35. womwn entrepreneurs issues book .pdf

2021 HRB| Volume 5, Issue 1 September |
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www.highrisebooks.com ISBN: 9798478750206
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NEW HORIZONS
IN COMMERCE
&
MANAGEMENT
Volume -5
Ms. Sonam Gupta
All copyrights reserved @ high rise books

3
Edition 1
First Edition 2021
HIGH RISE BOOKS
Amazon Publishers
www.kdp.amazon.com
New horizons in commerce and management
Volume -5
ISBN: 9798478750206
Imprint : Individually published
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval or
transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise,
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publisher and the author make no representations or warranties of any kind concerning this
book or its contents.

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SNO Name of the chapter Author Pg.no
1 Capturing Value through Product
Portfolio Management: A Research
Perspective On Apple Inc.
Shohom Pal 4-14
2 Agriculture And Sustainable
Development : In The Northeast Region
Prasanta Mujrai & Dr.Kartik
Maiti
15-22
3 Impact of Competition on Innovations in
the Business
Dr. Avinash Ramesh
Chintamani
23-31
4 A Study on Women Entrepreneurship in
Issues And Prospective in India
Dr. M. Karuppanasamy & N.
Hariharan
32-42
5 Analysis of 30 Years of Economic
Reforms
Radhika 43-52
6 A Study of Competency Mapping For
Identification of Training Needs
Mr. Amit Vilasrao Pondkule &
Dr.Vishal Bharat Babar
53-
72
7 Satisfaction of Entrepreneurship-Cum-
Skill Development Programmes (Esdp)
Delivered By Msme Di
Dr.Prasanth.A.P 73-81
8 Consumer Behavior in the New Normal Dr. Shashidhar Mahantshetti &
Prof. Vinayak Banakar
82-85
9 Emerging Trends And Its Implications of
AI in Recruitment
Chandrika S. 86-104

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Chapter -1
Capturing Value through Product Portfolio
Management: A Research Perspective On Apple Inc.
By : Shohom Pal
Loyola Institute of Business Administration
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to formulate the sales and revenue of company Apple. Apart
from that, there are challenges and measures that are there in companies are also being
evaluated. The financial analysis of these companies has been also extracted for the year 2012,
2013 and 2014. The company is manly located in America and is called as one of the biggest
technical companies and has been known for its security purpose. The study comprises of the
three most efficient frameworks that one should know while formulating their strategies
pertaining to product portfolio management.

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MACS Matrix
MACS matrix s called as one of the important framework which is been used to understand the
corporate strategy of the companies. For example Apple is a company for which the corporate
strategies have been evaluated in this essay. MACS framework is known as Market activated
corporate strategy. It is called as one of the important strategy that was developed in the year
of 1980s (Danko et al. 2019). There are different types of framework are there which gives the
representation of the MACS.
This MACS framework generally follows the McKinsey’s theories for finance and marketing.
Managers generally use it as a tool which is in the form of nine boxes.
In the framework given in the figure, it is observed that the bubbles present indicates that each
business unit’s sales is proportional to the radius of the bubble. The figure depicts that it can
be used to plan mergers or acquisitions or divestitures. It maybe also helpful to identify the
efforts of skill building that the parent company should focus upon. The horizontal dimension
of the matrix depicts the potential of creating value for a business unit as a stand alone
enterprise. This helps to measure the optimal value of the business. In this study, the instance
of Apple is taken into consideration. It provides the managers of a business unit of Apple to
process the information that is required and then compare with the other units. For instance, if
Apple is willing to focus upon the IPhone business unit, it needs to look into the several factors
like sales, value added to the business and the funds or the capital that is invested in the business
at large. On the other hand, the vertical dimensions depicts the ability of the Parent Company

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to extract value from the business unit. In the case of Apple, provided the IPhone business unit
provides more value to the parent company that is Apple Inc, the managers of the parent
company should focus on the assets that create such value and provide the business unit with
the adequate amount of capital.
Figure 1: MACS Matrix
Source: mbaknol.com
One of the strengths of this framework is that it would help Apple to measure the industry’s
attractiveness and the ability of the business units at large. On the other hand, Apple Inc., can
also envision a future in the same direction keeping in mind the framework which would in
turn help to sell, purchase or retain assets that are required by the business units. It can also
help to increase internal control in the business units of Apple. It facilitates cost cutting and
squeezing in of the suppliers. Once the business units of Apple Inc, are located on the MACS
framework, the chart can be used to plan out the strategies for the different business units. This
decision where a unit should be a part of the portfolio or not is taken through this framework
which makes it effective and efficient in the long run.
One of the major weakness is that other factors apart from the one’s mentioned in the
framework also affect sales and value of the business unit. This framework works on the
historical data. For instance, in the case of iPhone being the most valuable product in the market
for Apple Inc, it would focus on the strategies based on those business units. The other business
units may get neglected as it is known that Apple Inc. is also known for the Mac Book, iWatch,
Airpods, iPad and iPods.

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Figure 2: Matrix
(Source: As influenced by Dukoska et al. 2018 )
In the case of Apple Inc, the major bubbles are present in the iPhone category which becomes
the top most priority for the parent company at large. This business unit creates the most value
to the parent company at large and is valuable. Thus, proper allocation of capital and best use
of the assets is required to be done. The production capacity of the firm should be increased in
this case as it would produce more value to the entire business. This is the area where the
relative ability to extract value is high and value-creation potential of the business unit is also
high(Zerfass, 2017).
When it comes to the Priority box, this generally contains the MacBook where the bubble is
considerably big, but not as add value as iPhone produces. Thus, product differentiation should
be done and more concentration should be given to this aspect it can become the most valuable
business firm as well. This is the area where the relative ability to extract value is high and
value-creation potential of the business unit is also medium(Velikorossov, et al, 2020).
When it comes to the third box that states Manage for Cash, in this includes products like the
iPad or the Airpods that are available in the market. These products help the company that is
Apple, to maintain cash inflows in the company. The demand is not that high and produces
lower business value than Top Priority and Priority areas. These bubbles are generally

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moderate in size. It is neither to big nor to small. This is the area where the relative ability to
extract value is high and value-creation potential of the business unit is also low.
With respect to the box that is stating divest or build skills, products like iPods come into
picture. In this box, generally there are small bubbles that needs more improvement and hence
can become either in the manage for cash or priority box. The strategies that should be taken
is to build and give training for the same. It is required for this business unit to grow because
it has a high potential to grow but is giving one of the pack services. This is the area where the
relative ability to extract value is low and value-creation potential of the business unit is also
high(Johnson, et al, 1999).
In the last two boxes which states to Divest and divest and liquidate, these are the products
which have nearly no revenue in comparison to the other products that is present the market of
Apple Inc. These products mainly include the iWatch which has tremendously low sales and it
is better to divest this business unit because value-creation potential of the business unit is also
moderately low and low in nature. This saves the nature of costs that will be harmful for Apple
Inc. because it would lead to the incurring of losses in the long run and the short run as
well(Foxall, 2014).
Thus, it is essential to understand the way in which the decisions are required to be taken in
order to reduce costs, increase efficiency, have effective policies and enhance operational
profitability in the company as a whole. Apple Inc, being one of the most reputed brands in the
world, MACS framework will act as a model to boost the overall growth and expansion of the
company.
BCG Matrix
For instance, there is BCG growth matrix s there which is used as well as old none box matrix
s there which s used to make the management of the company strength and the weakness. Here
for example BCG growth matrixes have been used to define the management of the company
Apple strength and the weakness. There is also one other matrix is there which also falls under
the category of the MACS type of a matrix.

