electtrict vehicle aticle full book hariharan23900 .pdf

Modern Research and Trends in Engineering vol-2
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ISBN : 979-8464793903
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MODERN
RESEARCH AND
TRENDS IN
ENGINEERING
Volume -2
Yogendra Kumar
Dr. Ravindra Singh

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All copyrights reserved @ high rise books

ISBN : 979-8464793903
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Edition 1
First Edition 2021
HIGH RISE BOOKS
Amazon Publishers
www.kdp.amazon.com
Modern research and trends in engineering
Volume -2
ISBN: 9798464793903
Imprint : Individually published
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval or transmitted in any form
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and references. The publisher does not endorse or approve the content of this book or guarantee the reliability,
accuracy or completeness of the content published herein. The publisher and the author make no representations
or warranties of any kind concerning this book or its contents.

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Chapter
No
Name of the chapter Authored by
1 Data analytics Siva m
2 A research on internet of things founded
applications in 2020
N. Hariharan
3 A study on electric vehicles challenges and
opportunities in popular india
N. Hariharan
4 Differences between crisp set and fuzzy
logic and comparative study of probability
theory and fuzzy theory for student
purpose .
Subhash Chandra
Nautiyal1
, Dr
Sandeep Kumar2
5 From Literacy ToPost-Literacy And
Continuing Education
Ramshankar
Varma
6 Intensification of awareness and
participation in activities of biological
control of mosquitoes on its re-emergence
during pre and post-covid-19 pandemic
Devraj R. Saxena &
Ghanshyam J.
Tiwary
7 Solar energy:the potential power. Rohit srivastava

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8 Augmented Spaces – The future of
Corporate Real Estate
Sathyanarayana
Kaliprasad Veer P.
Gangwar
9 A comprehensive analytical survey in rural
and remote areas emphasizing on the role
of electronics in Remote Patient
Monitoring
Mobasherah Falak
& Fabasherah
Malak
10 Android application based bluetooth
controlled car
Yaseera Anware
11 Design and Implementation of Deck Slab
in Roadway analysis using Staad Pro
Nikhil Agrawal
Mr. Rajeev
Chandak

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Chapter -1
Data Analytics
By : SIVA M, B.E
DEPT OF EEE, ANNA UNIVERSITY
ABSTRACT :
Data analytics may be a strategy-based science data is analyzed to detect trends, answer questions, or draw
conclusions from an outsized batch of knowledge . It scrutinizes information using tools. Its technique to allow
take data and uncover patterns to extract valuable insights. Using various techniques, data is converted into a
form that permits companies and organizations to research importantly. The results from data help employers or
clients make important decisions by identifying various facts and trends. It refers to the method of examining
datasets to draw conclusions about the knowledge they contain.
fig.1

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KEYWORDS :
 The techniques and processes of data analytics have been automated into mechanical processes
and algorithms that work over raw data for human consumption.
 Data analytics help a business optimize its performance
 Data to find trends and solve problems.
INTRODUCTION :
They 19th
century, when Frederick Winslow Taylor initiated Data Analytics refers to techniques used to
analyze data to enhance productivity and business gain. Data is extracted from various sources and is cleaned
and categorized to analyze various behavioral patterns.
Understanding Data Analytics
Data analytics is term that encompasses many types of data analysis.techniques improve things. This
information can used to optimize processes to increase the overall efficiency of a business or system.
For eg, manufacturing companies often record the runtime, downtime, and work queue for various machines and
then analyze the data to better plan workloads.It can help reduce costs by more efficient ways. A company can
use better business decisions and help analyze customer trends and satisfactions.

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fig.2 Understanding Data Analytics
Data analytics vs. data analysis
Data analysis is a subset of data analytics.Data analytics includes the tools and techniques used to perform
data analysis.
Data analytics and data analysis are frequently used interchanged.
fig.2.1

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Data analytics vs. data science
Data analytics is a component of data science, used to understand data. Data science output of analytics to
study and solve the problems.
Data analytics and data science are related.
fig.2.2
Data analytics vs. business analytics
Business analytics is another subset of data analytics. predictive model to drive better business decisions.
fig.2.3

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Data Analytics for Beginners :
Business Administration and have the capability to perform Exploratory Data Analysis, to gather the required
information.
fig.3
To Become a Data Analyst :
Companies by taking information about capability to collect data from various sources, analyze the data
Data Analytics important :
Data Analytics has a key role in improving your business requirements. analytics helps organizations harness
their data and use it to identify new opportunities. That smarter business moves, more efficient operations, higher
profits and happier customers.

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fig.3.1
Role of Data Analytics :
 Gather Hidden Insights
 Generate Reports
 Perform Market Analysis
 Improve Business Requirement

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fig.3.2 Role of Data Analytics
Creating an analytics model is an iterative process of creating new variables, scaling them, and testing
Tools used in Data Analytics :
fig.4
R programming –statistics and data modeling. R compiles and runs on various platforms UNIX,
Windows, and Mac OS. It’s automatically install.
fig.4.1

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Python – Python is an open-source, object-oriented programming language that is easy to read, write,
and maintain. Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, Matplotlib, Pandas, Keras, etc. assembled on any platform like
SQL server, a MongoDB database or JSON
fig.4.2
Tableau Public –data source such as Excel creates visualizations, maps, dashboards etc
fig.4.3
QlikView –data being compressed to almost 10% of its original size.

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fig.4.4
SAS –data manipulation and analytics, easily accessible and can analyze data
fig.4.5
Microsoft Excel –most widely used tools for data analytics

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fig.4.6
Rapid Miner – A powerful, integrated platform that can integrate with any data source
fig.4.7
KNIME – Konstanz Information Miner (KNIME) is an open-source a platform for reporting and
integration through it’s modular data pipeline concept.

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fig.4.8
OpenRefine – Also known as GoogleRefine, this data cleaning software the transformation of data and
parsing data from websites.
fig.4.9
Apache Spark –largest large-scale data processing engine,data pipelines and machine learning model
development.

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fig.4.10
Essential Skills for Data Analysts :
SQL, or Structured Query Language,Is industry-standard database language the most important skill for
data analysts
Microsoft Excel
Critical Thinking
R or Python–Statistical Programming
Data Visualization
Presentation Skills
Machine Learning

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The process involved in data analytics involves several different steps :
1. The first step is to determine the data requirements or how the data is grouped. Data may be separated by
age, demographic, income, or gender. Data values may be numerical or be divided by category.
2. The second step in the process of collecting it.
3. Once the data is collected,it can be analyzed.place on a spreadsheet or other form of software that can
statistical data.
4. The data is then cleaned up before analysis.it scrubbed and checked to no duplication or error, and that it
is not incomplete.
fig.5 Several steps in data analytics
TYPES :
 Descriptive analytics
 Diagnostic analytics
 Predictive analytics
 Prescriptive analytics

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fig.5.1
1. Descriptive analytics : period of time
2. Diagnostic analytics : focuses more on why something happened. This involves more diverse data
inputs and a bit of hypothesizing.
3. Predictive analytics : moves to near term.
4. Prescriptive analytics : Is measured an average of these five weather models is above 58%, increase
output.
Is data analytics in demand :
In 2018 the World Economic Forum published its predictions for the future workforce through 2022. WEF
identifiey 2022, 85% of companies adopted big data and analytics technologies.
Examples of Predictive Analytics
o Retail. Probably the largest sector to use predictive analytics, retail is always looking to improve its sales
position and forge better relations with customers
o Health
o Sports
o Weather
o Insurance/Risk Assessment

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o Financial modeling
o Energy
o Social Media Analysis
Advantages :
 Smart Decision Making
 improved Efficiency in Business process
Disadvantages :
 This customers as their information such as purchases, online transactions, subscriptions are visible to
their parent companies. The companies useful customer databases for their mutual benefits.
 The cost of data analytics tools vary based on applications and features supported.
 data misused against group of people of certain country or community or caste.
 It is very difficult to select the right data analytics tools.
Applications :
 Security. Data analytics applications or, more specifically, predictive analysis has also helped in dropping
crime rates in certain areas
 Transportation
 Risk detection
 Risk Management
 Delivery
 Fast internet allocation
 Reasonable Expenditure
 Interaction with customer

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Benefits of Data Analytics :
fig.5.2 Benefits of Data Analytics
This many other details related to the business process which can help define goals in a better way.
CONCLUSION :
 Big data analytics in infancy,
 It development algorithm and tools,
 The Critical path of Big data analytics.

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REFERENCE :
https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=data+analytics
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+analytics&newwindow=1&client=firefox-b-
d&sxsrf=ALeKk00fxD7847Avbhji2ngOVSjVJMdxtg:1627481409654&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&
ved=2ahUKEwiesLPa-IXyAhXT7HMBHRsrCc8Q_AUoAnoECAEQBA&biw=1280&bih=615
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/data-analytics.asp
https://www.google.com/search?q=understand+data+analytics&newwindow=1&client=firefox-b-
d&sxsrf=ALeKk01OBBBTN-
7sk3GVHJ8XFKgEQ5swBA:1627637799662&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRs_ymv
4ryAhUizzgGHXMEBqoQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1280&bih=615
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+analytics+vs+data+analysis+vs+data+science&newwindow=1&
client=firefox-b-
d&sxsrf=ALeKk00vrOF5rx0z31O5ZKDQGdtnEVz0pQ:1627649417171&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=
X&ved=2ahUKEwi609DK6oryAhWyILcAHfkPCkIQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1280&bih=615
https://www.google.com/search?q=Data+analytics+vs.+business+analytics&newwindow=1&client=firefo
x-b-d&sxsrf=ALeKk016ARtwKd8M33zo-
RmXwhMJpuxSFQ:1627649861486&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3wb-
e7IryAhWm63MBHSbxA9kQ_AUoAnoECAEQBA&biw=1280&bih=615#imgrc=n2_wqcinQILm4M
https://www.edureka.co/blog/what-is-data-analytics/#Why%20is%20Data%20Analytics%20important?
https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/data-analytics
https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-analytics/
https://www.google.com/search?q=data+analytics&newwindow=1&client=firefox-b-
d&sxsrf=ALeKk02Ic-UiAy1_JnFNw3oNj1A-
7RIgzA:1627649036808&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLkKGV6YryAhWFWHwKH
X7HCw4Q_AUoAnoECAEQBA&biw=1280&bih=615#imgrc=c0YYbjuG9C2lgM
https://www.google.com/search?q=Data+Analytics+for+Beginners&newwindow=1&client=firefox-b-
d&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ALeKk01JJb0xrMt4kgqOTpZZkrWy7WX5zw:1627651025010&source=lnms&sa=
X&ved=2ahUKEwitrafJ8IryAhUW4zgGHa4qDwEQ_AUoA3oECAcQBQ&biw=1280&bih=615&dpr=1
#imgrc=rj_o7kzMTptFhM

