tata motors articles full book full book .pdf hariharan23900

Multidisciplinary
Research Book
Vol.-2
Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee
Principal
Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany
M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723
Address: No -1-B, Sector 10B, Vasundhara Sector 10,
Delhi - 201012, Behind Vanasthali Public School
E-mail: swaranjalipublication@gmail.com
Website: swaranjalipublication.com
Contact No. +91-9810749840/8700124880

Author © : Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee
Publisher : Swaranjali Publication
Sector-10B, Vasundhara,
Ghaziabad (U.P.)-201012
Phone : 9810749840, 8700124880
E-mail : swaranjalipublication@gmail.com
Website : www.swaranjalipublication.com
Book : Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol.-2
Edition : First Edition, 2021
ISBN : 978-93-5470-767-4
Price : 499/-
Printed By : Swaranjali Print
ISBN-978-93-5470-767-4
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electric, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the
prior permission of the copyright holder.

PREFACE
The aim of this Book is two-fold. First, the authors present a knowledge's application of
multidisciplinary research based on the experience of ideas in the form of chapters
comprised of multidisciplinary cases and focusing on the knowledgeable chapter cases. There
are many theoretical accounts of, how one may approach multidisciplinary research, but here
the author's aim to offer a practical and knowledge full account of how the theoretical goal of
multidisciplinary research can play out in the ‘real world’. After addressing the current
conceptual understanding of multidisciplinary, the authors will explain how useful the
concepts of different subject area, in fact, are when applied to the typical constraints that
many academics face today in conducting joint subjects. The authors, will provide lessons for
future multidisciplinary collaboration and suggestions for developing methods of
multidisciplinary research during Current Pandemic.
The current pandemic is started in the December 2019. The disease appear in the sellers of
Sea Food Market of city Wuhan, Hubei Province of China. The disease appear like the
Symptoms of common cold and pneumonia but it was highly infectious and powerful
character of dispersal. Hence the disease is also called Wuhan virus disease due to its origin.
Another name was suggested by Scientist on the basis of spines present on capsid is called
Corona virus. Due to the appearance in December 2019 the disease is also called COVID-19.
In the Month of January 2020 it spread in several countries and became a pandemic
worldwide. The virus was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World
Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern regarding
COVID-19 on 30 January 2020, and later declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 31th
July 2021, more than 198 million cases have been confirmed, with more than 4.22 million
confirmed deaths attributed to COVID-19, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in
history. In this reference we started this book to find out countryside prevention and
treatment on this leathal pandemic. In our system of indigenous knowledge and the science of
Ayurveda have also the solution of such health problems since the time immemorial.
In this book Fifteen chapters are composed of by the Papers, Chapters and articles
provided by different Authors from entire country. Due to the current pandemic, most of the
chapters related to COVID-19 and it's Prevention, Control and the ideas of Education to
prevent the dispersal of disease in common public. Indeed, the name of current book is "
Multidisciplinary Research Book Vol-02 due to the entry of all subjects area to increase our
knowledge and skills in all fields for more and more progress.
No doubt, These writings will be useful to improve the current conditions of COVID-
19 and our path of life.
DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE
Center for Research in Ethno & Medico Botany.
M. G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj, 209723, India

ABOUT THE EDITOR
DR. KAPTAIN K. BAJPAYEE
Principal
Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany
M.G. College, Marhpura, Kannauj-209723-India.
Dr. Bajpayee got his research training in the field of Ethno medico
botany, Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapy leading to the award of
Ph.D,. degree from Rohilkhand University in 2004 under the able
guidance of Dr. S. C. Sharma. Soon after the completion of doctoral
degree, he joined the Department of Botany, Dr. R.M.L.PG. College,
Allipur, Hardoi. Dr. Bajpayee starts his research career just after the
completion of his Master Degree in (1994) Botany from G.F.
College, Shahjahanpur and Published a number of Research Papers
in the field of Medicinal Plants.
Today, Dr. Bajpayee is an eminent researcher of interdisciplinary subjects like
Phytotherapy, Medicinal Plants, Ethno medico botany, Plant Antimicrobials and published
more than 30 research articles. He is the Member of Editorial Board Team in more than 50
Research Journals of National and International origin. He published several Chapters in
National and international Books of global repute. Now a days Dr. Bajpayee is the Head of
Centre for Research in Ethno and Medico Botany, and Principal at M.G. College, Marhpura,
Kannauj Uttar Pradesh. Under his able guidance four doctoral student and 8 M.Phil. student
completed his research Degree in the field of Medicinal Plants, Phytotherapy and Ethno
medico botany. He is the Life member of Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata.,
Indian Ethnobotanical Society., Excel Research Management Association., Bio Leagues
Worldwide., and a number of World fame institutions.
With unexhausted academic and research activities Dr. Bajpayee completed Master
Degrees in more than 7 subjects and NET of UGC in two subjects. He is working scientist on
the original innovative interdisciplinary fields in the Medical Sciences, Medicinal Plants,
Plant Antimicrobials etc. His dedication to the subject will revolutionize the future theories in
the field of Phytotherapy, Phytopharmacy and Medicinal Plant's studies.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1:.................................................................................................. 1
A Study of Impact of Ecotourism on Wildlife
Arvind Chouhan
CHAPTER 2: ..................................................................................................9
Covid-19 Restrictions & Ease in Global Air Pollution are
Good in the Worst-Case Scenario
Puliyankurichi Mookkan Velmurugan & Selva Ganapathy Velusamy
CHAPTER 3: ..................................................................................................21
Designing of Garment with Jacobean Embroidery
D Mahaa Nandhini, S M Naseera, S Mounica, Dr. R Prabha
CHAPTER 4: ..................................................................................................27
Covid-19 Associated Mucormycosis in India - A Review
Gokul S. Bajaj & Dr. Suruchi R. Kadu
CHAPTER 5: ..................................................................................................32
A Research on Tata Motors Covid-19 Situation on Customer Brand
Awareness
N. Hariharan
CHAPTER 6: ..................................................................................................45
Life Science for Engineers
Hema Vellaisamy
CHAPTER 7: ..................................................................................................58
A Research on Social Media Marketing Strategies and Impact in
Covid-19 Situation
N. Hariharan & Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee

CHAPTER 8: ..................................................................................................72
The Potential of Environmental Benefits of Urban Agriculture and
Their Future
Madhu Prakash Srivastava and Ramakant Maurya & Dr. Kaptain K Bajpayee
CHAPTER 9: ..................................................................................................84
Quantum Tunneling in Photosynthesis; Frog - Electron Correlation
V. Buvaneswari
CHAPTER 10: .................................................................................................94
Problem and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in Jharkhand
Dr. Bidyanand Choudhary
CHAPTER 11: ...............................................................................................102
Development of Fashionable Garments Using Various Washing
Techniques
P. Sam Vimal Rajkumar
CHAPTER 12: ...............................................................................................112
West Bengal : Socio – Economic Backwardness of Muslim
Communities in 24 Parganas.
Sujit Naskar
CHAPTER 13: ...............................................................................................119
Analysis of Strychnine-Mass Spectrometry
Dr. Shobharani Panchagnula
CHAPTER 14: ............................................................................................. 122
The Future of Migrant Workers in India with The Rising
Covid-19 Pandemic
Dr. Sumanta Bhattacharya

CHAPTER 15: ............................................................................................. 127
Determination of Hardness of Water by Complexometric
Method Using Edta
Mrs. M. Shanti,

1
CHAPTER-1
A STUDY OF IMPACT OF ECOTOURISM ON WILDLIFE
Arvind Chouhan
Assistant Professor (Zoology)
Govt Bangur PG College, Pali (Rajasthan)
ABSTRACT
Prior to the advent of COVID-19, ecotourism was one of the fastest expanding
economic sectors. It's an entirely different perspective on the world. Ecotourism is defined
as a responsible visit to a natural region that protects the environment, promotes the well-
being of the local community, and includes interpretation and education for both tourists and
personnel.
The Sariska National Park is located in Alwar District of Rajasthan. It is world
famous for Royal Bengal Tigers. Other wild animals like Stripped Hyena, Python, Palm
civet, Jackal, Slot bear, monkeys and various species of birds also in abundance.
In today's globe, the word "ecotourism" is the most often used. It's an entirely new
way of looking at the world. Ecotourism is a responsible visit to a natural region that
protects the environment, promotes the well-being of the local community, and includes
interpretation and education for both guests and personnel.
On the one hand, ecotourism generated cash that aided conservation efforts while
also providing jobs for locals. Ecotourism, on the other hand, is responsible for changes in
wild animal behaviour and physiology, habitat destruction, biological invasion, changes in
wild animal feeding habits, and, in certain cases, disease transmission. Non-native species
such as cats and dogs are frequently introduced by ecotourists and those working in the
hospitality industry. They have the potential to be disastrous for natural prey species.
Ecotourists have the ability to spread potentially deadly diseases and parasites.
The present paper is about present status of ecotourism in Sariska National Park, its
probable impacts on wildlife, some suggestions to make ecotourism beneficial deal for
wildlife.
Key words: Ecotourism, Sariska National Park, Wildlife, non-native species.
INTRODUCTION
According to TIES (2015) ecotourism means, “accountable travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment, sustains the welfare of the local people and comprises
interpretation and education” with the specification that education is to guests and staff.
Moreno, (2005) revealed that the organized viewing of wildlife is known as nature
tourism. Nature visitors pay a substantial sum of amount to see wildlife in their local area
and in other part of world that encourage nure watching in order to attract tourist revenue.