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Figure 3: BCG Matrix for Apple
(Source: As influenced by Dukoska et al. 2018 )
From the graph above it is seen that the relative market share and the market growth rate can
be established with the help of BCG matrix which is used to show the competitiveness of the
Apple with the portfolio.
Cash cows
It is seen from the framework that the cash cow that are been indicated in the work of the Apple
are iPad. It is called as products that are there in the apple that have very slow growth in the
market. Apart from that, it is seen that use of this products have lead towards to a situation
where there is very good rate of market is there. These products are also called as one of the
major precuts due to which there is huge cash are throwed off in order to have significant type
of an investment(Chiu, et al, 2019).
Stars
I phone is called to be an product in the company which is known for its design and the quality
of the work it have given people. These products are also called to be in the ranges that have
provided a huge market share and growth in the market. Moreover, these products do have the
potential to make the management of the future profits to be managed and hence it can be
acknowledge that with the use of the products future growth can be sustained.
Dogs

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Ipods are called as the products which have very low market shares and growth and are called
to be in the category of the dogs. One of the strategies is there which can be used to make the
management of the products and can make profits. The strategy name is red ocean type of an
strategy which can be used to make the management of the product profitability. On other hand,
it is seen that if a Dog is profitable one must make less investment in it as so does for the
Dogs(Mohajan, 2017).
Question Mark
These are considered to be the products which have low market share and high growth of the
market. The products like for example iWatch is called to be one of the best examples made
by the Apple in which there a low market share but do have good growth of the market. It is
important to make use of proper rate of investigation n order to clarify what need to be done
with the use of these products. There are some chances are there that this products might get
become the star. On other there is a equal chances are also there of this products to be
crashed(Hossain, et al, 2020).
Figure 4: GE McKinnsey Matrix of Apple
(Source: Pomykalski, 2019)

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The above figure manly depicts the business nit strength of the Apple as well as total industry
attractiveness of the company. It is seen that the investment and the growth of the company is
very high. Apart from that, the selective growth which is there is medium and selectivity of the
company is very low. It is seen that there the above 9 table represents the unit business strength
of the Apple(Kader, et al, 2020).
Sales and Revenue of Data
It is seen that in the year of 2012, Apple have been making 4 million of sales in 4 days for the
products which are known as Ipad. It has been one of the successful launches that have been
made by the apple yet. Hence, it can be seen that the year 2012 was good for the company sales
and revenue that was made for the Apple in the case of ipad. In the year of the 2013 there is a
very good record have been observed for the Apple which is near about 54$ million have been
generated which is called to be 75% of the sales revenue that is been by the company. Hence,
the years have been also considered to be one of the best times for the Apple to be one of the
best companies around the world (Rezayat, 2020). Apart from that, it is seen that n the year of
2014, pads have been reached towards to its peak with a 26.04 million of sales. But on the other
hand, a year later the total sales of the company have been reduced to great extent with 21.4
million of rupees. Hence, it is seen that after the year of 2014 there have been a huge drop in
the sales of the company can be seen of the iPad.
It is analyzed from the data of the Apple company that there have been huge sales of the ipod
have been there in the year of 2007. The global sales of the ipod sales have been there from the
year of 2006 to 2014. In the year of the 2012 there have been total sales 35.17 units of the apple
company. Apart from that n the year of 2013 t have decreased to huge rate and have been 26.38
units and finally n the year of 2014 it have reached to 14.38 units. Hence it can be seen that
there is a huge rate of discontinuity in the overall sales growth is seen for the company for the
products of ipod. Thus, it is seen that now it s very risky to make the investment to be done in
the ipod which can be very dangerous as well as can make the sales to be more drastic.
There is a new products is there that is called to be iwatch for which there is a question mark
and till now there is no such sales and revenue is there of the precuts. It is called to be a new
type of an products which is going to be launched soon in the company. There is no such
records have been there of this products as its going to be launched soon the market.
Till date it is seen that iphone is considered to be one of the best products that have been used
to make the company to reacts huge potential to make the market shares and growth in the sales

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and revenue. It is seen that the company have been hugely involved in the iphone related work
and is called as the product that is considered to be Star products of the company (Thao and
Tsanthaiwo, 2017). The total Apple sales and the revenue that is now is 274.52 billion. The
total units of sales that have been done in the year of 2013 150.26 units of phone have been
sold in the year of 2013. Apart from that, it is seen that in the year of 2014, there is a net sales
of the iphone which is there 169.22 units in million have been there in the company.
Recommendation
There are some of the recommendation are there of the company Apple that need to be
implemented in the company (Yang, 2018). There are many things are there which can be used
in the company to make the changes to be brought about which are as follows:
Employee training n the company s called to be one of the best and efferent techniques which
can be used to make the management of the productivity in the company.
Cloud based computing s also called to be one of the efficient techniques which can be used n
the Apple to make efficient in the technical system to be increased in the company
The utilization of the accounting system in the company is another particular area that can be
enhanced in the business.
As the competition for the products in the market is higher Apple Inc, should focus more on
product differentiation and expand its market. A strategy diamond analysis should be done
where policies can be taken up. In this case, the policy diamond model consists of various
aspects like Arenas, vehicles, staging, economic logic and differentiators. For example, the
business units should be located in places where the sales is more and value chains can be
strengthened in the long run. This will help Apple in maximizing its sales by exploiting the
relevant opportunities. It is also beneficial to reduce cost and therefore, such an policy should
be taken up(Payne, 2017).
The strategic positioning of the Apple Inc, products is essential and important. There is a need
for the company to strategize positioning further. It should target the broader industry keeping
the produts unique in the market. Apple has managed to do so through innovation and constant
growth is important for the same(Dolata, 2017).
Thus, it is important to understand that growth in operations is essential for the survival of the
companies. A company like Apple Inc, which has its operations all around the world needs to
scale up its operations to maintain the competitive advantages and enhance the distribution
channels for lower cost of operation in the company at large.

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References
Barrera, R. and Bustamante, J., 2018. The rotten apple: Tax avoidance in Ireland. The
International Trade Journal, 32(1), pp.150-161.
Danko, T.P., Vyazovikova, A.S., Kiselev, V.M., Rauskiene, O., Klimenko, O.I., Semenova,
G.N. and Sekerin, V.D., 2019. Impact of Intangible Assets on Competitive Positions of the
Apple Company. J. Advanced Res. L. & Econ., 10, p.1850.
Dukoska, K., Dukoski, S. and Stojanova, M., 2018. MARKETING TRICKS AS A
POSSIBILITY TO INTRODUCE NEW CLIENTS AND INCREASЕ REVENUE. Knowledge
International Journal, 23(4), pp.993-997.
Pomykalski, P., 2019. Revenue and valuation of companies with digital platform business
models. Nauki o Zarządzaniu, 24(1), pp.11-18.
Rezayat, M.R., Yaghoubi, S. and Fander, A., 2020. A hierarchical revenue-sharing contract in
electronic waste closed-loop supply chain. Waste Management, 115, pp.121-135.
Thao, T. and Tsanthaiwo, S., 2017. Apple Inc. In the Years to Come. the Years to Come (June
20, 2017).
Yang, S.H., Nam, C. and Kim, S., 2018. The effects of M&As within the mobile ecosystem on
the rival's shareholder value: The case of Google and Apple. Telecommunications
Policy, 42(1), pp.15-23.
Mohajan, H., 2017. An analysis on BCG Growth sharing matrix.
Hossain, H. and Kader, M.A., 2020. An Analysis on BCG Growth Sharing
Matrix. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, 11(10).
Foxall, G., 2014. Corporate Innovation (RLE Marketing): Marketing and Strategy. Routledge.
Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R., 1999. Corporate strategy. Europe: London
Prentice Hall.
Zerfass, A. and Viertmann, C., 2017. Creating business value through corporate
communication: A theory-based framework and its practical application. Journal of
Communication Management.
Velikorossov, V.V., Maksimov, M.I., Orekhov, S.A., Huseynov, J.E.O., Khachaturyan, M.V.
and Kolesnikov, A.V., 2020. Integration as a corporate strategy. DEStech Transactions on
Social Science, Education and Human Science, (icpcs).
Chiu, C.C. and Lin, K.S., 2019, July. Rule-based BCG matrix for product portfolio analysis.
In International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and
Parallel/Distributed Computing (pp. 17-32). Springer, Cham.