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https://www.google.com/search?q=Role+of+Data+Analytics&newwindow=1&client=firefox-b-
d&sxsrf=ALeKk02UQm2WqUZnkpwRyt0HHrKbm4v8lg:1627651861764&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa
=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE76bY84ryAhVm7XMBHYDBDnYQ_AUoAnoECAEQBA&biw=1280&bih=615#i
mgrc=J-xKOYcsy3gggM
https://www.google.com/search?q=%E2%80%A2%09R+programming&newwindow=1&client=firefox-
b-
d&sxsrf=ALeKk00krll0lnfBOa6qsMQPXYJ2myt92Q:1627652204739&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=2ahUKEwiAm-z79IryAhWsIbcAHdg-BNoQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1280&bih=615
https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=%E2%80%A2%09Python
https://www.google.com/search?q=tableau+icon&tbm=isch&client=firefox-b-
d&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMsN7Q-
4ryAhULXX0KHUEvCacQrNwCKAB6BQgBELMC&biw=1263&bih=615#imgrc=vE9O0dzl4pzN5M

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Chapter -2
A RESEARCH ON INTERNET OF THINGS FOUNDED
APPLICATIONS IN 2020
By : N. HARIHARAN DDTP, DOA, IBM
BCOM CS, FINAL YEAR, PARVATHY’S ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLGE, WISDOM CITY, DINDIGUL-
624 002. TAMIL NADU, INDIA.
ABSTRACT
This paper gives a detail evaluation of numerous packages primarily based on internet of component (IOT) s.
This explains about how net of factors evolved from cellular computing and ubiquitous computing. It emphasizes
the fact that gadgets are connected over the net in place of people. The homes of internet of things (IOT) are
product data, digital tag, and standard expressed and uploading statistics. It utilizes the radio frequency identity
(RFID) era and wireless sensor networks (WSN). Finally the paper makes a specialty of troubles involved in
IOT. Though it's miles a boon, IOT faces certain essential issues like privateers and protection.
KEY WORDS
Net of Factors, RFID, Digital Tag, WSN, IOT.

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1. INTRODUCTION
The internet of factors is considered because the third wave of data era right after net and mobile communique
community, which is characterized by way of greater complete interoperability and intelligence. It was brought
with the aid of digital product code (EPC) generation [1] and studies paintings of global telecommunication
union (ITU). To start with there has been best statistics on line i.e. Records content at the net, then human beings
were connected via electronic mail, social networking but now the time has come for items to be related and
that’s what IOT achieves. It's far new form of net software and “thing” in internet of things refers to the product’s
statistics [1]. Hence each object be it a TV or a plant, may be connected to the net. The object’s facts is shared
across the globe using net and consequently the objects may be accessed from a faraway place [2]. of these words
paperwork ontology and as a result IOT bureaucracy part of the semantic web [3]. What is the distinction among
an IOT application and an ordinary internet software? The answer lies in matters-the way information is uploaded
and the kind of information that is uploaded [1]. RFID readers are used to examine the products statistics and
then add them onto the internet. The facts uploaded has certain attributes [3] that makes it unique from other
packages. In comparison, webpages are static [2], eat lesser space and they're updated weekly or monthly. The
homes of IOT
[1] are- it’s a brand new kind of internet application, thing’s statistics as item, widespread expression of data
and noncontact importing with the aid of a system.
2. GROWTH OF IOT
Net has been element and parcel of the social animal’s lifestyles. It’s a huge space of statistics and people. The
net first advanced as “net of computer systems” [5]. It is a worldwide platform where many offerings like the
world extensive net can be applied on pinnacle of it. It became an era of information exchange. Because the days
handed by using, humans started out rising into the internet- “net of humans” [5]. Many social websites got here
into photograph which kept people linked all the time. This has brought about internet being full of human beings
in preference to information. Then again, technology has been advancing daily and simultaneously an era of
“Mobicomp” (mobile computing) had all started. Cellular helped man to be constantly related to the net on then
circulate. Nowadays 3g and 4g cell net connections have caused faster net get admission to and supply higher
satisfactory in video calls. Wireless technologies and cellular computing have turn out to be cheap and feature
won greater recognition [5]. Hence a new computing had emerged- ubiquitous computing. This computing
focuses on clever, shrewd space and minimum consumer involvement [2 Smart telephones, iPad, pills and

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notebooks replaced regular mobiles and desktops. For this reason there was an exchange inside the device with
which people access the internet. This in turn ended in sophisticated capabilities being configured in devices
which includes sensors, worldwide positioning device (GPS) and actuators. In such a state of affairs devices
have been no longer best linked to the net however also sense, compute and carry out clever obligations. [5].
Later bodily objects have been configured with identification tags consisting of bar code and RFID so that they
will be scanned by devices like clever phones and add their statistics into the net. This manner of connecting the
physical international with our on-line world with the assist of a clever tool led to net being called as “net of
factors”. Therefore IOT has its roots from cellular computing, ubiquitous computing and information technology
[2]. IOT connects the objects in a sensible manner. The “aspect” here refers back to the bodily item’s information
examine thru sensors and RFID reader and uploaded into the net. The bodily object can be something from clever
phones to gadgets at home. The international telecommunications union (it) has talked about 4 dimensions of it:
item identification (“tagging things”), sensors and Wi-Fi sensor networks (“feeling matters”), embedded
structures (“wondering things”) and nanotechnology (“shrinking things’). As a result from the above , IOT
changes the connectivity view from “any-time , anyplace” for “any-one” into “any-time , any-area” for “any-
element”. This stuff once linked to the net provide clever services beneficial to the environment and society.
They play a chief position in deliver chain, power, defense, fitness care and other useful applications.
Fig 1. Growth of Internet of Things
3. TECHNOLOGIES
The main reason of internet of factors is to make the matters or gadgets within the global to be connected via
net, wireless sensor networks (WSN) and clever phones with the intention to percentage records robotically [6]
similar to human beings sharing statistics. To implement this motive, there are many technologies that come into
image. Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags cellular phones, sensors, actuators, embedded structures and
nanotechnology facilitates the things to speak among themselves.

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A. RATIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION
Because of its decreased price and elevated competencies like monitoring the vicinity, status of gadgets and far
off reading [4], it's far greater desired than the same old bar code technology. It is the root reason thing for an
object to be recognized so that it is able to be linked to the internet. the RFID system has main additives: RFID
tags (transponders) and RFID readers (transceivers) [6]. the tags have a microchip, reminiscence to report facts
using electronic product code (EPC) or usual identity (UID) and an embedded antenna. the working of an RFID
utility is as follows: the rfid tags are connected to the gadgets which ought to be monitored and whose statistics
is to be shared. the readers are flashed at the tag and because of the radio indicators acquired through the in-
constructed antenna, the tag responses by moving their EPC to the reader. The reader then transmits this statistics
from EPC to the pc to be shared throughout the net. In cases wherein clever telephones are used, the sensors
present inside the cellular devices seize the information and are uploaded online the use of GPRS or Wi-Fi. Tags
are of two types: active and passive. Energetic tags have in-built battery, allows analyzing from distance places
and transmit statistics frequently to the reader. However passive tags do no longer have a battery of their very
own and transmit EPC best when the transceivers come inside their range [6].the above operating refers to a
lively tag. The passive tag responds in a distinctive way. When the passive tag is approached through a reader,
an electromagnetic signal from the reader energizes the tag. The use of inductive coupling [6], the energy from
the signal is absorbed through the tag which converts it into electrical power and stores in a built in capacitors
that it may reply to the reader with an EPC. As a result the RFID system uploads the factor’s information via
non-touch studying through a gadget as opposed to human beings.
Fig .2. Radio frequency identification machine (RFID)
B. wireless sensor networks

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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) play a vital position in connecting the bodily global to the records global
[4].those networks monitor the changes happening within the surroundings; file them so that corresponding
responses can be taken.
WSN help in short distance conversation some of the gadgets by way of constructing wireless networks in an
advert-hoc manner [7].WSN contain many independent nodes that communicate among themselves with the
assist of Wi-Fi radio. the nodes include a sensor( collecting statistics) , microcontroller (computing facts and
controlling) ,memory ( storing software and statistics ) , radio transceiver ( for verbal exchange with other nodes)
and battery (strength deliver) [6]. Those sensors paintings collectively to gather facts and send it to the sink node.
The sink node redirects the facts to the vacation spot.
3. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Embedded structures are wise and things with embedded intelligence turn out to be smart matters. Those make
things perform certain moves mechanically. For e.g. A clever watching gadget can wash and dry clothes
robotically without human intervention. Nano- era can imbibe intelligence in matters which might be called
clever devices. They are capable of procedure information, self-configure and take impartial selections
4. APPLICATIONS
IOT programs are used widely in lots of domain names. Healthcare, agriculture, clever homes (school, health
center, home), supply chain control, transportation and defense.
4. (A) AGRICULTURE
Net of things can be of wonderful use in the area of agriculture. It is able to be helpful in monitoring growth of
medicinal plant life. Those plant life are outfitted with RFID tags and sensors. whilst there is a drastic or
surprising change inside the increase of plant because of temperature / humidity, the sensors experience this and
the RFID tags send the EPC (information) to the reader and are shared throughout the internet. The farmer or
scientist can get admission to this statistics from a faraway vicinity and take vital actions.