2
Groom et al. (1999) after analysis of maintainable use of wildlife in Peru’s Manu Biosphere
Reserve and Puero Maldonado National Parks determines the value of ecotourism in
educating communities about the requirement of wildlife conservation.
In present decade tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors, particularly
international tourism. According to UNWTO (2019) growing middle class in emerging
economies, technological advances, affordable travel, new business models and easy visa
facilitation, international tourist arrivals grew 5% in 2018 and touched 1.4 billion marks.
International tourists’ arrival increased from 664 million in 1999 to 1,400 million in 2019.
In 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic, tourism badly affected. People have always had a
strong desire to travel the world, to immerse themselves in different cultures, and to know
about different ways of living. Ecotourism is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas
that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves
interpretation and education”.
Study Area
Sariska National Park is a tiger reserve in Alwar District of Rajasthan. It is stretches
over an area of 881 km2
comprising scrub-thorn arid forests, dry deciduous forests,
grasslands, and rocky hills. It was given the status of a tiger reserve in 1978. The wildlife
sanctuary was declared a national park in 1990, with a total area of about 273.8 km2
. It is the
first reserve in the world with successfully relocated tigers.
Methodology
The present study is based on the secondary data. All data collected from various
sources, in this study use of data and information provided by, Newspapers, Ministry of
Forest, Ministry of Tourism, Books, Internet and Magazines etc.
Fauna of Sariska National Park
Aside from Bengal tigers, the reserve is home to a varitey fo wildlife, including Indian
leopards, jungle cats, striped hyenas, golden jackals, chital, sambar deer, nilgai, wild boar,
small Indian civets, Javan mongoose, ruddy mongoose, honey dodgers, Rhesus macaques,
Northern plain grey langur, Indian hare Grey partridge, white-throated kingfisher, Indian
peafowl, bush quail, sandgrouse, treepie, golden-backed woodpecker, crested serpent eagle,
and Indian eagle-owl and among the birds seen. According to Sanker, et al (2010) two tigers
from Ranthambhore National Park were sent to Sariska Tiger Reserve in July 2008. In
February 2009, another female tiger was moved.
Times of India (2018) reported that on October 2018, there were 18 tigers including five
cubs. Times of India(2018) reported that on October 2018, there were 18 tigers including
five cubs.
Khati (2020) reported by 2020, the tiger population in the reserve has risen to 20.
Zones in Sariska
The Park covers around 800 square kilometer area and has 2 gates with 4 zones
together. The most popular gate being Sariska gate, has 3 zones namely zone1, zone 2, zone
3. Telha gate has accessible to zone 4 and the gate is approximately 80 kilometers from
Sariska gate. Based on the sighting data from Wild Trails, better sightings can be seen in
zone 1,2 and 3, hence Sariska gate is preferred for a better safari in Sariska.

3
Zone 1- The zone is one of the most visited territories in Sariska. There are options to
choose jeep or canter for safari in this zone.
Zone 2 – The zone is less popular among the core zone, however, there are high chance of
sightings in this zone.
Zone 3- The zone is as popular as zone 1in terms of sighting. Many tourists and naturalists
recommended this zone for great sightings.
Zone 4- The zone is considered least popular since it is far from the other 3 zones and can
be accessed through Telha gate. (https://www.sariskanationalpark.com/)
Sariska National Park Income from Tourists (in lacs)
According to Annual Reports of Government of Rajasthan Forest Department, Income from
tourism is Sariska as follow-
S. N. Year Income (in lacs)
1. 2013-14 15.43
2. 2014-15 21.15
3. 2015-16 38.42
4. 2016-17 39.01
5. 2017-18 40.56
6. 2018-19 41.82
7. 2019-20 70.00
(Source: Annual Reports)
Probable Negative Impact on Wildlife
Biological Invasion
The number and species richness of non-native species are much higher in tourist
destination compared to control sites. The role of tourism and recreation in the spread of
non-native species.
According to Anderson, et al. (2015) people from all over the world to visit natural sites,
creating a large opportunity for non-native species to spread from one environment to
another. The number and species richness of non-native species are much higher in tourist
destination compared to control sites, and this associations holds true for both terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems.
DISEASES
Ecotourism can act as vectors for potentially lethal germs and parasites, just as they can be a
key pathway for the introduction of non-native species. The demand for close encounters
with wild monkeys has spawned a lucrative ecotourism sector, which many believe is
critical to obtaining money for conservation efforts and primate protection from poachers.
According to Woodford, et al. (2002) these advantages must be weighted against the
increased risk of disease transmission, which might have disastrous consequences for
remnant wild populations. If primates are kept in close contact to humans.
Ecotourists may also inadvertently introduce a deadly pathogen indirectly on boots or
clothing. In such cases, bacteria or viruses released into an environment where there is no
natural resistance can quickly spread through native populations. In their research Ushman,
et al. (2008) found that heavily used trails in central California had much higher numbers of
Phytophthora ramorum-a pathogen that causes sudden oak death- in the soil compared with
areas that were off the trail, suggesting that the dispersal of the pathogen was driven by

4
human activity. Captive penguins are very susceptible to a variety of illnesses, according to
evidence from zoos. As a result, ecotourism, when combined with other stresses such as
changing climate and rising pollution, may make penguins even more vulnerable to disease
outbreaks.
Consequences of Food Provisioning
Various researchers found that wildlife is also threatened by solid waste and chemical
pollution in the air and water. Kendall, et al. (2010) in their research found that wildlife is
also threatened by solid waste and chemical pollution in the air and water.
Rodriguez, et al. (2014) in their research found that some creatures was repelled by light
pollution, lowering the amount of habitat available to them, while others are attracted to it,
sometimes fatally, as nocturnal seabirds have shown.
Shannon, et al. (2016) studied that noise pollution has gotten a lot of attention in the last two
and half decades because of its effects on a wide spectrum of land and aquatic wildlife.
Habitat Degradation
Although main objective of ecotourism is to protect natural habitat, there are a number of
environment costs associated with allowing large numbers of people access to natural areas,
including the use of limited resources such as water, infrastructure construction, habitat
fragmentation, human waste and litter, chemical, light and noise pollution. All these things
can degrade habitat quality, causing wildlife to suffer, especially if they are close to tourist
infrastructure.
Although one of the goals of ecotourism is to protect natural habitat, there are a number of
environmental costs associated with allowing large numbers of people access to natural
areas, including the use of limited resources (such as water), infrastructure construction,
habitat fragmentation, human waste and litter, and chemical, light, and noise pollution. All
of these things can degrade habitat quality, causing wildlife to suffer, especially if they're
close to tourist infrastructure.
Anderson, et al. (2015) in their observations found that habitat loss and degradation have
been the most serious threat to biological diversity around the planet.
Impact of Ecotourism on Behaviour and Physiology of Wild Animals
Ecotourism scaling up of short-term behavioral impacts of ecotourism to longer-term
population level effects. Research on cetaceans offers some of the best evidence for the
scaling up of short-term behavioural impacts of ecotourism to longer-term population level
effects. Bejder, et al. (2006) in their observation found that Repeated visits to dolphins in
Shark Bay, Australia, and Fjord land, New Zealand, have been linked to not only Long-term
changes in social structure and a decrease in local abundance. short-term changes in
behaviour, but also long-term changes in social structure and a decrease in local abundance.
Steven, et al. (2011) in their observation seen behavioural avoidance of recreationists, which
results in changes in population distribution and abundance.
Braunisch, et al. (2011) found that as a result of winter recreation activities, black grouse
(Tetrao Tetrix) in the Swiss Alps saw a 12 per cent loss in accessible wintering habitat and a
36 per cent decline in abundance.

5
J, Gill, et al. (2001) found that shorebirds like the black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa),
which are supposed to be easily disturbed, human presence does not always have an impact
on distribution and abundance.
Ecotourists’ disproportionate influence on one species may have an impact on other taxa in
the ecological community.
According to Muhly, et al. (2011) ecotourists’ disproportionate influence on one species
may have an impact on other taxa in the ecological community. In certain circumstances,
disturbance-sensitive predators will simply avoid locations where people are present,
producing a predator refuge or human shield for prey species. Ecotourism activities may
lead to diminished predator responses, generating increased boldness, lower alertness, and
higher vulnerability to predators over time.
Geffroy, et al. (2015) proposes that prey species’ habituation to human activities may lead to
diminished predator responses, generating increased boldness, lower alertness or
watchfulness, and higher vulnerability to predators over time.
Bremnaer, et al. (2004) found in their research that bold conduct was found to be a good
predictor of mortality after release in the wild in a study of captive-bred swift foxes (Vulpes
velox). According to Leighton, et al. (2010) though the presence of ecotourists can harm
disturbance-sensitives predators, these predator shelters can help endangered prey species
survive. Tourists on beaches, for example, help hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys
imbricata) in the Caribbean by limiting the activity of invasive mongooses, which prey on
hatchlings.
Laurance, et al. (2013) in their observation found that Human presence can also benefit
some wildlife populations and their habitats. Illegal hunting, as well as logging, have a
negative impact on habitat. Turtle, in particular, have benefited from ecotourism, as the
presence of individuals intent on seeing and safeguarding turtles has resulted in increased
offspring survival. Amsini, F., et al. (2012) revealed that ecotourism and human presnce
have only a secondary role in the successful conservation of threatened great apes, which
rely first and foremost on competent law enforcement.
Jones, M. E., (2000) found that one of the most prevalent ways that tourists kill animals was
by colliding with them in a car. The improvement of a road leading into the Cradle
Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, for example. The creation of a park in Tasmania
resulted in a huge increase in the population of eastern quolls (Dasyurus). Cars have killed
Sarcophilus viverrinus and Sarcophilus harrissii. The reality was that the following
successful attempts to limt automobile crashes, the quoll population became locally extinct
and had to be restored
The instances of wildlife killed as a result of ecotourism have been international
phenomonon. According to Igginbottom, K., (2000) the wild animals killed by vehicles
uaually happen around hotels and resorts, and they involve the presence deadly animals like
venomous snakes or mosquitos.
Kasereka, B., et al. (2006) through evidence proved that monkeys used for tourist viewing
are more vulnerable to poaching than those who are not. So, quite possibility that wildlife of
Sariska National Park faces threat of Disease, Physiological and Biological Changes,

6
Habitat Degradation, Consequences of Food Provisioning and biological invasion from
ecotourism and supportive activities.
Probable Positive Impacts on Wildlife in Sariska National Park
The ecotourism helpful in protection efforts and research developments in delicate areas,
while also offering travelers a chance to experience those areas firsthand. Ecotourists obtain
knowledge of ecosystems, geology and biology of specific natural location, which in trun
inform their conservation efforts. Some of the amount that goes into ecotourism also goes to
conservation efforts, such as repopulating endangered species and reforestation. Many of the
world’s most stunning natural sites also happen to exist in least developed countreis, such as
Ecuador, Madagascar and Nepal. Ecotourism efforsts in these countries helpful in providing
economic assistance. In nut shell all these positive impacts can helpful in conservation of
wildlife in Sariska National Park.
Suggestions
Ecotourism is unavoidable consequence. He can make it fruitful for wild life through
following steps -
• Include sustainable tourism alternatives in trip.
• Go green at your hotel.
• Reduce your carbon footprint.
• Say NO to illegal trade.
• Support sustainable options in island destinations.
• Take care of heritage places.
• Challenge yourself to step outside of your comfort zone.
• Support community-based tourism and initiatives.
• Respect the practices of local people.
• Use reusable bags.
• Consider Sustainable Tourism Alternatives
• Stay outside the city centre
• Reduce carbon footprint
• Say no to illegal trade
• Take care of heritage places
• Eat in local restaurants
• Respect the Practices of Local People
• Use Reusable Bags
CONCLUSION
Ecotourism and related activites can have a wide range of ecological effects on wildlife in
Sariska National Park. There is substantial evidences that ecotourism is not a bengin activity
that causes minimal disturbancee, but rather that it can have significant consequeces for the
survival, reproductive success and long-term viability of a number of species populations,
particularly those that are rare, sensitive to disturbance and geographically isolated. The
indirect effects of human presence on the distribution, abundance, reproductive success, and
survival of species that are disturbance sensitive are driving these consequences. Visitors
can also have direct consequences, such as causing death, supplying artificial food resources
to increase sightings of elusive animals, contributing to habitat fragmentation and
destruction, importing non-native species, and serving as vectors for disease. Despite the
potential negative significances, tourism is an essential source of cash for conservation and
provides valuable experiences for individuals to become wildlife advocates while also