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Kader, M.A. and Hossain, H., 2020. AN ANALYSIS ON BCG GROWTH SHARING
MATRIX. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research
(IJEBAR), 4(01).
Dolata, U., 2017. Apple, Amazon, Google, Facebook, Microsoft: Market concentration-
competition-innovation strategies (No. 2017-01). SOI Discussion Paper.
Payne, B., 2017. Brand Positioning and its Usefulness for Brand Management: the Case of
Apple Inc. Newcastle business school student journal, 1(1), pp.51-57.

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Chapter – 2
Agriculture And Sustainable Development : In The
Northeast Region
By : Prasanta Mujrai1
, Dr.Kartik Maiti2
1
Research Scholar , Department of Geography , Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal
Tibrewala University, Vidyanagari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan-33001
2
Department of Zoology, Raja N.L.Khan Women’s College
ABSTRACT:
The NER is made up of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland,
Tripura, and Sikkim. 1.69 hectares is the average landholding, which is greater than the national
average of 1.15 hectares. Despite the need for animal husbandry skills, milk, meat, eggs, and
fish per capita are only 31.39 kg, 9.36 kg, 33.50 kg, and 4.12 kg, respectively, every year.
Horizontal agricultural production system development is impossible due to the reduced total
cultivable area. As the population of the NER has grown, so has the NER's food grain shortfall,
particularly rice. Low-yielding indigenous cultivars, low seed and variety renewal rates,
insufficient irrigation infrastructure, old-fashioned procedures, and a lack of adoption of
contemporary technologies are all contributing to the rice problem. Meat production in
Nagaland and Meghalaya is much higher than in the other eight states. All states, with the
exception of Arunachal Pradesh, have seen an increase in meat production. Milk output grew
in all NE states except Mizoram from 1999-2000 to 2012-2013. Low-cost and resource-
conserving technologies (zero-tillage, System of Rice Intensification, etc.) are utilised to
produce high-value crops (Kala joha, Pachauli, Passion-fruits, and many other fragrant and
medicinal plants). Although the agro-processing industry is underdeveloped, it has enormous
growth potential.
Keywords: Horizontal development; Unfeasible; Old-fashioned techniques; Exacerbated;
Zero-tillage

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INTRODUCTION:
With a total size of 262230 square kilometres and a population of more than 46 million people,
the NER is made up of eight states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim. The region is generally flat, with the exception of
Assam, where plains account for 84.44 percent of the whole geographical location. The state
with the most net sown area (34.12 percent) is Assam, followed by Tripura (23.48 percent).
Arunachal Pradesh has the least net planted area in the country. Tripura has the highest
cropping intensity (156.5%), followed by Manipur (152.1%), Mizoram (136.36%), and Assam
(136.36%). (136.36 percent). (It's 123.59%). Around 1.6 million hectares of land in the North
East are under shifting agriculture. In the region's 4.0 million hectare net sown area, or around
1.3 million hectares, soil erosion is a major concern. With an annual rainfall of 2000 mm, the
place receives nearly 10% of the country's total precipitation. As a result, the region's soil is
acidic to extremely acidic. Organic components abound in the grounds, on the other hand.
PROBLEMS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM:
 The region's rural population is estimated to be approximately 80%. Except in Assam,
the community is agricultural and relies on agriculture and associated industries for
livelihood and other support. Low altitude covers 56 percent of the region, mid-altitude
covers 33 percent, and high altitude covers the rest. By and large, the agricultural
production system is of the CDR type. Low cropping intensity (114 percent),
subsistence level, and mono-cropping define the design. The average landholding is
1.69 hectares, compared to 1.15 hectares nationally. Even though the landholding looks
larger, topographical constraints prevent them from using the entire holding for
agricultural purposes. The land use pattern is generally defective, resulting in a
significantly more significant yearly topsoil loss (46 tonnes/ha) than the national
average of 16 tonnes/ha.
 Similarly, only 0.88 mhm of the 42.5 mhm water is utilized due to inadequate water
collecting methods. The entire irrigated area cannot be accurately estimated. According
to data obtained from various sources, approximately 20.74 percent of the land has been
washed. In addition, the region's fertilizer use is insufficient. It averages 11 kilograms

18
per hectare, ranging from 2.7 kilograms per hectare in Arunachal Pradesh to 72
kilograms per hectare in Manipur. Rice farming is the principal crop, except Sikkim,
where maize is the dominant crop. Most farmers want to generate their food and
nutritional needs without relying on other sources. Therefore a mixed farming system
is a way to go. Because of a preference for non-vegetarian food, the strategy encourages
horticulture and animal husbandry. The region produces 8.2 million tonnes of total food
grain using these production techniques, compared to an 8.5 million tonne demand. As
a result, the shortage is estimated to be 0.3 million tonnes of food grain.
 Similarly, despite the need for animal husbandry skills, annual milk, meat, egg, and fish
availability per capita is only 31.39 litters, 9.36 kg, 33.50 numbers, and 4.12 kg,
respectively, despite the requirement for animal husbandry skills. In the North East,
agriculture and allied activities are important sources of revenue. Any effort to alleviate
poverty and put the region on the path to development must be founded on system-wide
eco-regional agricultural development planning. The strength of the farming system's
approach to judicious use and conservation of the region's natural resources, along with
concurrent policy and research support to boost output, value addition to the products
and their disposal, and sale management, will be critical in planning this.
THE REGION'S TRANSFORMATION:
 The continuing economic reform process has presented both possibilities and problems.
However, governments must realign their development plan within the broader
macroeconomic framework to reap the untapped potential benefits. The achievement
of more general developmental goals is critical since more muscular problems result in
a larger region. Unfortunately, most north-eastern states are lagging due to economic
restrictions and infrastructure problems.
 The federal and state governments have launched several efforts to boost the area
economy and encourage agricultural growth in recent years. The significant reasons for
the already degraded rural livelihood are low productivity and a hazardous agricultural
production environment. Ironically, this has occurred even though the region has a large
number of production opportunities for a wide range of fruits and vegetables, flowers

19
and herbs, spices, and plantation crops (such as tea, coffee, and rubber), many of which
could be processed and profitably traded throughout the country and internationally.
 Horizontal growth of agricultural production methods is impossible due to the lower
total cultivable area. In Arunachal Pradesh, the net sown area (percentage of total area)
is as low as 2%, while in Mizoram and Manipur, it is less than one-tenth of the entire
region, and in Nagaland and Meghalaya, it is 13 percent each. Assam has the most
significant proportion at the regional level, accounting for 78 percent of the total
cultivable land. Cereals account for 74 percent of the gross cultivated area on average
among the crops.However, the previous rice-based production system was unable to
provide enough household income. Agriculture in the NER is characterized by the
following characteristics:
1. The NER has a wide range of characteristics, including rough terrain, high and unpredictable
rainfall patterns, and ethnic diversity.
2. Rice is the most crucial crop in agriculture, yet productivity is poor and dangerous
production.
3. Geophysical constraints restrict the amount of land that it may cultivate. In five of the seven
states, cultivated land is less than a tenth of the entire geographical area.
4. In the region, many combinations of agricultural livestock-fish-silk are practiced, although
such diversification has had a negligible impact.
5. The preponderance of small and marginal (S&M) farmers in the region is a significant
characteristic. Farmers in Arunachal Pradesh make for 65 percent of all farmers, whereas
Manipur and Nagaland account for 84 percent.
6. Rural life has worsened, and rural poverty has grown prevalent due to the country's entire
reliance on agriculture and its vulnerability to natural disasters such as floods, submergence,
and droughts.
RICE AND FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION SELF-SUFFICIENCY:
The NER's food grain shortage, particularly rice, has been growing over time as the population
has grown. Poor-yielding local cultivars, low seed, and variety renewal rates, insufficient
irrigation infrastructure, obsolete techniques, low fertilizer usage efficiency, and a lack of
acceptance of contemporary technologies contribute to the rice crisis. The following are some
methods and techniques for increasing rice production:

20
1. Increasing the rate of seed replacement
2. Increasing the pace of varietal replacement
3. Improving cropping intensity by ensuring enough irrigation.
4. Improvements to irrigation infrastructure.
5. Use more intense farming techniques (SRI/ICM/Line planting, for example).
6. Providing appropriate soil fertilizers while maintaining soil health.
7. Examining the extension method once more.
8. Credit, financing, and crop insurance facilitation
9. Promotion and development of rural storage infrastructure, as well as
10. Farm mechanization.
SECTORS OF HORTICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK IN NER:
 In recent years, organized production of crops such as kiwifruit, passion fruit, off-
season vegetables, Anthurium, cut flowers (rose), Patchouli, Geranium, and others has
begun. Valleys (plains and mild slopes) produce white food grains, whereas steeper
hills grow horticultural crops. Fruit and vegetable annual compound growth rates in the
region are predicted to be 11.20 percent and 14.81 percent, respectively. There are
132.90 lakh cattle in NER, according to the 19th Livestock Census 2012. Assam is the
largest state in the area, with the highest percentage of total cattle (77.56 percent),
followed by Tripura (7.14 percent) and Meghalaya (7.14 percent) (6.74 percent). Local
cows make up most of the herd, with crossbred (CB) cattle accounting for just 7% of
the pack, compared to 21% in the United States. In Sikkim (90 percent), Mizoram (33
percent), and Nagaland (55 percent), the proportion of crossbred cattle to the overall
cow population is significantly more significant than the national average.
 Between 1999-2000 and 2012-2013, the recognized meat production sector increased
by 38 percent in the Northeast, more significant than the national rise of 29 percent.
Except for Arunachal Pradesh, all states have seen an increase in meat output. Meat
output is much higher in Nagaland and Meghalaya than in the other eight states, owing
to their vast animal bases and desire for meat.
 Milk output grew from 1021 thousand tonnes in 1999-2000 to 1236 thousand tonnes in
2012-2013, a 17 percent rise, whereas India's milk production increased by 41% during
the same period. Milk output grew from 1999-2000 to 2012-2013 in all NE states except
Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. It's worth noting that Assam, which produces the

21
most cattle in the area, has a modest growth rate in milk production, which might be
because it has the highest proportion of indigenous breeds in the overall cow
population. During 2012-2013, the region's total milk production was only 0.93 percent
of the country's total milk production, and per capita, milk availability in the area was
only 86 gm/day, which was only 29% of the national average of 299 gm/day and far
below the ICMR recommended level of milk consumption of 220 gm/day for a person.
Milk availability per capita has decreased during the same period, while the national
average has increased by 27%. Milk availability per capita has reduced in Arunachal
Pradesh, Manipur, and Mizoram, while it has grown in other states. The cause for this
is the NE Region's lower average crossbred cattle production of 6.26 liters per day,
compared to the national average of 7.02 liters per day. In the instance of buffaloes,
milk productivity reveals that the buffaloes in the region produce much less milk than
those in other regions of India.
POLICY PERSPECTIVES:
Despite plentiful natural resources, a pleasant environment, and a skilled workforce, the NER
has failed to capitalize on massive potential for social well-being. Agricultural economies are
reverting to a vicious cycle of poor productivity, unemployment, low income, and poverty, and
they are continuing to stutter, heightening societal threat perceptions. Cooperation among the
interdisciplinary academic community, policymakers, implementers, and civil society is
required to deal with the multidimensional issue. The region, it is believed, requires adequate
policies and investment to accelerate its growth.
1. The NER represents a typical rain-fed agriculture system that hurts the local economy.
Extreme diversity necessitates regionally diverse agricultural and allied sector development
plans. The vertical intensification of the farming system has been significant due to geophysical
limitations preventing the growth of cultivable lands in several States. Improved rice plus
strategy (rather than rice alone) is advocated in rice-dominated areas. For flood-prone areas
where Boro rice is a prospective agricultural enterprise, a flood-resistant production method is
required. They may use low-cost and resource-conserving methods (zero-tillage, System of
Rice Intensification, etc.) to farm high-value crops to meet rising local and worldwide demand
(such as Kala joha, Pachauli, Passion-fruits, and many fragrant and medicinal plants).Another
method, such as agricultural plus, is necessary for places where a smaller cultivable area limits
crop production, but there is plenty of room for associated enterprises. Livestock, plantation,

22
floriculture, medicinal crops, and sericulture systems should all coexist with agricultural
production. Crop diversification is suited to the steep terrains, including high-value
horticultural crops, cattle, and sericulture. Shifting cultivation, an ancient form of agriculture
used in these places necessitates a creative approach for enhancing rice and other crops and
flowers such as orchids and animals.
2. Rather than ignoring the low-input situation, they should turn agriculture into an opportunity
since it is ecologically friendly. They may look into the organic market if the necessary actions
are made.
3. The agro-processing industry is underserved, but it has enormous potential for increasing
value and reducing post-harvest losses. The area may take advantage of high potential cross-
border commerce with surrounding nations by promoting innovative agro-processing,
packaging and exploring more distinctive marketing possibilities.
4. Another renewed focus is the invention of energizing and sensitizing rural institutions. It is
critical to creating capacity through large-scale knowledge efforts, contract farming, and
rejuvenating local institutions like Field Management Committees and traditional village
panchayats/ councils. These institutions, which are significant social capital, may disseminate
information and improve rural leadership. It's essential because financial institutions like
NABARD, NEDFI, SIDBI, IDBI, and others may rely on community-based institutional
collaterals to supply effective loans.
5. Research and Development Strategies: A continuous R&D assistance framework for
developing new agricultural technology beneficial to small and marginal farmers should be
provided. As a result, there is a need to increase agrarian R&D investment, which is currently
a low-key issue in the region.
6. Regional Database: The lack of a regional database impedes meaningful policy analysis in
the region's agricultural sector. As a result, employing the electronic revolution's assistance,
the farm database must be appropriately streamlined on a priority basis. In this case, the critical
instrument of e-governance is required.
CONCLUSION:
It is critical to emphasise that all actors in the system, including farmers, labourers, legislators,
researchers, retailers, and customers, are responsible for achieving sustainable agriculture.
Each group has a role to play in the sustainable agricultural community, as well as a distinct
contribution to make.