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Fig .3. Agricultural system
4. (B) Smart Homes – Faculty
A school has many buildings in its campus like administration block, library, refreshment building, teaching
block, and many others. All these homes have their very own ventilation mechanism, ac supply and elevator
structures. This scenario may be without difficulty treated using internet of things for better control of the
facilities. Every of the above blocks is fixed with RFID tag that keeps monitoring the air flow, ac supply behavior.
The RFID gadget continues sensing the alternate in surroundings and collects the information and sends it to the
records gathering supervisor present inside the respective block. For the reason that faculty campus can be
equipped with wi-fi, the data from right here is dispatched to the primary control gadget. The manage machine
on receiving the facts will take important movements consisting of lowering the ac deliver or stopping the
elevator carrier. As a result the use of IOT, steps are taken without human intervention.
Fig. 4. College facilities gadget
4. (C) HEALTHCARE-TELEMEDICINE
IOT plays a vital position in healthcare. This consists of supplying treatment, prognosis and remedy. Ambient
assisted living provides technical systems for aged people who are by myself at domestic and want to be

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monitored. The affected person’s fitness fame is periodically sensed the use of RFID and sensors. The health
practitioner from a remote location presents clinical assistance based totally on the facts obtained.
Fig.5. Telemedicine
5. ISSUES IN IOT
Although IOT has been a boon in many approaches, it additionally poses sure challenges. The primary challenges
are privacy, reliability, statistics confidentiality and safety. A car connected with RFID tag results in loss of
privacy for the passenger inside the vehicle. IOT in healthcare can also result in risky outcomes together with
the records gift in the health status may be modified with the aid of an intruder , consequently giving the doctor
wrong records. Wi-Fi sensors in struggle fields, if discovered via the enemies can be mishandled to generate fake
data. A man or women proper to privacy should be blanketed. Sturdy protection and sound privateness solutions
will cause better acceptance by using public [4].there ought to be laws and guidelines to curb the misuse of IOT
generation.
6. CONCLUSION
Net of factors is a new net software which results in a technology of clever era where there exists thing-
component verbal exchange in place of human-human verbal exchange. Through IOT, each and every item in
this world may be recognized, related and take choices independently. It has taken its beginning from mobile
computing and ubiquitous computing. Technology inclusive of RFID, Wi-Fi sensor networks and embedded
structures play an important role in forming an IOT utility. It is used in many programs in healthcare, agriculture,
clever homes, transportations etc. Though IOT is used in many domains, its route to achievement isn't always
smooth. There are numerous privacy and protection problems that want to be addressed. If these issues are
addressed, then net of factors will definitely be the global mantra.

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REFERENCE
1) Yinghui huang, guanyu li,”descriptive fashions for net of factors”, global
2) Convention on sensible manipulate and facts processing, august, 2010 - Dalian, china.
3) Daquan zhang, laurence t. Yang, hongyu huang, “looking in net of things: vision and demanding
situations”, ninth IEEE international symposium on parallel and dispensed processing with
applications, 2011.
4) Yinghui huang, guanyu li “a semantic evaluation for net of factors”, international conference on
sensible computation era and automation, 2010.
5) Lu tan, neng wang, “destiny internet: the net of factors”, third global conference on advanced
computer theory and engineering (icacte), 2010.
6) Louis coetzee, johan eksteen, “the internet of things – promise for the future? An advent “, ist-africa
2011 convention lawsuits Paul Cunningham and Miriam Cunningham (ends) mimic worldwide data
management employer, sib: 978-1905824-24-3, 2011.
7) Guicheng shen, bingwu liu,”the visions, technologies, programs and security troubles of internet of
things”, IEEE, 2011.
8) Qian zhu, ruicong wang, qi Chen, yan liu and weijun qiny, “iot gateway: bridging wireless sensor
networks into net of factors, ieee/ifip global conference on embedded and ubiquitous computing,
2010.
9) Neng haunting, and wang bingwu, “rid main engineering and net of things”, Beijing: china gadget
press, pp.13-sixteen. (In Chinese), 2009
10) Nat, f. Reynolds, and r. Want, “rid generation and programs”, IEEE pervasive computing, vol.5, no.1,
pp.22-24, 2006.
11) Hailey and r. Roane, “systematic assessment of evidence for the blessings of telemedicine,” j teemed
tableware, vol. 8. , pp. 1–7, 2002.
12) S. Misran, p. Ventra Krishna, harsh it Agarwal, antics Sabena and m. S. Obadiah, “a studying
automata based answer for preventing allotted denial of service in net of factors”, 2011 ieee global
conferences on internet of things, and cyber, physical and social computing, pp. 114-122, 2011.

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Chapter -3
A STUDY ON ELECTRIC VEHICLES CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES IN POPULAR INDIA
By : N. HARIHARAN DDTP.DOA, IBM
BCOM CS, FINAL YEAR, PARVATHY’S ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, WISDOM CITY, DINDIGUL
– 624 002 , TAMIL NADU, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Over the years, the exploitation and pollution of natural assets have created the want for renewable and
environment-friendly products. This kind of merchandise is electrical cars. Electric powered automobiles are the
replacement for petroleum-based vehicles. They're one of the emerging technologies as well as eco-friendly and
feasible. The replacement of inner combustion engines with electric engines will reduce pollution to an
extraordinary extent and be worthwhile to consumers. Many countries around the globe have carried out this
technology and are contributing towards amelioration of the surroundings. We're going to see the possibilities
and challenged faced in India over implementing electric motors.
KEY WORDS
Pollutants; Electric Powered Car; Green; Lithium Battery

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INTRODUCTION
The use of non-renewable and polluting resources for the production of energy has taken environmental pollution
to an entire new degree. The growing international warming has a coming near want on us to stop using non-
renewable resources and decrease carbon emissions. Since the business age, the atmospheric carbon content
material is rising. Carbon emissions from vehicles quantity for a standard passenger car is four.7 metric heaps in
step with year. The improvement of electrical engine in automobiles has created a substitute for the inner
combustion engines paving manner for the electric automobiles (EV). EVS had been followed by many countries
since it improvement developing a tremendous effect at the environment. We're now going to see the possibilities
and challenges drawing close over enforcing electric vehicles in India.
REVIEW LITERATURE
1. Research concludes that the long run uptake of eves will rely closely on development in battery era, to bring down
fees and boom strength density, and at the provision of an appropriate recharging infrastructure. (Marcello
contestable, 2012)
2. Capacity need for electric powered motors, charging station infrastructure and its challenges for the Indian market:
through Praveen Kumar and kalian sprint, India need to spend money on small scale reinforcements to manage the
weight issues domestically in place of going for a great alternate. Home charging must be advocated. Proper
planning of region, populace, visitor’s density and protection must be taken into consideration before implementing
the huge scale charging infrastructure. The combination of sports in the strength and delivery fields is essential.
Development desires through specific modern policies and programs, for instance, drivers of electrical motors are
presented a financial consumer incentive, like tax credit, buy subsidies, discounted tolls, free parking, and get entry
to restricted dual carriageway lanes will help the marketplace to develop. (dash p. Ok., 2013)
3. Conventional, hybrid, or electric powered cars: which era for an urban distribution center? via Philippe labia, ceric
de causer, Jeri van merle, Cathy mechanism, freight delivery has a chief effect on urban movement. Researcher
explored the viable integration of electric automobiles in city logistics operations... Hybrid vehicles are selected
in the segment of vans as its going for walks costs and glued expenses are decrease than the diesel truck. (Philippe
labia, 2015)
4. Worldwide council on smooth transportation: lengthy jinn, peter slowed, the early marketplace growth
for electric cars maintains, but some of barriers prevent their giant uptake. These barriers include the

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additional price of the new technology, relative inconvenience of era considering range and price times,
and purchaser know-how about the availability and viability of the technology. This remaining factor,
usually called “purchaser cognizance,” is critical. (lengthy jinn, 2017)
5. Examine on electric powered motors in India opportunities and demanding situations: by Mohamed m,
g Tamil arisen, and g sivakumar, the alternative of ice with electric powered engines will reduce
pollutants to a fantastic volume and be worthwhile to customers the researcher noticed the possibilities
and demanding situations the govt... Should make the most out of the opportunities available and locate
appropriate approaches to tackle the challenges. (Mohamed m, 2018)
6. Electric motors in India: marketplace analysis with purchaser angle, rules and problems: puritan k.
Guajarati, versa a. Shah, maharani m. Lichened, Indian scenario is extraordinary because the present day
marketplace proportion of ev/phev is around zero.1%. Presently nearly all cars recollect fossil fuel-
primarily based transportation. These pollute the atmosphere by means of the emission of greenhouse
gases & causes international warming. The space between home petroleum production and consumption
is widening. India imports around 70% of oil required per annum. Consequently there is an urgent want
to research elements and challenges for sustainable and cleanser options. (Puritan okay. Guajarati, 2018)
7. Electric vehicles for India: evaluation and challenges: by Mr. A. Rakish Kumar, Dr. Sanjeevikumar
padmanaban, worldwide pollutants is at the rise and each attempt made, is to reduce the co2 emissions
and shop the earth. One such effort is the advent of eves. The delivery area is considered one of the largest
emitter of co2 and therefore it is important to reduce it. The government has provide you with bold plans
of introducing eves to the Indian marketplace and confine pace with the occasion of eves globally.
8. The national electric powered mobility venture plan 2020 has blanketed an in-depth record on the eves.
India contains a huge undertaking in transferring the transportation region from ice engines to eves. This
wishes lots of planning at the side of red. Charging infrastructure should be effectively build to deal with
variety anxiety. It’s essential to form demand generation through making all authorities buses electric
and supplying tax exemptions for non-public eV proprietors. (Mr. A. Rakish Kumar, 2019)

