resistant potatoes during the year 1994 and 1995. Later during 2003 the first genetically modified animal called zebra fish with their respective fluorescent genes were commercialized and aqua Salmon in 2015, the first genetically modified animal was approved for consuming. Biosensor: The device that is used for the analytical purposes that detects specific changes in the biological processes there by converting them into electrical signals. They include any kind of biological matter like enzymes, tissues,organ, cells, fluids, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc The main features of biosensors are caused sensitivity stability and reproducibility. The sample is communicated with the help of an elite that is been checked and the biological response is changed into an electrical signal using a transducer. The basic principle behind this sensor is that the biological material is deactivated and placed near in contact with the transducer. The electronic stimulus due to the contact of analyst is calculated.that can be calculated. In specific cases the device may be connected to the gaseous discharge, electrons, and hydrogen ions. The transducer is a device that can alter and convert them into electrical signals which is then further calculated. There are different
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    51 types of biosensorsnamely electrochemical biosensors (amperometric, potentiometric, impedimetric, and voltammetric), physical biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, thermometer biosensors, optical biosensors, wearable biosensors, enzyme biosensors, DNA biosensors, immune-biosensors, magnet biosensors, resonant biosensors. The application of biosensors in various fields includes drug discovery, disease detection, micro and macro environmental monitoring, food quality monitoring, water quality management. Specifically they are used in common health care management, metabolites measurement, insulin treatment, in military, agricultural and veterinary applications, detection of crime, medical diagnosis, pharmaceutical manufacturers and organ replacement, etc Biochip: Bio chip also called as micro array is a non-electronic device, set of small microarrays that are been placed on a plate that is allowed to perform number of biological reactions in a limited time simultaneously. Every chip can be considered as a micro reactor that is capable of detecting particular molecules like enzymes, proteins, DNA, antibodies, etc. After the biochip gets activated(low- power electromagnetic field through radio signals) they transmits the identification code to the operator through their radio signals which then is received to change into digital form and is exhibited on LCD. The types of microchip includes • DNA microarray • Microfluidic chip • Protein microarray. Potential applications includes Safe e-commerce systems, forensic investigations, restore the records of medical, cash, passport,etc.,applicable in the medical field such as blood pressure sensor, glucose detector, and oxygen sensors and are widely used for the signal processing. NANOTECHNOLOGY: The technology that does not exist but your existence has made development and are developing. They hold the supreme power to reduce the overall medical costs and overcomes especially through their efficiency in disease detection, drug discovery and drug delivery simply nanotechnology is the study that predominantly deals and it is related to the small, a very tiny particles.1 micrometer is equal to 1 millionth of a meter (i.e.) 1000 nanometer. At present in our day to day life we use many nanoparticle products such as Sunscreen-that blocks UV radiation; Clothing-nanoparticles of silica that creates fabrics that repel water and other liquids; Furniture they are made of carbon nanofibers which are less flammable and other adhesives Even our human body is formed of nanoparticles like RBC's which is 2.5 microns in diameter, the width of the DNA molecule is about to 2nm,the width of human hair is about 80-100 microns. Nanoprobe technology: The early detection assay (i.e.) the bio-barcode technology developed by nanosphere is about 1, 00,000 times more sensitive than any other tests available for detecting ADDI(Alzheimer's disease, prostate cancer and other diseases). This technology involves the application of gold nanoparticle probes with antibodies to the target protein that is attached to the polymeric surface along with this; they carry a specific covalently attached
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    52 oligonucleotide and complementaryoligonucleotide.When probe gets attached to the target protein the bio-barcode that is serving as a protein markers is washed away due to the nanoprobe contain many oligonucleotides bound per protein where the amplification takes place which is related to the protein. Lab on a chip: Lab on a chip technique seems to be a best example in the field of medicine especially in the drug research and diagnostics. This chip contains 15,000 different oligonucleotide probes that have the ability to detect various genetic variations in the cytochrome genes. Amplichip CYP450 was the first Food and Drug Administration approved technology that involves microarray based test that have the ability to determine cytochrome p4502D6 and 2C19.These two genes have the ability to influence the drug efficacy and reactions. Researchers stated that, with this technique it might be possible to prevent the selection of therapies. Quantum dots: The use of fluorescent dyes to tag cells and cellular components is important mechanism in medical. They are smaller sized semiconductors that act as light emitting diode for bio- imaging due to their smallest size they act and functions as cell and even molecules that do not have effects on others cells. A variety of target molecules like monoclonal antibodies are attached to the polymer coated quantum dots making them to attach with specific biomarkers. Various pharmaceutical companies in collaboration with quantum Dot Corporation apply these semiconductors in high content drug screening. Successful outcomes include labelling HER2 breast cancer marker with the help of nanodots. Reformulated drugs: Nanocrystal technology is a nanoparticulate drug developed by a neuroscience based biotechnology company. This technology enables the formulation and improving the activity and end product characteristics. The simplest form of delivering drugs involves the reformulation of drugs in their nanoparticle form by reducing the size of the drug to about 200 nm, enhances the total surface area (enlarge)and thereby the relative insolubility of the drug is also overcomed. A new formulated drug called “sirolimus” tablet has been approved and is in use from early 20's. Drug discovery: Bio-Nano tubules also called as smart bio- Nano tubules are lipid protein tubes that have 16nm diameter of inner space which is used for the drug or gene delivery applications by the control the state of liquid and protein content it is possible to switch between two faces of nanotubes with other open ends are closed ends with leopard cabs this process stands as the base for chemical, drug encapsulation and release. Researches explained that drugs could be delivered by smart bio Nano tubules in in a manner specific to the cancer cells thereby reducing the side effect of chemotherapy treatments. Also they stated that any drug that is capable of entering into the nanotubes without destroying them into the target cell could be delivered.For example-sirolimus and paxlitaxel. Cancer therapy: The basic concept of these therapies are to destroy the tumor tissue and inhibit or destroy the cancer cells growth. The applications of nanoparticles in Cancer therapy includes,
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    53 Photo-thermal therapy -thistherapy involves the use of nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles and NIR along with thiol and amine groups. Colloidal gold can absorb light at specific wavelength which then makes them useful for the hyperthermic cancer treatment and it related applications. This is also done to reduce the heat that is normally caused during the therapies. Paclitaxel can be given when the membrane is being destroyed by the heat that is generated by the gold nanoparticles under laser irradiation to provide the anticancer effect. Some examples of photo-thermal therapy and immunotherapy molecules are Prussian blue nanoparticles, polyethylene glycoxylated single wall nanotubes, gold nanostars are involved in tumors such as neuroblastoma, breast tumor, bladder tumor, colorectal cancer.etc., Photodynamic therapy- this non-invasive and cytotoxic therapy is a form of light therapy that uses light molecular oxygen and photosensitive agents to kill the cancer cells. Ferroptosis along with the nano drug increases the anticancer action by and it promotes the production of ROS. Chemotherapy-nanoparticles play a crucial role in delivering the drugs to the target site and providing a platform for their multi-functioning. Nanoparticles can increase the penetration and accumulation of the drug in the tumor cells and tissues, thereby improving the antitumor activity compared to the other drugs. These characters make them suitable for chemotherapy in the cases of lung cancer. Medical imaging has improved significantly in the reason days where nanoparticles play an important part in medical imaging in the cases of magnetic resonance imaging. This magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging technique that provides different parametric information. In order to minimize the side effects due this imaging, recent advances in nanoparticles have showed their potential to use as contrast agents contrasting agents such as; Gadolinium is a contrast agent that is used for the diagnostic in MRI in which when they are exposed to zinc ions(Zn2+ ),relativity increases thereby multiple applications are possible. They are used as biomarkers for insulin secretion in beta cells since zinc ions (Zn2+ ) are important in the biological processes involving the enzyme catalyst reactions. It is also possible to detect excess collagen along with gd nanoparticle-based contrasting agents in MRI. Dendrimers are also used in the medical imaging due to their various properties such as rigidity, use of surface modifications, they have a various applications like cell tracking, blood pool imaging, tumor targeted theranostics, lymph node imaging. Also nanoparticles such as carbon (C13 ), nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, graphene manganese, silicon, peptides are also used for better imaging in the magnetic resonance imaging. Immunotherapy-normal cells producenanosized particles called exosomes. They communicate between the cells and with the environment through cargo transfer. Through the exosomes that is known as tumor derived exosomes, they provide antitumor effect and affect the tumor microenvironment. Computed tomography is an instrument that uses x-ray as a source and detector to form and images it is generally used to provide 3D anatomical information of tissues and organs such as cardiovascular tracts, gastrointestinal tract, liver and lungs.One such drawback of CT is they lack sensitivity when exposed to contrasting agents and this remains a step behind from MRI.
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    54 Futuristic approach ofnanotechnology includes that they could be designed in such a way to encapsulate and then to deliver the drug or gene in the specific site of the body. The potential applications of nanotechnology include markers for identification of variety of complications like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, cardiac diseases and pulmonary diseases. COMPUTATIONAL BOENGNEERING: Computational bioengineering generally deals with the science of approaches in a computational method to biology and medical problems that range from molecular modeling to the healthcare informatics. They include biomechanics, bioimaging in a computational basis. Computational methods and its understanding can lead to a clear idea on phenomena such as fluid flow in blood vessels; mechanics of cartilage compression and in the processing of medical images. This form of study includes mathematical, statistical, biological, physical and chemical principles and applications. An engineering approach to life science suggests synthetic biology than the systematic biology. synthetic biology is simply a step forward engineering process with a moto to design specification, biological parts, and mechanism sticks approaches whereas system biology is a reverse engineering that is concerned on the feedback dynamics and adaptations. For clear biological understanding and applications synthetic biologist build and systemic biologist model. Software’s that are used for the computational studies • . NET bio-helps developers in researches and scientist to their framework • AMPHORA for metagenomics analysis software • Anduril for component based workflow framework for data analysis • Ascalaph designer for computer program of molecular modeling for molecular designs • Autodock for automated docking tools • BIO tool for genome automatic • Bioclipse for chemo and bioinformatics based platform • Biojava to study the functions for manipulating sequences protein structures annotation systems and simple statistical • BioPHP for PHP language tool kit for DNA and protein sequence, analysis, alignment, database parsing and bioinformatics tool • biopython a python language toolkit • BLAST for algorithm and program for comparing the primary biological sequence and its information including DNA and protein • GALAXY for scientific workflow and data integration system • Gene pattern for scientific workflow system providing number of genomic analysis tools • SOAP suite for assembling alignment and analysis of short read next generation sequencing data • Taverna workbench is a tool to design and execute workflows • UGENE is an integrated bioinformatic tool that is written in C++ • unipept for metaproteomics biodiversity analysis gene panel a web tool to generate list of teams based on the specific conditions and phenotypes
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    55 BIONFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONALBIOLOGY: Biostatistics and computational biology is similar terms but are different from each other. Bioinformatics refers to the study that includes large set of biological data, statistics and finally that result in an in-depth study, examples of bioinformatics studies includes comparative study of the chemical composition of proteins that clears the pathway for improving personalized medicine and to predict the function of protein from the data sequence and by structural information. Applications of bioinformatics include microbial genome applications,molecular medicine, personalized medicine, gene therapy, drug development, evolutionary studies, biotechnology, crop improvement, artificial intelligence, machine learning animal behavioral studies, forensic analysis, bioweapon creation and improvement of nutritional quality. They include the branch of studies like genetics, genomics, proteomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, phylogenetics, system biology, structural analysis, molecular modeling pathway analysis. Computational biology is concerned with the solution to the problems that have been raised from the bioinformatics studies. Examples include analyzing how proteins interact with each other through protein folding, movement and interaction. Applications of computational biology includes stochastic models, system biology, molecular medicine, metabolic pathway studies, cellular biology, biochemical studies, radiotherapy, deep learning, neural networks, oncology, animal physiology, advanced mathematics, genomic trends and genetic analysis. They include various branch of study like computational bioengineering, computational biomechanics, computational bioimaging, mathematical biology, theoretical biology. Synthetic biology involves promoters, inducers, transcriptional factorscircuit, feedbackdevices Systematic biology involves cell organelles pathways and networks modules bio- molecules COMPARISON BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND ENGINEERED SYSTEMS 1. Human eye versus camera lenses • Both focus on inverted images and to the light-sensitive surfaces • In the case of camera, it focuses on the film of the sensor chip and in eye,it is focused on retina • Aperture in camera is used to focus light on the film while in the eye pupil act as a focusing agent on retina • Both can adjust quantity of in light that is being entered. In a camera it is done with the help of diaphragm, while in our eye it is done by iris • Retina is the sensory layer that lines very back of our eyes it acts like a need sensory chip in a digital camera • Retina has numerous photoreceptor nerve cells that helps to change the light rays into electrical impulse and send them through the optic nerve and to the brain where an image is finally received and perceived
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    56 2. FLYING BIRDAND AIRCRAFT • Trying to navigate in air by imitating the bird is very common and they build wings to strap on to their arms or machines with flapping wings are called ornithopters. The trouble is, it works better at bird scale but not enough to lift a man or a machine off the ground. • In 1784, a few aeronauts made it with uncontrolled flight lighter air balloons filled with hot air • In the 19th century an English baronet from the gloomy moon of Yorkshire came up with a flying machine with fixed wings and movable control surfaces. • This stood as the fundamental concept of airplane. • George Cayley built the first true airplane- a kite mounted on a stick with the movable tale, it was crude but it proved that the idea works and from that the very first glider evolved. • The amazing machine that have taken us to space at speed faster than sound. 3. WRIGHT BROTHERS AND FIRST AIRPLANES: • Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed wing powered flight possible. • Wright brothers gained mechanical skills essential and noticed that the birds soared into the wings and that the air flowing over the curves of age of their wings created to lift. In order to turn, birds under some conformational change. • Wrights designed their own glider by concentrating much and majorly on how it turns out and that small birds don't change the shape of the wings when flying rather they change the speed of a flapping wings, for example to start a left turn the right wing is slapped more vigorously to turned right the speed of flapping the same to the other wing to fly straight both wings of clapped at the same speed. This is the principle behind the airplane invention CONCLUSION A clear and well understanding and applicable knowledge in life science paves way for various field of research in which many such current issues could be solved or altered by the application of technology. An engineer catalyses the rate of betterment of all well being. Through various technologies it is now possible to combat every fault and is capable of fixing with potential and continuous efforts, ideas and strategies. REFERENCES Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. (2005, March 14). Most Advanced CT Scanner Improves Imaging Of Heart, Avoids Need For Surgical Inspection. Science Daily. Retrieved July 4, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03 /050309103535 .htm Steponaitis, G.; Skiriutė, D.; Kazlauskas, A.; Golubickaitė, I.; Stakaitis, R.; Tamašauskas, A.; Vaitkienė, P. High CHI3L1 expression is associated with glioma patient survival. Diagn. Pathol. 2016, 11, 42. Steponaitis, G., Skiriutė, D., Kazlauskas, A. et al. High CHI3L1 expression is associated with glioma patient survival. DiagnPathol 11, 42 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-016-0492-4 Ganau, M., Paris, M., Syrmos, N., Ganau, L., Ligarotti, G., Moghaddamjou, A., Chibbaro,
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    57 S. (2018). HowNanotechnology and Biomedical Engineering Are Supporting the Identification of Predictive Biomarkers in NeuroOncology. Medicines, 5(1), 23. Mack J. (2005). Nanotechnology: What's in it for Biotech?.Biotechnology healthcare, 2(6), 29-36. Siddique, S., & Chow, J. C. L. (2020). Application of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy. Nanomaterials, 10(9), 1700. doi:10.3390/nano10091700 National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health. Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. 2, Methods and Mechanisms for Genetic Manipulation of Plants, Animals, and Microorganisms. Wallace RB. Principles of gene manipulation. An introduction to genetic engineering. Studies in microbiology. Am J Hum Genet. 1981;33(4):652-653
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    58 CHAPTER-7 A RESEARCH ONSOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING STRATEGIES AND IMPACT IN COVID-19 SITUATION N. HARIHARAN DDTP.,DOA.,DIBM. Parvathy’s Arts and Science College Wisdomcity, Dindigul-624001 Tamil Nadu, India DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE Principal Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany. M. G. College, Marhpura Kannauj,209723, India ABSTRACT The global pandemic of Covid-19 whilst having its effect on numerous sectors, had an enormous effect on virtual marketing and marketing as well, in worldwide, local and neighborhood degree. However, this effect for most part became a positive one, instead of what became being witnessed in numerous other fields such as economy, human aid, and many others., whilst the virus created lot of uncertainties amongst clients and marketers alike, with appreciate to health, social existence, monetary balance, employment, and many others., the same additionally led to behavioral shifts together with running remotely, spending lot of time interior, adopting to home-education, getting to know new recipes from the internet, accelerated attention on fitness and hygiene, fending off crowded regions, multiplied social media engagement, shift in the direction of online content material, etc., and all of those had a massive impact on advertising and marketing and marketing efforts. With extended social media engagement and craving for digital content, digital Medias furnished the entrepreneurs with lot of possibilities to cash on. At the identical time, this also made the marketers to act mindfully and be socially responsible while imposing digital advertising strategies. This paper is made with a try and highlight, analyses and apprehend the effect of covid-19 pandemic on digital marketing and advertising and marketing as a whole. These days, we are in 21st century and those do not locate time to come & have interaction with each different. Social media facilitates in connecting themselves with social networking sites through which now humans can stay a ways and yet stay linked. Other than this media like Facebook create a devoted connection among product and individual which ends up in huge advertising and marketing opportunities. KEYWORDS:- Digital, Advertising, covid-19, Pandemic, Marketing, Social media, INTRODUCTION Digital marketing is a branch of marketing that uses internet and digital technologies to improve products and services such as computer and mobile phones, websites, social media sites, utility software, e-mail and other sites. In the 1990s and 2000s, digital marketing growth, brands and marketers have changed the technology to use technology to implement marketing plans and techniques. In recent times, digital marketing has become very widespread, content marketing, (M.V.M) Micro video marketing. Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Search Engine Marketing (SEO), Social Media Marketing (SEM),