23
REFERENCES:
1. https://samajho.com/upsc/yojana-magazine-july-2021-north-east/
2. https://southasiaviacampesina.org/2020/06/21/krrs-activists-stage-statewide-protest-
opposing-amendments-to-land-reform-act/
3. http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20060531a.html
4. https://www.civilsdaily.com/yojana-archive-agriculture-and-sustainable-development/
5. http://jakraya.com/journal/pdf/3-ardArticle_4.pdf
6. http://kiran.nic.in/pdf/IJHF/vol23_2/9Tripathi_paper.pdf
7. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03157949
8. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288233.1986.10423498
9. https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/how-to-get-rid-of-aphids/
10. https://www.saralstudy.com/blog/white-revolution-in-india/
11. https://www.mideastdiscourse.com/2021/07/26/lebanon-is-on-the-brink-of-social-
explosion-and-breakdown/

24
Chapter – 3
Impact of Competition on Innovations in the
Business
By : Dr. Avinash Ramesh Chintamani
Assistant Professor , B.Y.K. College of Commerce, Nashik.
Abstract:
Competition is unavoidable in present business world. If business organisation want to
retain in business world then it is important to accept and introduce innovations in the market.
Activity of innovation should be continuous and should not be one time. Over a long period of
time trend of business organisation is seen from traditional businesses to innovative businesses.
Many of the business organisations use innovation. Many of them might have different
objectives for accepting innovations. It is important to know these motives while using
innovations. Also it gives clear understanding about the conceptual clarity about use of
innovation in business. Therefore, in this research paper an attempt is made to understand
motive behind acceptance of innovations in the businesses. Also facts and suggestion thereon
is presented to make this study more understandable.
Keywords: Innovation, Competition, Business world, Business Policies.

25
Introduction:
At present it is difficult to find any business who do not have competition in the market.
Business organisations find their competition at national or international level. This situation
was not same before the year of 1991. India accepted new economic policy in July 1991. From
the acceptance of new economic policy, new business entities started to sell their products and
services in Indian market. These new business players created competition in the market for
existing business entities. New business organisations started to sell their products and services
with new ideas, administration and enthusiasm. Because of this it got difficult to retain in the
competition for old or traditional business organisation. Some of the existing business
organisations got liquidated whereas some of them learned to stay in the market with new
ideology. From that era to present time working methodology and nature of businesses has
been changed tremendously. This resulted change in nature of competition also. Since last
couple of decades technology is also changing rapidly. Computers and mobiles are now vital
parts of everyone’s life. Invention of internet and making it available to common public in
large scale has brought huge revolution in the life style of the society. This also significantly
affected on national and international market and therefore on business world also. To face
competition effectively, business organisations are using said technology effectively. Hence
apart from using of the technology now there was a need to introduce new ideas in the market.
Innovation was the need of the time and it is important in present era also.
Objectives:
1. To study conceptual background of innovation.
2. To get idea about various available literature in innovations.
3. To understand impact of competition on innovation.
Scope and Limitations:
1. Existing competition and its impact on innovation is taken into consideration.
2. Entrepreneurs in Nashik district is taken for this study.
3. Findings and suggestions are based on the responses collected from respondents.

26
Hypothesis:
Intense competition in the market results into acceptance and introduction of
innovations in the business.
Research Methodology:
This research paper deals with both primary and secondary data. Primary data is
collected with the help of questionnaire and schedule.
Secondary information is collected from books and authentic websites.
Sampling Techniques:
As per Nashik Industries and Manufacturers’ Association Industrial Directory 2011,
Nashik district has 5095 industries. 3 percent sample is selected. While selecting sample
random sampling technique is used.
Review of Literature:
‘Innovation in India: Combining Economic Growth with Inclusive Development’ is the
book which is edited by Shyama V. Ramani (2014). According to her, it has been a little more
than sixty years since the foundations of India's national system of innovation were laid, and it
is time to look back and examine what form it has taken. What are the achievements of the
Indian system of innovation? How has it performed in terms of building industrial capabilities
and promoting development? Using the 'National System of Innovation' and the 'Sectoral
System of Innovation' approach, this book organizes historical evidence on the accumulation
of scientific, technical, innovation and industrial capabilities in different industrial sectors. It
is also useful to keep in mind that according to the sectoral tales of this book, irrespective of
the policy, there will always be some individuals and organisations who will experiment to
find creative ways of pursuing opportunities.3
Rajiv Shah, Zhijie Gao & Harini Mittal (2014) resented their thoughts in their book
‘Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and the Economy in the US, China, and India: Historical
Perspectives and Future Trends’. According to authors, there is something which drives
innovation and entrepreneurship in India U.S.A. and China. Our data-rich and evidence-based
exploration of relationships among innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth yields
theoretical models of economic growth in the context of macroeconomic factors. Because we
know far too little about the key characteristics of Chinese and Indian entrepreneurs and the
ways they innovate, our balanced, systematic comparison of entrepreneurship and innovation

27
results in a new approach to looking at economic growth that can be used to model empirical
data from other countries. The importance of innovation and entrepreneurship to any economy
has been recognized since the pioneering work of Joseph Schumpeter. Our analysis of the
major factors that affect innovation and entrepreneurship in these three parts of the world –
US, China and India –provides a comprehensive view of their effects and their likely futures.4
Conceptual understanding:
Jon Sundbo talks about innovation. He says, ‘Fundamentally, innovation means a
renewal of elements in production organizations. For example, Everett Rogers has defined the
concept in one of the classics of innovation theory. Rogers sees innovation as a process which
starts with the invention of a new element. The invention leads to the idea of practical
development of the element for commercial use. Persons, groups or institutions implement this
process, which is usually associated with a struggle to get the new element recognized by the
surrounding world and to develop it for commercial use — which means that it has to be both
practically useful and economical (i.e. it must make a profit). After this a single company or
very few companies begin to introduce the new element, and gradually others begin to imitate
these first companies and introduce the new element.’1
Government of India also considered importance of innovation and therefore Indian
Government established National Innovation Council under the Chairmanship of Mr. Sam
Pitroda. This council tries to inspire new innovations. These innovations either could be in
small businesses or it big organizations. According to National Innovation Council, ‘Today
innovation can mean new and unique applications of old technologies, using design to develop
new products and services, new processes and structures to improve performance in diverse
areas, organizational creativity, and public sector initiatives to enhance delivery of services.
Innovation is being seen as a means of creating sustainable and cost effective solutions for
people at the bottom of the pyramid, and is being viewed as an important strategy for inclusive
growth in developing economies’.2

28
Analysis and Interpretation of Data:
1. Reason behind acceptance of Innovations in the Business.
Sr.
No.
Options Respondents
1. Competition 61
2.
Satisfying
Customers
48
3.
Business
Policy
15
4. Economy 10
Maximum i.e. 61 respondents follow innovation in their business because of available
competition in the market. Second largest number of respondents i.e. 48 respondents follow
innovation to satisfy their customers. By satisfying customers, competition can be handled
successfully or if there is no intense competition in the market then it becomes easy to maintain
monopoly. 15 and 10 respondents have accepted innovations because of business policy and
economy respectively.
2. Intense Competition in the market.
Sr. No. Options Respondents
1. Yes 82
2. No 52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Competition Satisfying
Customer
Business
Policy
Economiy
0
20
40
60
80
100
Yes No

29
82 respondents out of 134 respondents have high or intense competition in the market.
Whereas 52 respondents have do not have intense competition.
3. Acceptance and Introduction of Innovations because of Competition.
Sr. No. Options Respondents
1. Yes 61
2. No 73
When it is asked to respondents that whether innovation is accepted and
introduced in their business because of competition, 61 respondents said yes. On the other
side, 73 respondents said no. Possible reason behind this answer is innovation is accepted
because of other reasons in which competition is not the main factor. Respondents who
says no, have many reasons behind accepting innovations whereas on the other side
competition is the only reason for 61 respondents.
55
60
65
70
75
Yes No

30
Results & hypothesis testing:
From above tabular and graphical presentation it can be seen that maximum
respondents have accepted innovations because of competition in the market..
Hypothesis: Intense competition in the market results into acceptance and introduction of
innovations in the business.
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 84.257a
3 .000
Likelihood Ratio 113.200 3 .000
Linear-by-Linear
Association
76.585 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 134
In the above table of chi square test, p value 0.000 is smaller than designated alpha level
0.05. Hence it cannot be said that two variables are independent. It means there is significant
relationship between two variables i.e. there is significant relationship between competition in
the market and acceptance of innovation. This proves hypothesis of this research paper.
Therefore it can be said that intense competition in the market results into acceptance and
introduction of innovations in the business
Findings:
1. Maximum respondents i.e. 82 respondents have intense competition in the market.
Whereas other 52 respondents have either no competition or very less competition in the
market.
2. Competition is the only reason behind acceptance of innovation for 61 respondents. Other
than competition, 73 respondents have various reasons behind acceptance of innovations
in their business.