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9. Possibilities and scope for electric powered vehicles in India: by janardan Prasad kasseri, ash Sharma,
cheat goal, developing an aggressive approach for the adoption of eves in India and making sure a well-
executed operators of meals distribution services, are also expected to reinforce the initial boom of - and
four wheeled electric motors. However, the personal eves may take five-6 years to gain popularity and
popularity. (janardan Prasad kasseri, 2019)
10. Indian electric automobiles hurricane in a teacup: yogis Aggarwal, vive giddy and kasha Parikh,
customers of scooters, who want only to travel brief distances, may recollect an eV, however those, who
need to tour longer distances and already personal motorcycles like a hero beauty, can also find it hard
to move to an e2w. For vehicles, it is fantastically easy to improve the variety with accelerated battery
length. For electric powered 2ws even though, every boom in kwh may additionally provide an extra
30km in variety, however the increase in weight is round
TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
A. Ground Vehicles
 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
 Rail borne Electric Vehicles
B. Airborne Vehicles
 Manned & Unmanned Electric Aerial Vehicles
C. Seaborne Vehicles
 Electric Boats
BATTERY ELECTRIC POWERED MOTORS (BEVS)
Battery electric vehicles are whole electric motors which might be powered by means of best energy and do no
longer encompass a petrol/diesel engine, fuel garage or exhaust pipe. They use electric vehicles and motor
controllers for propulsion. They do now not have an internal combustion engine. They feel the battery via outside
charging outlet and for this reason additionally known as “plug-in electric motors (PEVS)”. There are numerous
sorts of BEVS inclusive of electric powered automobiles, buses, bikes, scooters, vans and trains. They even

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include fewer components than the ones used for the ones vehicles based on internal combustion engines. They
even produce fewer noises as compared to their counterparts.
HYBRID ELECTRIC POWERED AUTOMOBILES (HEVS)
These specially consist of vehicles, buses and vans. The state-of-the-art fashions use technology that specialize
in improving efficiencies including regenerative brakes, which convert kinetic strength of car into electric
powered strength to rate the battery and different systems which include start-forestall system, which switches
off the engine at idle and restarts when had to lessen idle emissions and motor-generator. There also are plug-in
hybrid vehicles (PHEVS). They even produce fewer noises than natural hybrid motors.
ADVANTAGES OF USING ELECTRIC CARS
Cheaper To Operate
EVS are cheaper to perform on account that they have got high efficiencies and gasoline economies thereby
reduce value for the proprietor. The energy to charge an eV is about one 1/3 as a great deal in step with kilometer
to buy fuel for automobile
Cheaper To Maintain
Beds have much less moving components than those had by way of traditional combustion engine vehicles.
There's much less servicing and no steeply-priced structures inclusive of gasoline injection and exhaust systems,
which are not wanted in an EV. Phev have petrol engine and need servicing for this reason costing more than
BEVS however additionally they have an electric propulsion system, which calls for less transferring elements
main to much less depletion of petrol engine elements
Environment Friendly
EVS are less polluting, as they have got 0 exhaust emissions if you favor to use renewable strength to price your
eV, you can lessen inexperienced residence gas emissions even more. A few EVS are product of green materials
which include the ford cognizance electric, that is fabricated from recycled and bio based totally substances and
the Nissan leaf, which is in part fabricated from recycled plastic bottles, old automobile parts and 2d hand
appliances
Health Benefits
The decreased dangerous emissions will cause better air first-class, which is ideal for our fitness. EVS also are
produce tons less noise in comparison to petrol/diesel-based cars
Safer

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Eves have a low center of gravity thereby making them less possibly to capsize. They also have low chance of
fires and explosions. Their body construction offers them greater sturdiness consequently making them more
secure during collisions.
ELECTRIC VEHICLE TIMELINE
ELECTRIC VEHICLE TIMELINE 1980- 2040
1 1890 William Morrison Develops First Successful Electric Powered Car In The
America
2 1899 Electric Automobiles Gain Popularity
3 1900 Electric Powered Automobiles Are The Trend
4 1901 The Arena First Hybrid Electric Powered Car, The “Lohner – Porsche
Combined” Is Created By Means Of Ferdinand Porsche
5 1908 The Ford Version T Is Delivered With The Aid Of Henry Ford
6 1912 The Electric Starter Is Delivered
7 1960 Hobby In Electric Powered Motors Regain As Gasoline Prices Leap
8 1971 First Manned Electric Automobile For The Moon, Nasa’s Lunar Rover Is
Advanced
9 1973 Many Automakers Discover Opportunity Alternatives To Gasoline
10 1974 Sebring Vanguard Introduces the ‘Citi Automobile’
11 1979 Interest In Electric Powered Automobiles Fade Due To Drawbacks
12 1990 Clean Air Modification Act Is Passed
13 1992 Electricity Policy Act Is Handed
14 1996 Standard Motors Launch
15 2006 Tesla Announces Manufacturing Of Luxury Electric Powered Motors
16 2008 Tesla Produces Its First Electric Vehicle, The Roadster With Range of 244
Miles Consistent With fee
17 2009 US Power Department Invests In Nation-Wide Charging Infrastructure
18 2010 Trendy Vehicles Introduce First Plug In Hybrid, The Chevy Volt
19 2011 Nissan Introduces Leaf, An All-Electric Powered, Emission Vehicles

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20 2012 Tesla Introduces Version S With Battery Variety Of 270 Miles According To
Fee
22 2013 Price Of Electric Vehicle Batteries Drop With The Aid Of 50%
23 2014 Tesla Broadcasts Plan To Construct ‘Gig factory’ And Double Worlds 2014
Battery Manufacturing Figures
24 2016 BMW Organization, Daimler Ag, Volkswagen Organization With Audi And
Porsche Along With Ford Motor Organisation (Eu Division) Comply With
Build Ultra-Fast Charging Sites Throughout Europe Via 2020
25 2017 Toyota Announces Income Of 10 Million Hybrids In View That Production
Of ‘Prius’.
26 2019 Predicted Date By Which Swedish Automaker Volvo Pronounces To Provide
Most Effective Electric Powered And Hybrid Vehicles
27 2020 China’s Expectation Of 10% Of Auto Imports And Production Will Be Best
Electric Automobiles
28 2025 Expected Date By Way Of Which Norway And Netherlands Plan To Ban
Sales Of Petrol And Diesel Motors
29 2030 Predicted Date By Using Which India Plans To Promote An All-Electric
Powered Car Fleet Also, China Expects To Restriction Its Carbon Emissions,
Consequently Affecting Income Of Petroleum-Based Totally Automobiles
30 2040 Predicted Date By Way Of Which Britain And France Announce Plans To
Ban Sales Of All New Petroleum Primarily Based Automobiles
INDIA’S PROGRESS WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
The government of India has embarked on a mission to create revolution in renewable power within the US of a
by using making plans a motion related to transformation to electric automobiles with the aid of 2030. It's far
anticipated to cut its oil purchases by way of a few $60 billion, decreasing emissions with the aid of 37% and
scale down demand for street infrastructure within the next 12 years. India presently has around 1.3 billion
humans with around 21 million automobiles offered annually.
OPPORTUNITIES
Government Initiatives
 In 2015, the authorities delivered a scheme known as the quicker adoption and manufacturing of hybrid
and electric powered cars (repute) in an effort to sell electric motors

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 In 2015, the countrywide electric mobility mission plan became drafted to attain gas protection by way
of looking ahead to acquire income of electrical and hybrid motors to attain six to seven million by means
of 2020
 Kingdom run firm energy performance offerings limited (EESL) has appointed the nodal Organisation
you purchased around 10,000 electric powered automobiles to update existing government cars
 The Karnataka country government has permitted a policy to promote studies and development in electric
mobility making it obligatory to have charging factors and pods in all primary cities of the nation
 The Maharashtra kingdom authorities waived off some taxes for electric motors ever since it have become
India’s first state to have an electric mass mobility gadget.
 India is obligated to convey down its percentage of global emissions by way of 2030 as a signatory to the
Paris climate settlement
 The government plans to setup lithium-ion battery making facility beneath supervision of bharat heavy
electrical limited ( BHEL )
 The goods and offerings tax (gst) council has set a tax price of 12% as compared to 28% set for petroleum
based totally vehicles
Battery
 Currently, around 22,000 ev gadgets are being sold, amongst which around 2000 of them are four wheeler
automobiles
 Battery charges have declined from $six hundred in 2012 to $250 in 2017 and are anticipated to fall to
$a hundred through 2024 making it less expensive than capital fee of petrol motors
 The garage capability of ev batteries can assist with grid balancing
Business
 Taxi aggregator ola has launched ola electric task aiming to build an electric mobility surroundings
together with charging infrastructure and automobile fleets consisting of electric powered cabs, e-
rickshaws and plenty greater.
 Suzuki has announced its plan to setup a $six hundred million lithium ion battery facility

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 Mahindra has announced investment of around 60 million rupees to expand its EV division waiting for
to launch electric powered variations of its motors.
 Cummins india, an engine manufacturer is learning on electric mobility solutions.
 Ashok Leyland has introduced a partnership with solar mobility to expand battery swapping gadget for
electric buses.
 JSW strength has announced its plan to make investments $623 million in electric powered cars, batteries
and charging infrastructure.
 Swedish automaker VOLVO has announced that they may phase out the internal combustion engine and
manufacture most effective electric powered or hybrid automobiles by means of 2019.
 Corporations putting in place charging infrastructure have an advantage; furnished the rewarding
marketplace capability is projected to be about ninety billion units (BU) and india generated 1,107 BU
in 2015 – 2016
Environmental
 Most metropolitan towns are experiencing high air pollutants charges, with vehicular emissions being
one of the most important pollution.
 India’s capital city Delhi has commenced experiencing smog thru the city because of massive quantities
of air pollutants [27].
 Using recycled and old vehicle elements in EVS makes it even more eco friendly
 Growth in consciousness of climate trade promotes the manufacturing and income of EVS.
 Upward push in pollution consciousness additionally promotes the production and sales of EVS.
CHALLENGES
Cost of EVS
 The cost of EVS need to be affordable and the EVS produced have to maintain proper fee for cash.
Performance of EVS In India
 The EVS in India on a median provide around a hundred and twenty km on a full charge in flip making
them wrong for long drives.
 EVS in India lack speed, which may flip off buyers. The top two India made EVS have speed of eighty
five km/hr.