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    59 Influencers Marketing In– app P.O.S Advertising, Social Media Optimization (SMO), E- commerce marketing, digital advertising displays, email marketing, while growing at digital marketing and advertising, the Covid-19 explosion . Digital coherent audience to customize the advertisers to different buyers. REVIEW LITERATURE Evaluation of literature is a written evaluation of predominant writings and different assets on a selected subject matter. This presents an essential evaluate of miscellaneous studies, researches, books, scholarly articles, blogs and all other assets associated with social media advertising strategies. 1. Laato et al. (2020) furnished a summary of the literature at the impact of pandemics on human conduct and observed that researchers have given little interest to a virulent disease’s effect on patron conduct. Rather, studies has typically focused on pandemic impacts on behavior for preventive fitness. The covid-19 pandemic gives an opportunity to benefit treasured patron behavior insights in the course of a state of affairs of consumer uncertainty about the way to react. For this reason, the modern-day have a look at sheds mild on how consumers’ social media behaviors have shifted since the pandemic emerged. 2. Brendan James Kegan and Jennifer Rowley (2017) contributes to expertise regarding social media advertising and marketing approach via Growing a level version of sum assessment and uncovering the demanding situations on this process. The studies paper has evolved a social Media advertising and marketing evaluation framework. This framework has the following six stages: setting assessment objectives, figuring out key Overall performance signs figuring out metrics, facts series and evaluation, document technology and control selection making. 3. Rodney Graeme buffet (2017) examines the have an impact on of interactive social media advertising and marketing communications on young adults‟ cognitive, Affective and behavioral mind-set components in south Africa. In growing countries, where there may be a lack of studies in social media advertising and marketing communications. The practical implication of the Examine is that the companies and their manufacturers ought to remember the usage of and/or adapting their strategies based on the declining effect of Social media advertising and marketing communications at the hierarchical attitude levels amongst young customers and the divergent impact on Usage and demographic variables while focused on the rewarding and technologically advanced, but capricious, technology greatest consumers. 4. Priyanka p.v and Padma Srinivasan (2015) in her studies look at recognized different factors that decide the acquisition of a product using Social media from a consumer’s point of view. A model from the store’s attitude has been advanced that explains how social media may be used for growing patron loyalty. The observe concludes that non-stop customer service offerings will result in improvement of customer Retention. 5. In a recent case observe with the aid of Christopher rat cliff (2014) on a global organization that appears to have mastered its social media approach, ford. In his blog, he explains how ford has blanketed the important thing success factors in its approach which include customized posts, person connectivity thru Tone of voice and perhaps most importantly, a social media team that reads and responds to each unmarried remark made through fans. But, it is well worth noting that ford has worked out what works for its very
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    60 own commercial enterprise,and this genuine strategy won’t necessarily pressure the equal Achievement for exceptional agencies. 6. Ates bayazit hayta (2013) of their studies paper “a look at on the of effects of social media on younger customers’ buying behaviors” Determines the results of social media networks on purchasing behaviors of young clients. The observe results indicate that social media equipment without delay consequences the buying behaviors of customer, relying upon their age group and educational fame. 7. Benjamin ach (2013) in their bachelor thesis highlighted the evolution of the advertising strategies of companies and more specially in their Communique techniques, with the vital rise of social media affect, which is changing the way human beings get informed as well as their Shopping decision method. This studies underlined the truth that groups, small or massive sized, ought to get online and to apply social media and to adapt their business fashions if they need to live on top of the opposition on their markets. The studies is supported via a case look at of an Australian internet marketing employer, on the way to get treasured insights from net marketing experts. 8. Robert v. Kozinets, Kristine de valck, Andrea c. Wojnicki and Sarah j. S. Wilner (2010) reviewed and synthesized extant wom theory. This article indicates how entrepreneurs employing social media marketing techniques face a situation of networked coproduction of narratives. It then Gives a observe of an advertising marketing campaign wherein mobile phones were seeded with distinguished bloggers. 80-three blogs had been followed for Implications for the way entrepreneurs have to plan, target, and leverage wom and the way scholars must recognize wom in a networked international. 9. Hansel and deis (2010) have encouraged that marketers need to remember all feasible avenues to positively use social media to increase Advertising and enhance advertising and marketing. Earlier than enforcing a selected social media method, the benefits, drawbacks, and challenges associated with it need to be addressed. The method have to assist in facilitating the social media inputs and discussions. Further, social media techniques should also be used to song a business presence on line, and to ensure that clients are not degrading the branding fee. The net-based totally social media has made it possible for one person to speak with hundreds or maybe heaps of different people about Products and the groups that offer them on net. Hence, the impact of client to consumer communications has been substantially elevated. 10. Edelman (2010) in a take a look at for Harvard commercial enterprise review, discusses how the net and social advertising has changed no longer best the manner Organizations perform but additionally how customers pick out their merchandise. It takes the reader through the funnel metaphor that become previously being used the whole patron adventure and informs companies what they ought to no longer recognition energy and resources on. Supplying statistical data approximately Diverse surveys permits companies to identify the important thing regions they ought to concentrate on for you to construct a strong logo photograph online. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Today the internet for all in digital world. It is important for growing usage internet provide development of social media marketing for all persons in the world. Then social media marketing increasing age groups of differently in million peoples purchasing products of
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    61 social media marketing.It is useful of time savings, easy accessibility, convenience, different price range, availability of products and so on in social media marketing. At the same time of customers easy pay to product amount uncomfortable to give the bank account number, personal information, credit card numbers, delay on delivery, transits security problems, lack of interactivity, lack of significant discount in social media marketing. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. The research on the concept of Digital marketing. 2. To research the control of Covid -19 situation on Social media marketing. 3. Covid-19 to analyze the future role of Social marketing post in Covid -19. 4. The study on social media marketing and impacts. 5. The research the overview of social media marketing. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. The study is only for secondary data. 2. Time constraints when collecting secondary data. 3. Study is not desirable to generalize all the data from this study. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY 1. Hypotheses method used in the research have been summarized and agreed below. 2. Ho1: Social media marketing sites awareness on Facebook, Whatsapp, Twitter, Instagram, and linked in, Youtube has not been influenced by the Gender of the respondents, Age, and Educational qualification. 3. Ho2: Consumer motivational factors in social media ,marketing on Product Price, New fashion, Public image, secured delivery, Color, Premium quality, designs and quantity, Advanced technology, Easy availability has not similar with the Educational qualification and gender of educational qualification. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is associated with the intention of understanding concept of digital marketing and to know its impact, the covid-19 pandemic erupted in Digital marketing and the postponed the future of Digital Marketing post-covid -19 infection. RESEARCH METHOLODOGY The research methodology directs the general pattern of forming procedure for gathering valid and reliable data in investigation. The research methodology is includes the description of sample size, research design, development, sampling techniques and description of the tools. The data collection of Primary and secondary data for analyzing social media marketing. RESEARCH DESIGN This research title is “A research on social media marketing strategies and impact in covid- 19 situation” and the methodology discussed the data collection, reliability analysis, sampling design, period of the study pilot study and statistical tools and techniques in social media marketing. The validity of a research depends on the logical method of collecting the data and analyzing in sequential order. In the current study and general analysis of Primary survey data and Secondary data were used systematically. SOURCES OF THE DATA Primary Data This research is primary source of data is attained by interview schedule to various
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    62 respondents in Maduraidistrict. The collection of samples help the researcher to carry out a reliable analysis. Secondary Data Secondary sources are the details are presented already. In this research the secondary data were collected from the published articles, previous records, submitted thesis, magazines, and internet etc. PRESENTAGE ANALYSIS 1. Gender The 1 table is called the respondents in gender wise classification of male, female and other gender selected for the Percentage analysis. Source- Primary data The table-1 explain that out of 469 respondents male is (51.17%) and female is (46.7%) Then respondents other generations (2.13%). It data calculated used to percentage analysis in 100 that the majority (51.17%) of the respondents selected for the social media marketing. 2. Age (15-59) Source- Primary data SI.NO Particulars Respondents Percentage 1 Male 240 51.17 % 2 Female 219 46.70 % 3 Other 10 2.13 % 4 Total 469 100 % SI. No Age Respondents Percentage 1 Less Than 15 23 5% 2 16 to 25 Years 189 40% 3 26 to 36 Years 131 28% 4 37 to 47 Years 83 18% 5 48 to 58 Years 34 7% 6 Above 59 Years 9 2%
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    63 The table -2out of 469 respondents in different age groups less than 15 to above 59 it is 16- 25 age group highest level of (40%) very low level is above 59 years (2%) and medium level is 26 to 36 it is (28%) of age respondents. Then majority of 16 to 25 age respondents. 3. Educational qualification Source- Primary data SI.No qualification respondents Percentage 1 High school 62 13% 2 Higher secondary 89 19% 3 Graduate 164 35% 4 Post-graduate 110 23% 5 Others 44 9% 6 Total 469 100% 7 Total 469 100%
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    64 The table -3is educational qualification more than graduate persons high percentage of (35%) then very lower level percentage of other (9%) total respondents 469 used percentage method in 100. And the majority of graduate and post graduate students. It is useful for social media marketing. 4. Social media marketing SI. No Social media Respondents Percentage 1 Facebook 120 26% 2 Whatsapp 104 22% 3 Twitter 40 9% 4 Instagram 75 16% 5 linked in 54 12% 6 Youtube 76 16% 7 Total 469 100%
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    65 The table-4 socialmedia marketing out of 469 respondents, used percentage method in 100 and more than face book is first place (26%) whatsapp is (22%), then you tube and face book is same percentage (16%) then very low level is (9%) it majority of face book 26%. 5. Factors Most Influence your social media marketing and Gender the Respondents In this part, an attempt is made by the researcher to know whether the factors most impact of your social media marketing in gender wise different from male to female gender or not. Then hypothesis framed and tested relating to this is given below in Table 5. Ho: There is no suggestion among the gender and factors greatest result your social media marketing. Most influencing factors of social media marketing Gender of respondents Total Male Female Others Price 33 30 5 68 Brand 38 25 3 66 Color 39 29 4 72 Quality 35 28 2 65 Reduce travelling distance 40 31` 3 43 Appearance of product 32 30 5 67 Offers & Discount 38 46 4 88 Total 255 188 26 469
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    66 The table -5it is factors of social media marketing it is comparison of three genders male, female, and other generation the social media marketing in customer one good product buying some qualities wanted for customers in all shopping in better social media marketing. Price, color, brand for quality products and traveling distance, satisfactions of the product and offers and discount it is all needed for good product for customers. More than persons check for brand and price it is important for one online shopping and social media marketing. The total respondents 469. 6. Factors Impact Your Social media marketing and Educational Status The educational qualification is the respondents shows an important role in Social media marketing in digital shopping. This section is the educational qualification or not. The hypothesis framed and tested relating towards in Table 6. Ho: There is no association among the educational qualification of the respondents and factors most effect of your social media marketing. Educational status Factors Literature up to school UG/ Diploma PG Profess ional Total Price 16 17 9 11 53 Quality 15 22 8 10 55 Color 19 11 5 9 44 Brand 18 15 12 12 57 Reduce 11 6 7 17 41 travelling distance 18 11 12 11 52 Appearance of product 12 18 5 12 47
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    67 Offers & 2215 9 11 57 Discount 15 19 14 15 63 Total 146 134 81 108 469 The table – 6 it is factors of social media marketing it is comparison of the social media marketing in customer. The total respondents 469 then literature up to school 146 respondents, UG and diploma is 134, PG is 81 respondents, professional is 108. The overall total is 469. The majority of literature up to school and UG diploma. DIGITAL MARKETING In simple terms, the use of digital marketing internet and other related digital sites can be implemented by marketing plans and techniques under digital marketing, sellers use the Internet, mobile devices, emails, social media, search engine, video streaming sites and other channels. However, some marketing experts need to be considered completely different and new effort, which requires new and different ways to access and connect customers. The Digital Marketing Target is noted. That is, brands and marketers can target a particular portion of the customer based on a variety of factors, and can identify the media’s media to join such a customer base. Unlike traditional marketing techniques, digital marketing is interactive in nature. AI based technology, such as Twitter, Facebook, integrates the market with customer feedbacks, such as AI based technology, and helps an interactive two way between the company and the customer. Advertising digital operating system is very flexible in nature and customized and customized without much rustle in accordance with the requirements and needs of the various customer site, and it is also optimized for various display levels, and thus traditional technique of advertising DIGITAL MARKETING TOOLS Consumer engagement has significantly increased with the digital platform brands and marketing measures, as customer’s response to traditional marketing approaches are reduced in recent times. The increase in engagement has led to the development of various digital marketing tools. A) SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION It is the process of improving the view, and improving the specific search engine, increases the quality and quantity of standard and quality for webpage or web page. For example, the Google search engine will be optimized for an associated search query anytime, search results will show the website link in the first position of the organic result section. B) SEARCH ENGINE MARKETING It is a payment process, when search engines are searching for search engines when search engines are search engines by search engines, when search engines show their website link by search engines, when search engines are searching for the search engines by search engines, when search engines are searched by search engines, when search engines will be searched by search engines. C) SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
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    68 Social Media Marketingis a digital marketing element, under the digital marketing element, under which uses social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, SnapChat, etc. S.M.M includes both organic and mineral efforts. D) VIDEO MARKETING AND MICRO VIDEO MARKETING Video marketing and micro video marketing have received a large customer engagement over the past few years. It is used by brands to promote their products and services to customers with video streaming sites on video streaming sites on video streaming sites on YouTube and Micro video streaming sites. E) E-MAIL MARKETING E-mails are the tool that uses customers directly to target customers. Emails are used to send promotional and other types of customers to potential customers, and create the need for advertised product or service. E) AFFLIATE MARKETING Because of the commission-based sales, the connection marketing provides custom connections to subsidiaries and visit a customer company website / or buy product by the parallel connection, the company will pay a certain percentage commission to the company. G) Mobile Marketing The number of smartphone uses globally increasing globally, brands such as mobile applications, emails, mobile-optimal websites and social media have begun to connect their customers on mobile phones. H) INFLUENCER MARKETING It is one of the newest tools for digital marketing, in which social media influence, the Youtube Stars, Tick Dog Stars, such as companies are used to promote their products on their products. For example, a Jewie rope was built to promote their earrings and speakers in the name of Bhutan Palm. THE DIGITAL MARKETING IMPACT IN COVID-19 The wide collection of Covit-19 takes caused a serious negative effect on marketing events in the field, especially due to locking. However, it has opened digital marketing doors because people have changed for a faster digital media than expected. The following points will illustrate the impact of Covid-19 in digital marketing and advertising. 1. INCREASED SOCIAL MEDIA INVOLVEMENT LED TO INCREASED SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING As a result of the eruption of Covid-19, there was a lot of free time for people, and they were often spent in social media. As a result, it offers an opportunity to invest with their customers for marketers with various social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. II. SWITCHING TO LIFETIME VALUE FROM K.P.I EXPECTATIONS Digital marketing is traditionally based on analyzing the performance and efficiency of digital marketing campaigns and the key performance indicators (K.P.I). Nevertheless, CD
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    69 to cut theimportance of Corona Virus, KP. I and the importance of customer has increased the importance of lifetime value. III. INCREASED REQUIREMENT FOR VIDEO AND MICROCADO CONTENT Although Reliance Geo-led Internet Revolution has changed the Internet inexpensive, the visit of the visit -19’s visit to the population, and now they had a lot of time to spend. As a result, video streaming sites such as Youtube have increased to video contents. Similarly, there is an increase in micro video content sites. These things will promote and promote their products and services to marketers IV.A.I-BASED CHAT BOTS During the isolation, the people’s online activities have increased, and the majority workers worked from home status, and companies adopted AI based chat-bots, which require the prerequisite chat room for customers. These bots are unexpectedly increased by the use of this kind of chat-competition for these bots, as a result, these chat-bots have become a virtual assistant to customers. V. EMPHASIS OF EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING In this locking period people spend more time online, customers have to give importance to marketing online experience, otherwise the customer will have boring opportunities if otherwise the webpage, landing page. Or the virtual environment does not provide a good experience. Thus, when customers visit the website, when visiting the Webton, the marketers are heavily emphasizing the customer’s online experience when viewing the landing pages, while visiting landing pages. VI. SURGE IN DEMAND FOR O.T.T. CONTENT HUBS The need for the Netflix and Amazon Prime of the Over-the-Top Content Centers at the Covit-19 Locke Town period. This requirement for O.T.T operating systems provides an opportunity to improve their products and service through these sites for digital marketing. VII. INCREASED PRODUCT RESEARCH AMONG CUSTOMERS People spend more time in performing research for the past few months. Products and services online. So, brands and marketers did their FUTURES OF DIGITAL MARKETING POST COVID-19 There is no doubt that the impact of Covid -19 is impact on digital marketing, but the future forward will have to maintain or improve the current digital opportunities to maintain customer base. Purchased during the covid-19 period. I. SOCIAL RESPONSIBLY IN SOCIAL MEDIA EXISTENCE Even though companies have received customizable involvement in various social media sites, the future companies have to maintain this involvement, at the same time they have to ensure that they are responsible. II. MAINTAINING ONLINE REPUTATION With the increase of the customer’s online time expenditure and the increase of social media operations, any mistakes from the part of the company will lead to a faster information and lead to a serious setback. Therefore, it is very hard and necessary to maintain online reputation.