31
3. In the above various reason, customer satisfaction, economy and business policy are the
reasons.
4. Out of other reasons, maximum 48 respondents have accepted innovations for their
business because of customer satisfaction. 15 respondents follow innovations because of
business policy. Business policy is the business principles on which business working is
based. 10 respondents follow innovation because of the economy of the business.
Economy comes when innovations bring cost effectiveness in the business.
5. There were two variables in the questions when asked to the respondents. First variable
was about the availability of intense competition in the market. Second variable was about
acceptance of innovation because of competition. Use of statistical test was important to
find out relationship between these two variables. When chi square test is used, significant
relationship between these two various was found. It means intense competition in the
market results into acceptance and introduction of innovations in the business.
Suggestions:
1. For the businesses who do not have intense competition in the market, it is suggested
that innovation secure future position and goodwill of the business hence it is always
better to follow innovations.
2. In case, any business firm do not have competition in present time or have very less
competition, it does not mean that in future there will be the same situation. Use of
innovation and implementation make it difficult for competitor to entre in the market
in future.
3. Business firms who are using innovations, it is suggested that apart from competition,
innovations should be introduced keeping interest of the customers in mind.
4. Use of innovations could be costly affair for small size firms. Innovation requires
backing of large number of research and development activity. This can increase cost
on innovations. But introduction of small ideas can also become helpful for innovations.
5. While making and introducing innovations, business organisation should also kept in
mind about innovations presently other competitors are introduced in the market.

32
Conclusion:
Competition will always be there in the market for business units. Business do not have
other choice to face that competition. Innovations helps to face competition effectively.
Without innovation business organisation can not retain in the market for long time. Therefore
business organisations should think upon various options which can help them to face
competition with innovation through new ideas.
Scope for further research:
Any research helps to the future researcher for the research areas which can be explore
beyond the topic which present researcher is presented. To face competition in the market,
other areas of business can be studies so that competition can be faced effectively. Researcher
can suggest short term, medium term and long term innovation which can help to face
competition.
References:
1. National Innovation Council n.d., ‘Introduction’, Available from:
<http://www.innovationcouncil.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article
&id=26&Itemid=5>. [15 June 2014].
2. Sundbo J, (1998), ‘The Theory of Innovation: Entrepreneurs, Technology and
Strategy’, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, ISBN: 1781008892,
9781781008898.
3. Ramani S.V., (2014), ‘Innovation in India: Combining Economic Growth with
Inclusive Development’, Cambridge University Press, Delhi, ISBN: 1107037565,
9781107037564.
4. Shah R., Gao Z., Mittal H., (2014), ‘Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and the Economy in
the US, China, and India: Historical Perspectives and Future Trends’, Academic Press,
London, ISBN: 0128018658, 9780128018651.

33
Chapter – 4
A Study on Women Entrepreneurship in Issues And
Prospective in India
By : Dr. M. Karuppanasamy, N. Hariharan
1
assistant Professor, Departmenmt Of Commerce Parvathy’s Arts And Science College,
Wisdomcity, Dindigul – 624 001. Tamilnadu,
2
DDTP., DOA, IBM , Bcom Cs, Final Year, Parvathy’s Arts And Science
College,Wisdomcity, Dindigul – 624 001 , Tamilnadu.
ABSTRACT
Entrepreneurship amongst women, no doubt improves the wealth of the kingdom in universal
and of the household in particular. Women nowadays are extra inclined to take up things to do
that had been once regarded the keep of men, and have proved that they are second to no one
with admire to contribution to the increase of the economy. Women’s abilities and knowledge,
their skills and capabilities in commercial enterprise and a compelling wish of looking to do
something high quality are some of the motives for the women’s entrepreneurs to prepare
industries. According to world bank, investing extra in enterprise of women’s instead in
male leads to increased improvement of a nation. Empowering women’s in
entrepreneurship leads to spoil the inequalities and reduces the poverty.
Entrepreneurship performs an essential position in creating society of a quick growing
usa like India. Nowadays it has been realized that enterprising women’s have solid
entrepreneurial skills which ought to be harnessed so as to convert them from the
function of jobseekers to job givers. The authorities has realized the significance of women’s
entrepreneurship. As a result, it affords a range of programme for women’s entrepreneurs. Even
although the authorities organizes women’s through a number associations, they are no
longer equipped to undertake the business. As in contrast to men, women’s are much less
influenced to begin enterprise devices due to some undesirable fear, lack of motivation and
variety of activities.
KEY WORDS : Entrepreneurship, Women’s, Problems, SSI, policy, etc.,

34
INTRODUCTION
Women entrepreneurship ought to be molded desirable with entrepreneurial features and
competencies to meet the modifications in trends, challenges international markets and
additionally be equipped adequate to maintain and attempt for excellence in the entrepreneurial
arena. Women represent 50 percentage of the whole populace of India. In spite of it, women’s
are nonetheless lagging at the back of male in countless aspects. Over the years, the literacy
price of women’s and employment possibilities are being elevated with the aid of leaps
and bounds. Moreover, of late, they are actively enticing in a number of things to do
aside from employment. Women are involving and getting into in to enterprise and setting
up specific sorts of industries. The government of Indian and Andhra Pradesh have been
encouraging women’s to take up industrial establishments. Several monetary firms are funding
for institution of industries. Hence, women’s began setting up industries and taking part self
and financial improvement and coming out with flying colors. In India, even though
women’s have performed a key function in the society, their entrepreneurial capacity has no
been appropriate tapped due to the decrease reputation of women’s in the society. It is
solely from the fifth five year plan (1974-78) onwards that their function has been explicitly
diagnosed with a marked shift in the method from women’s welfare to women’s
improvement and empowerment. The improvement of women’s entrepreneurship has come
to be an necessary thing of our format priorities. Several insurance policies and programmers
are being applied for the improvement of women’s entrepreneurship in India.
There is a need for altering the attitude toward women’s so as to provide equal rights as
enshrined in the constitution. The development toward gender equality is gradual and is partly
due to the failure to connect cash to coverage commitments. In the phrases of president
apj abdul kalam "empowering women’s is a prerequisite for developing a desirable nation,
when women’s are empowered, society with balance is assured. The coverage makers, and
directors in india have for lengthy recognized, the essential function that micro, small
and medium enterprises play in the country wide economy, consequently the central and state
governments have taken over the years lively steps to promote and foster their growth.
But these measures have now not been especially effective. Today, these corporations
proceed to go through from innumerable issues which avert their overall performance and
growth. Many of the issues of finance, marketing, production, distribution and
infrastructure nonetheless proceed to afflict the msme sector. While some of them are greater
or much less frequent to a large vary of small organisations all over the country, others

35
have precise relevance to organizations of small firms located in rural and backward
areas.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. Rani (2015) determined that the availability of entertainment time influenced women’s
entrepreneurs from greater earnings classes. Contrary to the above, women’s entrepreneurs are
compelled to take entrepreneurship in the absence of any different ability of contributing to
household income.
2. Lall & Sahai, (2019), behavior a comparative evaluation of multi-dimensional troubles
& challenges of women’s entrepreneurship, & household business. The find out
about recognized Psychographic variables like, diploma of commitment, entrepreneurial
challenges & future graph for expansion, based totally on demographic variables. Through
stratified random sampling & comfort sampling the information have been gathered from
women’s entrepreneurs working in urban vicinity of Luck now.
3. The learn about recognized commercial enterprise owner’s traits as self-appreciation self-
esteem, Entrepreneurial depth & operational hassle for future plans for increase &
expansion. The learn about cautioned that though, there has been tremendous boom in quantity
of women’s opting to work in household owned commercial enterprise however they
nevertheless have decrease repute and face extra operational challenges in walking business.
4 . Genital, (2020), consider the lookup & guide contribution in the location of women’s
entrepreneurship. The find out about labeled a number of journal & sources of lookup on
the groundwork of positive parameters involved with women’s entrepreneurship like gender
discrimination, non-public attributes, financing challenges, enterprise unit, context and
feminist perspectives.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To recognize the women’s entrepreneurship in India.
2. To be aware of the troubles of women’s entrepreneurs in India.
3. To check the Organizations Promoting Women Entrepreneurship in India.