7
educating them about biodiveristy problems.
There is no doubt that tourism can be an imprtant tool in effective conservatin, but the
possible negative effects of human presence must be understood and managed reponsibility
in conjuction with plethora of other variable that threaten wildlife’s long-term survival.
REFERENCES
Anderson LG, Rocliffe S, Haddaway NR, Dunn AM (2015) The role of tourism and
recreation in the spread of non-native species: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
PLoS One 10: e0140833.
Bejder, L., Samuels, A. M. Y., Whitehead, H. A. L., Gales, N., Mann, J., Connor, R., and
Krutzen, M. (2006). Decline in Relative Abundance of Bottlenose Dolphins Exposed
to Long-term Disturbance. Conservation Biology, 20(6), 1791-1798.
Braunisch, V., Pathey, P., and Arlettaz, R. (2011). Spatially Explicit Modeling of Conflict
Zones Between Wildlife and Snow Sports: Prioritzing Areas for Winter Refuges.
Ecological Applications, 21(3), 955-967.
Bremner-Harrison, S., Prodohl, P. A., Elwood, R. W., (2004). Behvioural Trait Assessment
As A Release Criterion: Boldness Predicts Early Death in A Reintroduction
Programme of Captive-bread Swift Fox (Vulpes velox). Anim Conserv 7:313-320.
Choudhary, V. (2020). Sariska National Park-complete Detail-updated. Nature
Conservation. In. http://naureconservation.in/sariska-national-park-complete-detail-
updated/ Retrived: 05 August 2021.
Geffory, B., Samia, DSM., Bessa, E., Blumstein, DT., (2015). How Nature-based Tourism
Might Increase Prey Vulnerability to Predators. Trends Ecol Evol 30:755-765.
Gill, J. A., Norris, K., and Sutherland, W. J. (2001). The Effects of Disturbance on Habitat
Use by Black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(4), 846-
856.
Government of Rajasthan Forest Department. (2020). Annual Report 2018-2019.
https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/forest/en/forest-department/public-
information/annual-reports.html
https://ecotourism.org/news/ties-announces-ecotourism-principles-revision
https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/partivadan%2
02016-17%20for%20web.pdf] 2013-14 to 2015-16
https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/Public%20Inf
ormation/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Reports%202013-
2014/Annual%20Report%202013-14.pdf] 2012-13 and 13-14
https://forest.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/forest/ForestDepartment/PDFs/Public%20Inf
ormation/Annual%20Reports/Annual%20Reports%202012-
2013/Annual%20Report%202012-13.pdf] 2011-12
Igginbottom, K., (2000). The Effects of Non-consumptive Wildlife Tourism on Freeranging
Wildlife: A Review. Pacific Conserv Biol 6:183-197.
Jones, M. E., (2000). Road Upgrad, Road Mortality and Remedial Measures: Impacts on a
Population of Eastern Quolls and Tasmanian Devils. Wildl Res 27:289-296.
Kasereka, B., Muhigwa, J-B.B., Shaulkoma, C., Kahekwa, J. M., (2006). Vulnerability of
Habituated Grauer’s Gorilla to Poaching in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC. Afr
Study Mongr 27:15-26.
Kendall RJ, Lacher TE, Cobb GC, Cox SB (2010). Wildlife Toxicology: Emerging
Contaminant and Biodiversity Issues. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Khati, D. S. (2020). "How the lockdown impacted our tiger reserves | Analysis". Hindustan
Times. Retrieved 13 June 2020.

8
Laurance, W. F.,(2013). Does Research Help to Safeguard Protected Areas? Trends Ecol
Evol 28:261-266.
Leighton, P.A., Horrocks, J.A., Kramer, D. L., (2010). Conservation and the Scarecrow
Effect: Can Human Activity Benefit Threatened Species by Displacing Prdators? Biol
Conserv 143:156-2163.
Moreno, P. S. (2005). Ecotourism Along the Meso-American Caribbean Reef: The Impacts
of Foreign Investment. Human Ecology, 33(2), 217-244.
Muhly, T. B., Semeniuk, C., Massolo, A., Hickman, L., and Musiani, M. (2011). Human
Activity Helps Prey Win the Predator-Prey Space Race. PloS One, 6(3), e17050.
Rodriguez, A., Garcia, D., Rodriguez, B., Cardona, E., Parpal, L., and Pons, P. (2015).
Artificial Lights and Seabirds: Is Light Pollution a Threat for the Threatened Balearic
Petrels?. Journal of Ornithology, 156(4), 893-90.
Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q.; Nigam, P.; Malik, P. K.; Sinha, P. R.; Mehrotra, R. N.; Gopal, R.,
Bhattacharjee, S., Mondal, K. and Gupta, S. (2010). "Monitoring of reintroduced tigers
in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India: preliminary findings on home range, prey
selection and food habits". Tropical Conservation Science. 3 (3): 301–
318. doi:10.1177/194008291000300305.
Shannon, G., Mckenna, M. F., Angeloni, L. M., Crooks, K. R., Fristrup, K. M., Brown, E.,
and Wittemyer, G. (2016). A Synthesis of Two Decades of Research Documenting the
Effects of Noise on Wildlife. Biological Reviews, 91(4), 982-1005.
Steven, R., Rickering, C., and Castley, J. G. (2011). A Review of the Impacts of Nature.
Tranquilli, S., Abedi-Lartey, M., Amsini, F.(2012). Lack of Conservation Effort Rapidly
Increases African Great Ape Extinction Risk. Conserv Lett 5:48-55.
Ushman JH, Meentemeyer RK (2008). Multi-scale Patterns of Human Activity and the
Indcidence of an Exotic forest Pathogen. J Ecol 96:766-776.
Wilson, M. C., Chen, X. Y., Corlett, R. T., Didham, R. K., Ding, P., Holt, R. D., and Yu, M.
(2016). Habitat Fragmentation and Biodiversity Conservation: Key Findings and
Future Challenges.
Woodford MH, Butynski TM, Karesh WB (2002). Habituating the great apes: The Disease
Risks. Oryx 36:153-160.

9
CHAPTER-2
COVID-19 RESTRICTIONS & EASE IN GLOBAL
AIR POLLUTION ARE GOOD IN THE WORST-CASE SCENARIO
Puliyankurichi Mookkan Velmurugan
and Selva Ganapathy Velusamy
Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology
Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai (OMR)
Tamilnadu, Chennai-600119.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), known to cause 2019-
coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a zoonotic coronavirus and crosses species to
infect human populations, where an efficient transmission of virus occurs human-to- human.
Nationwide lockdown is being adopted to stop public transport, keep people at their homes
and out of their work, and maintain social distancing. In turn, large geographic areas in the
world (including China, Italy, Spain, and USA) have been almost halted. This temporary
halt is significantly slashing down the air pollution (air pollutants and warming gases) in
most cities across the world. This paper: (i) introduces both COVID-19 and air pollution;
(ii) overviews the relation of air pollution with respiratory/lung diseases; (iii) compiles and
highlights major data appeared in media and journals reporting lowering of air pollution in
major cities those have been highly impacted by the COVID-19; and also (iv) lists the way
forward in the present context. Because COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic and currently
far from over, strong conclusions could not be drawn with very limited data at present. The
temporary slashed down global air pollution as a result of COVID-19 restrictions are
expected to stimulate the researchers, policy makers and governments for the judicious use
of resources; thereby minimize the global emissions, and maintain their economies once the
pandemic eases. On the other, lifting of the nationwide lockdown and eventual
normalization of the temporarily halted sectors may also reverse the currently COVID-19
pandemic-led significantly slashed down global air pollution that could make the future
respiratory health crisis grimmer.
Keywords Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; respiratory diseases; air pollution
INTRODUCTION
The recent global outbreak of an infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has already
been considered as a global health emergency by the world health organization (WHO).
Previously known by the provisional name 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus is known
to cause COVID-19 (Chen and Li 2020; El-Feky et al. 2020). SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic
coronavirus that has crossed species to infect human populations, where an efficient
transmission of virus occurs human-to-human. SARS-CoV-2 has already spread over about
200 countries in the world and, as of 4th
April, the WHO has reported 1,051, 635 confirmed
cases and 56,985 confirmed deaths in total due to COVID-19 (WHO 2020) (Table 1; Fig. 1).
Therefore, the world is trying every approach to control the rapid transmission of SAAR-
CoV-2 and so the spread of COVID-19 in humans. In an effort to slow the virus’ very fast
pace spread, a large number of countries is adopting the strategy of practicing social

10
distancing and telling people to stay in their homes through implementing the strict
lockdown. Worldwide, the streets of the most cities are deserted; the normally bustling pubs,
bars and theatres have been closed; operation of the public transport has been restricted; the
most extensive travel restrictions are in place, and people are working remotely from their
homes. Since mid-February 2020 and/or beginning of March 2020, about three-week
nationwide lockdown has halted increasingly large geographic areas which is impacting
economies across the world and also the status of global air pollution.
Region Confirmed cases of
COVID-2019
Confirmed death
Global 1051635 56985
European Region 583141 42334
Western Pacific Region 110362 3809
Eastern Mediterranean Region 65903 3592
Region of the Americas 279543 6802
South-East Asia Region 6528 267
African Region 5446 170
Table 1. COVID-2019 confirmed cases and deaths as of 4th
April 2020 (WHO 2020).
Fig.1 Countries, territories or areas with confirmed reported cases of COVID-19 as of the
30th
of March 2020 (WHO 2020).
In the following sections, air pollution is introduced; the relation of air pollution with major
respiratory /lung diseases is overviewed; major data appeared in media and journals
reporting lowering of air pollution in major cities those have been highly impacted by the
COVID-19 are compiled and highlighted; and also the future prospects in the present
context are enlightened.
Air pollution
Owing its importance as a major part of several essential cycles on Earth, air is required to
survive by most species including human beings. Air provides oxygen (O2) for respiration to
occur, and also carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis to happen in plants. However, rapid
establishment of industries aimed at making our daily life confortable, on the other hand, is