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    70 III. MANAGING WEBTRANSPORTATION Posting the Covid-19, when people return to their normal lifestyle methods and practices, the challenge in front of the market is to get the same size and quality web traffic on their websites on their websites. Marketers must continue to develop digital content and virtual environment to manage and maintain Internet traffic. IV. INVESTING IN AI-BASED CHAT-BOTS UI and UX is good and the use of the future marketers in the future market when it is increasing the use of chat-bodies during the locking period. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 1. The study explains that out of 469 respondents male and female 51.17 %, Female 46.70% other is 2.13 % then majority is male respondents 2. It was found that respondents in the age group, 469 respondents Less Than 15, 16 - 25, 26 – 36, 37- 47, 48 -58, Above 59 Years 16-25 is high level percentage 40%. Very low level is 5 % and 9 % . 3. Educational qualification more than graduate persons high percentage of (35%) then very lower level percentage of other (9%) total respondents 469 used percentage method in 100. And the majority of graduate and post graduate students. It is useful for social media marketing. 4. Social media marketing out of 469 respondents, used percentage method in 100 and more than face book is first place (26%) whatsapp is (22%), then you tube and face book is same percentage (16%) then very low level is (9%) it majority of face book 26%. 5. The table -5 it is factors of social media marketing it is comparison of three genders male, female, and other generation the social media marketing in customer one good product buying some qualities wanted for customers in all shopping in better social media marketing. 6. Price, color, brand for quality products and traveling distance, satisfactions of the product and offers and discount it is all needed for good product for customers. More than persons check for brand and price it is important for one online shopping and social media marketing. The total respondents 469. 7. Factors of social media marketing it is comparison of the social media marketing in customer. The total respondents 469 then literature up to school 146 respondents, UG and diploma is 134, PG is 81 respondents, professional is 108. The overall total is 469. The majority of literature up to school and UG diploma. SUGGSTIONS OF THE STUDY 1. Greatest of the customers are of opinion that shipping charges charged by companies are very high, in online shopping and social media marketing it is suggested to companies to both reduce shipping charges or delivery of product in given freely it is important for one of the main suggestion. 2. Peoples liked this reduce shipping charges and delivery charges the products given freely. 3. Majority of customers are not responsive about various pre and post services in social media marketing. 4. Companies should aware customers regarding how security regarding customer credit
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    71 card no. ismaintained by companies it sometime wrong way. 5. Customers regarding return strategy and producer if wrong or bad product arrived in social media marketing. CONCLUSION In the current situation, digital is in the heart of all companies and digital marketing in the hands of brands and marketers to implement marketing strategies in infectious period. Despite the great impact of the marketing industry, the digital marketing branch saw the largest incentive. Has Covid-19 digital marketing fast track and has led to further improving digital marketing measures. REFERENCES In dadson, “The Art of Digital Marketing”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2016): 01-05. April Hanlone, “Digital Marketing: Strategic Planning and Integration”, Sage Release, (2019). Dave Safi, BR. Smith, “Digital Marketing Excellent: Online Marketing Planning, Improvement and Coordination”, Rutledge, Fifth Edition (2017). Diginomic.com/what-futuredigital-marketing-and-impact-covid-19Discover-Martech- Virtual-event-Review https://marketing.toolbox.com/artics Digital-Marketing- Definition-Type-Procedures-Examples https://www.marketingprofs.com/chirp/20 20/43008 / Covid-19- Impact on business and digital-marketing-initiatives https://blogs.Perficient.com/2020/04/08/thE-Impact-Digital-Marketing duringCovit-
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    72 CHAPTER-8 THE POTENTIAL OFENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF URBAN AGRICULTURE AND THEIR FUTURE Madhu Prakash Srivastava and Ramakant Maurya1 Department of Botany, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, U.P., India 1 Department of Zoology, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, U.P., India DR. KAPTAIN K BAJPAYEE Principal Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723-India ABSTRACT The population of cities in India continues to expand exponentially. It is predicted that by 2050, 55% of Indians will be living in urban areas. Traditional Agricultural Industry is challenged to keep pace with this as it is estimated that agricultural land capacity can increase by 2% only. The concept of Urban Farming has gained the serious attention of Planners and Academic communities in India. The combined issues of Population explosion, rapid 72rbanization and climate change are posing great threat to the Food Supply. Urban Farming is seen to have potential for cities to have at least some measure of Food Security. Urban farming is a process of using innovative scientific farming techniques to produce high yield and high quality of fresh organic food in very limited urban areas like terraces and balconies, all year –round. It is seen to have many advantages including non- dependence on vagaries of Climate, use of recycled water from Sewage and treated Wet waste as compost, proximity of producers to consumers, reduction of carbon footprints etc. The Concept of Urban Vertical Farm has been around since the 80’s but the Urban Farming Industry is not growing so fast. The main challenges seem to be Economic viability and Sustainability There is still a lack of any comprehensive knowledge and know-how in the public realm regarding practical aspects of Urban Farming. The Economic costs and viability for large scale urban Farming seems prohibitive. Thus, so far, the urban farming industry has not grown much. Key Ward: Environmental benefits, Urban Agriculture, Food Supply, Urban Farming INTRODUCTION An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and peri- urban areas. Typically urban agriculture applies intensive production methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air- based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, ◦livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community.
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    73 Today, some citieshave much vacant land due to urban sprawl and home foreclosures. This land could be used to address food insecurity. One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need. This would prevent up to $115 million in annual economic leakage. Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields. Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food. Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of food waste. The US has an approximated population of 324,874, 430 people. This figure represents about 4.45% of the global population. The American inhabitants live a highly developed life. In fact, close to 85 percent of them live in the municipal regions. Hara, Murakami, Tsuchiya, Palijon, and Yokohama, conducted research in one of the Philippines’ urban regions, namely Metro Manila, where they investigated the level of vegetable farming in the region. (Yuji Hara, et.al 2013). The rate of urbanization in the Philippines and other regions has also been on the rise. This situation has raised questions among authorities concerning how to sustain the huge urban population with respect to transportation, accommodation, and food supply. Currently, the world population is approximated at 7.1billion. The number is anticipated to double in the near future, thus posing a threat to the food supply. Urban agriculture provides a platform to circumvent food insecurity. According to recent statistical findings as Islam, Rabiul, Siwar, and Chamhuri reveal, “UA is a means of stabilizing household food security and prevents massive malnutrition. (Rabiul Islam and Chamhuri Siwar et. Al 2012). The process of initiating urban agriculture appears to be technical in the town due to the bureaucratic pressure that requires participants to be skilled. Furthermore, as Ricci, Mattogno, Monardo, Palazzo, and Valentino observe, the witnessed stiff competition on agricultural products in San Diego has led to an increased interest in high-quality production (Manuela Ricci et.al 2014). To overcome the challenges that are associated with urban agriculture in the city, local authorities have launched several initiatives to enhance urban farming. For example, the City Farmers Nursery was introduced in the 1970s to educate farmers on urban farming, especially poultry farming. The city also has the San Diego Foodscaping as an organization that is committed to guiding the residents on organic farming techniques. Furthermore, it also has Seeds@City Urban Firm, which seeks to promote farming among urban youths. These programs have helped the city to make impressive progress towards investing in urban agriculture. They have helped the town to protect its endangered plants and animals while assuring the urban dwellers of their food security. Moreover, they provide an easy platform for youths to get employment, especially in underserved communities (Manuela Ricci et al. 2014) New York City is one of the most populated cities in North America. It is highly developed with reference to its impressive real-estate project. While one would not expect urban agriculture in New York, many projects have been established here to promote farming within and around the city. In fact, the city is a leader when it comes to urban farming in the US. It has over 700 farms with an average minimum size of 2500feet. Urban farming in the town is not only meant for the residents to get a variety of fresh crops but also to help in accomplishing community goals such as education, conservation of the environment, and storage of rainwater, among other goals ( Lam et.al 2007 ).
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    74 The unity ofthe non-governmental organization and the city authorities has helped to integrate urban agriculture as part of Philadelphia’s urban lifestyle system. The city is still committed to improving the state of agriculture, as evidenced by the various legislative amendments and the ratification of new policies to favor urban agriculture. According to Ricci et al., UAUC is an effort that is meant to localize urban agriculture in the area since it matches the city’s vision of “promoting land-use policies and programs recognizing the value of small farms preserving regional lands (Manuela Ricci et al. 2014). The situation will encourage the growth of a localized food economy. In a span of five years, beginning from 2002 to 2007, farms in the US increased by 4 %. Approximately 2.2million US citizens have declared farming the best practice. Most of the farms are small and owned by women. Thus, they serve the local markets. Urban agriculture also received a strong boost from the inspiration by the US First Lady Michelle Obama, who initiated farming projects in the White House. Her inspiration has seen a 40% upsurge in the number of gardens in various towns in the US. Urban agriculture is increasingly becoming a popular concept in the US with reference to the way it has captured the awareness of many scholars who want to investigate the issue of food integrity and people’s health in the region as Wortman and Lovell confirm.( Sort Wortman and Sarah Lovell et.al 2013). For instance, industrial farms prefer to use machinery to produce their products in bulk because of the large market that they to satisfy. On the other hand, in the case of urban agriculture, farmers always pay more attention to the quality and safety of products they release into their communities. A similar case can be witnessed in San Diego City, where consumers, farmers, and students work to promote the cultivation of local foods.Their claim concurs with Beckford and Campbell’s position that consuming regionally produced foods helps in establishing a healthy community that has a stable local economy (Clinton Beckford and Donovan Campbell et.al 2013). Urban Farming – Urban farming includes a wide range of projects and activities relating to food production. And with the recent revival of farming in and around towns, through growing food themselves and attending farmer’s markets, people have been reconnecting to agriculture. This rapidly growing trend has the potential to feed communities and generate economic opportunities. Urban agriculture is popular for a variety of reasons including sustainability, affordability, health, and convenience. There are many types of urban agriculture today, including community and backyard gardens; planting on the rooftop and balcony; increasing in vacant lots, the list goes on in parks. Urban agriculture, urban farming, or urban gardening is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. Urban agriculture can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping, and horticulture. These activities occur in peri-urban areas as well, and peri-urban agriculture may have different characteristics. Urban agriculture may represent varying rates of social and economic growth. It can be a social movement for sustainable societies, where organic farmers, “foodies,” and “locavores” form social networks focused on a common ethic of nature and holism of society. Such networks will grow when formal institutional support is provided, becoming incorporated into local urban planning as a campaign for sustainable urban growth called “transition town.” Food protection, education, and producing income for others are the main reasons for the profession. In any case, more direct access by urban agriculture to fresh vegetables, fruits, and meat products will improve food security and food health.
  • 85.
    75 Types of UrbanAgriculture 1. Backyard Gardens: This is cultivating food in the homeland. Its produce is mostly shared between friends, family, and neighbors as it typically leads to a harvest surplus. The food can be preserved and conserved as well. Backyard gardens benefit communities as neighbors can share each other’s backyard and use different farming methods leading to better yields. 2. Street landscaping: That is the landscaping of streets for various purposes, such as community gardens, that the local residents prefer to use for. Not only do they make the streets look beautiful but they also purify the air and create a clean atmosphere. Because they are located primarily along the street, their added advantage is their ability to reduce urban runoff from stormwater. 3. Forest gardening: This relates to the tradition of growing gardens within an urban forest. Forest planting is accomplished by the production of various crops, vegetables, and fruits in urban environments. Forests typically provide an atmosphere conducive to crop production, and for this purpose, they help preserve forests and can render deforestation a nonfactor in urban settings. Forest planting may also be part of afforestation activities, which enables trees to be planted as a step towards mitigating global warming in urban areas. 4. Greenhouses: This includes agricultural practice in greenhouses in residential, industrial, and public urban spaces. They need a considerable land area to be set up depending on the crops being planted. Greenhouses provide farmers with the opportunity to grow a crop throughout the year as they provide a regulated environment in which the crops can be exposed to the different conditions needed for production. 5. Rooftop gardens: Since urban areas have limited space, it doesn’t mean that they can’t practice agriculture. This is where space on the rooftop comes in because they can easily be used to grow vegetables, fruits, and herbs. The downside of rooftop gardens is that it can help to minimize urban heat island and enhance the air quality. Apart from these, gardens on the rooftop can be used to beautify leisure establishments. 6. Green walls: The green wall includes vegetation or food crops growing on a wall’s external or internal area. It does not take up much room as the system used helps to supply sufficient water to the food and it uses soil present on the walls. This is a good way to reduce the runoff from stormwater. 7. Vertical farms: It theoretically entails planting upwards to reduce the footprint of agricultural property. Green walls may be used as a tool for vertical farms as they often use limited space and are performed on the vertical wall sides. 8. Container Gardens: Perhaps the most common way for urbanites to participate in gardening, container gardens are a perfect way to transform a small farm into some outdoor space or window room. Without much time or effort, urban farmers may grow many fresh vegetables and herbs for themselves simply by using containers as a place to plant food crops. There are no legal hoops to go through and there are readily available resources and information for help.
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    76 9. Patio Gardens:The patio garden, an extension of the container garden, is typically similar but on a much larger scale. Many apartments and condominiums have patios that look out over the neighborhood and have clear access to sunshine, most importantly. These can be transformed into small gardens that grow all kinds of produce. Many patio gardeners combine hanging pots and containers to create a three-dimensional urban farm on their deck. 10. Polyculture for Small Gardens: Anyone with very little room to grow food would possibly use polyculture as a way to increase crop yields and diversity. Simply put, polyculture is the combining of plants within a garden to provide several plants (and crops) at once. For example, growing lettuce at the foot of corn plants will provide both commodities in a small space. The same allows for the combination of climbing plants on a trellis with bush-type plants at the trellis’ foot. This intensive approach provides high yields for small spaces, which requires a great deal of soil input to make it fertile enough for the plants. Benefits of Urban Farming Urban farming has a lot of advantages, not only for those involved but also for the local city. a. Urban Farming Provides Food Security Organic produce is not cheap in grocery stores. A large number of families can’t even afford to purchase organic food. Food protection means giving people access to healthy and appropriate nutritious food for their families around the world. Urban farming offers families greater access to food security. This also provides people with a way to add to their profits without wasting too much on capitalization. Urban agriculture makes food sustainable so more people can access it. b. Urban Farming Creates a Sense of Belongingness Living in the town is fast. Nearly everybody is on the move and there is barely any room for people to mingle and chat with neighbors. Urban farming is an important way to bring together urban dwellers — like community planting, urban farming brings a sense of belonging to most marginalized people within the city. It’s a perfect way to put together like-minded people for a major cause. c. Urban Farming Promotes Public Health Cities have a growing population, and people suffering from obesity and other diet- related health problems are frequently found. Urban farming beings offer local populations affordable and safe food. This helps the community’s people battle life- threatening conditions such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Urban agriculture is also a healthy form of exercise and also promotes health and wellbeing. d. Urban Farming Reduces Carbon Emissions Localizing the source of a product helps to reduce the fossil fuel consumption required for processing, transporting, and selling food products. A typical meal has to fly from the farm to the table 4,200 miles away. Urban farming reduces the carbon footprint, as well as being affordable. e. Urban Farming Introduces Innovative Techniques Urban farmers face the challenge of finding creative solutions to address urban farming challenges such as land, capital, electricity, and waste, in a city space that lacks large open, fertile grounds conducive to agriculture. Innovative farming methods are
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    77 implemented to helpfarmers grow products without losing quantity and quality. f. Urban Farming Creates Jobs Urban agriculture is a growing market. As it rises, it offers additional employment opportunities for city dwellers, particularly in areas where poverty and hunger are rife. The local economy is also boosted by small enterprises engaged in urban agriculture. g. Urban Farming Creates Green Spaces The first thing that comes to mind when thinking about urban areas is the tall buildings and massive infrastructures. Evidently, urban areas lack green spaces, which significantly influence an area’s climate and environment. Urban farming enables green spaces to be built which adds a great esthetic appeal, provides calming and relaxing spaces, and reduces precipitation. Green spaces also mitigate the heat island effect by trapping carbon by photosynthesis. Urban farming- opportunities and challenges An analysis has been made of various sources, including opinions voiced by practicing Urban Farmers to summarise below the main Benefits and Challenges, opportunities and constraints posed for implementing Urban Agriculture in the context of Indian cities. It is formatted to align with the four pillars of Sustainability. A. Urban Farming – Opportunities Urban Farming, although it appears to be simple, impacts a community in various ways. Provides Food security, environmental benefits, biodiversity, even the city form gets modified, city-dwellers get socially conscious and activated. B. Environmental Integrity. Improved Waste management: The most important benefit of UA is its potential to utilize the organic wastes produced by the city. It contributes to natural resource conservations. It can turn waste from a problem in to a resource. It reduces the public cost of transportation and management of waste. The funds saved can be better utilized for more constructive programs of urban amenities. As the private sectors gets involved in UA, citizens can create cleaner and better living environment especially in areas not receiving waste management service from Municipal corporations. Most cities today face acute problems in finding place for dumping waste resulting in air water & land pollution in cities & in bio regions. Examples of Ramsey site bio region Deepor Beel in Guwahati greatly disturbed due to dumping of garbage. Deonar in Mumbai is also a dumping ground, polluted the city when it caught fire. Waste water and solid waste systems are costly for city administration & yet they do not have capacity to service the entire city centre. Urban farming contributes to this process by a) Producing crops for life stock consumption, b) By composting wet waste and c) Processing waste water for direct production and for irrigation. C. Conservation of resources: UA assists the conservation of bio regions and their resources by reducing the pressure to convert deserts, mountain slopes and rain forests into cropland. Because Urban Agriculture methods are intensive, and yield from UA is estimated to be more than six times that of rural production.UA also uses very little water due to innovative irrigation systems (drip irrigation, aeroponic cultivation).
  • 88.