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Demand for EVs
 Growth in demand will help in achieving imaginative and prescient 2030.
 Growth in demand of EVS will result in boom in requirement for electricity and raw substances to for
the battery.
Vehicle Quality
 Suitable vehicle nice will trap extra customers.
 Better satisfactory motors ensure accept as true with among clients.
Batteries
 The batteries utilized by electrics are automobiles made of nickel, aluminum, cobalt, graphite and lithium,
which might be all rare earth materials.
 The provision of these materials is scarce and the quantity of those substances to be had won't be able to
produce enough batteries to electricity the expected quantity of electrical cars to be produced.
 The increasing demand for lithium around the world given its scarcity on the planet’s floor will make it
difficult to meet India’s eV requirement.
Electricity Generation
 There should be enough strength technology potential to meet the growing demands for charging
infrastructure and neighborhood client usage.
 There may be currently shortage of strength in lots of parts of india and a primary a part of electricity era
of the usa remains depending on fossil fuels
Anti – EV Elements
 Anti – eV activists, supposedly fringe factors hired via oil agencies or fossil fuel sellers try to thwart
boom of EVS. Amsterdam these days witnessed an anti – eV vandalism case concerning adverse of two
teslas.
Global Power Demand
 Any Lower In Demand For Oil By Using India And China May Have Huge Geopolitical Ramifications
As The Two Countries Together Account For Half Of 1% Increase In Worldwide Strength Demand In
2016

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Land Availability
 Availability of land to setup charging stations in city areas where land scarcity is gift is a tough project.
 Furthermore, a substation close by is a demand for a charging station
CONCLUSION
The implementation of EVS in India pursuits usually to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce oil prices.
The imaginative and prescient 2030 put forth by the Indian government is an ambitious and tough venture. The
authorities must make the maximum out of the possibilities to be had and locate suitable approaches to tackle
the challenges approaching over the implementation of EVS. India’s responsibility closer to many surroundings
friendly agreements has given it a scenario in which it's far induced to implement imaginative and prescient
2030.
REFERENCES
1) Blessings of electrical automobiles as outlined by way of the Australian electric powered motors affiliation.
2) Usually, there are nonetheless emissions associated with the electricity used to charge an eV if it’s from the grid.
3) Environmental advantages of electric vehicles.
4) What are the driving advantages of an electric powered vehicle?
5) BP statistical overview of worldwide energy.
6) India is ready to embark at the maximum bold electric powered-vehicle transformation inside the international.
7) Reluctant India takes moral high ground on Paris climate deal.
8) Electric powered motors to shop $60 billion in fuel prices via 2030: nit aayog. Reputation India scheme.
9) EESL you purchased 10,000 electric powered vehicles to replace government’s fleet.
10) Karnataka desires to end up the electric automobile capital of India.
11) Nagpur gets India’s first fleet of electrical vehicles.
12) Countrywide electric mobility venture plan.
13) India’s electric powered car sales develop 37.5% to 22,000 devices.
14) Mahindra reva e2o to head 120 kms in line with fee, power guidance brought!
15) Pinnacle 5 hybrid/electric powered cars in India.
16) Mahindra Scorpio and xuv500 to get electric versions quickly, m&m to invest rs. Three hundred-400 core on EVS.

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Chapter – 4
Differences between crisp set and fuzzy logic and comparative study of
probability theory and fuzzy theory for student purpose .
By : Subhash Chandra Nautiyal1
, Dr Sandeep Kumar2
1,2
Department of mathematics , Government P.G College ,New Tehri ,Tehri Garhwal
Abstract –In this research article we will try to find out the major difference between crisp set and fuzzy set,
similarity, and differences between fuzzy theory and probability, and will try to make a relation between fuzzy
theory and probability, are fuzzy theory and probability are complementary or competitive and what is the main
significance of fuzzy theory so this is more realistic or helpful to understand real- world problem more easily .
Keywords- fuzzy theory, probability, degree of truth, crisp set
Introduction – we can define a crisp set as a well-defined collection of elements or object, in a crisp set every
single element either belongs to the set or does not belong to the set we can assign either 0 or 1 for each individual
in the universal set for characteristic function.
As a set of natural number
{1,2,3,4 … … … … . }
Here 1∈ 𝑁 but 1.5∉ 𝑁 , when1∈ 𝑁 it is a true statement while 1.5∉ 𝑁 is a false statement,we can define
classical set differently way, we can list the elements that belong to the set and also can write elements as set
builder form but in fuzzy theory, the characteristic function allows the various degree of membership function,
a fuzzy set is denoted by an ordered set of pairs the first element of which denotes the element and the second
the degree of membership .
Crisp versus fuzzy set-
When we start defining crisp means dichotomous, which we can say either true or false or yes or no, when we
discuss our conventional dual logic a statement can either be true or false but there is nothing in between, in a
similar way in set theory an element can either belong to a set or not, when we solve optimization problem there
either a solution is feasible or not.

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Let to begin this discussion started with an example Ram is tall ,this is a vague ,how can you able to define
tall,in a crisp set you need fixed values by which you can compare ,because it is not well defined and without
defining you cannot predict anything about height of Ram but in fuzzy you have more choices tall ,less tall, etc.
By this example, we have to make a view about the height (length ) of peoples and giving membership grades
whom people think tall .
height in feet membership grades
4 feet 0
5 feet 0.1
5 feet 2 inch 0.2
5 feet 4 inch 0.3
5 feet 6 inch 0.4
5 feet 8 inch 0.5
6 feet 0.7
6 feet 2 inch 0.9
6 feet 6 inch 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
4 feet5 feet5 feet
2
inch
5
feet 4
inch
5 feet
6
inch
5 feet
8
inch
6 feet6 feet
2
inch
6 feet
6
inch
membership grades
membership grades

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We are including one more example to clearing this concept.
What is the weather today?
We have written the average temperature of any place in India .
Month. Jan Feb March Apr. May. June. July Aug Sep. Oct. Nov Dec
Tempt
in deg
Celsius
12 14 22 27 30 37 34 30 27 25 22 19
Now if we divide these temperatures into two categories
Hot ≥ 30
Less Hot 25 < 30
Less cold 15 ≤ 25
Very Cold Less than 15
Plotting bar graph for this
Now we can distribute the following temperature as hot and cold , but in fuzzy theory we can divide these
temperatures as less hot ,hot ,very hot ,cold ,less cold ,very cold.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Series1

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You have two option hot or cold in the classical set according to your range you have to choose for hot and cold
weather first of all you have to define cold weather temperature limit and hot weather temperature limit and if
the temperature is in the hot limit you will say hot and if the temperature in cold limit you will say cold but in
fuzzy logic you have more option cold, less cold, very hot ,hot ,etc. it is also one of the major issues of a crisp
set is that without define you cannot predict but fuzzy give you some wide scope to understand these types of
vague.
Here we are taking an example in which we are trying to grade a child using different indicators .
S.
No
Name of
students
Attendance
percentage
I.Q Teachers
thinking about
child
performance
Previous
class record
How will you
rate
membership
value for
passing
current
examination .
1 Jon 95 Outstanding
child
Excellent Excellent 1
2 Thomas 80 Average Very good Good 0.7
3 Albert 90 Below
average
Average Satisfactory 0.5
4 Michal 40 Below
average
Below average not
satisfactory
0.2

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Now one another example
A house seller wants to know the rating of a house which they want to sell let indicator used for the comfort level
of the house is the number of rooms in the house let x={1,2,3,4,5,6}be the set of available types of house and
there is a family of 4 people is rating the houses according to a comfortable level of room available in the house.
A=〈(1, .1), (2, .3)(3,.5)(4, .7)(5,1)(6, .6)〉
So by this example, we can understand that a four- person family rated 5 room house almost.
By this example we consider, let is assumes in context of the India we have to take a view about the fatness of
12 years children according to their weight.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Jon Thomas Albert Michal
membership grades
membership grades
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2 4 6 8
membership grades
membership grades

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Now here different weights are given for 12 years child is
30,40,50,60
So making a fuzzy set according to membership grades.
A={(10,0), (20, .1)(30,.3), (40, .5), (50, .7), (60,1)}
According to result all people rated that 60 kg weight is a sign of fatness of 12 years child .
Needs of probability and fuzzy theory
When we considered features of real world real problems there are most of the problems uncertain or vague by
number of ways ,and there is very difficult to understand the real nature of problem because there are many
aspects of problem where perception ,people observation ,human judgment, evaluation and decision could be
helpful for solving such type of problems ,fuzziness can be found in a different area of life such as engineering
,medicine ,manufacturing and other ,it is also used in the area where human judgment ,evaluation and decision
according to conditions are important.
In bivalent logic every proposition is either true or false and there is no space for other condition, but when we
deal with the fuzzy theory we can say that there is a wide range of interpretation of data because in fuzzy allows
the various degree of membership function. when we discuss probability ,we define by chances of occurring and
event is called its probability ,the probability theory is the approach to handle uncertainty but it is applicable
only on condition whose characteristic are based on the random process
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80
membership grades
membership grades

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Comparing with real world situation –both fuzzy and probability deals with uncertainty ,in probability we have
to calculate the probability of an event which could be occurred or not occurred while fuzzy give a wide view of
data and observation ,when we compare both of them compare with real world problem, we can find that fuzzy
theory is much more closer or able to understand these problems with different angle while probability deals
with only number and events occurred or not occurred, we can compare it with a condition that probability is
like a robot which work only software uploaded while fuzzy work as a human being and decide according to the
situation so that in artificial intelligence fuzzy takes important role while probability do not fill the required gap.
Fuzzy theory is based on membership grades ,which is stimulated by human assumption, perception and
cognition incorporated ,the information we get basically from computational ,cognition and perception also
included and there are uncertainty ,imprecise ,vague and partially true information ,in fuzzy theory we can
include human perception and there also included human assessment in computing problems, there are so many
area where fuzzy theory have very important role ,in artificial intelligence ,decision making ,pattern
reorganization optimization and control .
In probability we start with a set of elementary events, each elementary event associated with its probability
,probability always non negative and sum to 1 we can define probability as measures of uncertainty of various
phenomenon ,if we have obtained the probability of getting an odd number in throwing a die as 3/6 now the total
possible outcome are {1,2,3,4,5,6}the outcome in the favor of an odd number are 1,3,5, in general to obtain the
probability of an event we find the ratio of the number outcome favorable to the event ,to the total number of
outcomes this theory of probability is known as classical theory of probability and finding the probability on the
basis of observation and collected data this is called statistical approach of probability ,but we can say the theories
have some difficulties these theories cannot be applied to the activities ,experiment which have infinite number
of outcome, in probability theory we assume all the outcomes to be equally likely when we have no reason to
believe that one is more likely to occur than the other, in other words we assume that all outcome have equal
chances to occur thus to definite probability we used equally likely theory of probability called axiomatic
approach of probability.
Difference between fuzzy theory and probability-
When we are trying to differentiate between probability and fuzzy theory we must start with clear basic
differences ,we consider fuzzy logic is a logic of vague ,imprecise notion and proposition that may be more or
less true ,here we are saying more or less true ,fuzzy logic is then partial degree of truth and the other hand
probability deals with crisp notation and proposition ,here proposition are either true or false ,the probability of
a proposition is the degree of belief on the truth of that proposition.