11
adding highly toxic substances to air and making it very hard to breath. Air is called
polluted when it exhibits harmful concentrations of a mix of particles and gases such as
black carbon (soot), smoke, mold, pollen, methane (CH4), and CO2. Particulate matter (PM),
black carbon, ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur
dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are among the major types of air pollutants
Fig. 2. Types and sources of major air pollutants (Helen 2020).
(Fig. 2). Increasing levels of small size components or PM (PM10; PM2.5; UFP-ultrafine
particles, <0.1 mm in diameter, 20-times smaller than the width of a human hair) have been
confirmed in air sampled in the major world cities. PMs are contributed mostly as by-
products of combustion from coal-fired power stations, wood and charcoal-burning stoves,
vehicle engines and factories. In particular, PM10 (<10 micrometers) and PM2.5 (<2.5
micrometers) can be breathed deeply into the lungs and may cross into the bloodstream;
therefore, pose higher health risks (Nunez 2019).
1.1 Air pollution and respiratory/lung diseases
Air pollution is known since long back to affect all regions of the world. Notably, in
addition to smog, soot, greenhouse gases (CO2; CH4), N2O; O3), varyingly affect the planet
and our health. Both indoor and ambient air pollution exposure have been argued as a major
risk to respiratory health worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries
(Saleh et al. 2020). NO2 at concentrations above 200 micrograms per cubic meter has been
considered as a toxic gas which causes significant inflammation of the airways (WHO
2018a). Major health consequences of air pollutants include respiratory infections, asthma,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, even in combination with stroke and
heart diseases (Kim et al. 2018). Globally, 9% of deaths are contributed by air pollution, and
this varies from 2% to 15% by country. During 2017, air pollution contributed to 9% of
deaths globally. Give this, air pollution has been considered as one of the world’s leading
risk factors for death (Ritchie and Roser 2020) (Figs. 3 and 4). Nine out of ten people have
to breath in air containing high levels of pollutants. Such data is making the impact of air
pollution on human health grimmer (WHO 2018b). Compared to high-income countries,
49% cities and most of the cities (97%) in low- and middle- income countries with >100,000
inhabitants were reported to not meeting the WHO air quality guidelines in the year 2018
(WHO 2018c). Though WHO is continuously working with countries to monitor air
pollution and improve air quality, air pollution has been reported to cause 7 million deaths

12
worldwide each year, mostly through no communicable diseases including acute respiratory
infections like pneumonia (Healio 2018). Earlier, notable health risks of air pollution and
also the historical highlights of its toxicology has also been very well-discussed in literature
(Stanek et al. 2011; Kurt et al. 2016; Soriano et al. 2017; Costa 2018; Glencross et al.2020)
Fig. 3. Data exhibiting disease burden by risk factor in the year 2017.
(Ritchie and Roser 2020).
Fig. 4. World map highlighting share of deaths from air pollution in the year 2017
(Ritchie and Roser 2020).
1. COVID-19 and the status of global air pollution
In the present condition of COVID-19, experts have argued that high air pollution and
smoking make people more vulnerable to this disease (Korber 2020; Perappadan 2020;
TWC India Edit Team 2020). Morevoer, air pollution has been expected as a common
denominator for countries with major cases of severe COVID-19 infection, China, South

13
Korea, Iran, and northern Italy (BMJ 2020a). In particular, cities with higher air pollution
were arugued as at more risk of COVID-19 (Basu 2020; Barbiroglio 2020; Korber 2020).
Earlier, varying extents of air pollution have been associated with increased occurrence of
respiratory tract infections and pulmonary diseases (Schikowski et al. 2005; Ciencewicki
and Jaspers 2007; Neupane et al. 2010; Cohen et al. 2017; Horne et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019;
BMJ 2020b). Conditions caused by dirty air may be likely to cut survival chances under
COVID-19 (European Public Health Alliance 2020).
Despite the most stringent World Health Organization guidelines and EU standards for air
pollution, the levels of air pollutants still high in most cities. In particular, PM2.5 alone has
been reported to cause about 412,000 premature deaths in 41 European Countries in 2016.
About 374,000 of those deaths occurred in the European Union (EU) (European
Environment Agency 2019a). Therefore, air pollution has become one of the biggest
environmental health risks in Europe (European Environment Agency 2019b). The Northern
Italy, center of Europe’s COVID-19 pandemic occurred, has the hotspot of the air pollution.
In Italy, the highest daily jump was recorded in COVID-19 deaths, whereas of 29th
March
2020, more than 10,000 people have died since the start of this pandemic (Spary et al.
2020). After Italy, the world's second-highest coronavirus death toll was recorded in Spain,
where deadly COVID-19 has so far claimed 5,690 lives (Regencia and Alsaafin 2020). As
of 29th
March 2020, the US had the most confirmed cases worldwide, surpassed China and
Italy. COVID-19 caused death in US soared to 2,100.
Interestingly, halting of large geographic areas due to lockdown has also led to some
unexpected consequences in terms of moderate to significant lowering of air pollution in
most parts of the world including China, Italy, and California (Calma 2020a,b). In addition
to pollution, greenhouse gas emissions have also fallen across continents (Henriques 2020).
In context with the greenhouse gas emissions, 72% and 11% of the transport sector’s
greenhouse gas emissions are contributed by the driving and aviation respectively (IPCC
2018).
In China, the measures to minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2 have resulted in reductions
of 15% to 40% in output across key industrial sectors and also has temporarily reduced
China’s CO2 emissions by a quarter (Table 2).
With electricity demand and industrial output commencing 3 February 2020
Sector Status of decreases (%)
Coal consumption at power plants 35
Operating rates for main steel products 15
Coal throughput at the largest coal port 29
Coking plant utilization 23
Satellite-based NO2 levels 37
Utilization of oil refining capacity 34
Table 2. Status of decreases in energy demand and emissions in major sectors related
In particular with CO2, around 800m tonnes of CO2 (MtCO2) were released in China over
the same period in 2019. On the other, NO2, an air pollutant closely associated with fossil-
fuel burning exhibited 36% lower over China (in the week after the 2020 Chinese new year
holiday) than in the same period in 2019 (Myllyvirta 2020; NASA 2020) (Fig. 5).

14
Fig. 5. Images showing the status of NO2 in major cities of China during January
1-20, 2020 and February 10-25, 2020 amid COVID-19 restrictions
(image credit: McGrath 2020).
Notably, in Italy, a remarkable drop has been revealed in NO2 pollution that comes mainly
from traffic, especially diesel vehicles, which are also a major source of PM (European
Public Health Alliance 2020) (Fig. 6A). PM10 levels in Lombardy have fallen dramatically
after 10 days of COVID-19 social distancing measures (Fig. 6B). France also showed the
measured drop in NOx as economic activity and transportation therein are at a bare
minimum due to COVID-19 (Balken Green Energy News 2020) (Fig. 7).

15
Fig. 6. Images showing the reduction in the levels of particulate matter of size 10
micrometer (PM10) in Lombardy (A) and NO2 in major cities of Italy after 10 days of
COVID-19 social distancing measures (image credit: European Public Health Alliance
2020).
Fig. 7. Images showing the reduction in the level of NO2 in major cities of
France on COVID-19 lockdowns (image credit: Balkan Green Energy News 2020).
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had issued
travel advisory for 3 states including New York, New Jersey and Connecticut to avoid non-
essential travel for two weeks in an attempt to tamp down spread of coronavirus in the
region. New York remains the epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in the US (CBS News
2020). Earlier, New York air monitoring work had revealed exceptionally high CO numbers
in New York for the last year and a half (Pascus 2020). However, during the spread of
COVID-19 pandemic in New York, traffic levels were estimated to be down 35% compared
with a year ago. Significant decreases in the emission of CO and that of the planet-heating
gas CO2 have also fallen sharply. New York had also exhibited 5-10% drop in CO2 and a
solid drop in methane as well (McGrath 2020). Additionally, COVID- 19 pandemic led less
commercial activity and traffic dropped NO2 levels in certain areas across the United States
(Fox2Detroit 2020) (Fig. 8).

16
Fig. 8. Images showing the status of NO2 in major cities of United States during
March 1- 22, 2019 and March 10-22, 2020 amid COVID-19 restrictions
(image credit: Fox 2 Detroit 2020)
In context with India, air pollution has been reported to plummet in the end of second week
of COVID-19 lockdown. In terms of air quality index (AQI; range: 0 to 500; good: 0-50;
satisfactory: 51-100; poor: 201-300), a total of 91 cities were under ‘Good’ & ‘Satisfactory’
category, with 31 cities with ‘Good’ AQI values; and no city was under ‘Poor’ AQI
category, as on March 29, 2020 (SAFAR-India 2020; Vishnoi 2020) (Fig. 9). Additionally,
the measures against COVID-19 have led to a drop in PM2.5 30% in Delhi and by 15% in
Ahmedabad and Pune, respectively (The Hindu 2020). In New Delhi, the diversion and/or
cessation of flights witnessed dropping down of the air pollution levels by 71% in just one
week, where the level of PM2.5 dropped from 91 micrograms per cubic meter (on 20 March
2020) to 26 micrograms per cubic meter in just a couple days of the lockdown (Davidson
2020). Earlier, the ‘Janata Curfew’, observed on March 22 (from 7 am-9 pm) led to a
significant reduction in particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), where a 44
percent reduction in PM10 levels particularly in Delhi between 22 and 23 March 2020 (FP
2020).
Fig. 9. Image showing air quality across major cities in India as on
27th
March 2020 (SAFAR-India 2020).