    78 D. Replenishing ofsoil nutrients: Composting of organic wastes puts the nutrients back into the soil. There is no contamination of soil and water bodies. Significant ecological, economic and health benefits thus accrue. Enhancement of Bio Diversity: By greening the city, UA gives scope for Bio diversity of vegetation, birds, and return to their habitat. Many varieties of vegetables which have stopped being produced can be revived.UA beautifies the city, moderates the Microclimate and making it comfortable for living. E. Disaster mitigation: This benefit of UA is perhaps least appreciated and least understood, for example, on steep slopes, flood plains, wet lands and other disaster prone areas, trees and orchards and marketable grasses such as vetiver can be planted They are excellent for reducing erosion and vulnerability to disasters. Products that are grown by Urban Farmers As stated, attempting to raise livestock such as cattle, pigs, and sheep within city limits is much harder for urban farmers, simply because of the legal restrictions. But most other items which can be produced by any traditional farm are on the table. Urban farmers produce vegetables, fruit, root crops, even grains and herbs and medicinal plants, or purely ornamental plant varieties. The three of those products are more perishable than many other crop types. This gives urban farmers a major advantage in terms of freshness and efficiency compared to larger companies that might need to ship their commodity several days before they reach their destination. It can grow both microgreens and mushrooms indoors and take up very little space. Many urban farmers can grow these crops in converted shipping containers, or anything else that is basically one large room’s equivalent size. Due to their short shelf life, leafy greens such as arugula and spinach get high prices that need growing outdoors or in greenhouses or wind tunnels. Nevertheless, market gardening techniques and practices can be used to grow large amounts of food in a tiny room. Social Considerations Urban Farming in its nascent stages in Indian cities is characterized by a high degree of professionalism with a structured knowledge transfer and cultivation practice. It clearly represents a projection surface, reflecting the community’s environmentally conscious behavior. Promotions of UA activities in residential areas make a significant contribution to sustaining and distributing knowledge within the community of practice. It is also attributed to other larger benefits, such as community building, management of green spaces and ecosystem service provision, including local climate, biodiversity and cultural services. Many organizations, for example in Mumbai, Bangaluru and Kerala are disseminating knowledge of results of their own research in Urban Farming suitable for their own area to the communities. This is bringing about a change in mind set and sensitivity towards the environment, Social wellbeing accrues. Environmental Considerations Closing The Loop, Sustainance of the environment and retaining Bio diversity is of utmostmportance for a city to remain alive Piling up of garbage, soil erosion, destruction of vegetation, depletion of water bodies, pollution of resources are the killers of cities. Cities have a chance to turn the trends to make their city sustainable. Urban farming is a vital tool for sustainability. Closing the loop is the process where in all waste is converted into
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    79 resources and utilizedin a continuous closed loop. Waste Management and Sewage management The three R’s of Waste Management, Reduce, Re-Use and Re cycle have to be put into practice at local levels. Compost from wet waste, and recycled water from Sewage can be comprehensively utilized by the city in Urban Farming in a CLOSED LOOP. Complete self- sufficiency in terms of Food production may not be possible and nor ideal, but maximizing the utilization of Waste is of vital importance for the Environment in the City. To foster the development and growth of urban agriculture, the city planners may have to consider implementing techniques that include zoning ordinances, comprehensive plans and, in some cases, state legislation Land-use Urban agriculture and food production systems if considered along with land use patterns, a comprehensive consideration of Urban Agriculture and protection of Environment can be made. • Identification of land for urban agriculture; • Major water bodies and marshy lands should not be filled up • Waste lands can be used for tree plantation and urban farming; • Agricultural land within metropolitan area is to be protected under the provisions of Town and Country Planning Acts; • Underutilized areas on long banks of rivers or canals can be developed for urban-agro forestry including parks and garden at places; • Planting fruit trees in the periphery of existing city parks, can generate employment and municipal income for maintaining of parks and other such areas; • New townships and housing estates should incorporate city farming, horticulture, etc; from the planning stage itself; • Derelict land, abandoned brick fields and other areas near industries should have an ecological restoration program making it part of the planning condition while granting permission • Revitalization of canals will encourage aquaculture and fish production; Urban farms transform their communities for the better across the United States Urban farming thrives in vacant fields, in parks, on rooftops, and also in hospitals. As more people want to know where their food comes from, community leaders across the country are looking for creative ways for residents in their town to grow fresh produce. But urban agriculture does more than just provide access to locally grown food — it boosts economic growth, reduces carbon emissions, and addresses issues of environmental degradation, public health, poverty, and more by giving people more control over the food system. From quarter-acre farms run by elementary students to green roof gardens feeding thousands, here are a few urban farming ventures aimed at creating a better place for their society. 1. Detroit Dirt The goal of Detroit Dirt is to build a zero-waste mentality through communities and move a low-carbon economy forward. It is a compost business that aims to complete the “life cycle” of food production through the recycling of waste into energy. Pashon Murray, the leader behind the Detroit composting revolution, is turning tens of thousands of tons of food waste away from landfills a year and into a closed-loop composting system Murray built entirely from the ground up.
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    80 2. Ohio CityFarm Ohio City Farm is one of the largest contiguous urban farms in the United States and is located in Cleveland, Ohio. The farm, with over six acres, aims to provide the underserved residents of Cleveland with fresh, local, and healthy food, while also boosting the local food economy and teaching the community about healthy eating. It is also home to Refugee Response, an job training program that helps the newest immigrants in the city develop the skills required to thrive in their new communities by growing and selling fresh organically farmed products. 3. Acta Non-Verba Located in Oakland, CA, Acta Non-Verba is an urban youth farm which is developed, cultivated, harvested, and sold by local elementary and middle-aged children. The quarter- acre nonprofit farm, developed and led predominantly by women of color from the surrounding neighborhood and a broader group, seeks to question patriarchal structures and climate with urban agriculture. ANV designs its monthly farm days, workshops, and after- school program to give young children the opportunity to explore nature in a secure, welcoming green space, studying, developing, and enjoying balanced, nature-based activities that will inspire them. 4. Boston Medical Center When more hospitals strive to grow their own food for their patients and the community, one New England hospital has become a pioneer in the trend by putting a farm right on the rooftop of the hospital. Boston Medical Center is not only Boston’s biggest rooftop farm, but it’s also Massachusetts’ first hospital-based rooftop farm. The 7,000 square foot farm grows more than 25 crops and aims to produce 15,000 pounds of food every season, along with a few beehives for honey production. 5. SAVOR…Chicago Located on top of McCormick Place (North America’s largest convention center), this rooftop farm is Midwest ‘s largest soil-based rooftop farm, according to the Chicago Botanic Garden, which maintains the farm through its Windy City Harvest program. SAVOR represents nearly 3 million customers a year at McCormick Place and has been recognized for its environmental leadership and creativity through Green Seal Certification and Environmental International APEX Certification. Significance to the International Trade Agricultural products like sugar, tea, rice, spices, tobacco, coffee, etc. constitute the major items of exports of countries that rely on agriculture. If there is a smooth development practice of agriculture, imports are reduced while export increases considerably. This helps to reduce countries’ unfavorable balance of payments as well as saving foreign exchange. This amount may be well used to import other essential inputs, machinery, raw material, and other infrastructure that is helpful for the support of the country’s economic development. Urban Agriculture Important and its Role in Everyday Life • In most parts of the world, agriculture is an important source of livelihood. • This entails hard work, but it contributes to the nation’s food safety and health. • Agriculture was the primary source of the economy prior to the industrial revolution. • With many trade options coming up, many are dependent on their income on agriculture. • Agriculture is the most peaceful and environmentally friendly method.
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    81 • It isa very reliable source of life for humanity, as well as one of the honest sources of income. Many people from developing countries rely for their livelihood on agriculture. • Some people still have agriculture as a side business in other businesses or jobs. • Agriculture is not limited to cultivation and farming alone. It also includes dairy, poultry, forestry, beekeeping, and sericulture. CONCLUSION The present situation of urban agriculture in global & Indian context has been analysed and its role in shaping societies to lead a healthy lifestyle & to create a community, which can resist even in the period of food crisis has been understood. It has been found that, urban agriculture is not just about demarcating space for vegetable gardens, but about designing the whole system of how it is planted, pruned, watered and harvested. There can be innovative architectural solutions for each of these aspects to make the whole system a very sustainable solution. There can be better designs that give them the ability of doing farming without problems of drainage & maintenance made easy by the incorporation of systems that reuse, reduce & recycle the household waste. The architects have a very crucial role in help shaping a better lifestyle for the people, so that even though they don't understand it at the present, they can plug into it in the future by providing the facility initially. Urban agriculture is a important technique in agriculture in urban aria in small places. The urban agriculture is help in full fill the requirement of food material, and decreases the food crises in India, because population are increase very rapidly and urbanization are increase in very fast so urban agriculture are very important. India is very rapidly growing country in world. Urban agriculture that crop grown in Roof Top, Hanging garden, Rode side plant. In Urban agriculture that involve several crops are grown that is Tomato, Potato and other vegetable are grown and other ornamental plant are grown, urban agriculture are currently trending in India. Urban agriculture is help in controlling the pollution and minimizes their pollution level. The urban agriculture is important alternative way to fulfil all needs and their help in release pressure of food crises and healthy life in all people. The present situation of urban agriculture in global and Indian context has been analysis and its role in shaping societies to lead a healthy lifestyle and to create a community, which can resist even in the period of food crisis, has been understood. It has been found that, Urban agriculture is not just about demarcating space for vegetable gardens, but about designing the whole system of how to it is planted, pruned, watered and harvested. There can be innovative architecture solutions for each of these aspects to make the whole system a very sustainable. There can be better designs that give them the ability of doing farming without problems of drainage and maintenance madeeasy by the incorporation of system that reuse, reduse the household waste, the architects have a very crucial role in help shaping a better lifestyle for the people, so that even though they don’t understand it at the present, they can plug into it in the future by providing facility initially. In the coming future, when space become very limited in urban areas, urban agriculture could be incorporated along with the apartments or even in high risk building, solely for agriculture. By proper implementation and designing, urban agriculture can help to shape the life of the people as well as the community for their betterment, strengthening the relationship between the urban and rural areas, and in completely eradicating food crisis.
  • 92.
    82 REFERENCES Hara, Yuji, AkinobuMurakami, Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Armando Palijon, and Makoto Yokohari. (2013) “A quantitative assessment of vegetable farming on vacant lots in. Urban fringe in Metro Manila: Can it sustain long-term local vegetable demand?” Applied Geography, 41, No. 1 : 195-206 Islam, Rabiul, and Chamhuri Siwar.(2012) “The analysis of Urban Agriculture Development in Malaysia.” Adv. Environ. Biolo 6, No.3 (2012): 1068-1078. Lam, Sun.(2007). Urban agriculture in Kingston: Present and Future Potential For Re- localization and Sustainability. Canada: Queens University, 2007. Sort Wortman, and Sarah Lovell (2013) “Environmental Challenges Threatening the Growth of Urban Agriculture in the United States.” Journal of Environmental Quality 42, No. 1:1283-1294. Manuela Ricci, Claudia Mattogno, Bruno Monardo, Anna Palazzo, and Pietro Valentino(2014) “Feeding the City-Foodsheds and Urban Agriculture in San Diego,” City Safety Energy Journal 2, No. 1 : 31-36 Clinton Beckford and Donovan Campbell (2013) Domestic Food Production And Food Security In The Caribbean (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 23 Resource Centers on Urban Agriculture and Food Security," [Online]. Available: http://www.ruaf.org/node/512. [Accessed 10 7 2013]. S. Vadlapatla, "Urban agriculture booms in Hyderabad," 4 may 2013. [Online]. Available: www.timesofindia.com. [Accessed 10 july 2013] PLATES Backyard Gardens Street landscaping
  • 93.
    83 Forest gardening Greenwalls Greenhouses Rooftop gardens
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    84 CHAPTER-9 QUANTUM TUNNELING INPHOTOSYNTHESIS; FROG - ELECTRON CORRELATION V. BUVANESWARI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, ARUL ANANDAR COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUMATHUR – MADURAI ABSTRACT Photosynthesis is one of the gifts of mother nature that opens many doors and give countless insights for the better understanding of energy conversion process. It is really amazing to think how the remarkable energy conversion system work on the molecular level. Quantum tunneling plays a major role in the transference of energy from one pigment molecule to the other in the photosystems. This chapter correlates the electron excitation energy transfer with the concept of a frog in the pot. Key words: Photosynthesis, Quantum Tunneling, Photosystem, Reaction Center, Light harvesting complex, Excitation energy transfer INTRODUCTION Mother nature teaches us a lot. Small things will expose big ideas if we observe them deep and close. Natural Photosynthesis is one such process occurs at nanoscale which forms the fundamental concept and paves many ways and gives futuristic hope in achieving highest efficiency in energy conversion mechanism. Though it is difficult to understand the little magical world which is invisible, it is quite interesting to dwell in the quantum wells and learn an amazing energy transfer system which works more efficiently. NATURAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS Photosynthesis is the natural process of preparing starch by the plants with the liberation of oxygen using the essential sources of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. It is the quantum phenomenon which obeys the law of conservation of energy by converting light energy into chemical energy. Fig.1
  • 95.
    85 Photosynthesis is conductedin a highly dynamic organelle All chloroplasts have significantly three membranes – the outer chloroplast membrane, the inner chloroplast membrane and the thylakoid system. There is a semi gel like fluid called Stroma lies in between the outer and inner chloroplast membranes that fills up the whole space in which the thylakoid system floats. Thylakoid membrane surrounds an aqueous phase thylakoid lumen gives the structure of thylakoids. Thylakoid membrane is the site where light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. It contains many integral membrane proteins in which Photosystems I and II, Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase plays a vital role in light harvesting mechanism. PHOTOSYSTEMS Light harvesting complex and the reaction center are the two major parts of photosystems. Light harvesting complex (Antenna Complex) enriched with the 100s of highly ordered arrays of photosynthetic chlorophyll pigments which act as the best photo sensitizers in trapping photons of sunlight. Pigments at the highest energy level lie far away from the reaction center and pigments at the lowest energy level lie closer to the reaction center. Fig.2 This architecture of ordered array of chlorophyll pigment molecules from highest to the lowest energy level helps in the effective exciton energy transfer to the reaction center. WORKING OF PHOTOSYSTEMS One of the significant reactions involved in the synthesis of glucose and oxygen is the light reaction during which photons from sunlight excite electrons in the highest energy lying chlorophyll pigment. These excited electrons undergo resonance excitation energy transfer from one chlorophyll pigment to the other and thus finally funneling down the energy to the reaction center. The reaction center is the lowest energy lying enzyme which uses the energy of photons to reduce molecules and provide electrons. At the reaction center, the highly energetic electron is trapped and transferred to a high-energy molecule (Electron acceptor).
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    86 Fig.3 Fig.4 QUANTUM TUNNELING INPHOTOSYSTEMS: FROG-ELECTRON CORRELATION Quantum tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which energy transfers the potential barrier as a wave function. It is classically impossible for the electron to propagate through the potential barrier, but quantum mechanics makes this possible by treating the electron as a wave. Fig.5
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    87 In this chapter,the role of quantum tunneling in the transference of excitation energy from one pigment to the other and how the energy is funneled down finally to the reaction center is explained with the Frog-Electron Correlation. It is just related that the chlorophyll pigment molecule to the pot and also the poor frog caught inside the pot to the electron in the pigment. Consider the discrete energy levels of the chlorophyll pigment as it behaves like a potential well. Follow the same in the pot too. Let the energy levels be E0, E1, E2, E3, E4 and E5. Assume both the frog and the electron are in the ground state. Fig. 6 Bring the same scenario in all the other pigments, but in the descending energy leveled potential wells. Fig. 7 Fig. 8
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    88 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Thenassemble all the pots in descending order like energy levels with 6 comes first followed by 5, 4, 3, 2. Frogs in all pots have the size and the same energy as so electrons too, and all are in the ground state E0. Remember the potential energy of the pots are different and thus the chlorophyll pigments too. Frogs in the pots feel it difficult to lifting them up to the higher energy level since they possess feeble energy rather than the pots as like the electrons in the potential wells of chlorophyll pigments. Fig. 11 Imagine the frog in the first pot is boosted up by gaining energy from the photons of sunlight. With this added up energy, the frog is able to jump up to the next possible excited state. Fig.12
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    89 Fig. 13 As weknow nothing is more stable in the excited state, the frog falls down to the ground state by releasing the energy of the photon. This energy is transferred to the next pot with 5 discrete levels. Fig. 14 Now the frog in this pot absorbs the energy and gets excited to the nearby exciting level. Fig. 15
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    90 This frog tooobeys the law of nature. It returns back to the ground state within a fraction of time by releasing out the energy gained from the photon. Fig. 16 This process is repeated in all the pots until the excitation energy reaches the lowest energy level pigment i.e., the reaction center where the number of discrete levels is very low. Fig. 17 Fig. 18
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    91 Fig. 19 Fig. 20 Nowthe highly energetic and excited frog reaches the height of the pot and is ready to jump out of the pot. Fig. 21 But destiny plays in the life of the poor frog. The poor frog is caught as the prey by a snake.
  • 102.
    92 Fig. 22 Replace therole of frogs in the pots with the electrons in the chlorophyll pigments. This is how the excitation energy funnels down from the highest energy level chlorophyll pigment to the lowest energy level reaction center. Like the frog caught by a snake, the highly energetic electron in the reaction center is trapped by a high-energy molecule which is the electron trapper or acceptor, and from where the electrons go to the electron transport chain. CONCLUSION Rapid progress in manipulating the secrets of natural photosynthesis helps in improving the understanding of natural systems which lays foundation in building strong futuristic research ideas. This chapter is an attempt of relating the nanoscale phenomena to the macroworld in order to make ease of learning fundamentals that definitely gives more insights to delve deeper. This Frog-Electron Correlation of quantum tunneling and the idea of donor-acceptor assemblies in photosystems enhance the better understanding of natural photosynthesis at the nanoscale and helps in the development of artificial systems for energy harvesting in near future. REFERENCES J. Strü mpfer,† M. Şener,‡ and K. Schulten*,†,‡ † - How Quantum Coherence Assists Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology and ‡ Department of Physics and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign - © 2012 American Chemical Society - The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters - dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz201459c | J. Phys. Chem.Lett. 2012, 3, 536−542 Tjaart P.J. Kru¨ger, Vladimir I. Novoderezhkin, Elisabet Romero, and Rienk van Grondelle - Photosynthetic Energy Transfer and Charge Separation in Higher Plants - Chapter 3 - J. Golbeck and A. van der Est (eds.), The Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Biophysics for the Life Sciences 11, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1148-6_3, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Sergei Savikhin and Ryszard Jankowiak - Mechanism of Primary Charge Separation in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers - Chapter 7 - J. Golbeck and A. van der Est (eds.), The Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Biophysics for the Life Sciences 11, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1148-6_7, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 M. Gerodiasa , M. Victoria Carpio-Bernido, b,c,1 and Christopher C. Bernidob,c - Resonant Tunneling in Natural Photosynthetic Systems Kit a Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal QC, Canada H3A 2T8 b Physics
  • 103.