36
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The current find out about based totally on massive find out about of secondary information
gathered from a range of books, National and amp; International Journals and public and non-
public publications reachable on a range of web sites and in libraries focusing on a range of
components of Women Entrepreneurship. This lookup is additionally a desk find out about
based totally on secondary facts a variety of articles, journals, and websites.
LINKAGES BETWEEN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT
IN INDIA
The Indian economic system has been witnessing a drastic exchange for the reason that
mid--1991, with new insurance policies of financial liberalization, globalization and
privatization initiated by means of the Indian government. India has awesome
entrepreneurial potential. At present, women’s involvement in monetary things to do is
marked with the aid of a low work participation rate, immoderate awareness in the
unorganized quarter and employment in much less expert jobs. Any approach aimed at
monetary improvement will be lop-sided except involving women’s who represent half
of of the world population. Evidence has unequivocally installed that entrepreneurial spirit
is no longer a male prerogative. Women entrepreneurship has won momentum in the
closing three a long time with the enlarge in the variety of women’s companies and their
great contribution to monetary growth.
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
 Socio personal problems
 Managerial problems
 Production problem
 Marketing Problem
 Problem of government assistance
 Problem of Labour
 Type of Labour Problems Faced
 Problem of Raw-Materials
 Less Confidence Non-Availability of Finance
 Mobility Constraint

37
Women no longer solely face troubles as entrepreneurs however as women’s themselves
and consequently in contrast to men the issues of women’s entrepreneurs are numerous.
The troubles vary from mobilizing more than a few assets inclusive of hassle of capital,
marketing, uncooked material, sales, labour, technical, competition, new technology,
trouble of land/ Shed/ water/ power/ taxes, lack of household help as nicely as lack of
authorities guide and the like.Hence their issues occur each from inside and outdoor and
additionally fluctuate from agency to enterprise.
Some of these issues are many and comparable to all, the place as for some others it is
extra unique and associated to the line of pastime of the enterprise. Some have the trouble
of the exterior environment; what ever be the trouble there is no prescribed
formulation to deal with them. The troubles have to be dealt with them by means of
the entrepreneurs themselves in any other case it would have an effect on the working of
the employer itself. Efficient and well timed coping with of the troubles leads to their
success.
1. SOCIO PRIVATE PROBLEMS
Wrong mind-set of the society in opposition to women’s due to lack of appropriate
schooling and information, financial backwardness and low chance bearing capacity.
2. MANAGERIAL PROBLEMS
Which is due to lack of adequate information of widespread administration and
experience, lack of professional labor, absenteeism and low labor turnover, lack of clear
reduce objectives, transportation hassle as women.
3. PRODUCTION PROBLEM
Such as insufficient availability of land, plots, and premises, irregular provide of ample
inputs, insufficient technical assist of manufacturing identification, and lack of up
gradation of science lookup and improvement and first-rate control, negative stock
management.
4. MARKETING PROBLEM
Difficulty in advertising their merchandise due to lack of ample know-how of how to market
their merchandise and additionally relaying on neighborhood markets; heavy opposition
from large enterprises, exploitation by means of middlemen, difficulties in the series of dues,
insufficient income merchandising avenues and lack of export market support.

38
5. PROBLEM OF AUTHORITIES ASSISTANCE
Both central and State governments are enforcing a range of assistance, schemes, for the
advertising of women’s entrepreneurship. But in exercise the respondents face many
difficulties in acquiring authorities help due redtapism at more than a few levels, exploitative
advisors, issues due to dishonest officials, tricky and time ingesting lengthy techniques in
getting the help etc.
6. PROBLEM OF LABOUR
In the path of this study, it has been located that the women’s entrepreneurs in the
chosen team face a number labour troubles in their units.
7. TYPE OF LABOUR PROBLEMS FACED
The human useful resource of an company is the most necessary sources for a firm.
The quantity of work done, talent, abilities and drive, ready and devoted overall performance
on the phase of the labor pressure goes a lengthy way for the profitable accomplishment of the
targets of the industrial units. The range of sorts of labor troubles virtually prevent their success.
8. PROBLEM OF RAW-MATERIALS
For an uninterrupted production, there is an pressing need for ordinary and persistent furnish
of raw-materials, adequate backup of inventory of raw- cloth in instances of predicted
modifications in price, time ingesting technique of procurement of raw- material, versions
in the costs of uncooked cloth at extraordinary places.
Uncertainty in all these and additionally lack of advertising and marketing experience,
opposition from mounted and massive gadgets in the buy of uncooked material, non-
availability of uncooked fabric are all constraints to the entrepreneurs in particular at the
preliminary stages. The subject in the processing of uncooked substances is very plenty felt
through the women’s entrepreneurs. Since the allied enterprise relies upon on agriculture in the
course of off seasons the provider of uncooked fabric is now not ample and is very tough to
get them at realistic prices.
9. LESS CONFIDENCE
Women entrepreneurs are no longer assured about their energy and competence. Their
household contributors don’t stand by means of their entrepreneurial growth. In current years,
although the scenario is changing, but the women’s have to face similarly alternate for
improved entrepreneurial growth.
10. Non-Availability of Finance

39
They have lack of get admission to funds, due to the fact they do no longer possess any
tangible asset and savings in the market. Very few women’s have the tangible property in
hand. So, they are struggling from insufficient economic sources and working capital.
Competition from Male Entrepreneurs: Competition from male counterparts develops
hurdles to women’s entrepreneurs in enterprise administration process. Women
entrepreneurs have to face the constraints of opposition from male entrepreneurs due to
much less organizational competencies than men.
11. MOBILITY CONSTRAINT
The Indian society is a conservative society which restricts the mobility of women’s
entrepreneurs. Women are much less cellular than men. The self-assurance to journey day
& night time and to distinctive areas and States is missing in women’s evaluating
with men.
ORGANIZATIONS PROMOTING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA
National Resource Centre for Women (NRCW)
A self-reliant physique set up underneath the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 to
orient and sensitize coverage planners closer to women’s issues, facilitating management
education and developing a countrywide database in the subject of women’s development.
Women’s India Trust (WIT)
WIT is a charitable corporation hooked up in 1968 to improve competencies of women’s and
to earn a everyday profits by way of offering coaching and employment possibilities to the
needy and unskilled women’s of all communities in and round Mumbai
Development of Women and Children in Urban Area (DWCUA)
DWCUA used to be brought in 1997 to organise the city bad amongst women’s in socio-
economic self-employment endeavor organizations with the twin goal of supplying self-
employment possibilities and social power to them.
Women Development Cells (WDC)
In order to streamline gender improvement in banking and to have centered interest on
insurance of women’s with the aid of banks, NABARD has been helping placing up of
Women.