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Here we are taking example as there are 5 great batsman of Indian team and if we are saying which one is more
better according to their batting skills in this case we cannot find probability because there is no method by
which we can understand which is better batsman according to skills because it is not well defined and it is not
set whereas when we deals this problem according to fuzzy logic we can answer this question according to
membership grades given by people.
And one another example, we have asked by 10 person who like action movie and then we have asked question
and given two movie one is action and another one is romance action drama and then ask to these 10 person
which movie is best ,in this case we cannot find probability with same reason because it is not well define
whereas we can assign some membership value for this problem then we can say that both approaches dealing
with uncertainty but fuzzy theory include some more path to solve any problem .here we are taking one another
example let we have taken three star of Hollywood film industry and one is superstar and other two is not so big
star and then we ask to 100 people who those involved in critics of movies and when we ask a question that
upcoming movie of which of these actor could be super hit this is not question of astrology because people have
their perception that the movie of this star will be definitely good and by this perception they will go for watch
a movie so this is also a inbuilt fuzzy approach in mind which always work according to condition, and when
we say that following candidate will be winner of this election this is also some calculation behind it which
support our assumption, similarly in football match between two famous team we can guess that this player will
do maximum goals and sometime it is correct because there are some calculation which is in our mind
,calculation related to past record ,calculation related to strength of player and calculation of fitness of player
and some other aspect also included in this ,so this is one of the example of fuzzy theory and we cannot see this
problem in probability frame, when we say chances of India of winning this match is 60% means out of hundred
chances of India is 60 and its comes according to past record of Indian team but we can see that record is not
actually correct measure of winning its depend on form of team ,as in eighties and nineties west indies cricket
team is very good and that time maximum matches they played they win but when we come to 2000 onward
we see that in that time west indies team is not so strong as earlier but the statists of winning is with west indies,
but west indies team form at that time is not good so when we talk about probability ,by this it could be
misconception that west indies is best for particular matches but actually west indies team is not good at these
days, so here when we discuss fuzzy logic we can able to more correct result because human perception also
included in decision so these are the some example by which we can clearly differentiate between fuzzy logic
and probability.

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Probability and fuzzy theory both deals with uncertainty but in probability you need large values of data where
you have less number of data and uncertainty data there fuzzy theory is more useful.
S.No Fuzzy theory Probability
1 In fuzzy theory we try to
capture essential concept of
vagueness .
Probability is basically
associated with events and that
event will either occur or not
occur.
2 fuzzy logic includes the partial
truth.
In probability deals with partial
knowledge.
3 Fuzzy logic is based on degree
of membership and bases of
this are mathematical
reasoning.
Probability is one of the
approaches of mathematical
modeling.
4 In between yes or no we have
plenty of membership value in
fuzzy.
Only data available is only
source.
5 People perception and
cognition included.
Based only events .
6 Easy to understand and
applicable.
Not so easy as fuzzy.
7 Closer to realistic problem
because in nature everything
have some membership value.
It deals with event and involved
in mathematical modeling to
find solutions of real world
problem within its boundaries.
Conclusion
Here we have study and try to understand primary knowledge of fuzzy theory and why it is so important for
mathematics and all different field like artificial intelligence, engineering etc and one another point what is the

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need of fuzzy when probability is also exist,here we can say through this research article learner concept about
fuzzy theory will be more clear and they will develop better understanding of fuzzy theory.
References –
1. Fuzzy Logic and Probability
Petr Hack Lluis Godo Francesc Esteva Institute of Coniputer
Science (ICS) Institut d'Investigaci6 en 1ntel.ligencia Artificial
(IIIA) Academy of Sciences
Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) 182 07 Prague,
Czech Republic
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235656830_Fuzzy_Logic_and_Probability
2. Fuzzy set theory and its application fourth addition ,H.-J. Zimmermann.
3. The Similarities between Fuzzy Logic and Probability By Graeme Heald 3 rd April 2017
4. Real-Life Applications of Fuzzy Logic
Harpreet Singh,1
Madan M. Gupta,2
Thomas Meitzler,3
Zeng-Guang Hou,4
Kum Kum Garg,5
Ashu
M. G. Solo,6
and Lotfi A. Zadeh
5. Fundamentals of Fuzzy Logic
Control — Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Rules and Defuzzifications.
6. Fuzzy sets and probability :
Misunderstandings, bridges and gaps Didier Dubois – Henri
Prade.

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7. Introduction to Fuzzy Sets
Michal Jezewski,Robert Czabanski,Silesian Jacek Les
8. Hirota, K.: Concepts of probabilistic sets. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 5, 31–46
(1981)
9. [Bacchus, 19901 BACC:HUS, F. Representing and reasoning with probabilistic knowledge. MIT-Press,
Cambridge Massachusetts, 1990.

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Chapter – 5
From Literacy To Post-Literacy And
Continuing Education
By : Ramshankar Varma
MSc. B.Ed. MA Education Diploma in School Management, MSACIT
Assistant Teacher, Chemistry Departments, S K Somaiya Junior College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
Vidyavihar, Mumbai 400077
Abstract :
Total Literacy Campaigns (TLC) for imparting basic literacy skills, Post-Literacy Programme (PLP) for
applications of literacy skills, and Continuing Education Programme (CEP) for linking literacy with skills
upgradation and improvement in the quality of life (Table 4.2) In addition, the government has revamped the
scheme of Jan Shikshan Sansthans (Institutes of People’s Education) to impart neo- literates vocational skills
and trainings, and the scheme of Support to Voluntary Organizations to enhance the role of NGOs in
implementation of various programmes of NLMIn addition, the Mahila Samkhya Programme and the
Accelerated Female Literacy Programme are the two key initiatives of the government to educate non-literate
women. This section examines salient issues in the programmatic framework of these programmes and highlights
the NGOs’ approach to promoting literacy. This article describes various efforts by Government towards the
continuing education.
Keywords : Universal Education, Programmatic Framework, Life long Learning

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Introduction :
With revamping of the NLM policy in the late 1990s, there has been a significant change in the NLM’s
programmatic approach since then. The programmes of TLCs and PLP have been integrated under the scheme
of Literacy Campaigns and Operation Restoration since April 2000 for continuity of learning.xxiv
TLC and PLP
are viewed as two operational stages of the learning continuum. It is envisaged that integration of the activities
of basic teaching-learning with post-literacy activities would ensure a smooth transition from TLC to PLP. Under
this scheme it is feasible to take up TLC and PLP concurrently and draw finances from a single budgetary
provision and formulate strategies for restoration of the stagnated campaigns.
TLC is no longer perceived as a people’s movement, linking literacy with development and social concerns
through volunteerism, but as target- oriented and time-bound literacy programme run mostly by paid
functionaries. Mobilisation strategy of TLC is replaced with the managerial approach to improve programme
efficiency. De-linking PLP from CEP has weakened post-literacy as an important stage of learning.
Lack of Clarity in Conceptualisation
Despite multi-pronged approach for attaining the objective of sustainable threshold level of 75% literacy rate by
2007 through literacy, post-literacy and continuing education programmes, there appears to be a lack of clarity
about operationalising different stages of learning. Specifically, post-literacy has become a rather hazy stage
between total literacy campaign (TLC) phase and continuing education (CE) phase. On the one hand, PL is
integrated with TLC phase, focusing on literacy learning.
On the other hand, continuing education is perceived both as a stage in learning and progression towards the
ideal state of a learning society. It is assumed that when a non-literate learner passes through the phases of basic
literacy and post-literacy, he/she develops a strong demand for further learning. The CEP is expected to provide
neo-literates opportunities for self-directed learning, equivalency programmes based on open schooling, job-
oriented vocational education and skill development programmes.