    93 Department, University ofSan Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City 6000, Philippines c Research Center for Theoretical Physics, Central Visayan Institute Foundation, Jagna, Bohol 6308, Philippines https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylakoid_membrane Iain McConnell, Gonghu Li, and Gary W. Brudvig* Energy Conversion in Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA *Correspondence: gary.brudvig@yale.edu DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol. 2010.05.005 https://youtu.be/vBpsHAxsxAg Frank Jones – Quantum Mechanics in Photosynthesis – December 10, 2010 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem#:~:text=Photosystems%20are%20functiona l%20and%20structural,transfer%20of%20energy%20and%20electrons.&text=There% 20are%20two%20kinds%20of%20photosystems%3A%20PSI%20and%20PSII
  • 104.
    94 CHPATER-10 PROBLEM AND PROSPECTSOF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN JHARKHAND Dr. Bidyanand Choudhary Assistant Professor, Department of Economics J.N. College, Dhurwa (Ranchi University, Ranchi) ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is one of the essential factors in production process; it is characterized by words such as innovation, change, risk taking, opportunity recognition, diving force and economic growth. It is constructive and something positive, leading to improvement in nature. Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organized and operate business enterprise and engaged in producing process. The definition given by government of India as “Women entrepreneur as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women.” About 1.5 lakhs rural women in the state have made their mark as successful entrepreneurs by taking training and financial assistance provided by the government in the form of easy loans. Now the entrepreneurial women of Sakhi-Mandal are touching new heights of success in giving a new direction to the rural economy. It is estimated that at present about 16 percent women entrepreneurs in India. Besides many obstacles and social barriers the percent of women entrepreneurships has increased over period from 10 percent in 2000-01 to 13.72 percent in 2010-11. While their work force participation in 2010-11 is 25.5 percent in Jharkhand. Now with growing awareness and spread of education, women have started shifting 3Ps viz Pickles, Power and Papad to 3 modern E’s viz Engineering, Electronics and Energy. In some areas women reached remarkably. It is consolidated effort needed from all area of society required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their greater participation in business along with male entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship basically implies in control of one’s life and activities and women entrepreneurs need to be given confidence, independence and mobility to come out of their paradox. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Paradox, Entrepreneur, Participation, Production, Enterprise INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurship is one of the essential factors in production process; it is characterized by words such as innovation, change, risk taking, opportunity recognition, diving force and economic growth. It is constructive and something positive, leading to improvement in nature. It is related to modernity in which development implies not only to change but progress in every field. Entrepreneurs are such people who include new ideas and new producing technique to produce goods and introduced in market. It helps profit situation in production, which later on revealed development of economy. It is an attitude to create something new and an activity which creates value in the entire social eco system. Women entrepreneurship is considered as one of the most important factors contributing to the development of society, economy and nations. Hence women entrepreneurs have been making a considerable impact in all most all the segments of the economy which is more than 25 percent of all kinds of business. About 1.5 lakhs rural women in the state have made
  • 105.
    95 their mark assuccessful entrepreneurs by taking training and financial assistance provided by the government in the form of easy loans. Now the entrepreneurial women of Sakhi- Mandal are touching new heights of success in giving a new direction to the rural economy. However the number of women entrepreneur is increasing globally with huge obstacles as lack of capital, less experience, strict social constraints and fewer skills. Women entrepreneurships has or should have an important impact on the economy in terms of jobs, sales, innovation, economic growth and renewal. Some required qualities for women entrepreneur are ability to learn facing challenges willingingness to take risks and chances, winning capability etc. Now a days it seems that they are facing problems like problem of finances, family responsibilities limited mobility factor and domination by male old and outdated social outlook etc. This paper suggests various problems and future prospects of women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organized and operate business enterprise and engaged in producing process. The definition given by government of India as “Women entrepreneur as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women”. They engaged in business due to Push and Pull Factors which encourage women to have an independent occupation and stands on their own legs. Under the influence factors like households chores and domestic responsibilities, the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urge to do something new, this is describe as a Pull Factors. While in Push Factors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the responsibility is thrust upon them. It is estimated that at present about 16 percent women entrepreneurs in India. Besides many obstacles and social barriers the percent of women entrepreneurships in Jharkhand has increased over period from 10 percent in 2000-01 to 13.72 percent in 2010-11. While their work force participation in 2010-11 is 25.5 percent in Jharkhand. The various types of women entrepreneurs’ are- • Women entrepreneurs in organized and unorganized sectors. • Women entrepreneurs in traditional and modern industries. • Women entrepreneurs in urban and rural areas. • Women entrepreneurs in large and small scale industries. • Single women and joint venture entrepreneurs. In Jharkhand women participation into business is a new phenomenon but JSLPS (Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society) encourage them by financing, training and skill development programme. JSLPS is an autonomous unit under the state rural development department. JSLPS has been working towards providing livelihood to poor and downtrodden women from rural areas since the last trimester of 2016 and in two years it has managed to link over ten lakhs women. The aims of JSLPS are that to make the socially excluded and financially backward women understand their capabilities and make themselves dependent. Under Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojna-National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) a flagship scheme of the Ministry of Rural Development for women empowerment this initiative taken to empower women. Now with growing awareness and spread of education, women have started shifting 3Ps viz Pickles, Power and Papad to 3 modern E’s viz Engineering, Electronics and Energy. In some areas women reached remarkably. The recently published periodic labour force survey
  • 106.
    96 2017-18 has measuredthe overall labour force participation rate for Jharkhand at 31.2 percent as against the all India average of 36.9 percent. For male this rate is 50.4 percent in Jharkhand while 55.5 percent is the national average. Similarly for females it is 10.9 percent and 17.5 percent in Jharkhand and India respectively. Worker Population Ratio for the females is lower than that male both for Jharkhand and India. It is 10.3 percent and 16.5 percent respectively. The overall Unemployment Rate(UR) among males in Jharkhand is 8.2 percent and among females it is 5.3 percent . The government of Jharkhand is very active in this process and various types of schemes and programmes for tapping and enhancing the potentials of labour force are being implemented in the state. Jharkhand State Livelihood Promotion Society (JSLPS) Department of Rural Development, Govt. Of Jharkhand is committed towards promoting livelihood for the marginalized deprived and disadvantaged women of the rural community in the state. It aims to create a socio-economically developed Jharkhand through inclusive growth strategies for empowering the underprivileged members of the vulnerable communities/groups through social mobilization, financial inclusion, livelihood promotion and skill development. The Mahila Kisan Sashakthikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) programme of the Government of India aims to improve the status of women in agriculture and bridge the gender-gap that still exists in the Indian agrarian world to bring about systemic changes in the sector.Launched in 2010-11,the programme was initiated through Aajeevika- National Rural Livelihood Mission(NRLM),with a specific agenda to: • create sustainable livelihood-institutions around agriculture and allied activities • create sector-specific, geography-specific best package of practices • create a wide pool of community resource persons for scaling up livelihood- interventions in the entire country Mahila Kisans have been galvanized across 10 districts and trained. Today there are 27,327 of them trained unders this programme with Ranchi and East Singhbhum leading the way.429 villages across 139 Gram Panchayats in 25 blocks of these 10 districts have been brought under the fold of MKSP. Some successful women entrepreneurs in Jharkhand 1. Babita Devi- Babita Devi, an entrepreneur residing in the village of Nawa Toli, Block Kamdara, in Gumla district, Jharkhand is an energetic woman with the zeal and hope to address the needs of the community. Babita has three adolescents in the house, two of them studying in the government school, while the eldest daughter is pursuing her Nursing Degree from Hyderabad. She introduced VLSC in her village in June 2013 and it’s been two years since her VLSC is serving the community. She aggregates Rice, Pulses, other grains from the community members and sells them in the market. She has built her place in the community because they recognize her valuable contribution. With the huge amount of aggregation, she earns up to 1 lakh per year which suffices the family food requirements as well as for the education of the children. 2. Lalita Devi- Lalita Devi is a 30-year old-woman of Nagarsiskari, Sisai block, Gumla district in Jharkhand. She got married in the year 1996 and has three children studying in Ranchi. The family depends on marginal agricultural activities for their livelihood. With a low annual income, the family struggled to meet their basic requirements. The training
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    97 helped her increaseher profits through the scientific cultivation of Lac. Later in 2015, she received training on entrepreneurship development, where she learned about the benefits of a market feasibility study, break-even point, investment, social enterprise. It helped her in organizing the priorities and to establish and run her grocery store. Keeping business records was one of the unique characteristics which enabled her in understanding her profits and in strategizing her investments. After the full fledge training on enterprise development and management, she has expanded her operations in retail by providing an array of products to the community as per their demands. She generates an annual profit of 10,000 from selling grocery products and social products such as sanitary napkins addressing hygiene conditions of the community. With the savings that she made by selling, Lalita Devi purchased a second-hand auto which is used for transportation for procurement of grocery from market and aggregation of local products from village and sale to market. She aspires to construct a new home as well as meeting the quality education of her children. 3. Prabha Devi- This lady is a mother of a two and a half-year-old boy child. She feels happy running this center as now she can send her children to private school. She married Nilu Singh three years back who was the only earning member of a family of seven people and their annual family income was not more than 10000 which was not sufficient. The only source of income was seasonal agriculture which includes paddy and some amount of pulses. Prabha Devi with emotions of faith and fear, showed her interest to start a VLRAC at her premise. After passing through the required parameters, she received training under the School of Entrepreneurship at Ranchi. Gender Enterprise Development Training enabled Prabha to understand entrepreneurship, learn gender-sensitive and responsive intricacies, to run an enterprise, in a patriarchal ecosystem. Initially, she started with items like grocery, stationery, cosmetics, and others as there were no retail shops in the area. Later she has started aggregating Paddy at her VLRAC and then selling it to the block-level market. Similarly, in a very short period, she has started earning a profit of 3000 per month. To increase the footfall at her shop, Prabha Devi has started sewing garments for ladies. Prabha Devi plans is to own a Flour mill. Exclusive schemes for empowering women in Jharkhand Tejaswani Rural Women Empowerment Programme-The programme has been implemented by Women Finance and Development Corporation which provides financial assistance to rural women in districts. It helps individuals who are poverty stricken and also tackles issues like gender imbalances and tribal dominance. The beneficiaries belong to the poorest of the poor section of the areas. It provides different empowerment inputs, training, group management, accounting and decision taking. It also trains the rural people in accordance to conflict management, gender sensitization, income enhancement inputs, legal awareness, health and hygiene and management of group funds. Presently it is focusing on livelihoods, micro-enterprises and marketing linkage. The Better India-It is an online portal that shares latest inspirational stories for the entrepreneurs of India. It has stories of transformation, business innovations, government projects, policies and their impact on the people and other success stories that are motivational and a source of encouragement for the entrepreneurs. Mlinda Sustainable Environment Private Limited- The organisation impacts the economic growth through renewable energy and wildlife conservation. It was started in 2005 and is working full time for creating an impact in the society. It has installed solar
  • 108.
    98 mini-grids and sellsthe energy for domestic and productive uses in rural India. It supports the communities and helps them to become financially and environmentally sustainable. The organisation has provided 5 tribal women in Jharkhand with solar-powered rice hulling machine and they have started their own rice hulling enterprise. Jharkhand Department of Industry-Jharkhand State Industrial Policy 2012 given by Jharkhand Department of Industry. Its main objectives include making Jharkhand a favoured destination for investors and sustainable growth of industrial sector. It looks after friendly linkages between large industries and MSME industries. It assists the manufacturing activities of industries. It facilitates maximum utilization of mineral and natural resources. It accelerates the growth of sericulture, handicraft, handloom, Khadi and village industries for generation of employment in rural areas. Free Mobile Phone Scheme for Women Entrepreneurs in Jharkhand-This scheme is given by the Chief Minister Mr Raghubar Das. Under this scheme one lakh free smart phones to women entrepreneurs. This scheme’s main objective is promoting Digital India and to encourage cash less economy in Jharkhand. The government wants to increase digital literacy by doing this. MSME Development Institute, Ranchi-MSME Development Institute provides technical assistance by conducting seminars and workshops, project profiles and capacity assessment. It provides skill development training by various skill development programmes and management development programmes. It also performs economic investigation and statistics and performs market development activities. It also promotes export. Xavier Institute of Social Service-Entrepreneurship Development Programs are organized from time to time for development of entrepreneurship. It aims at all round development of an area or a person which emphasizes on economic development. It has conducted more than 300 Entrepreneurship Development Programs and vocational training programs. Jharkhand Start-up Policy 2016-This policy was introduced to build a robust business friendly ecosystem in Jharkhand. Government of Jharkhand aims to create opportunities and improvement driven governance as it recognizes the fact that enabling start-up ecosystem can facilitate growth and scaling of at least 1000 direct start-ups and supports 1500 start-ups virtually, by the year 2021. Jharkhand State Industrial Policy, 2001-On 15th November 2000, this Policy was enumerated to optimally utilize the available resources of the State in a planned manner and to mobilize the industrial development of the State. To achieve industrial growth, the districts of the State have been categorized into three categories, so as to capitalize the industrial potential through planned utilization and development of natural and human resources and to gradually increase the employment opportunities. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)-DWCRA had the main objective to improve the socio-economic status of the poor women in the rural areas by creating groups of women for income-generating activities on a self-sustaining basis. The main strategy adopted to make this successful under the programme was to facilitate access for poor women to employment, skill up gradation, training credit and other support services so that the DWCRA women as a group could take up income-generating activities for supplementing their incomes. It sought to encourage collective action in the form of group activities so that they can work better and was more sustainable than the individual effort. It encouraged the habit of thrift and credit among poor rural women to make them self-
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    99 dependent. The Schemehad been merged into Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) with IRDP, TRYSEM etc. from April, 1999. Udyogini-It facilitates and manages training for grass root level women’s group for the World Bank Institute funded Women’s Enterprise Management Training Outreach Programme (WEMTOP). It also provides training to NGO staff for Training Enterprise Support Staff (TEST). Presently Udyogini is working with 50,000 producers and it aims to increase its outreach to 1, 00,000 producers in 5 states- Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand. The services include skill and entrepreneurship training, business counselling, market linkages, financial linkages, institution building and social security. Problems of women entrepreneurs Basically women entrepreneurs of Jharkhand are suffer from two main category of problems, such problems can be designated as follows:- (A) General Problems- i. Lack of self confidence and optimistic attitude amongst women. ii. Absence of proper support and back up for women by their own family members and the outside world people. iii. Old and outdated social outlook to stop women from entering in the field of iv. entrepreneurship. v. Cut throat competition with other group of men and established self sufficient entrepreneurs. vi. Domination by male and ideology of male dominated society. (B) Specific Problems- i) Problems of lack of finance facility. ii) Limitation of mobility of women entrepreneur as compare to the male. iii)Family commitments and responsibility. iv)Illiteracy among women. v) Scarcily of row materials. vi)Lesser risk and uncertainity bearing attitude. Challenges for women entrepreneurs As well as Indian women, Jharkahnd women give more emphasis to family and relationship. Early morning till sleeping at night they are busy to shape their family members i.e children, home and others. This is the main obstacles for them to work outside from home. Few female can devote all their time and energies to their business. The success of business also depends on how their family supports them. Only few women are able to manage both home and business efficiently and devoting enough time to perform all responsibilities. The main challenges to women entrepreneurs are that they are women. As male dominant society not allowing them to perform their work in business. Women predict that they don’t have risk bearing capacity. Women are looked as weak in all respects. Lack of financial assistance is one of the barrier of women entrepreneurs in Jharkhand. But after JSLPS this problem are solve some extent. In Jharkhand illiteracy of women causes that in rural area financial facility not avail by them. The institutional and legal environment is critical to the growth of female owned enterprises. The family members and the society are reluctant to stand with them to support. Women entrepreneurs have to face competition with the men entrepreneurs who easily involve in the promotion and development activities. As a result women go behind them. Women in Jharkhand are basically rural background and dependent on men
  • 110.
    100 from childhood. Theyare less educated, economically not stable nor self dependent which reduce their ability to take risks and uncertainties of business. The traditional social approach stops women from entering in the field of entrepreneurship. They are under social pressure which restrains them to prosper and achieve success in the field of entrepreneurship. Women managed business are often small and it not easy for them to access the information easily, connected with new technology and knowledge about government scheme provided for them. Suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs in Jharkhand It is consolidated effort needed from all area of society required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their greater participation in business along with male entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship basically implies in control of one’s life and activities and women entrepreneurs need to be given confidence, independence and mobility to come out of their paradox. Some measures can be taken for their development and empower them to perform better and face challenges in business. • Continuous need to encourage, inspire ,motivate and family support. • Awareness programme conducted in society. • Emphasis of spread education among women in rural area and arrange training programme, practical experience and overall personality development. • Organized training programme to develop their business skill, managerial leadership, risk bearing capacity, profit planning and other skills. • Vocational training for understand production process and production management. • Education institute should be tie up with government and assist to develop plan of business projects. • Women entrepreneurs who are in business provided easily loan by banking institutions. • Mahila samiti should be strengthening more and more in all the districts. • Sakhi mandal might be provided tax free and interest free loan. Need of subsidization also. REFERENCES Economic survey government of Jharkhand 2019-20. The Pioneer, Tuesday 13 July 2021. Narayan,R and Lakra,V. "Women Entrepreneurship in Ranchi - Problems and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3, April 2018, pp.2206- 2210,URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11673.pdfjamshedpurtv.in/women- entrepreneurs-of-jharkhand/ Mahajan S. Women Entrepreneurship in India, Global Journal of Management and Business Studies. 2013; 3:10. Parimala Devi B. Problems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in India, International Journal of Science and Research. 2014; 3:9 James GH, Satyanarayana K. Women entrepreneurship in India problems and prospects, International Journal of Academic Research. 2015, 2(8). Padhi P, Padhy A. Women Entrepreneurship in India: Present Status, Problems and Prospects, International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Studies. 2014; 1:3. Aditi Avasthi comparative analysis of Pradhanmantri Jan dhan Yojana.
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    101 All India reportnumber and area of operational holdings: Agricultural Census Report 2010- Census Reports 2001 and 2011, Government of India. Garg, S. and Agarwal, P. 2017. Problems and Prospects of Woman Entrepreneurship – A Review of Literature. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(1): 55-60. Goyal M, Prakash J. Women Entrepreneurship in India- Problems and Prospects, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2011, 1-5. Jennings JE, Brush CG. Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature, Journal of Academy of Management. 2013; 7:1.