17
CONCLUSIONS & PROSPECTS
Because COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic and currently far from over, strong conclusions
could not be drawn with very limited data at present. No doubt air pollution is increasing
worldwide and has been widely reported to be closely related with the severe
lung/respiratory diseases in human. The nationwide halting of public transports and closure
of major industrial units has resulted in obvious significant reductions in emissions of a
variety of gases related to energy and transport. Indeed, industrial developments and
production are necessary for supporting the world population. However, lifting of the
nationwide lockdown and eventual normalization of the temporarily halted sectors may also
reverse the currently COVID-19 pandemic-led slashed down global air pollution and can
make the future respiratory health crisis grimmer. Hence, the indication of slowing down of
public and personal transport, and travel in slashing down the air pollution is expected to
stimulate the researchers, policy makers and governments to judicious use of resources and
thereby minimize the global emissions and maintain their economies once the pandemic
eases.
REFERENCES
Balkan Green Energy News (2020) Air pollution sharply falls worldwide on COVID-19
lockdowns,https://balkangreenenergynews.com/air-pollution-sharply-falls-worldwide-
on-covid-19- lockdowns/, accessed on 30 March 2020
Barbiroglio E (2020) People Living In Polluted Cities May Be At Higher Risk From
COVID19.20March2020,https://www.forbes.com/sites/emanuelabarbiroglio/2020/03/
20/people-living-in-polluted-cities-are-at-higher-risk-from-covid-19/#4814581a4b99,
accessed on 29 March 2020.
Basu J (2020) COVID-19 outbreak: Cities with higher air pollution at more risk, sayexperts.
Down to Earth https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/covid-19-outbreak-cities-
with-higher-air-pollution-at-more-risk-say-experts-70016, accessed on 28 March 2020.
BMJ (2020a) Covid-19: a puzzle with many missing pieces. 19 February 2020, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m627, accessed on 29 March 2020.
BMJ (2020b) https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m627/rr-3, accessed on 29 March
2020.
Calma J (2020a) Maps show drastic drop in China’s air pollution after coronavirus
quarantine.TheVergehttps://www.theverge.com/2020/3/2/21161324/coronavirus-
quarantine-china-maps-air-pollution, accessed on 28 March 2020.
Calma J (2020b) Air pollution could make the COVID-19 pandemic wose for
somepeople.TheVergehttps://www.theverge.com/2020/3/19/21186653/coronavirus-
covid-19-air-pollution-vulnerable- lung-disease-pandemic, accessed on 28 March
2020.
CBS News (2020) Coronavirus updates: U.S. deaths top 2,100 as CDC issues travel
advisory for 3 states.30 March 2020, https://www.cbsnews.com/live-
updates/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-latest- news-2020-03-29/, accessed on 30
March 2020.
Chen Y, Li L (2020) SARS-CoV-2: virus dynamics and host response. The Lancet
Infectious Diseases doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30235-8
Ciencewicki J, Jaspers I (2007) Air pollution and respiratory viral infection. Inhal Toxicol
19:1135-1146.
Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K et al. (2017) Estimates
and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution:
an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. The Lancet
389(10082):1907-1918.

18
Costa DL (2018) Historical highlights of air pollution toxicology. Toxicological Sciences
164 (1): 5-8. Davidson J (2020) EcoWatch, India’s Air Pollution Plummets in
COVID-19 Lockdown. Apr. 02, 2020,
https://www.ecowatch.com/india-air-pollution-coronavirus-2645617908.html, accessed on 5
April 2020
El-FekyM, BellDJetal.(2020)COVID-19.Radiopaedia. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/covid-
19-3?langus, accessed on 28 March 2020
European Environment Agency (2019a) Cutting air pollution in Europe would prevent early
deaths, improve productivity and curb climate change. https://www.eea.europa.eu
/highlights/cutting-air-pollution-in-europe, accessed on 29 March2020.
European Environment Agency (2019b) Europe's urban air quality — re-assessing
implementation challenges in cities. EEA Report No 24/2018, doi:10.2800/214599,
https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-urban-air-quality, accessed on 29
March 2020.
European Public Health Alliance (2020) Coronavirus threat greater for polluted cities. Mar
16, 2020, https://epha.org/coronavirus-threat-greater-for-polluted-cities/, accessed on
29 March 2020.
European Public Health Alliance (2020) Coronavirus threat greater for polluted cities. Mar
16, 2020, https://epha.org/coronavirus-threat-greater-for-polluted-cities/, accessed on
29 March 2020.
Fox2Detroit (2020) Air pollution drops across the globe amid COVID-19 pandemic, data
suggests, https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/air-pollution-drops-across-the-globe-
amid-covid-19-pandemic- data-suggests, accessed on 30 March 2020.
Glencross DA, Ho TR, Camiña N, Hawrylowicz CM, Pfeffer PE (2020) Air pollution and
its effects on the immune system. Free Radical Biology and Medicine
doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.179.
Healio 2018) Air pollution kills 7 million people each year, many from
pneumonia.https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/respiratory-
infections/news/online/%7Bb82c1c99-182d-4e16-96c7-f2021fb10fc8%7D/air-
pollution-kills-7-million-people-each-year-many-from- pneumonia, Accessed on 28
March 2020.
Helen A (2020) The Ultimate Guide to Understanding Air Quality Data in 2020. Breez
Meter, 2 Jan. 2020, https://blog.breezometer.com/ultimate-guide-understanding-air-
quality-data, accessed on 31 March 2020.
Henriques M (2020) Will Covid-19 have a lasting impact on the environment? 27th
March2020,https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200326-covid-19-the-impact-of-
coronavirus-on-the- environment, accessed on 29 March 2020.
Horne BD, Joy EA, Hofmann MG, Gesteland PH, Cannon JB, Leﬂer JS et al. (2018) Short-
term elevation of ﬁne particulate matter air pollution and acute lower respiratory
infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 198:759-766.
IPCC (2018) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2018), Summary for
Policymakers. In: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts
of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse
gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the
threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V.
Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.
R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R.
Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T.
Waterfield (eds.)]. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 32 pp.
ISBN: 978-92-9169-151-7.

19
Kim D, Chen Z, Zhou LF, Huang SX (2018) Air pollutants and early origins of respiratory
diseases.
Chronic Dis Transl Med 4(2):75-94.
Korber R (2020) Severe Coronavirus & Poor Air Quality Could be Linked.
BreezoMeter,https://blog.breezometer.com/coronavirus-air-quality-connection,
Kurt OK, Zhang J, Pinkerton KE (2016) Pulmonary health effects of air pollution. Curr
Opin Pulm Med 22(2):138-143.
Liu Y, Pan J, Zhang H, Shi C, Li G, Peng Z et al. (2019) Short-term exposure to ambient air
pollution and asthma mortality. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine 200(1):24-32.
McGrath M (2020) Coronavirus: Air pollution and CO2 fall rapidly as virus spreads. BBC,
19 March 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51944780, accessed
on 29 March 2020.
Myllyvirta L (2020) Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China’s CO2 emissions by a
quarter. 19 Feb. 2020, Carbon Briefs, https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-
coronavirus-has-temporarily-reduced- chinas-co2-emissions-by-a-quarter, accessed on
30 March 2020.
NASA (2020) Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets OverChina, https://www.
earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-
china, accessed on 30 March 2020.
Neupane B, Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Marrie T, Arain A, Loeb M (2010) Long-term exposure
to ambient air pollution and risk of hospitalization with community-acquired
pneumonia in older adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181:47-53.
Nunez C (2019) Climtae 101: Air Pollution. National Geographic, Feb. 4, 2019,
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution/,
Pascus B (2020) City traffic levels plummet 35% following new executive orders. 16 March
2020. https://www.crainsnewyork.com/coronavirus/city-traffic-levels-plummet-35-
following-new- executive-orders, accessed on 29 March 2020.
Perappadan BS (2020) Coronavirus: Air pollution may further impact patients, say doctors.
The Hindu, New Delhi, 17 March 2020, https://www.thehindu.com/sci-
tech/health/coronavirus-air-pollution-may-further-impact-patients-say-
doctors/article31092789.ece, accessed on 29 March 2020.
Regencia T, Alsaafin L (2020) Italy's coronavirus death toll passes 10,000: Live updates. Al
Jazeera, March 29 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/ coronavirus-
cases-top-100000-italy-deaths-rise-live-updates-200327231629838.html, accessed on
29 March 2020.
Ritchie H, Roser M (2020) Air Pollution. Published online at OurWorldInData.org.
retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution', accessed on 31 March 2020.
SAFAR – India (2020) System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research.
http://safar.tropmet.res.in/, accessed on 5 April 2020.
Saleh S, Shepherd W, Jewell C, Lam NL, Balmes J, Bates MN, Lai PS, Ochieng CA,
Chinouya M, Mortimer K (2020) Air pollution interventions and respiratory health: a
systematic review. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24
(2):150-164.
Schikowski T, Sugiri D, Ranft U, Gehring U, Heinrich J, Wichmann HE, Krämer U (2005)
Long-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with
COPD in women. Respiratory research, 6(1):152.
Soriano JB, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abera SF, Agrawal A, Ahmed MB et al. (2017)

20
Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and
years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma,
1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The
Lancet Respiratory Medicine 5(9):691-706.
Spary S, Donato VD, Braithwaite S (2020) CNN. March 27, 2020,
https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/27/europe/101-year-old-coronavirus-scli-
intl/index.html, accessed on 29 March 2020.
Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL (2011) Air pollution toxicology - a brief
review of the role of the science in shaping the current understanding of air pollution
health risks. Toxicological Sciences, 120(suppl_1), S8-S27.
The Hindu (2020) Air quality improves amid lockdown in India, 2 Apr
2020, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-quality-improves-in-india-amid-
lockdown/article31234638.ece, accessed on 5 April 2020.
TWC India Edit Team (2020) COVID-19: High Pollution, Smoking Make You More
Vulnerable to Novel Coronavirus Disease, Warn Doctors. The Weather Channel India,
8 March 2020, https://weather.com/en-IN/india/pollution/news/2020-03-18-covid-19-
pollution-smoking- vulnerable-novel-coronavirus-disease, accessed on 29 March
2020.
Vishnoi A (2020) Lockdown clears up India's air, Economics Times, Apr 2,
2020, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lockdown-
clears-up-indias- air/articleshow/74942627.cms, accessed on 5 April 2020.
Westcott B, Marsh J, Woodyatt A (2020) Global coronavirus pandemic kills more than
30,000, CNN, March 29, 2020, https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-
outbreak-03-29-20-intlhnk/index.html, accessed on 29 March 2020.
WHO (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report –75.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200404-
sitrep-75 covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=99251b2b_2, accessed on 5 April 2020.
WHO (2018a) Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. 2 May 2018. https://www.who.int /news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health, accessed on 30
March 2020.
WHO (2018b) 9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are
taking action. WHO News Room, 2 May 2018, https://www.who.int/news-
room/detail/02-05-2018-9-out-of-10people-worldwide-breathe-polluted-air-but-more-
countries-are-taking-action,accessed on 30 March 2020.
WHO(2018c) WHO global urban ambient air pollution database (update 2018).
http://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/, accessed 28 March 2020.