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The Changing Notion of Voluntarism
Basic literacy teaching through volunteers is underscored in TLC/PLC and continuing education phases.
However, the existing framework reflects a loss of people’s movement character in imparting basic literacy and
post-literacy education on a mass scale. Furthermore, introduction of paid project staff (for example,
preraks/volunteer teachers) in continuing education, appears to have shifted the focus away from voluntarism at
the grassroots. With growing emphasis on paid functionaries in running the PL and CE centres, the involvement
of volunteers has been reduced (Mathew, 2002). On the other hand, the community participation is encouraged
for funding CEC and various activities for financial sustainability of CECs. With diminishing importance of
volunteers in various programmes, there is growing bureaucratisation of programme planning and
implementation.
Partnership with NGOs
Ever since the launching of literacy as a ‘societal’ mission in 1988, the NLM has emphasised strengthening the
partnership with NGOs and has evolved both institutional and information mechanisms to give voluntary
agencies and NGOs an active promotional role in the literacy movement. Partnership with the NGOs was central
to the success of TLCs in the earlier phase. Participatory organisational structures facilitated high level of
participation of NGOs, and the community in the literacy movement. On the other hand, the government has
continued to encourage NGOs to participate in various programmes and has provided financial support to
NGOsfor various activities through the Scheme of Support to NGOs to run post-literacy and continuing
education programmes, However, ‘partnership’ with the NGOs is increasingly viewed by policy planners for
management and implementation of literacy, post-literacy and continuing education projects. Thus, the NGOs
are considered merely as ‘service providers’ and not as partners in policy formulation and planning.
Capacity Building
Capacity building is the most crucial aspect for planning, management, monitoring and evaluation of various
diversified and multi-faceted programmes of literacy, post-literacy and continuing education. The cascade
approach is used for training functionaries on a large-scale. TLCs followed a three-tier system of training,

HRB 60
comprising of Key Resource Persons (KRPs), Resource Persons (RPs), Master Trainers and Voluntary
Instructors. In CEP, a two-tier system of training is followed. Preraks and assistant preraks are trained by the
KRPs, who are identified and trained either by the ZSS or the SRC. The key training providers are SRCs, District
Resource Units, District Institutes of Education and Training and university departments of adult education.
However, most of the government institutes reduce training to mere transmission of knowledge and has followed
top-down and lecture-based approach to training (Dighe, 2005).
Monitoring and Evaluation
NLM envisages vigorous monitoring and systematic evaluation of various programmes. Evolving an appropriate
framework for assessing achievement in basic literacy and allied areas, such as functional literacy, life skills,
etc., has, however, remained a much neglected area in India. Overall, the focus of evaluation (internal and
external) has remained on achievements of quantitative targets and not on the processes and quality of learning.
Claims of internal and external evaluation about literacy achievements are seldom questioned or validated
through rigorous studies. Limited attention is paid to understanding learning environment and contextual reality
that shape the learning outcomes. Except the evaluation frameworks developed by the Committees (for example,
Dave Committee, Ghosh Committee), there has been hardly any debate and discussion on definitions or norms
of literacy and functionality. No efforts are made yet to assess literacy or literacy with functionality or the other
outcomes from divergent frameworks (national or international) of assessment of literacy. NLM has developed
comprehensive standardised guidelines for the concurrent and final evaluation of the CEP.
Approaches to Specific Programmes for Women
Women have been identified as one of the important target groups for literacy, post-literacy and continuing
education programmes. However, the Accelerated Female Literacy Programme, and the Mahila Samakhya
Programme are the two key initiatives of the government to educate non-literate women. Each programme differs
in terms of its approach to promote women’s literacy.
The Target-Oriented Approach

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In the Tenth Plan, the government has launched a new scheme, Accelerated Female Literacy Programme (AFLP),
in the 47 low female literacy districts to tackle the problem of female illiteracy and residual illiteracy in a focused
manner (GoI,2005:25-26). The AFLP is a result-oriented and time bound programme with emphasis on close
monitoring. Special innovative programmes have been taken up in these districts for promoting female literacy.
Different models are adopted for implementation of the scheme. Implementation of AFLP is envisaged either
through local NGOs or ZSS. In Uttar Pradesh, AFLP is implemented through a network of about 100 NGOs to
make approximately two million women literate within a period of about six months. In Bihar, AFLP is
implemented with the involvement of Panchayati Raj functionaries, women volunteer teachers and women self-
help groups to cover about three million non- literate women within 6-12 months. Similar projects would be
taken up for the low-literacy districts in the other states. Under the programme, female- oriented special primers
are developed for basic literacy learning. The extent to which target-oriented approach of the AFLP has
succeeded in promoting sustainable literacy among women in low-literacy districts is not known .
The Process-Oriented Approach
The Mahila Samakhya Programme (MSP) is an innovative educational programme, started in 1989 as a 100%
Dutch-assisted project to promote education for women’s equality and empowerment among socially and
economically disadvantaged and marginalised groups of women in rural areas. It is now totally funded by the
government. Against the Tenth Plan’s target of covering 240 districts in 17 states, the MSP has been implemented
only in 9 states (Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and
Uttarakhand), covering 63 districts and 15823 villages by June 2005.
The programme perceives education as a continuous process of learning and an ability to critically engage with
one’s environment and society. It enables women to acquire knowledge from a position of strength to question,
critically analyse issues and problems, and seek solutions and new ways of learning and doing. It seeks to bring
about a change in women’s perceptions about themselves and the people. It helps them to make informed choices
and set their own agenda. The MSP views education as central to the efforts of empowering women to achieve
equality.

HRB 62
Basic literacy education has been taken up by the MSP when Sangha women have demanded. Although the MSP
has experimented with innovative approaches to imparting literacy and developing gender-sensitive pedagogy
and material, these efforts are not sustained. In response to the growing demand from Sangha women for
education of girls and shift in the policy towards girls’ education, there is an emerging focus on girls and
adolescents in the programme. MSKs are established to provide learning opportunities to out-of-school girls and
adolescents through residential bridge courses with vocational training and life skills. There are divergent
gender- sensitive educational interventions, such as Balika Mahila Shikshan Kendras for girls (9+ years) in
Andhra Pradesh, Jagjagi Kendras, the NFE centres for adolescent girls in Bihar, Kishori Sanghas, etc.
Lifelong Learning Through Continuing Education: A Long Way To Go
In India, continuing education has emerged as a major strategy of NLM for promoting lifelong learning, while
strengthening and sustaining basic literacy skills of youth and adults. Continuing education by nature is
envisaged to be flexible, responding to the learning needs of diversified groups of learners. Hence,
implementation of CEP is likely to vary considerably across the states and across the districts within a state.
Official statistics present a rosy picture of coverage of districts under continuing education. CEP is implemented
in 296 out of 596 districts covered under various schemes of NLM (GoI, 2005: 62-63). To what
extent the CEP is geared towards
responding to community learning needs and sustaining learning? This section, based on a limited review of
literature, highlights the emerging trends.
Learners
Given the large gap in the policy and implementation, the impact of CEP on learners has been very limited. The
CMS evaluation study shows increase in awareness level of learners and acquisition of some cognitive skills.
Despite low and irregular attendance in CE classes, learners reported the impact of CEP in terms awareness on
legal age at marriage, importance of child immunisation etc, increase in self- esteem, and improved interactions
with government offices. However, there was hardly any impact on improving economic status of the
beneficiaries as in none of the states, except in Kerala, beneficiaries acquired vocational skills. This was due to
lack of initiative among preraks to arrange training for them, inadequate resources at CECs and NCECs, and

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lack of convergence of resources. Kerala was an exception because CECs made concerted efforts to help the
learners economically.
Capacity Building of Functionaries
Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring is one of the weak areas of the programme. In general, standardised guidelines for monitoring are
developed by the NLM and circulated to the districts. The Management Information System (MIS) is set up in a
hierarchical way to routinely gather information and is hardly used to modify or improve the quality of
programme implementation. Community participation in monitoring of the CEP through Village Education
Committee, Committee of Neo-literates, Users Committee, etc. is a welcome step. However, inadequate attention
is paid to building the capability of the community to play and developing effective structures at the community
level this role.
Sustainability
Active participation of panchayats is envisaged in implementation and financing of CEP. However, evaluation
of CECs in Rajasthan reveals that devolution of funds has not taken place. The state government has not yet
passed the funds to the panchayats but kept them with the ZSS. Hence, as envisaged by the policy, most of the
panchayats have not yet committed officially to fund the CEC after discontinuation of the government funds.
The CMS study shows that neither CECs nor NCECs are financially sustainable. However, some efforts have
been made in Kerala to generate financial resources. Convergence of resources of other development
departments and other agencies (for example, District Institute of Educational Technology, SRC, JSS,
educational institutions, etc.) could help in achieving financial self-sufficiency. However, preraks and ZSS had
hardly made any effort to establish linkages with them.
Nonetheless, some sporadic efforts have been made at the local level to provide financial support to CECs. For
example, a few panchayats in Rajasthan have continued to support CECs in small ways through personal income
and donations of small things. This way thirteen CECs were adopted by the panchayats or individuals, who

HRB 64
committed to meet CEC expenses for one year. Although preraks were not paid for 16 months, they had
continued to work at the CECs. However, such voluntarism may not sustain CECs in the long run. In Andhra
Pradesh, the CEP in Guntur and West Godavari districts, evolved after the successful completion of the TLC and
post-literacy phase of the campaign, the corpus fund for CECs was created through subscription for the
membership of associations of neo-literates (akshar sangams) and mobilisation of donations from individuals
and the community .
Conclusion :
There is considerable optimism about India’s recent economic development. Basic education has become an
important aspect of social policy for achieving economic growth. However, the story of India’s achievement in
attaining the EFA goals related to youth and adult literacy, and lifelong learning since 2000 is one of the mixed
successes. On the positive side, there is improvement in the adult literacy rate from 61% (73.3% males and
47.8%
females) in 2001 to 67.3% (77% males and 57% females) in 2004-05. On the negative side, India still has 34.6%
(267 million) of the world’s illiterate adults (771 million). Progress of adult literacy has remained uneven across
the regions and lopsided with wide disparities in terms of gender, social and religious groups. The problem of
illiteracy is still grave among poor households and females, particularly from rural areas. Pockets of illiteracy
are spread across India, but concentrated primarily in low-literacy states. The socio-economically
disadvantaged social groups of SCs and STs, and Muslims from rural areas also have low literacy. Low
learning achievement and
In the revamped NLM policy, there is greater emphasis on the partnership with the NGOs and on community
participation in implementation and monitoring of various programmes for efficient management and delivery
of programmes. Community participation is viewed essentially for the long-term sustainability of the
programmes. Will such strategy improve provisions and governance of adult education programmes or lead to
gradual withdrawal of the government as a provider of adult education? If the neglect of adult education
continues in overall policy of basic education, then achievement of EFA goals of adult literacy and learning for
all will remain an elusive reality.
References

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1. Ahmed, and Sheifali Pandit (2004): First External Evaluation of Continuing Education Programme in
Ajmer (Rajasthan). New Delhi: The Indian Institute of Public Opinion.
2. Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samithi (2002): Impact of Post Literacy. A study sponsored by UNESCO. New
Delhi: UNESCO.
3. Centre for Media Studies (2004): Continuing Education Programme- An Impact Study. New Delhi:
Planning Commission.
4. Chand, Prem (1992): Statistical Database for Literacy- Literacy for Age Group 7 and Above, 1981-91,
Provisional. New Delhi: National Institute of Adult Education.
5. Daswani, C. J. (2002): Education Beyond Literacy- Changing Concepts and Shifting Goals. In: R.
Govinda (ed.) (2002): India Education Report- A Profile of Basic Education. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
6. Dighe, Anita (2005): Improving the Quality of Training of Adult Education Practitioners in the South
Asian Region- Some Considerations. In: Frank Youngman and Madhu Singh (ed.) (2005): Stregthening
the Training of Adult Education- Learning from Inter-regional Exchange of Experience. Hamburg:
UNESCO Institute of Education.
7. GoI [Government of India]. (1986a): National Policy on Education -- 1986. New Delhi, Department of
Education.