  • 112.
    102 CHAPTER-11 DEVELOPMENT OF FASHIONABLEGARMENTS USING VARIOUS WASHING TECHNIQUES P. Sam Vimal Rajkumar Teaching Assistant, Fashion Technology, AISD, Alagappa University ABSTRACT We are living in the fashionable era everyone wants to wear fashionable garments. As a result the people can make the difference with others. At present, the garment wash is a new technology in the garment trade. Normally washing means cleaning something, but in the garment trade, only of garments is not the garment wash. Garment washing is a technology which is applied to change or modify the outlook, appearance, comfort ability and design of garments. Garments washing are the best touch of a garment. Depending on garments construction different types of washing process can be done. Key words: Fashion, Garment washing , Washing Techniques, Finishes. INTRODUCTION OF GARMENT WASHING The technology which is used to modify the appearance, outlook comfort ability & fashion of the garments is called garment washing. 1.1. Objects of Garment Washing Garment washing is the best touch of a garment. Same type of garments can produce several effects for several wash. • To create wash look appearance, seems the new touch of fashion. • By the washing technique, faded/old, color or tinted affect. • Washing technique creates new fashion such as tagging, grinding, destroy, blasting, whickering, permanent wrinkle, deep dye, tie dye, p.p spray, hand crapping, p.p spoonzing etc. • To reduce size materials that imports soft hand feels. • To attraction the customers/buyer by different types of fashionable washing and market development. • Due to washing, shrinkage occurs in the garments. There is no possibility of further shrinkage of the wash garments. • Any dirt, spot or germ if added in the garments during manufacturing is also removed due to washing. 2. WASHES Garment washing has evolved from the bare requirement of shrinkage to significant value addition to the garments. The invention of apparel as a fashion statement has added fuel to the creativity of the washer to try out new finishes. Washes can be broadly categorized into three types: 1. Aesthetic Finishes 2. Functional Finishes 3. Correctional Finishes
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    103 2.1. Aesthetic Finishes 2.1.1.Acid wash This term is a complete misnomer as virtually no acid is used in this process. Denims are washed with pumice stones soaked with hypo to give significant contrast in the color of the Denim Material. The same process can be employed on yarn dyed garments giving several finishes. In this process pumice stones are substituted with thermocol balls. 2.1.2. BALL WASH Garments are washed with different kind of Balls like Emery, Rubber, Plastic and Silicone coated Balls to give myriad finishes. 2.1.3. Enzyme wash It is an ecological way of treating the Garment to get a washed, bright, clean and premium look.
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    104 2.1.4. Silicon softener Washdurable soft silky hand feels achieved with selected Silicone emulsions and softeners 2.1.5. Vintage wash Vintage looks created on the Garment with different auxiliaries depending on the fabric. We also have G2 Process by which we can get different vintage levels without using any chemical and water. Please refer to the technology section of the website for further details. 2.1.6. Stone wash This is a traditional method of washing Denims and other heavy fabrics like Canvas. It gives a newly manufactured garment a worn out appearance. This process increases the softness and flexibility of stiff and rigid fabrics. Abraded, worn and battered look on heavier fabrics like drills and twills done using Pumice stones.
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    105 2.1.7. Perlite wash Delicatelight weight garments which require the stone wash effect are washed with perlite powder in place of Pumice stones to avoid damage. The advantage is that we get the stone washed effect throughout the fabric and not just on the upper surface as in case of stones. 2.1.8. Peach wash Peaching or sueding is a mechanical finish done on fabrics, but the same effect can be replicated in the garment form by chemical treatments. 2.2. Functional Finishes Garment manufacturers are challenged to find innovations and to seek new materials that provide tangible benefits. Properties such as Easy care, antimicrobial, Antistatic, Stain resistant, water and oil repellency, flame retardant, UV protection, thermal and moisture control can be incorporated into the garment to make them functional. 2.2.1. Antimicrobial Anti-microbial finish causes a fabric to inhibit the growth of Microbes. The humid and warm environment found in textile fibers encourages the growth of the microbes. In the
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    106 present day worldmost of us are very conscious about our hygiene and cleanliness. Clothing and textile materials are not only the carriers of microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria, odour generating bacteria and mould fungi, but also good media for the growth of the microorganisms. Anti Microbial finished Garments remain pure, clean and fresh as the finish combats the growth of the odor causing Bacteria. Microbial infestation poses danger to both living and non-living matters. Obvious smell from the inner garments such as socks, spread of diseases, staining and degradation of textiles are some of the detrimental effects of bad microbes. Though the use of antimicrobials have been known for the decades, it is only in the recent couple of years several attempts have been made on finishing textiles with antimicrobial compounds. The consumers are now increasingly aware of the hygienic life style and there is a necessity and expectation for a wide range of textile products finished with antimicrobial properties. 2.2.2. Ultra violet protection Sunlight includes rays of invisible UV radiation and over exposure to UV radiation can lead to Sunburn,accelerated skin ageing, Skin cancer. Garments treated with this finish protects us from the harmful radiations. UV protection is especially required for fair skinned sun sensitive people, Children, People who spend more time in the sun. 2.2.3. Soil release Stain release agents give the fabric a property by which stains can be easily washed out during laundering. This is achieved by a combination of Fluorine and Hydrophilic groups in the Soil release Agent.The fluorine group repels oil while the Hydrophilic group facilitaes stain removal in the washing.
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    107 2.2.4. Water &Oil repellency Water and Oil repellency happens when the surface tension of the solid surface is lower than that of oil & water. As such water and oil will enter the fabric surface as surface tension of cotton is higher than that of Oil & water.When the fabric is treated with this finish the surface tension is lowered than that of the Liquids. Hence your garment becomes Water and Oil Repellent. 2.2.5. Flame retardancy Flame retardants improve the resistance to ignition of the Substrate thereby reducing the chance of starting a fire. In case of a fire they reduce the flame spread and rate of fire development, thus providing extra time to extinguish the fire or make an escape. Flame retardants act physically as well as chemically in combating the fire by cooling the substrate,forming a protective layer over it,diluting the combustible material and also by chemical reactions. 2.2.6. Moisture management By this finish the Garments especially that are worn next to the skin, transport the sweat from the body and evaporate it to the atmosphere in double quick time. So you feel the
  • 118.
    108 garments more dry,they don’t cling on to your body. Also you feel lot more cool. This finish makes the fabric more breathable. 2.3. Correctional Finishes 2.3.1. Color fixing Fastness parameters like fastness to washing, crocking, light can be improved. 2.3.2. Anti seam slippage In some garments seams slip at the slightest force applied. This can be corrected by using a special auxiliary. In addition to preventing seam slippage, the strength is also increased by this treatment. 2.3.3. Antiozonate finish The yellowing of indigo dyed garments especially denims is due to the exposure to Ozone from the atmosphere. This Ozone oxidizes the indigo to products that are dull and yellow in color. Hence your favorite Jean has yellow stains on exposed portion which you detest. To offset this Denims are treated with Special Anti Ozonate Softners in the final finishing bath.
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    109 These softners b4ndOzone and arrest the oxidation of Indigo. Hence along with the customery softness your denim also gets Ozone Protection.The yellowing of indigo is due to the oxidation by exposure to Ozone from the atmosphere. To offset this special anti ozonatesofteners are added to the final bath. 2.3.4. Color enhancing Dark Colors like blacks, Navies can be made deeper and brighter by this process. 2.3.5. Optical brightener wash Optical brighteners are designed to mask the yellow or brown tones in the fibers and make the fabric look cleaner and brighter in white garments. 2.3.6. Anti pilling wash This treatment reduces the forming of pills on fabrics and knitted products made from yarns with a synthetic fibre content, which are inclined to pilling by their considerable strength,flexibility, resistance to impact. This finish is based on the use of chemical treatments which aim to suppress the ability of fibres to slacken and also reduce the mechanical resistance of the synthetic fibre.
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    110 3. WASHING TECHNOLOGY 3.1.G2 – waterless washing machine The concept of Sustainable Garment Washing an eco friendly approach to washing is being enhanced by the G2 Waterless Washing Machine. The Air from the atmosphere is introduced into the G2 generator. This air is converted into Ozone gas that is moved inside the tumbler. The O3 washes the garment breaking the anchor of the fibre dyeing. The O3 is transformed back to air and released into the atmosphere. • Vintage look on Non denims. • Shade band on Non Denims from a single shade. • Back staining is completely removed in Denims. • Crocking fastness is improved in dark colors. • Reduces the water consumption. • Yellowing of Denims greatly reduced. • Denims with Appliques can be washed. • Black and Grey denim fade down without turning brown. • Bleaching without Bleach. This technology allows significant water and energy usage reduction. It also eliminates the need of toxic processes such as bleaching and permanganate usage. By using the air from the atmosphere,G2 reproduces Ozone gas conditions to give garments the real look of outdoor usage. Reproducibility Reproduces same physical and chemical conditions wash after wash, thus standardizing all outcomes. 3.2. Nano bubbles E Soft is a breakthrough Nano technology in Garment softening . Super soft touch feels can be achieved. The e-Flow technology, gets air from the atmosphere and transforms it into nanobubbles. Products and water then naturally distribute themselves forming the nanobubble skin, a perfectly homogeneous mix between water, products and air. The skin of
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    111 the nano-bubbles isresponsible of transporting the properties of the product to the garment are an optimal & efficient way. Functional elements are then carried on the nanobubble surface in an optimal & efficient way. • Unmatched superb touch feels can be achieved • Delicate Garments which could get damaged in the normal wash cycles, can be effectively softened via E Soft Technology. • The brightness and lustre will be enhanced. • Color loss will be zero CONCLUSION Garments washing process is very broad in textile industry. Under this investigation it is clear that after washing garments are gathered some properties like appearance, softness, comfort and strength because unwashed garments are almost stiff and rough. Now a day, every garments industry tries their level best to produce quality product but that industries are survive and prosper who can produce best quality products at a competitive price. It is further noted that trends are changed very quickly as per customer demand so to meet the desire of them washing process are able to open new market. REFERENCES 1. www.motherlandgarments.com 2. www.textilelearner.com – Garment Washing
  • 122.
    112 CHAPTER-12 WEST BENGAL :SOCIO – ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS OF MUSLIM COMMUNITIES IN 24 PARGANAS. Sujit Naskar Guest Lecturer Department of History Basanti Devi College (NSOU) ABSTRACT Socio-Economic backwardness is a multidimensional concept. The Muslim communities is an backwardness group in West Bengal . Muslim communities of West Bengal are a substantial minority and second religious group. They are, being in disadvantageous position and in marginal condition, socio-economically backwardness in the districts of 24 Parganas (WB) . Even though there is lack of literature on the study of Muslim communities of 24 Parganas, the present study is an attempt to explore their socio-economic backwardness, living standard and social backwardness of Muslim communities in 24 Parganas. The Muslim communities are backwardness in the major aspects of social living such as education, employment, government opportunities, social and physical infrastructure and health. The possible ways, to escape from social backwardness like reservation for Muslim communities and other major steps, have been taken by the Government of West Bengal. Key Words: Muslim communities, socio-economic backwardness, social segregation, Muslim communities reservation. INTRODUCTION West Bengal is a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-lingual State. People belonging to many religions, such as Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Christianity live in the State . Muslims constitute the largest minority communities with 30 per cent population of this state . They are not only the largest minority communities, but their presence is visible in all the districts and administered territory of the State . West Bengal occupies third position among various states and union territories of the country in terms of percentage of Muslim population . Muslims of 24 Parganas (West Bengal) and of other parts of the India have contributed largely in the development and transformation of society, culture and civilization of India. Their role in the freedom struggle of the country is unquestionable. Nevertheless, discrimination, social stagnation and educational marginalisation cumulatively resulted in growing economic backwardness of the Muslims in larger parts of the country.1 This largest minority communities has been converted to the lowest socio-economic stratum in post-independent west Bengal . They have lagged behind the Schedule Castes in many walks of life. They are educationally most backward, economically poor and politically a powerless communities of the West Bengal in general and of 24 Parganas in particular. More often the communities became victim of pogrom in which innumerable Muslims are killed; their shops are burned, their women are beaten and raped and their property is destroyed and looted. As a result, they are compelled to leave their home and property and
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    113 live in dingylanes and slums. Constitutional guarantees are distant dream for them. Governmental Plan and Programmes do not reach to the Muslim concentration areas and if reached its implementation is half-hearted by implementing governmental and non- governmental agencies. No political party and religious leaders are known to have taken active interest in the social, economic and educational progress of the communities and ensuring them safety and security, but recently government of West Bengal has launched many Shemes for the upliftment of the minority communities of India especially for the Muslims.2 The total of 8 types ( Abdals, Churihara, Hajiam, Khalifa, Kunjra, Nikari, Rangrez, Sayyad) of Socio-Economic backwardness Muslim communities live in the 24 Parganas (West Bengal) . Most of the communities are poor and landless. They are mainly engaged in menial occupation like begging, fish mongers, churiwala, snake charmer, cotton-carder etc. Few of them are associated with agriculture and petty business. Almost all the communities belong to lower social strata of the society. They are the most educationally backward community and few communities do not send their children to school due to their poverty despite.3 Now, I will basically discuss the 8 Muslim communities who are backwardness of socio-economic in 24 Parganas. NIKARI The Nikaris are a Muslim community. The word Nikari is derived from the Persian word nek means God. Thus, nek and kari i.e. Nekari stands for 'doer of good work'. They prefer to introduce themselves Dalasayad or Dafadar. People of the other communities call them as Nikari or Nikiri. Dafadar, sarkar, etc., are their titles. They have a belief that they heve bom of Soleman Paigamber the Badshah of Jins and a daughter of a fisherman.4 They are mostly concentrated in the district of 24 parganas and in Calcutta. The Nikari people speak and write in Bengali. The Nikaris sell fish. They also depend on fruit gardening. They take ponds to cultivate fish, and gardens on lease from others. Most of them are landless. Only a few possesses land of their own. Some are service holders or agricultural labourers. They take fish or mangoes to the daily or weekly markets and sell them. It is reported that the number of leasers among them has increased. The Nikaris have a folk tail about their origin which is: Soleman Paigamber was the emperor of theym. One of the Jins was his personal servant. Soleman used to go for nature's call keeping his ring in the custody of that servant. One day the servant wore Soleman's ring and got the appearance of Soleman. Then Soleman went to his hundred wives and asked them not to allow the servant into the Begam Mahal and went away.5 One his way he saw fisherman trying to catch fish in vain. He stopped there and consequently the fisherman could catch a lot of fish. The fisherman asked his identity. He replied that he was a common man. The fisherman took him to his house and thus he prospered in his fish business. The fisherman was then converted to Islam, and he gave his daughter in marriage to Soleman.6 The issues of that pair become Nikaris and Dalasayam. The Nikari is the educationally backward community. The boys Study upto secondary level, wheras girls study upto primary level only at madrasas. CHURIHARA The Churiharas are a small Muslim community with synonyms, Churihar and Churiwala. Traditionally they were traders in glass bangles, from where their name has been derived. They came from Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh and settled in West Bengal. They are found mostly in 24 Parganas district and in Calcutta city. They speak in Hindi and Urdu among themselves and in Hindi and Bengali with others. They use the Devangari script. They are classified under Other Backward Clases (OBC).7 The churihara women look after
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    114 domestic work. Theypaddle glass bangles, cosmetics and dolls on the village streets, but not until they become a mother. Women share the economic burden equally with their husbands; in some cases. they shoulder a greater burden than the men. But in spite of this they have a low status in the family. Most of the members of Churihara community are landless. Their main traditional occupation is trading in glass bangles and cosmetics. Many Churiharas also work in factories or as agricultural labourers and tailors. They buy what they need for their businesses from the urban markets and sell their products at different villages, fairs and daily and weekly markets. There are no bonded labourers or child labourers among them. Earlier, they were experts in making glass bengales.8 But now, these are made in Firozabad and sent to Calcutta. The Churiharas buy these bangles from Calcutta and sell them at the rural, or sub urban markets. The Churiharas are so poor that saving becomes near impossible. They sometimes take loans from the moneylenders and shop keepers for their business. Due to their abject poverty the Churihara boys and girls normally study up to primary level. HAJJAM The Hajjam in West Bengal are a Muslim barbar community. Nai, Nauwa, and Jarrah are their synonyms. The community does not have any title.9 'Hajjam' means who performs 'hajamat'. The name Nai or Nauwa comes from the word Napit and Jarrah performs to hair dressing.10 There are seven sub-castes- Awadhia, Kanaujia, or Biahut, Tirhutia, Srivastab or Bastar, Magahiya, Bengali and turk-Nauwa. All these sub-castes are Hindus except the Turk Nauwa, which he has considered as Muslims. The hajjam of 24 Parganas mostly have come from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Their relatives are found in North and South 24 Parganas and Calcutta. They live in 24 Parganas mostly in urban areas. They use Bhojpuri dialect and Arabic script within their families and kin groups whereas they speak with others in Bhojpuri as well as in Bengali and use Devangiri and Bengali scripts for written correspondence with others. They are categorized as OBC. Dhunia women contribute in the family income more than men. Some of them make bidis, some work as nurses or as teachers. The hajjam women generally control the family expenditure but in some cases family expenditure is also controlled by mens. Inspite of the fact, they enjoy a low status in family. The hajjam do not depend on any natural resources for their subsistence. Majority of them are landless in 24 Parganas but some of them have agricultural lands still in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Shaving is their traditional occupation. But many of them are engaged as industrial workers, carpenter, masons, hawkers of readymade garment, cloth, toys, and slippers or are owners of stationary shops. Any type of business is the primary occupation of the community. They sell their merchandise in daily markets for cash. Child labour does not exist among them. Gradual shifting from their traditional ocuupation to various activities due to the incrasing pressure on their traditional vocation is the major change in the occupational pattern of the community.11 The numbers of industrial labour among them has also increased. Many of the urban dwellers have received loans from Government through Special rural Employment Programme scheme for tailoring and various other businesses. The community members are holding white collar jobs. They have teachers, engineers, doctors among them; their members are engaged in different services; they have members in gram panchayat, and some of them are directly involved in political activities. The Hajjam have become aware of the necessity of educating for their children. Many of their boys and girls read up to secondary level.12