21
CHAPTER-3
DESIGNING OF GARMENT WITH JACOBEAN EMBROIDERY
D Mahaa Nandhini1
, S M Naseera2
, S Mounica3
, Dr. R Prabha4
1
M.Sc Postgraduate Student, Department of Textiles and Fashion Apparel
2
Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Textiles and Clothing
3
Assistant professor, Department of Textiles and Clothing
4
Assistant professor (SG), Department of Textiles and Clothing
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women,
Coimbatore (T.N), India.
ABSTRACT
Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to
clothing and accessories which is influenced by cultural and social attitudes. The fashion
designing is the one that is used to create new trends and styles. Jacobean embroidery is the
earliest form of embroidery that use different kinds of stitches with colours. The garment is
designed out of the research that was done about the fashion evolution. Fashion evolution
gets differ throughout the years and the styles gets vary. Some clothes are made specifically
for an individual, as in the case of haute couture. High amount of mass market production is
casual wear and every day wear. The garment is designed for women. The embroidery that
was used in the garment will be elegant and the garment was used as a occasional wear. The
designing was done in the category of haute couture. Jacobean textile design is an ancient
design that carried religious symbolism for many early cultures, it sprang from the Tree of
Life Motif. English designers make own creative touches to the tree of life, enhancing it
with large by outrageous exotic flowers and also highly designed leaves. Thus, was born the
Jacobean embroidery designs. Over the years many artists have gained inspiration from the
Jacobean textile design and made their own interpretations of it as well today, its complex
arrangements of vines and fantasy flowers remain a popular design in garments and other
products.
Keywords: Jacobean Textile Designs, Ancient Design, Haute-Couture, Exotic Flowers and
Highly Designed Leaves.
INTRODUCTION
The term "Fashion" is commonly used as a synonym for style and alluring. Fashion is the
term that is used to refer the state of mind (1). Fashion is a sort of communal art, in which a
culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. The word Fashion is not about
dressing but shows an expression of mood and taste of an individual. Fashion tends to
change, which supports the extensively fashion market. India was always considered as the
centre for textile and clothing trade is also growing to known for a centre of innovation in
garment and accessories design.
The fashion design is the most important work in fashion industry. Designing involves
creating original designs after studying the changing trends of the market. i.e., Market
research. It has various fields of specialisation like garments, footwear, jewellery and even
luggage. It is the challenging field as it requires the coordination of various jobs, in small
concerns it is the one man show but in the big organisations the jobs are specialized and
allotted to different people.

22
Manufacturing involves purchasing textiles and fabric required for design and marketing the
garment according to the master pattern. Manufacturing process requires employment of the
large number of the trained personnel (2). Fashion is most commonly associated with
clothing, but it even applies to anything from interior architecture to models of toys.
Fashion is mostly influenced by cultural and social attitudes. Modern fashion design is
divided into two basic categories: Haute couture and Ready-to-wear. Haute couture is the
one which is made for an individual person and Ready-to-wear is the one which is a mass
production gets to wear by society (3). Jacobean textile design is springing from the Tree of
motif, an ancient design that carried religious symbolism of many early cultures. It provides
greater power and as such could provide protection and even fertility. Indeed, a trip through
any major fabric store would offer any number of Jacobean styled fabric mainly in the home
furnishing department. Its longevity as a textile design begins with the tree of life motif and
its journey as trade grows between the east and Europe during the 17th century. The
Jacobean embroidery represents the sharing of arts from very different cultures and
illustrates how commerce and technology plays an important role in the resulting and the
long-termed Jacobean embroidery textiles. Jacobean embroidery is the pair of all other
embroidery, in this type of embroidery the plain stitch, chain stitch, satin stitch etc, are used
in the Jacobean embroidery (4).
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Types of fashion designing:
In Fashion designing there are totally three types of designing in which categorized
according to the consumer’s needs. The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall
into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific
categories. Some important types of fashion designing are;
• Haute couture.
• Mass market.
• Ready-to-wear. (5).
2.1 Haute couture:
Haute couture refers to a creation of exclusive custom fitted clothing. The types of fashion
design which predominated until the 1950's was 'made-to-measure' or Laute couture. A
couture garment is made for an individual customer. Look and fit take priority over the cost
of materials and the limit it takes to make. Haute couture is high-end fashion that is
constructed by hand from start to finish, made from high quality, expensive, often unusual
fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced and
capable sewers, often using time consuming, hand-executed techniques. (6)
Couture translates literally from French as "dressmaking" but may also refer to fashion,
sewing, or needlework and is also used as a common abbreviation of haute couture and
refers to the same thing in spirit. Haute translate literally to "high". An haute couture
garment is often made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearer's measurement and
body stance. Considering the amount of time, money, and skill allotted to each completed
piece, haute couture garments are also described as having no price tag: budget is not
relevant. (7)
The term originally referred to Englishman Charles Frederick Worth's work, produced in
Paris in the mid-nineteenth century. The Dapifer notes that worth would allow his clients to
select colours, fabrics and other details before ever beginning his design process which was
unheard of at that time. In modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be

23
used except by firms that meet certain well-defined standards. However, the terms is also
used loosely to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing whether it is produced in
Paris or in other fashion capitals such as London, Milan, New York city or Tokyo. In either
case, the term can refer to the fashion houses of fashion designers that create exclusive and
often trend-setting fashions or to the fashions created. (8).
2.2 Mass market:
These days the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. This caters for a wide
range of consumers, producing ready-to-wear clothes in large quantities and standard sizes,
cheap materials, creatively used, produce affordable fashion. The mass-market theory,
otherwise known as the "trickle across", is a social fashion behaviour marketing strategy
established by Robinson in 1958 and king in 1963. Mass market is defined as," a market
coverage strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and appeal
to the whole market with one offer or one strategy".
The mechanism focuses on the fashion innovators found within every social economic
group and the influences in response to the couture enthusiastic that innovate as part of their
stylish aspect. (9) In contrast to the trickle-down effect of fashion innovation, this theory
states that fashion trickles across different social groups as opposed to upper to lower
classes. Fashion innovation is not just confirmed to the upper class but can actually come
from the innovators amongst the different socio-economic groups. Thus, known as a trickle
across theory. The theory's roots from new fashion adoption influences "simultaneously by
different social economic group and are contained within the different groups”. (10)
The key dynamics of this theory are as follows:
• Adoption of new trends by all socioeconomic groups simultaneously.
• Consumers preference from a large scale of existing trends.
• within each socioeconomic group there are fashion innovators that meet their
preferred fashion demands.
• The flow of fashion information and individual influence in the fashion world
"trickles across" each social economic group.
• "Vertical flow" remains evident, it is primarily in the fashion industry e.g., fashion
editors. (11).
2.3 Ready-to-wear:
Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between couture and mass market. they are not made for
individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric clothes are
made in small quantities to guarantee exclusively, so they are rather costly. Ready-to-wear
or prêt-a-porter is the term for factory-made clothing, sold in finished condition in
standardized sizes, as distinct from made to measure or bespoke clothing tailored to a
particular person's frame. off-the-peg is sometimes used for items other than clothing such
as handbags.
Ready-to-wear has rather different connotations in the spheres of fashion and classic
clothing. In the fashion industry, designers produce ready-to-wear clothing, intended to be
worn without significant alteration because clothing made to standard sizes fits most people.
They use standard patterns, factory equipment, and faster construction techniques to keep
costs low, compared to the custom-sewn version of the same item. Some fashion houses and
fashion designers produce mass-produced and industrially manufactured ready-to-wear lines
but others offer garments that are not unique but are produced in limited numbers.

24
3. Jacobean embroidery:
It is amazing to realize that a textile design which was desired and flaunted by the elite
society of the 1600s in England, in the most ostentatious environments imaginable, would
be so prevalent today in our own contemporary interior designs. Indeed, a trip through any
major fabric store would offer any number of Jacobean-styled fabrics, typically in the home
furnishings department. Perhaps it is even more versatile today, for this same Jacobean
textile design may be found on items from stationery to dishware. (12). Its longevity as a
textile design begins with the history of the Tree of Life motif and its journey as trade grows
between the East and Europe during the 17th century.
One would not have to stretch the imagination very far to see the resemblance between the
Jacobean textile design’s twisting, meandering vines, laden with fruits and huge, strange
looking flowers, as seen in the Schumacher fabric, and the ancient Tree of Life design
growing forth with outstretched branches from a pot, vase or mound as shown in the 17th
century coverlet. Indeed, it is the Tree of Life motif, later modified and embellished, from
which the Jacobean textile design was born around the time of James I of England (1566-
1625), thus the name “Jacobean” as “Lacobus” is Latin for James I. (13) The early Indian
Tree of Life design provided a springboard for the British designers who took the flowering
tree, added their own creative ideas, and tailored it to their society’s own tastes. Most
notably the flowers became more exaggerated and took on a look best described as fantasy
flowers for they show little botanical likeness to any real flowers.
The flowers of some Jacobean designs are so unusual that they appear to be a cross between
a flower and a pineapple and their leaves often take on a dreamy, loose and bending
demeanour. Additionally, English designers often changed the background colours as their
clients much preferred lighter backgrounds, referring to the more common Indian
background colours as "sad red grounds”. (14)
METHODOLOGY
The garment designs will be based upon the recent trend in the fashion market. The designs
will get illustrated by using Adobe Photoshop. After finalizing the designs, the pattern will
be drawn according to the design and the size. The basic stitch is used to finish the garment
and over lock stitch is used to finish the raw edges of the whole garment. The Jacobean
embroidery is used in the waist area of the garment by using "Emphasis" method.
"Emphasis" means the focal point in the garment, it can be achieved through colour, size,
placement and use of lines. Emphasis is the centre of interest, which draws and holds the
attention more than any other part. The floral pattern was used in the embroidery design: the
rose with leaves. The pinkish red and green colour was used in the embroidery work so that
the colour will be look bright in the black background colour.
RESULT
For fabric: 95% polyester 5% spandex were used.
Occasion: Weekend casual wear.
Colour of the fabric: Black.
The elegant style dress with A-line type, zipper embellishment, fit and flare silhouette, stand
collar, long sleeve.
The fabric has a medium elasticity, and good strength.
For embroidery silk thread is used.

25
Embroidery Design – Adobe illustration -
Jacobean Embroidery Garment Design
CONCLUSION
The research was done based upon the fashion evolution from the Victorian era was noted.
The garment was designed based on the research that was done about the fashion evolution.
The most distinctive quality about the fashion from the early times is that it increases in
simplicity. However, the fashion is commonly used to describe a style of clothing worn by
the peoples of that country. (16) The name “Jacobean” comes from James I of England
(Latin: Jacobus). Jacobean textile design is springing from the Tree of motif, an ancient
design that carried religious symbolism of many early cultures.
The garment will be sketched based upon the research of the fashion evolution from the
earliest century. The pattern for the garment will be done according to the size and design.
The embellishment work will also be done in the designed garment. The Jacobean
embroidery works are the ancient form of works, the designs will be based upon the
everyday life and nature. (17) The embroidery design will be used as an emphasis in the
garment, as a centre of attraction. The numerous numbers of garment design and the
embroidery design were done by use of cad designs. The flat sketch was done by use of
adobe illustrator and the final garment gets decided by getting suggestions from others.
Thus, the final garment gets stitched and the embroidery works were done in the garment by
use of the silk thread with bright colours such as red, pink, orange and green. So that, it will
be brighter in the black background.
REFERENCES
(1) Basics fashion design and construction- Annete Fischer (2008).
(2) 2000 years of fashion: History of costumes- Francois Broucher (1966).
(3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/haute-couture.
(4) https://embroiderersguilg.com/.
(5) The fundamentals of fashion design- Richard sorger, Jenny udale (2006).
(6) https://en.wikipedia.org/.
(7) https://study.com/history of fashion trends.
(8) Basics fashion design 01- Simon Seivewright (2012).