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Chapter – 6
Intensification of awareness and participation in activities of
biological control of mosquitoes on its re-emergence during
pre and post-covid-19 pandemic
By : Devraj R. Saxena1
& Ghanshyam J. Tiwary2
Head1
, Lecturer2
, Department of Zoology
Kamla Nehru Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India1
, Resonance Eduvanture Pvt Ltd, Nagpur
Maharashtra, India2
ABSTRACT
Chemical control methods to control larvae and adult are available have limitations. Importance of biological
control of larvae and adult mosquito of many species is increasingly felt due to re-emergence of malaria and
other vector-transmitted zoonotic disease. Non-availability of medicine and other health facilities due to free-
movement of health workers definitely elevated deaths due malaria escalation. Moreover, during COVID-19
lockdown the pollution declined helping the survival and increase in mosquito population in India and elsewhere.
Simple way to control malaria vector-borne disease is use of indigenous edible and larvicidal and ornamental
aquarium fishes for biological control has a cutting edge over costly genetic approach the former being easily
manageable indoors, outdoors in domestic and industrial areas by former, general public and researchers.
Laboratory trails have accumulated voluminous data on use of indigenous fish as biological control agent,
government aided malaria control program on national and regional level implemented in rural and urban areas
have shown promising outcomes for vector-borne disease and currently they need to be intensified for total
control on mosquito menace.
KEY WORDS:- Piscivorous- green technology, mosquito, malaria, indigenous, Covid-19.

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INTRODUCTION
Malaria, yellow fever, chickungunya, dengue fever, encephalitis, filariasis, etc. are all mosquito vector borne
diseases afflicting the many countries of the world. Indiscriminate application of pesticides near or away from
human habitation is not permitted by authorities because of pollution hazards or the target vector species may
survive onslaught respectively (Service,M.W.,1983 and 1992). Various zoonotic and other diseases are spread
by female blood sucking mosquitoes belonging to different species (Wilcox and Ellis,2006;Anonymous,2013).In
present research communication the authors have used research papers available in various journals to include
all aspects of control and eradication of various species of mosquito control .Chemical methods result in
deterioration of purity of atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil. Durden and Gray (2002) has suggested continuous
application of pesticides for 7 days to control larval life seems an unfriendly approach due to pollution hazards.
Before the invention and use of DDT (Raghavendra K, Subbarao SK, 2002), biological control of immature
larvae by larvivorous fish was used globally either singly or in combination with chemical method under the
integrated vector control program (Mulla,M.S.,1961).
Both edible and non edible fish can be used as biological agent to reduce or eradicate mosquitoes. A check
list of above fish is available also for fresh water ornamental ponds. Gambusia affinis and P. reticulate both are
highly predatory on larvae of mosquitoes are native species from USA. The first fish was introduced in Hawain
islands (1905), lateral 1912 to Spain and in 1920 to Italy, P. reticulata was used in British India for malaria
control (Gerebrich,J.B,1985). DDT spray use started in the mid 1940s for control of mosquitoes in human
habitations and other indoor areas and by 1969 WHO promoted use of synthetic insecticides on a large scale for
eradication of larval stages (Raghavendra, K Subbarao SK, 2002 ). For implementation of control programs any
biological agent must possess high adaptability in new introduced environment high reproductive potential,
competitiveness to search the largest prey and consume it even when other type of food are available, establish
itself in non native habitats and survive thereafter permanently without exherting ill-effects (non-invasive) on
local species (Waaga JK,DJ Greathead, 1988 and Marten GG,eta.al.,1994; Denoth, M.et.al.,2002 and
Carlson,J.et.al.,2004).Currently the mosquito species have altered their DNA and become resistance to DDT
(Collins LE, Blackwell A,2000).
WHO data reported 228 million cases and 405,000 deaths from malaria globally, Africans had a lion share in
this statistic. (WHO, World malaria report,2019). During Covid-19 lockdown decreased and restricted provision
of services such as distribution of chemoprevention medicine, insecticide treated nets, indoor residual spray
which if not had been disrupted prevent nearly 100 million new cases per year and saved life of 600,000 human
from malaria death(Plucinski,M.et.al.,2014).

HRB 68
Why there is a need to re-define and re-use biological agents for malaria control?
Pesticides and insecticides cause pollution of environment,cancer teratogenesis, biological magnification, affect
reproductive capacity of animals and cause sterility to humans, act as mutagenic substances, etc. Larvivorous
and edible fishes do not interfere with the tropic level of local indigenous fish species and are adapted to survive
at high temperature 45-550
C, prevent bioconcentration and biomagnifiction. The authors of present paper
propose a single species may not fulfil all the requirements like: breed prolifically throughout the year, short-life
cycle, survival in potable and non potable water without polluting the water, able to explore areas infested with
thick growth of weeds to locate and devour the larvae irrespective of the depth of water column. Overcome
drought situations during intense heat and light conditions. They must have no food/commercial value, but small,
hardy, dull and non-attractive characteristic are needed for successfully establishing it efficiently and achieve
the aim/s of biological control of mosquito larvae which re-emerge after a control time period of decades and
threaten spread of diseases transmitted by them to various vertebrates including man (Job,TJ,1940).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Data of various research workers were used to determine use of a fish as a biological agent to control larval
stages and adult population of various species of mosquitoes were used to write this paper. Location like shallow
water ponds, canals, ditches, lakes, creeks, etc and artificial water bodies like culture ponds, reservoirs, fish-
forms, wells etc are surveyed; hand-net, dip-net, sieve, lift-net, minnow-trap or barbless-hook are used to catch
the fish. Stagnant or slow moving water harbour fish of variable size easily get trapped, transported, and
acclimatized in field or laboratory aquaria in fresh, clean, water and food was provided. Aeration of aquarium
may be essential, water renewal must be done. The experiment reveals the number of live mosquito larvae
consumed by the larvivorous, edible fish and fishes in ornamental fresh-water ponds. Before testing the predatory
nature of these fishes, identification and categorization is done. Standard manual, published invasive Species
Specialist Group,etc., help in identification of fish.
Indigenous larvivarous fishes used for biological control.
(1) Aphanius dispar ,Dispar top minnow
(2) Aplocheilus
(i) A.blockii, Dwarf panchax
(ii)A.Lineatus ,Malabar killie
(iii)A.panchax, Panchax minnow

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(3) Colisa
(i) Colisa fasciatus ,Giant gourami
(ii) Colisa lalia ,Dwarf gourami
(iii) Colisa sota, Sunset gourami
(4) Chanda nama ,Elongate glass perchlet
(5) Oryzias melastigma, Estuarine ricefish
(6) Danio rerio ,Zebra danio
(7) Macropodus cupanus , Spiketailed paradise fish
Evalution of efficiency of Indigenous larvivorous fishes as agents for biological control of larvae and adult
mosquitoes:
Aphanius dispar ecologically thrives well in fresh and brackish water is susceptible to transport stress. Field trials
at Riyadh shallow water channel 3 fish/sqm. Water surface proved fruitful for mosquito larva control (Ataur-
Rahim,M,1981). Same fish effectively controlled Culex quinquefasciatus Say (1823) that spread Bancroftian
filariasis in human made artificial pond experiments filled with organic pollutant (MSVBD, Nat Inst com Dis,
New Delhi,1988). In urban area in wells, cisterns, etc this indigenous race reduced the breeding of Anopheles
arabiensis and A.gambiae by about 97 percent at Djibouti (Lous JP, Albert JP,1988),in wells and cisterns in
urban Ethiopian also breeding of A.culifacies adanensis was highly curtailed(Fletcher,et.al.,1992).Experiments
performed in cisterns in urban region in Djibouti revealed decline in breeding of A.arabiensis and A.gambiae
(Louis JP. Alert JP,1988).
Aplocheilus blockii is an indigenous fish distributed widely in standing and flowing vegetation covered
fresh water bodies respectively can be stocked in wells, overhead tanks, etc. Kumar et.al., (1998) reported decline
in larvae of A. stephensi by 75% in natural habitats bordering the coastal part of Goa. Experiment carried out in
tanks, large cisterns and barrels using same fish curbed the menace of Aedes albopictus skuse 1894 a vector of
chickungungya (MSVBD, Nat Inst. Com Dis, New Delhi, 1988) in man-made habitats. Aplocheilus lineatus
found in paddy fields, tanks,ponds and marine habitat was introduced in urban and rural regions for mosquito
larvae control. Field trails in experiments conducted using storage tanks, cisterns and barrels with the fish
A.lineatus controlled the spread of dengue fever by feeding on larvae of vector Aedes aegypti Linnaeus 1762
(Ataur-Rahim,M,1982). The third species of A. panchax occur in low altitude water bodies containing clear
shallow fresh and brackish water harbouring carnivorous fish. It effectively consumed larvae of A.culicifacies
in natural river bed pools,cess pools, streams grown with vegetation and manmade irrigation channels, swimming
pools, etc. The fish A.panchax exihibited high degree predation of anopheles sundaicus larvae present in natural

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