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    115 KHALIFA Khalifa are aMuslim community of West Bengal, with the synonym Ostagar. Other Muslim calls them Hajam though none of them work as hajamats. Respondents says Ibrahim Khalil- Ullah is their first ancestor, was ordered by the Prophet to perform circumscision. The Kans is Sunni Muslims and belong to Hanafi sub-sect. The Khalifas live mostly in 24 parganas districts. They speak and write in Bengali.13 Khalifas are endogamous community. The Khalifas have no social division, they consider neibouring Shaikh as higher, and other Muslim communities such as the Dhawas and Churiharas as lower than themselves. The Khalfas main economic resource is agricultural land and many own small plots. Cultivation and selling of fish are secondary occupation. They work as agricultural labourers, share- croppers and rickshawpullers. Performing circumcision is their traditional occupation. But now, many Kans have given up their traditional occupation and adopted modem jobs. Some Khalifas hold jobs or own small businesses nowadays. They carry fish to the aratdhars at the daily and bi-weekly markets. Agricultural land owned by Khalifa has decreased. As result the number of OBC khalifa agricultural labourers has increased. The community also has child labourers. Besides this some Khalifas are work as teachers or in white collar jobs, helping them establish modem inter-community links. Kans are socio-economically and educationally very backward. The Khalifa boys and girls study upto secondary level and few have gone to college.14 ABDALS Abdals is Muslim community with neither synonym, nor a special title-sometimes, mispronounced as 'Abder'. The etymology of the name is not known. The neighbouring erudite Muslims find two probable two etymological connections: 'Abdal' in Arabic means 'change'; and 'Abdal' is also the name of a Turkish town. Unlike certain Muslim communities - the Sheikh, Pathans and Sayyads- Abdals do not claim an outright Arabian, or West Asian, ancestry. In the past, they used Abdal as a surname, but now, they use Sheikh and Biswas. They say they have been living near Hindu communities from times long past. They also claim they were converted from Hinduism, probably during the reign of King Ballal Sen. They are mainly found in 24 Parganas and Calcutta.15 Though the Abdals are landless, they consider land as a major economic resource. A few however, are individual proprietors of land and, so, have full control over their land- holding. The Abdals main traditional occupation for krishi-karma. In rural areas, they still pursue their traditional occupation as a primary means of livelihood. They have taken up several subsidiary occupations too such as those of itinerant grocers, non-agricultural daily-wage laborers for earth -moving, roof-thatching, road construction and wholesale business in cattle.16 The literacy and education among Abdals is very poor. There are many drop-outs at school level and only few have completed their school education. The state of their poverty and backwardness in education appear to put a brake on their aspirations. Their socio-economic backwardness and quality of living put them in a lower position of which they are sufficiently aware. Neighbouring Muslims consider them low on account of their extra- Islamic activities and not in terms of economic backwardness. KUNJRA The Kunjras of West Bengal are a Muslim community; its synonyms are Subzifrosh and Rai. Many of them believ that they are the people who used to live at Kunj - a place in Arabia - and grow vegetables and fruits to sell according to the Prophet's instruction were known as Kunjras. The Kunjra as a greengrocer who sells tarkari and sabji, an occupation usually, but not exclusively, followed by Mohammedans in Behar.17 They came from Arabia and settled first in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. They came to West Bengal from Gaya or
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    116 Patna, Bihar, andsettled down mostly in the urban areas of 24 parganas to avail the market facilities. The Kunjras have no social division. Kunjras as occupaying an intermediate position within the third block among four block of the Muslims hierarchical order. The Kunjras are lower in social status than the Mansooris, Ansaris or Momins- their neighbouring communities. In 24 Parganas Kunjaras are mostly landless communities. They are mainly vegetable and fruit sellers. Now, some are in the business of selling utensils and fish or hold jobs. The Kunjaras generally live in towns or cities, so that they are close to daily markets where they can sell their vegetables, fruits and fish. They also enter into contracts with different hotels for supplying vegetables.18 Kunjra boys help their father in business from the age of thirteen or fourteen years. The Kunjra shows positive attitude towards educafion as compare to other Muslim community. Boys and girls, usually study upto primary level, and most girls drop out after that. Some boys studied upto the high school and only a few upto colleges. RANGREZ The Rangrez are little known community of West Bengal. The group identified mainly in 24 Parganas and Calcutta, belongs to the Muslim Sunni sect and came from Rajasthan about 50 to 60 year ago and for this they are also called Mar-ari Rangrez. They have synonym like Rangrez, Rangarej, Rangraj, Ramgri, Ran gredh, Bhawas, Ramjari etc. They are also called lilgar. The name of the community has been derived from rang or colour, and rez or rekhtam or pouring. The community has several surnames like Lodhi, Chaohan, Solarki, Gori etc. the community states that they are called Rangrez due to their engagement in the occupation of using rang or colour.19 The distributed in many places of 24 Parganas like Barabazar, Baubazar, Jorasanko, Park street, Collin Street, Sagar Dutta lane etc. Though the exact figure of their population is not available but according to a rough estimate about eight thousand of them are living in 24 Parganas and Calcutta. The language or dialect they use at home and with the Kin group is Rajasthani. The script used by them is Urdu. They also use Hindi, Bengali and English language when they speak to others. As the community is named rangraz, the community maintains its livelihood on occupation which have something to do with colour.20 They have shops of varieties of chemical colours and other chemical ingredients necessary for colouring. They bring colours and chemicals from Delhi and Madras. They dyes variety of clothes. They also dye threads and printing sari. Generally, the Rangrez do not go to law courts. When there is a dispute in the community, they call five of six elderly and knowlegable persons to form a court of their own and the case is placed before them for arbitration. Literacy rate among them is not as low as compare to other Muslim community like Abdals etc., the standard of education is not at all high. One or two holders of C.A or L.L.B. degrees may be found among them. But women are rarely study beyond the primary standard.21 SAYYAD The Sayyad is a another muslim community of 24 Parganas (WB). Sayyad is the term used strictly ybr those communities, individuals or group of individuals who claim their descent yrow the last Prophet Muhammad, and his family members ahle-bait, viz., his daughter Fatima and his cousin and son-in-law Ali.22 In 24 Parganas they are mainly found of Barabazar, Baubazar, Park street and Metiabruz etc. The Sayyad are divided into two religious sects of Shia and Sunni. The Sayyad of Shia sect in Metiabruz use Meerza as their surname. The Sayyads of Surmi sects use infact no surname, rather they use Sayyad as a title and prefix it to their names. They speak Benagli, Hindi and English both at home and at outside. But some section of the community feels proud and honour to speak and write in Urdu.23 The Sayyads' major economic resource is land. They exercise control over the land
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    117 that they possesses.The community is mainly land owning. Ownership of land among the Sayyads is on the basis of individual proprietorship. The Sayyads claim no hereditary or traditional occupation. In rural 24 Parganas they live mainly on agriculture. Educated sections among them have gone in for various white collar jobs and profession like teaching or jobs in bank. As subsidiary occupation they have taken up business and trade. Non among them work as labourer. The community is wholly dependent on market. There are no bonded labourers in the community. There is no child labourer either. However, children from other neighbouring communities are employed by the rich Sayyad. However, the kisan or agricultural labour on annual cotract is paid in kind along. Since independence a number of educated Sayyads Men and Women have gone in for jobs in tertiary sectors. Sayyads maintain no commensal relation with certain Muslim communities of lower social order such as Abdal. As regards connubial norms, the Sayyads repudiate ideally any restriction of inter community marital excahange among various Muslim communities. But, in practice they many their daughters within their own community.24 Hoewevr, Sayyad male are found to marry non-sayyad women of so called upper Muslim jat. The literacy among the Sayyads is high compared to that among any other Muslim community of the state. A small section of them have gone in for college and higher education. CONCLUSION From the above detail account about the Muslim communities in 24 Parganas, we can say that they are distributed in all the rural areas off the districts. Few communities of them came from outside West Bengal for trade and preaching Islam and settled permanently in 24 Parganas. But most of them are converts from lower caste local people or migrated from various parts of the districts from time to time. Members of most of the communities are not well aware about their origin except few older or knowlegable person within the community. Muslims are socially, economically and educationally more backward in the districts as compare to their co-religionists in other parts of the State . Muslims are landless community except few. In rural areas they are largely agricultural labourer, day labourer, bidi binders and servants in other's house. While in urban areas mostly they are rickshaw puller, street vendor, fruit seller, unskilled and skilled worker in industries, shop keeper, masons, etc. Their literacy level and education is very low. Generally, they send their children to maktabs for religious education only. Some children continue their study upto primary level in the local schools and then they drop-out. Though the parents are aware about the fact that the education is necessary for boys and girls in present society for their development but their low social status is the major impediment in pursuing higher education. They follow the religious obligation like their co-religionists in other parts of the state . There is social stratification exists within the community but it is not sharp. They are also aware about their abject poverty and in a hope that only some government affirmative action can help to elevate their socio-economic condition. REFERENCES Hussain, A. O. (2012). Muslims in West Bengal: Trend of Population growth and Education Status. Islam and Muslim Societies: A Social Science Journal. Vol.5. No.1. p 230. Sikand, I. A. Y. 09 February 2006. Survey of Socio-Economic Conditions of Muslims India. Available on: (http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-sikand090206.n). Accessed on 18 November 2007. Discussion with Md. Harunur khan. Age-45. Ex-service man. Calcutta: 10 May 2019. Risley, H. H. 1891. The Tribes and Castes of Bengal (Vol. II). Cacutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. p 133. Risley, H. H. 1891. Ibid. p 135.
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    118 Ghaffar, S. S.(2010). Muslims in West Bengal: Imaginative Development.from Eastern Post. Available on : (http://www.theeasternpost.org/show). Accessed on 8 February 2015. Siddiqi, M. K. A. (1974). Muslims of Calcutta. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India. p 57 Singh, K. S. (2008). People of India. West Bengal(Vol.XXXXIII). Calcutta:Anthropological Survey of India. p 78. HAJJAM. Available on : (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjam). Risley, H. H. 1891. The Tribes and Castes of Bengal (Vol. I). Cacutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. pp 306-309. Discussion with Ajijul Hak. Age-50. Panchayet member. Calcutta: 20 January 2019.Siddiqui, M.K.A. 1989. Muslim Education in Calcutta. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India. p 24. Singh, K. S. 1992. People of India: An Introduction. National Series (Vol.1). Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India. p 17. Mondal, S. R. 1991 .Educational Status of Muslims- Problems Prospects and Priorities. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications. p 255. Hunter, W. W.(1969). The Indian Musalmans, Delhi: Indological Book House. p 158. Risley, H.H.1891. op.cit. p 527. Siddiqi, M.K.A. 1974. Op.cit. p 100. Rangrez: A community which paints the society turns colourless, Available on:(https://lucknowobserver.com/rangrez/#:~:text=Rangrez%20or%20Sabbag%20is% 20a,West%20Bengal%2C%20Rajasthan%20and%20Delhi). Accessed on 5 August 2016. Ibid, Available on: (https://lucknowobserver.com/rangrez/#:~:text=Rangrez% 20or% 20Sabbag%20is%20a,West%20Bengal%2C%20Rajasthan%20and%20Delhi). Discussion with Md. Samim Ali. Age- 54. L.L.B. Calcutta: 17 February 2019. Sayyad, A people group of India, Available on : (https://peoplegroupsindia.com /profiles/sayyad/. Battacharya, R. K. 1973. 'The Concept and Ideology of Caste Among the Muslims of Rural West Bengal' in I. Ahmad (Ed.), Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India. New Delhi: Manohar Publications. pp 107-136. Op.cit, Available on : (https://peoplegroupsindia.com/profiles/sayyad/).
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    119 CHAPTER-13 ANALYSIS OF STRYCHNINE-MASSSPECTROMETRY Dr Shobharani Panchagnula Assistant Professor –Basic Sciences Department G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science ABSTRACT Strychnine is an alkaloid found in strychnos nux vomica. It is the first alkaloid identified in the plants of the genus strychnos family loganiaceae. The content of strychnine was analysed by HPLC/MS method up to nanogram level from the seeds of strychnos nux vomica seeds. Strychnine was incubated and the incubated samples were analysed with HPLC-MS technique in positive ion and full scan detection mode. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the ranges of 0.02 to 8.0 µg/mL. The method showed high sensitivity and selectivity. KEY WORDS: Strychnine, Loganiaceae. HPLC/MS. INTRODUCTION Strychnos nux vomica is a tree native to the tropical forests on the Malabar Coast in southern India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.The seeds of the fruit are a rich source of strychnine. In some strychnos plants a dimethoxy derivative of strychnine, brucine is also present. Brucine is not as poisonous as strychnine. Strychnine is a natural alkaloid. A neurotoxin which is highly poisonous .Strychnine is primarily used as a pesticide to kill rodents and small predators and can rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, stomach and small intestines. The three ways in which strychnine can enter the body are through inhalation, ingestion and broken skin. Strychnine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It causes excitation of all parts of the central nervous system thus increasing the neuronal activity leading to increased muscular activity. Strychnine leaves the bloodstream quickly and distributes to the tissues. The biological half-life of strychnine is about 10 hrs. Few minutes after ingestion, strychnine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Two typical alkaloids, strychnine and brucine are the active constituents in many traditional medicines and have been used in important remedies to treat nervous diseases, vomiting, arthritis, and pains and also to promote blood circulation. METHODOLOGY Liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry is widely applied in the analysis of drugs and their metabolites. The samples were pretreated and separated on SB-C18 column with mobile phase (formic acid and formic acid acetonitrile 50:50). Electrospray ionization (ESI) was utilized and operated in positive mode. Stock solutions of strychnine were prepared in methanol (concentration 40 µg/mL). Five microliters of the stock solution were added to the fraction solution, shaken for equilibration and later incubation was initiated. The incubation mixtures were quenched, centrifuged and allowed to dry under nitrogen stream. The aliquot was used for the HPLC-MS analysis.HP
  • 130.
    120 liquid chromatograph witha reversed phase column was used. The mobile phase was ammonium acetate and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min.ESI-MS analysis was performed in trap mass spectrometer. Positive ion mode was used for the determination. Nebuliser gas, flow rate, temperature of the dry gas were set at 35psi, 7.0 L/min and 4500V, respectively. He gas was used as collision gas for MS analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Acetonitrile and ammonium acetate were used as the mobile phase for the chromatographic analysis. The peak resolutions were obtained from different gradient –elution modes and the solvent grade elution program was established. Under the gradient elution conditions, the retention times of strychnine were 12min. The [M + H] + ions of strychnine at m/z 335 were chosen as parent ions for the fragmentation in MS-MS mode. The technique was used for the quantitative analysis of strychnine. The approach has shown high sensitivity and superior selectivity for the analysis of thermos-labile and nonvolatile compounds.
  • 131.
    121 CONCLUSION The described HPLC/MSmethod helped in the determination of strychnine .The use of this technique allowed rapid and direct detection when the samples were analyzed for quantification. The detection of the alkaloid may be useful for the identification. Since the described method was rapid, sensitive and selective, the method is suitable for the identification of alkaloids and their metabolites. REFERENCES Heimberger SI, Scott AI (1973). "Biosynthesis of strychnine". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (6): 217–8. doi:10.1039/C39730000217 Migliaccio E, Celentano R, Viglietti A, Viglietti G (1990). "[Strychnine poisoning. A clinical case]". Minerva Anestesiologica. 56 (1–2): 41–2. Sandberg F, Kristianson K (September 1970). "A comparative study of the convulsant effects of strychnos alkaloids". Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica. 7 (4): 329–36. Everett AJ, Openshaw HT, Smith GF (1957). "The constitution of aspidospermine. Part III. Reactivity at the nitrogen atoms, and biogenetic considerations". Journal of the Chemical Society: 1120–3. doi:10.1039/JR9570001120 Dewick PM (2009). Medicinal natural products: a biosynthetic approach (3rd ed.). Chichester: A John Wiley & Sons. pp. 377–378. ISBN 978-0-470-74167-2. Wieland H, Gumlich W (1932). "Über einige neue Reaktionen der Strychnos - Alkaloide. XI" [On some new reactions of the Strychnos alkaloids. XI]. Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie (in German). 494: 191–200. doi:10.1002/jlac.19324940116. Nicolaou KC, Sorensen EJ (1996). Classics in Total Synthesis: Targets, Strategies, Methods. Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-29231-8 Gupta RC (2009-01-01). Handbook of toxicology of chemical warfare agents. Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-800159-2. OCLC 433545336 Grunberger R (1971). The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 104. Boyd RE, Brennan PT, Deng JF, Rochester DF, Spyker DA (March 1983). "Strychnine poisoning. Recovery from profound lactic acidosis, hyperthermia, and rhabdomyolysis". The American Journal of Medicine. 74 (3): 507–12.
  • 132.