26
(9) Fashion: design course- Steven Faerm (2010).
(10) The history of fashion journalism- Kate nelson best (2017).
(11) Handbook of fashion design- Ritu Jindal (1998).
(12) https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/texts-films-customs/embroidery journal.
(13) www.vam.ac.uk.
(14) https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/texts-films-customs/embroidery journal.
(15) Elements of fashion and design- G.J.Sumathi (2007).
(16) Jacobean Textile design: Surviving (and thriving) through the test of time- Janis
A) L.Wild (2015).

27
CHAPTER-4
COVID-19 ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS IN INDIA - A REVIEW
Gokul S. Bajaj
Assistant Professor, Department of Botany
Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Mh.
Dr. Suruchi R. Kadu
Assistant professor, Department of Botany
Brijlal Biyani Science College, Amravati, Mh.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease Associated mucormycosis (CAM) is an emergence of opportunistic
fungal infection, affecting many lives of patients suffering from COVID 19 along with other
medical history. India is most suffered country as we belong to tropic and sub tropic areas
where risk factor of such infections is already high. There are 6 types of mucormycosis
according to the area of the body affected. This non contagious disease is mainly spread
through the inhalation of spores which resides in humid areas, predominantly in hospitals
and their treatment needs careful assessment of the factors like nature and effect of drugs
and medical history of the patients.
KEYWORDS – Mucormycosis, COVID 19, pandemic, India, Diabetes, Rhizopus
INTRODUCTION
Now a days, novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus-2, also called COVID-19) has become global threat and have affected millions
of people worldwide. Fungal infections, including mucormycosis, aspergillosis and invasive
candidiasis, have been reported in patients with severe COVID-19 or those recovering from
the disease and have been associated with severe illness and death. Mucormycosis was
previously known as zygomycosis. According to WHO, mucormycosis is a serious but rare
fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes.
Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus is a filamentous fungal disease which is
angioinvasive (Blood vessel infecting) caused by order Mucorales- class Zygomycetes, has
become third most infective mycosis (Petrikkos et al., 2012; Prakash and Chakrabarti,
2021). Indian population is 80 times more affected by mucormycosis than whole world and
central government has declared India as a mucormycosis pandemic on May 10, 2021.
Mucorales fungi are very predominant pathogen which infects wide range of hosts, ranging
from plants to invertebrates and humans. Most commonly found pathogen genus are
Rhizopus (most common genus associated with mucormycosis), Lichtheimia (formerly
known as Absidia and Mycocladus), and Mucor, zygomycetes genera (e.g. Rhizomucor,
Saksenaea,Cunninghamella, and Apophysomyces). (Andrianaki et al., 2013)
Based on the body parts affected, mucormycosis can be divided into 6 types-
(1) Rhinocerebral
(2) Pulmonary
(3) Cutaneous
(4) Gastrointestinal
(5) Disseminated

28
(6) Uncommon Presentations. (Petrikkos et al., 2012)
Patients with history of diabetes mellitus, organ transplant, kidney disease, tuberculosis,
corticosteroids or immunosuppressants consumption, iron overload and trauma are at more
risk of mucormycosis (Prakash and chakrabarty, 2021). Mucormycosis majorly affect males
than females and targets COVID 19 patients (Active or recovered both) along with others
(singh et al., 2021).
CAM (CORONAVIRUS DISEASE ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS)
COVID-19, a global pandemic is showing significant incidence of secondary infections,
bacterial and well as fungal as immune system is hampered. In regular circumstances, when
we expose to the fungal spores our immune system respond in variety of ways, they doesn’t
allow them to settle down in our body and eradicates them, release of free oxygen radicles
and phagocytosis is performed by the neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. In COVID-
19 case, altered immune system cannot combat and this leads to the occurance of
opportunistic infections. As a treatment of variety of diseases, consumption of
steroids/monoclonal antibodies/broad-spectrum antibiotics against COVID-19 may lead to
the development/exacerbation of preexisting fungal diseases (Amod et al., 2021; Mehta et
al., 2021).
TRANSMISSION OF MUCORMYCOSIS
Mucormycosis is actually an opportunistic fungi, it cannot affect an individual until he is
immunologically weakened. It is noncontagious, not spread from person to person. Spores
of mucormycosis can be inhaled or swollen with air, food, etc. and it is more persistent in
humid areas such as AC ducts, moist mask, hospital premises outbreaks are observed
because of adhesive bandages, wooden tongue depressors, hospital linens, negative pressure
rooms, water leaks, poor air filtration, non-sterile medical devices, and building
construction, etc. They mainly colonize in nasal, pharyngeal and oral mucosa including
paranasal sinus. From paranasal sinus, it can transmit to nasolacrimal duct and medial orbit,
even reaching upto skull and causes severe issues such as orbital cellulitis, chemosis,
proptosis, loss of vision, ophthalmoplegia, superior orbital fissure syndrome, sagittal sinus
thrombosis, epidural or subdural abscess formation. Sometimes, patient with bloody nasal
discharge is diagnosed with the infection of mucormycosis to the brain via nasal turbinals
causing cerebral ischemia which leads to cerebral infraction and also death. (Pagare sultan,
2021). Zygomycetes shows very high affinity to the blood vessels, shows rapid invasion and
disseminate widely. (Kontoyiannis, 2012).
Rhizopus oryzae is mostly found causative agent of mucormycosis with a world-wide
distribution and higher occurance in tropical and subtropical regions. (Battaglia et al., 2012)
SYMPTOMS
According to WHO, different type of mucormycosis can be diagnosed by observing
symptoms mentioned as follows-
Sr.
No.
Types of mucormycosis Associated symptoms
1. Rhinocerebral (sinus and
brain) mucormycosis
• One-sided facial swelling
• Headache
• Nasal or sinus congestion
• Black lesions on nasal bridge or

29
upper inside of mouth that quickly
become more severe
• Fever
• Lethargy, seizures, slurred
speech, partial paralysis
2. Pulmonary (lung)
mucormycosis
• Fever
• Cough
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Hemoptysis
3. Cutaneous (skin)
mucormycosis
• Skin lesion that resembles
blisters or ulcers. The infected area may
turn black. Other symptoms include
pain, warmth, excessive redness, or
swelling around a wound.
4. Gastrointestinal
mucormycosis
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
5. Disseminated mucormycosis • Tends to occur in people who
are already sick from other medical
conditions, which makes it difficult to
identify which symptoms are related to
mucormycosis. Patients with
disseminated infection in the brain may
develop mental status changes or coma.
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS .
Diagnosis of CAM can be done with routine laboratory diagnosis, in clinical practice,
histopathology, direct examination of wet mounts and cultures, direct microscopy of culture
along with non-invasive diagnostic methods such as molecular serology and metabolomics-
breath test (Skiada et al., 2020).
TREATMENT
Anti-fungal treatment along with supportive care is useful in the management of COVID-
19. Glucocorticoids in combination with antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir are beneficial in
COVID-19. Use of Glucocorticoids is inexpensive, easily available and reduces rate of
mortality in patients. (Garg et al., 2021) Treatment of mucormycosis needs an accurate and
rapid diagnosis along with correction of predisposing factors, surgical resection or
debridement, which will lead to effective anti-fungal therapy. Antifungal Agents such as
Polyenes such as Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB), amphotericin B lipid complex and
liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) are useful in treatment and Liposomal amphotericin B
(LAmB) is most promising drug as it is safer, efficient alternatives to normal antifungals.
Along with this, Azoles e.g. Fluconazole and voriconazole are effective against
mucormycosis. Even itraconazole is also useful against Absidia species. Iron chelation
therapy also holds promising approach in fight against mucormycosis (Jaju et al., 2020;
Spellberg et al., 2009). Here, physicians play an important role for the prevention of
emergence of these CAM and other opportunistic pathogens and early diagnosis which can
reduce mortality and morbidity rate significantly. Utilization of therapeutics with low dose
for the short duration and minimum, needed use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (Mehta et al.,
2021)

30
CASE STUDIES
Rammaert et. al., (2012) studied 169 cases with 29% children, 61% males. Patients were
having history of solid organ transplantation (24%), diabetes mellitus (22%), and severe
prematurity (21%). Most common prevalence of disease was found in skin (57%), followed
by gastrointestinal tract (15%). Rhizopus was the most common genus (43%) and infection
portal of entry was included as surgery and presence of medical devices such as catheters or
adhesive tape. Possible outbreaks can be related with use of adhesive bandages (19 cases),
wooden tongue depressors (n = 5), ostomy bags (n = 2), water circuitry damage (n = 2), and
adjacent building construction (n = 5). They suggest that to overcome such transmission, it
is necessary to give a closer attention to avoid healthcare-associated mucormycosis,
especially in neonatology, hematological, and transplantation units in hospitals.
Hosseini et. al., (2005) conducted a survey of ten patients with rhinocerebral mucormycosis
between February 2000 to April 2004. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis along with Diabetes
was the pathophysiology of nine out of ten patients. Analysis of factors such as predisposing
factors, symptoms, sites of extension, number and sites of surgical debridement as well as
outcome. Patients show ocular, sinonasal and facial soft tissue infection along with
pterygopalatine fossa. Invasion does not occur through lamina papiracea or the maxillary
sinus. Four patients lost their lives during study and causes were hypokalemia, cardiac
arrhythmia and refractory pneumonia. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis was spread through the
pterygopalatine fossa, and extends into the orbit and facial soft tissues. When mucor reaches
to the nasal cavity, enters in pterygopalatine fossa, inferior orbital fissure and finally the
retrobulbar space of the orbit, resulting in ocular signs. Other facial soft tissues, palate and
infratemporal fossa can be infected through connecting pathways from the pterygopalatine
fossa. Hence, debridement of the pterygopalatine fossa is a hope to minimize severity of
mucormycosis.
Pal et. al., (2021) studied 30 case series, pooling data involving 99 patients with CAM.
Maximum patients belongs to India (72%), majorly male (78%) and patients with history of
diabetes mellitus (85%). History of COVID-19 was present in 37% patients with
mucormycosis development after the recovery. Time period between diagnosis of COVID-
19 and the evidence of mucormycosis infection (CAM) diagnosis was of 15 days, most
commonly Rhino-orbital mucormycosis was most common (42%), followed by rhino-
orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (24%) Pulmonary mucormycosis was observed in 10 patients
(10%). Use of Glucocorticoids was found in 85% of cases and mortality rate was 34%.
CONCLUSION
This review mainly focuses on opportunistic nature of mucormycosis in
immunocompromised patients; especially in COVID 19 infected ones. In COVID 19, due to
consumption of variety of drugs, physiology of body changes and if patient has to go
through the surgery or other medical utilities, these situations create higher chances of
infection of mucormycosis. Early diagnosis with proper, effective and safer medication will
be proven as greater help to overcome this condition.
REFERENCES
Andrianaki, A. M., Kyrmizi, I., Thanopoulou, K., Baldin, C., Drakos, E., Soliman, S. S. M.,
Shetty, A. C., McCracken, C., Akoumianaki, T., Stylianou, K., Ioannou, P.,
Pontikoglou, C., Papadaki, H. A., Tzardi, M., Belle, V., Etienne, E., Beauvais, A.,
Samonis, G., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Chamilos, G. (2018). Iron restriction inside