    122 CHAPTER-14 THE FUTURE OFMIGRANT WORKERS IN INDIA WITH THE RISING COVID-19 PANDEMIC Dr. Sumanta Bhattacharya Research fellow, Public-Foreign-Defense policy analyst Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Kolkata, West Bengal ABSTRACT Migrant workers form a huge part of the Indian workforce , who are mostly employed in the informal sector . With the sudden declaration of Lockdown and the shutting down of all the factories construction sites , no street vendors and stop of transportation facilitates hit the migrant workers in the worst way , millions of migrants have to travel back now , there was no transport facilitates , only a few inter states buses and trains were available , thousands of people are standing at one place with no COVID-19 prevention measures ,no access to food and water , many people died half a way out of hunger , today more people are dying out of hunger in India then covid-19 . The government has provided free food grains and launched crore of new ration card of people to get access to food grains . We need to introduce free food services in rural villages and for the poor and the government should increase their food subsidiaries for the citizens and introduce a new policy for migrant workers where again with the second lockdown people had to travel back again , and try to provide free vaccination for the poor and vulnerable section of the society . Keywords: Migrant workers, informal sector, COVID-19, ration card, food grains, policy, vaccination, lockdown INTRODUCTION With speedy urban development and the Industrial revolution , we have seen a lot of people migrating to the urban sector better jobs and lifestyle which is common across the globe where in many developed countries 92 % of the population has shifted to the urban sector, where urbanization and industrialization have brought massive benefits to its people. Migration can be construe as the movement of a group of people or individual to different states or countries to settle permanently or for job purpose and better opportunities ahead . If we talk about developing countries where majority of the people live in the rural sector especially in India , where 70 % of the population comprises of the rural sector and 30 % of the urban sector , for the country agriculture is a nerve centre for economy development, with India having the second largest population in the world . In India , Urbanization started from the British period , soon after the Independence of India and Partition of the country, humongous people travelled from one region to another . Industrial revolution has taken its way into India , after the Partition the agriculture sector was widely effected , so we saw many people coming the urban sector in such of jobs , this was the beginning of migration in India . With the upcoming years with rapid rise in urbanization , we are seeing huge amount of people migrating to the urban sector for better lifestyle and income. Lack of income in
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    123 the urban sector, with poor agriculture investment followed by land rights , no access to electricity ,education and proper sanitation , in villages apart from farming there are many less job opportunities and the amount a farmers earns per month is very less compared to the amount of labour they have put in and there exist a massive gap from the time there have send their raw material and the time they receive the money sometimes the period is even six months , most of the farmers live before poverty line , so they migrant in the urban region to earn a bit more than what they earned in the rural area, Rural India is so marked by social stigma which has never allowed development to take place for instance empowerment of rural women and including them into rural economy . The villagers who want their children to get well educated also shift to the urban sector due to lack of schools . Today the migrants rate have increased in the last 10 years , that is 72 million to 100 million we have seen migrants from rural to urban sector who work in factories , public sector, some are self employed as street vendors , some have open their local shops in the region, followed by working at construction sites in big cities , these migrants worker usually live in the urban slums area or in small recent homes in some locality which provides them some kind of food provisions on a daily basis . RESEARCH METHODOLOGY For the purpose of this exploration , I have used a amalgamation of two of the archetypical social sciences research tools application –as they are authentic and brilliant method to assemble statistics from multiple appellant in an methodical and convenient way. Question were asked to the common youth, public policy Analyst, rural people, farmers , survey, interviews –consisting of several interrogation which were dispersed among representative of each contender group. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH PAPER The main areas of exploration in this paper incorporates 1. Who are Migrant workers in India . 2. A study on the impact on migrant workers due to COVID-19 . 3. What has the government done to help the migrant workers and what is the present condition of the migrants workers. 4. What can be done to improve the condition of migrant workers . LITERATURE REVIEW Over the years the number of migrant workers have increased especially in developed cities like Delhi , Mumbai , Gujarat , Tamil Nadu and many others. In 2020 , when corona virus which never India in the month of February , a deadly virus which can kill a whole country , a globe virus which affected the whole world and resulted in complete lockdown in 90 % of the countries where the migrant where sent back to their countries , India and China were badly affected because of their huge migrant population . In India the main problem was of interstate migrants and rural to urban migrants . In India there are 139 billion migrants workers and majority of them live on daily wages , the sudden lockdown declared on 24th March , 2020 for 21 days affected all the citizens in India , in particularly the migrants workers , as they had no job left and no place to live as they dependent on the factories and office areas for living , all the factories, shops and transportation was completed off in no time , the migrants workers started packing their bags to return to their villages apart from that they didn’t have any other option , the government didn’t think much of the migrant
  • 134.
    124 workers , onlya few trains and buses were running that also inter states , local everything was shut , where thousands of people where waiting at the bus stop and railway station for hours and then day and night waiting for their chance to come , with no food and water , waiting in the open , many of them didn’t have a mask , COVID-19 prevention encompassed social distancing , wearing a mask and using sanitizer which 90 % of the people didn’t have and we could estimated that in no time these people could be affected by the virus and many people had to wait for days for their chance to come and thousands of people decided to walk , people were walking from one state to another without water or food , some were riding their bicycle and some had tricycle moving along with their families and in most of the cases the kids were very small and had no access to basic necessity , for some people the distance was above 1000 km , they took rest and worked , where many NGOs and individual people came out of their homes to help these migrant workers by providing free food , water ,mask and sanitizer on daily basis , till government didn’t make proper arrangement for these migrant workers , many people died waiting at the bus stop , railway station and walking , In India the economic was widely affected with complete lockdown and it was the migrant workers who constituted majority of the work force . FINDINGS The escape of migrant workers from the cities following the proclamation of 21 days lockdown , drew the attention on the humongous number of labourers who are working and living away from their home town as per 2016 census , the magnitude of the workforce is 50 crore out of which 10 crore are migrant workers .It is estimated that 29 % of the migrant workers depend on daily wages in big cities , the migrants in India cities are marked by three traits which includes internal migration , informality and circularity, these migrants are come from different states and are within India , they have low income, employed in the informal sector and many migrants workers depend on daily wages .Moreover the these migrants do not permanently relocate to the cities, expensive living of the urban environment compel the migrants to move without their families .The share of migrants in highest in the construction sector for women where urban forms 67% and rural 73 % . While for male these are employed in the public services and modern services in the urban sector 16 % and rural 40 % . For instance Delhi migration rate amounts to 43 %, Inter-state migration 88 % and within state migration 63 % , Mumbai migration rate amounts of 55 % , interstate migration 46 % and within state migration 52 % ., Surat has a migration rate of 65 % , interstate migration 50 % and within state migration is 76 % . Most of the migrants either come from Uttar Pradesh which accounts to 25 % of the Migrants or Bihar which accounts to 14 % followed by Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh , the migrants wanted to return back to their states , In fact Uttar Pradesh didn’t accept much of its migrant population. The migrants workers who returned back to their villages had no money to feed their family and already the rural condition was so worst with lack of hospital and primary health care facilities people have no access to mask or necessary medicines and followed by no ambulance people had to travel long distance to reach to the nearest hospital . The migrants who had retuned back to their home town has no idea whether they are affected by the corona virus or it, because of the lack of testing kit and they were no rules of social distancing being maintained while travelling . This shows the miserable condition health care system of India , during the first wave of covid-19 , the urban sector was badly affected with the virus , whereas during the second wave India ‘s rural area is seeing more deaths . Migrants workers who have returned back have no idea when will they be able to return or
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    125 will their stateprovide them with jobs , people have no access to food and water, already India is suffering from food shortage and water crisis, the migrants workers who have stayed back in the urban area are leaving the urban slums areas . Around 40 million people in India have lost their jobs during this pandemic period , the economy has been badly affected and truth about the Indian health care system is visible, until and unless the whole country doesn’t receive vaccination, there is no guarantee the whole system to start again and things are normalized . In India people are trying because of shortage or no access to food than of corona virus, the agriculture sector has also reduced its productivity. Whereas the government need to take initiatives to help the migrant workers to who have been hit the hardest due to this pandemic , where the government had doubled the ration of people. However the problem is in India 50 million people didn’t have a ration card, where 75 % of the rural population is depended on ration and 50 % in the urban area, the government launched 81 crore new ration card holders in the month of may and June, free food grains was provided to 2.7 crore where as the target was set to 8 crore. For instance, in Delhi 71 Lakh ration card has been issued in 2021, and in 2020 e-coupons around 60 lakh were issued to get free access to food grains for people who didn’t have a ration cards. 265 million people are facing problem of hunger due to COVID-19 in India. SUGGESTIONS Migrants are experience the hardest hit from the corona virus , where access to food has emerged as the biggest problem with no employment, we should organize free food services for all the vulnerable section of the society twice a week in every district and villages , free food package for children of every villages and open community kitchen where every day you get free access to food and you can eat as many times you want to. We should include more items to the ration list , foods that are rich in nutrition and protein that will keep the immunity system high of the poor people who can't get access to basic health care services, COVID-19 has shown as the harsh reality of the health care system in the rural sector in particular , where as apart from COVID-19, we also have many other disease which are present in the villages and we have patients, mandatory five doctors should be present in every villages with 10 nurses and weekly corona testing should be done , free distribution of mask to every migrant worker and its family with free food services. The Migrants people who have died in the covid-19 pandemic, their family should be provided with special health card and food packages. We need provide free food based on the nutrient system required for the pregnant lady and mal nutrition children. National Rural employment Guarantee act which issue 100 days of utilization, should take the initiative to provide employment to the migrants so that they have access to earning. We need provide free vaccination serve for all rural India, vulnerable section of the society. We need to introduce a new migrant worker policy , we will soon experience the third phase of the virus so before that we need to provide a better standard of living for the migrants who form the foundation community for the development of Indian Economy. CONCLUSION The incoming migrants to their home town , for them special arrangements had to be made for food , clothing and shelter , as many didn’t have family, the lockdown had opened where many factories had started working and some of the migrants had returned back to the city to work , however majority have lost their jobs in this pandemic. In spite of many initiatives taken by the government to provide maximum benefit to the migrant workers , the condition
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    126 is miserable andin the upcoming months the condition will double , the third wave of COVID-19 will be worst then this , vaccine had reached to just 2 % of the population , its difficult to serve such a huge population , still arrangements are taking place at every level to provide food and health facilitates for the migrant and poor people. The future is unpredictable and how long lasting this pandemic is going to last where all the schools and colleges have remained closed for the past two years . With cases reducing we hope that the lockdown opens and something can be done for the migrant population. REFERENCES • Shreehari Paliath , 2021 , May , A year after COVID-19 Lockdown , India still doesn’t have reliable data or policy on migrant workers . • Shailendra Kumar, 2021, Migrant workers and human rights : A critical study on India ‘s COVID-19 lockdown policy. Social Science and Humanities open, Volume 3, Issue 1. • Damini Nath, 2021, April , Migrants workers vulnerable again , say activists, The Hindu. • The Indian Express, 2020, December , The long walk of India’s migrant workers in covid -hit 2020 . • Shruthi Ashok, Porf. Neena Thomas, 2014, July, A study on issues of inter-state migrant labourers in India, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Volume 5 Issue 7. • Sangeeta Yadav Kumar Ravi Priya, 2020, December, Migrant workers and COVID- 19 : Listening to the Unheard Voices of Invisible India . SAGE Journals .
  • 137.
    127 CHAPTER-15 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESSOF WATER BY COMPLEXOMETRIC METHOD USING EDTA Mrs. M. Shanti, Asst.Prof of Chemistry, GNITS, Hyderabad ABSTRACT Water containing salts is called as hard water and water is essential for all life. Hardness can be defined as the water which contains salts of calcium and magnesium like chlorides, sulphates, nitrates,bi carbonates. In this paper I would like to determine the hardness of water by gathering different samples from one or more places and the results are tabulated by using EDTA method. KEY WORDS: EDTA Method, Hardness, Sample water, Indicator INTRODUCTION Hardness of water is due to the presence of the dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium ions. The calcium and magnesium ions are estimated by titrating water with ethylene- diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) using Eriochrome-black-T(EBT) indicator. EDTA EDTA titration is sensitive to pH .A buffer solution (NH4Cl+NH4OH)is used to maintain pH around 10.Beyond this pH , Mg is not sufficiently bound to the indicator (EBT) to give a sharp change at the end point.At pH 10 the indicator (EBT) is blue colored. At the same pH the complex formed by magnesium ion with the indicator Mg-EBT is colored wine red. The order of stability of the metal-EDTA and metal indicator complexes, is Ca-EDTA > Mg-EDTA > Mg-Erio-T > Ca-Erio-T (colourless) (Wine red) When a small amount of the indicator solution is added to a hard water sample, whose pH has been adjusted to 10 by the addition of the buffer solution, the indicator reacts with Mg2+ and Ca2+ to produce wine red color. When this solution is titrated with EDTA, EDTA reacts first with the free Ca2+ ions, then with the free Mg2+ ions and finally with Mg-EBTand Ca- EBT complexes liberating the blue colored free indicator. Thus at the end point the color of
  • 138.
    128 the solution changesfrom wine red to blue. At the end point: EDTA [ Mg-Erio-T ] [ Mg EDTA ] + [Erio – T] wine red pH = 10 color less Blue (II) Temporary hardness of water is due to the dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates. On heating these salts decompose to give insoluble carbonates and hydroxides. Ca (HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Mg (HCO3)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2 Thus temporary hardness can be removed by boiling the sample of hard water.Other soluble salts of calcium and magnesium which cannot be separated by simple heating impart permanent hardness to water. BODY OF THE CHAPTER: STEP 1. Preparation of standard MgSO4 solution: Weigh accurately about 0.5g of pure crystalline MgSO4.7H2O in to a clean 100ml standard flask, which has been cleaned with water and rinsed with distilled water. Dissolve it in minimum amount of distilled water and make up to the mark by adding distilled water. Shake the solution well for uniform concentration. Calculate its molarity. Molarity of MgSO4(M1) = 10W / 246.5 Where, 246.5gm = Mol. Wt of MgSO4 W= Weight of the given salt STEP 2. Standardization of EDTA Rinse a clean burette, first with distilled water and then with the EDTA solution and fill it with the same solution up to a convenient mark. Rinse a clean pipette with distilled water and then with the prepared MgSO4 solution. Pipette out 10ml of MgSO4solution into a clean conical flask which has been cleaned with water and rinsed with distilled water. Add 2ml of the buffer solution, 3-4 drops of Erio-chrome black-T (EBT) indicator.Titrate this solution with EDTA solution taken in the burette till the color changes from wine red to blue. Note down the reading. Repeat the titration for concurrent readings. Calculate the molarity of EDTA.
  • 139.
    129 S. N o Volume of Standard SolutionMgSO4 (V1) in ml Burette Reading(EDTA) Vi Vf V2= Vf- Vi 1 10 2 10 3 10 CALCULATIONS: MgSO4 Vs EDTA M1= Step 1 M2= ? V1 = 10 ml V2- = Burette Reading n1= 1 n2=1 M2=M1V1 X n 2 V2 X n1 STEP 3. Estimation of total hardness of water Pipette out 40 ml of the sample hard water (tap water) into a clean conical flask, which has been rinsed with distilled water. Add 2ml buffer solution, and 3 drops of Eriochrome-black- T indicator. Titrate this solution with the standardised EDTA solution until the color changes from wine red to blue. Note down the reading, repeat the titration for concurrent titre values and calculate the molarity and then the amount of total hardness of the sample hard water as parts per million of CaCO3 equivalents. S.No Volume of Hard Water (V3) in ml Burette Reading (EDTA) Vi Vf V2 1 = Vf- Vi 1 40 2 40 3 40 CALCULATIONS: Hard Water Vs EDTA M3 = ? M2 = Step 2 V3 = 40 ml V2- 1 = Burette Reading n3= 1 n2=1 M3= M2V1 2X n3 V3 X n2 Amount of total hardness in ppm = M3 X 100 X 1000
  • 140.
    130 STEP 4. Estimation ofpermanent hardness of water: Place 250ml of the sample water in a 500ml beaker and boil gently for 20-30 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate into a 100ml standard flask. Make the solution up to the mark by adding distilled water and shake the solution well. Pipette out 20ml of this made up solution into a clean conical flask, which has been rinsed with distilled water. Add 2ml the buffer solution and 3-4 drops of Eriochrome black-T indicator. Titrate with the standard EDTA solution until the color changes from wine red to blue. Note down the reading, repeat the process to get at least two concurrent titre values. Calculate the permanent and then the temporary hardness as parts per million of CaCO3 equivalents. S.N o Volume of Per. Hard Water (V4) in ml Burette Reading(EDTA) Vi Vf V2- II = Vf- Vi 1 20 2 20 3 20 CALCULATIONS: Per.Hard Water Vs EDTA M4 = ? M2 = step 2 V4 = 20 ml V2- II = Burette Reading n4= 1 n 2=1 M4= M2 V2- II X n4 V4 X n2 Amount of permanent hardness in ppm = M4 X 100 X 1000 Temporary hardness = Total hardness – Permanent hardness CONCLUSION The present study had revealed various amount of hardness of the samples which may be harmful to the people, but the water showing extreme hardness may show some ill effects on the human health. There are both pros and cons of using extreme hard water and awareness must be brought among the public. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is thankful to the authorities of G.Narayanamma institute of Technology & Science (GNITS), Hyderabad, Telangana for the facilities provided. REFERENCES 1. Arnedo-Pena, A., Bellido-Blasco, J., Puig-Barbera, J., Artero-Civera, A., Campos-Cruañes, J.B., Pac-Sa, M.R., Villamarín-Vázquez, J.L. and Felis-Dauder, C. 2007. Domestic water hardness and prevalence of atopic eczema in Castellon (Spain) school children. Salud Pública De México., 492 (4): 295–301. 2. Drinking Water Hardwater Hardness Calcium Magnesium Scale Stained Laundry. Water- research.net. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
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    131 3. Gumashta, J.,Gumashtab, R., Sadawarte, S.K. 2012. Hard water and heart: the story revisited. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences., 1(1): 07-20. 4. Harold D.F. 1994. Groundwater and Human Health,"Groundwater Resources of British Columbia, Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks and Environment Canada. 6.1-6.3. 5. ISO. 1984. International Standard ISO 6059. Water quality – Determination of the sum of calcium and magnesium – EDTA titrimetric method. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva. 6. Kobayashi, J. 1957. On geographical relations between the chemical nature of river water and death rate from apoplexy. Ber. Ohara Inst landwirt. Biol., 11: 12-21. 6. Kožišek, F. 2003. Health significance of drinking water calcium and magnesium. National Institute of Public Health. A review. 7. McNally, N.J., Williams, H.C., Phillips, D.R., Smallman-Raynor, M., Lewis, S., Venn, A. and Britton, J. 1998. Atopic eczema and domestic water hardness. The Lancet., 352(9127): 527–531. 8. Miyake, Y., Yokoyama, T., Yura, A., Iki, M. and Shimizu, T. 2004. Ecological association of water hardness with prevalence of childhood atopic dermatitis in a Japanese urban area. Environ Res, 94 (1): 33–7. 9. National Research Council. 1974. Nutrients and toxic substances in water for livestock and poultry. National Academy Science, Washington, D.C.