31
macrophages regulates pulmonary host defense against Rhizopus species. Nature
Communications, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05820-2
Battaglia, E., Benoit, I., van den Brink, J., Wiebenga, A., Coutinho, P. M., Henrissat,
B., & de Vries, R. P. (2011). Carbohydrate-active enzymes from the zygomycete
fungus Rhizopus oryzae: a highly specialized approach to carbohydrate degradation
depicted at genome level. BMC Genomics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-
12-38
Garg, D., Muthu, V., Sehgal, I. S., Ramachandran, R., Kaur, H., Bhalla, A., Puri, G.
D., Chakrabarti, A., & Agarwal, R. (2021). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19)
Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature.
Mycopathologia, 186(2), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-021-00528-2
Gupta, A., Sharma, A., & Chakrabarti, A. (2021). The emergence of post-COVID-19
mucormycosis in India: Can we prevent it? Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 69(7),
1645. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_1392_21
Hosseini, S. M. S., & Borghei, P. (2005). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: pathways of
spread. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 262(11), 932–938.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-005-0919-0
Kontoyiannis, D. P., Lewis, R. E., Lotholary, O., Spellberg, B., Petrikkos, G.,
Roillides, E., Ibrahim, A., & Walsh, T. J. (2012). Future Directions in
Mucormycosis Research.Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S79–S85.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir886
Mehta, S., & Pandey, A. (2020). Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated With
COVID-19. Cureus. Published. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10726
Pagare J, Johaley S. Diagnostic role of CBCT in fulminating mucormycosis of
maxilla. International Journal of Research and Review. 2019; 6(7):575-579.
Pal, R., Singh, B., Bhadada, S. K., Banerjee, M., Bhogal, R. S., Hage, N., & Kumar,
(2021). COVID‐19‐associated mucormycosis: An updated systematic review of
literature. Mycoses. Published. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13338
Petrikkos, G., Skiada, A., Lortholary, O., Roilides, E., Walsh, T. J., & Kontoyiannis,
D. P. (2012). Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Mucormycosis. Clinical
Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S23–S34. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir866
Prakash, H., & Chakrabarti, A. (2021b). Epidemiology of Mucormycosis in India.
Microorganisms, 9(3), 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030523
Rammaert, B., Lanternier, F., Zahar, J. R., Dannaoui, E., Bougnoux, M. E., Lecuit,
M., & Lortholary, O. (2012). Healthcare-Associated Mucormycosis. Clinical
Infectious Diseases, 54(suppl_1), S44–S54. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir867
Singh, A. K., Singh, R., Joshi, S. R., & Misra, A. (2021). Mucormycosis in COVID-
19: A systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India. Diabetes &
Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 15(4), 102146.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.019
Spellberg, B., Walsh, T., Kontoyiannis, D., Edwards, Jr., J., & Ibrahim, A. (2009).
Recent Advances in the Management of Mucormycosis: From Bench to Bedside.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(12), 1743–1751. https://doi.org/10.1086/599105

32
CHAPTER-5
A RESEARCH ON TATA MOTORS COVID 19
SITUATION ON CUSTOMER BRAND AWARENESS
N. HARIHARAN DDTP.,DOA, DIBM
PARVATHY’S ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE,
WISDOM CITY, DIDIGUL -624 001,
TAMIL NADU, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Brand awareness version for enjoy products that overcomes the limitations of patron desire
fashions, especially when it is not smooth to take into account a few qualitative attributes of
a product or while there are too many attributes relative to the available quantity of
preference date, via capturing the consequences of unobserved product attributes with the
residuals of reference consumers for the identical product. They decompose the
deterministic factor of product software into parts: that accounted for by way of found
attributes and that because of non-located attributes. By using estimating the unobserved
factor via concerning it to the corresponding residuals of digital experts representing
homogeneous corporations of people who experienced the product earlier and evaluated it.
The usage of Bayesian estimation methods and markov chain Monte Carlo simulation
inference, applying two kinds of patron preference. 1. Standard preference data for online
customer ratings in internet reference services. 2) Revolved preferences it is data for movies
for offline customers. The values empirically show that this new approach outperforms
several opportunity collaborative filtering and attribute-based choice fashions with each in
and out of sample fits. The model is relevant to each net recommendation services and client
preference research.
KEYWORDS : Brand consciousness, consumer alternatives.
INTRODUCTION TO BRAND AWARENESS
With the opening of the market or the publish liberalization period has resulted in many
organizations getting into the markets with services of their items and offerings. In the
earlier ranges of economic revolution client needed to take delivery of what the
manufacturer has produced but these days customers are a great deal more knowledgeable,
disturbing, count on lot greater to healthy their ever changing existence patterns. There
through their satisfactory expectancies have been increased from time to time a good way to
rebuild it-self round its purchaser. The producer ought to be capable of fulfill, with the form
of product and offerings to suit the ever-changing patron requirements. In developing an
advertising and marketing strategy for merchandise, the dealers need to confront the
branding selection. Logo is a chief difficulty in product. Clients have strong preference for
specific variations and types of basic goods and services. The manufactures ultimately study
that market electricity lies with the logo name companies. Clients shopping for choices are
prompted through the Brand. In this competitive international, the “Brand performs an
essential role and a logo may be very prominent asset owned by means of a company. Logo
is endowed with focus, perceived exceptional, institutions and logo loyalty. Brand is offered
as creative concept. A logo is a promise of the seller to supply a particular set of advantages
or attributes or offerings to the buyer. Logo represents a stage of exceptional.

33
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To customer to purchase product Tata motors
2. To variables of brands and awareness influence them to purchase.
3. To understand what role does the logo has in the minds of customers.
4. To identify awareness to brand Tata motors four wheelers.
5. To about the customer’s satisfaction in Tata motors offers
6. To discover the marketplace capacity for Tata cars four wheelers.
7. To Maintain and improve brand awareness.
NEED FOR THE STUDY
The intention of any organization is to for the most part obtain bigger piece of the pie high
level of deals the Industry; this could be just accomplished by building a higher level of
brand faithful clients. Any organization can get by through there is a solid computational the
market on the off chance that it has brand steadfast clients. Today many significant
organizations in the market attempt to keep up and improve their marked value. Without
making appropriate brand mindfulness they can't fabricate brand image.
Solid brands help assemble the corporate image and furthermore by making it simpler for
the organizations dispatch new brands. Today marks are treated as major suffering resources
of an organization – more over brand value are significant supporter of client value. This all
can happen just there is appropriate brand mindfulness. The lights four wheeler businesses
have been growing quickly are gone the day while having a little and blend size vehicles
were viewed as an extravagance. Presently days it is seen as a simple need.
Client relationship the board and information mining are basic differentials that empower
upper hand for firms zeroed in on expanding client piece of the pie. In spite of the fact that
interest in advertising, deals and administration advancement can be compelled because of
financial and social contemplations, the underlying investigation of the examination
demonstrates regular European buyer clothing destinations empower higher substance
profundity, navigational setting and help, customer correspondence, and business
effectiveness. Nonetheless, the investigation simultaneously demonstrates lower client
customization and mining, way of life association and advertising, and customer,
Community connection, on the locales.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The data collected sources in primary and secondary, the information get to regard products
and organization.
Primary Data:
The primary data collect questonnrie it is related in customer brand awareness towards Tata
motors product different features and satisfactions. Such as Price, Color, Modal, brand etc.
Secondary Data:
The secondary data taken from Reports, Advertisements, Newspapers, Customer database,
Pamphlets, it five sources collected secondary data.
INTERNET SAMPLEING
The Tata motors limited customers in Madurai City only and range of allover India.
Samples taken target is population of study in brand awareness in Tata motors.

34
SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size is 200 collected form selected data base company. The research depth
survey and collecting data observation concerning Tata Motors customers brand awareness.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
In this technique each and every unit of the population has on equal opportunity of the
selected technique sample. Using only random sampling technique adopt selection sample
method.
DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
Need of the objective, types of the data it data collected with the help of questionnaire’s and
another data identified in the data collection process.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research role is very important in customers brand awareness in covid-19
situation on Tata motors. It is help to human achievements towards understand and identify
the brand. The systematic markets research helps to brand image and finding of the
customers in awareness of Tata limited motors. The research mainly focused to Madurai city
peoples to different locations, age groups and particular brand find out of the preference.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The customers not be contracted in outstand lack of time
1. The research has been classified to Madurai city only.
2. The project sample study is 200 customers only.
3. The complete customer feelings
4. The customers change from time to time it is possibility of research so some changes
in the result it is awareness level.
5. Sometimes few customers not responded suitably due to lack of time, ignorance.
REVIEW LITERATURE
Within the word of Philip Kotler
“A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol or layout or mixture of them. Intended to discover
the products or offerings of 1 dealer or organization of dealers and to distinguish them from
the ones of competitors.

35
ROLE OF BRANDING
In today’s global logo names come to create perceive to distinguish one product from every
other. The subsequent points to pin down its specific role.
• Brand is a great asset: Brand is an intangible asset, due to the fact it is not possible to
copy brand name.
• Brand is promotional device: the product differentiation is done with the aid of a
brand through sales promotion.
• Brand is a weapon to protect marketplace: a customer has tried and appreciated a
product, the logo permits him to discover the product and repeat the purchase.
• Brand is antidote for middle men’s survival: the elegance of middle man constantly
tends to move for a success logo.
• Brand Is A Means Of Identifications Of Clients: log o is the perfect manner of
figuring out services or products by using customers.
THE CONSUMERS THROUGH SIX LEVELS AS
DISPLAYED BRAND CONVEYING OF THE CUSTOMERS
Attributes: It is a particular product brand first bring to the mind certain.
Benefits: The product with brand in benefits of customer buying.
Values: The product tell about the another same product values.
Culture: It means is respect the different culture of the brand.
Personality: Which the persons and objective of the brand related projects.
User: The product users and audience own target of brand suggests.
TYPES OF BRANDS

tata motors articles full book full book .pdf hariharan23900

tata motors articles full book full book .pdf hariharan23900

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to tata motors articles full book full book .pdf hariharan23900

Similar to tata motors articles full book full book .pdf hariharan23900 (20)

More from hariharan 23900

More from hariharan 23900 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

tata motors articles full book full book .pdf hariharan23900