40
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ASSISTING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN
INDIA
For the previous various years, economic establishments have been taking part in a pivotal
function in giving economic help and consultancy offerings to women’s entrepreneurs. These
establishments include:
i) National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC),
ii) All-India Development Banks (AIDBs), viz. IDBI, IFCI, ICICI , IIBI, IDFC and SIDBI,
iii) Specialised Financial Institutions (SFIs), viz. Exim Bank and NABARD,
iv) Investment Institutions, viz. LIC, GIC, NIC, NIA, OIC, UII and UTI,
v) Regional/ State-Level Institutions, viz. NEDFI, SIDCs and SFCs ,
vi) Commercial Banks,
vii) Co-operative Banks, etc.
POLICY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Nagendra Kumar Jha from Patna University noted the following method for improvement
of women’s entrepreneurs in his lookup article introduced in ninth AIMS International
Conference on Management held on January 1-4, 2019;
 Vocational education to be prolonged to women’s neighborhood that permits
them to recognize the manufacturing manner and production management.
 State Finance Corporations and Financing Institutions have to allow with the aid of
statute to lengthen in simple terms change associated finance to women’s entrepreneurs.
 The economic establishments need to grant greater working capital help each for
small scale ventures and massive scale ventures.
 Making provision of micro savings device and organization deposit machine to
the women’s entrepreneurs at neighborhood level.
 Industrial estates ought to additionally furnish advertising shops for the show and sale
of merchandise made by means of women.
 A Women Entrepreneurs‟ Guidance Cell may also be set up to manage the a range of
issues of women’s entrepreneurs all over the state.
 Training in entrepreneurial attitudes have to begin at the excessive faculty thru nicely
designed courses, which build self belief thru behavioral games.

41
SUCCESSFUL LEADING BUSINESS WOMEN IN INDIA
The twenty first main enterprise women’s in India:-
 Akhila srinivasan, Managing Director , Shriram Investments ltd.
 Chanda Kocchar, Executive Director, ICICI Bank
 Ekta Kapoor, Creative Director, rainbowbalaji Telefilms Ltd.
 Jyoti Naik, President, Lijjat Papad.
 Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, Chairman & Managing director, Biocon Ltd. Lalita
D.Gupte,
 JMD , ICICI Bank.Naina Lal Kidwar, Deputy CEO , HBSE.
 Preetha Reddy , Managing Director, Apollo hospitals.
 Priya Paul, Chairman, Apeejay Park Hotels.
 Rajshree Pathy, Chairman, Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals ltd. Ranjana Kumar,
Chairman, NABARD.
STEPS TAKEN BY THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT
The boom and improvement of women’s entrepreneurs required to be accelerated due to the
fact entrepreneurial improvement is no longer viable besides the participation of women.
Therefore, a congenial surroundings is wanted to be created to allow women’s to participate
actively in the entrepreneurial activities. There is a want of Government, non Government,
promotional and regulatory businesses to come ahead and play the supportive position in
merchandising the women’s entrepreneur in India. The Government of India has additionally
formulated quite a number education and improvement cum employment generations packages
for the women’s to begin their venturfemalees.
 Specific goal group: It used to be counseled to deal with female as a unique goal
corporations in all essential improvement packages of the country.
 Arranging education facilities: It is additionally advised in the chapter to devise and
diversify vocational education amenities for women’s to swimsuit their altering wants
and skills.
 Developing new equipments: Efforts ought to be made to enlarge their effectivity and
productiveness thru suitable technologies, equipments and practices.
 Marketing assistance: It used to be cautioned to furnish the required help for advertising
the merchandise produced with the aid of women’s entrepreneurs.

42
 Decision-making process: It used to be additionally recommended to contain the
women’s in decision-making process.
CONCLUSION
Women, being nearly 50% populace of India, have a pivotal position to play as some distance
as monetary improvement of us of a is concerned. India is a male dominated society and
women’s are assumed to be economically as nicely as socially based on male members.
Women entrepreneurs confronted plenty of troubles like lack of education, social barriers,
criminal formalities, excessive price of production, male dominated society, restricted
managerial ability, lack of self self assurance etc. Various elements like Pull and Push elements
influencing women’s entrepreneurs. Successful main enterprise female in India. Government
takes variouss steps for the upliftment of women’s entrepreneurs in seventh 5 12 months
plan,8th 5 12 months sketch and in ninth five yr plan. Women have the plausible the workable
and willpower to setup, uphold and supervise their personal agency in a very systematic
manner, gorgeous assist and encouragement from the society, family, authorities can make
these women’s entrepreneur a phase of mainstream of country wide financial system and they
can make a contribution to the financial system growth of India. The Government has
expanded the significance of women’s by using adopting quite a number schemes and
packages for their participation in financial activities. As technological know-how speeds up
lives, women’s are an rising monetary force, which can't be unnoticed via the coverage makers.
The world’s modern-day democratic economic system relies upon on the participation of each
sexes. Today, women’s in superior market economies personal extra than 25 per cent of all
corporations and women-owned organizations in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin
America are developing rapidly. In some areas of the world, transformation to market
economy, female entrepreneurs is a developing trend2 . However, in India, the genuine
participation of women’s in earnings producing things to do is pretty unsatisfactory, solely
eight per cent of the small scale- manufacturing gadgets are owned and operated by way of
women. If female entrepreneurs get assist and encouragement from family, society,
Government and monetary institutions, such fantastic effort can open new avenues for
them and make bigger the marketability and profitability of commercial enterprise owned with
the aid of them. If the troubles of female entrepreneurs are addressed properly, they can
emerge as very profitable entrepreneurs a long way higher than guys entrepreneurs.

43
REFERENCES
1. Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi and others, 2010, Issues & Challenges for Women
Entrepreneurs in Global Scene, with Special Reference to India, Australian Journal of Basic
and Applied Sciences, 4(9), p. 43474356; http://www.indianmba.com/Faculty column/Fc
293.html
2. Baporikar, N. (2007) Entrepreneurship Development & Project Management Himalaya
Publication House.
3. Desai, V: (1996) Dynamics of Entrepreneurial & Development & Management
Himalaya publishing House - Fourth Edition, Reprint.
5. Gordon E. & Natarajan K.: (2007) Entrepreneurship Development – Himalaya
Publication House, Second Revised edition.
6. Greene, Patricia G., Hart, Myra M, Brush, Candida G, & Carter, Nancy M, (2003),
Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Front and Center: An Overview of Research and Theory, white
paper at United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship.
7. J. Jayalatha, 2008, Role of Women Entrepreneurs in Social Upliftment, Southern
Economist, Vol. 47, No. 1, May, p. 40-42.
8. Prof. M.A. Lokhande, 2006, Entrepreneurship Development amongst Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes in Marathwada Region, The Indian Journal of Commerce, Vol. 59,
No. 10, January to March, p. 6476. Hanuman Prasad & B.L. Verma, 2006, Women
Entrepreneurship in India, The Indian Journal of Commerce, Vol. 59, No. 2, April to June,
p. 95-105.

44
Chapter – 5
Analysis of 30 Years of Economic Reforms
By : Radhika
Department of Economics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Sonipat,
Haryana, India
Abstract:
This study has been done to investigate the impact of 30 years of economic reforms from
1991 to 2021 in India. Despite having positive records following from reforms like trade
reforms, globalization, privatization, liberalization, banking sector reforms and tax reforms,
there are still some gaps in actual estimates and targets. There is an ongoing stable growth
from fiscal year 2012 to fiscal year 2018 till covid 19. After covid 19 for the first time in first
quarter of 2020, GDP contracts by 24.4% and then rise by 20.1% in first quarter of 2021. The
GDP sems to be high but it is calculated on lower base. Thus, currently government also need
reforms to push back the economy out of covid crisis or at least reach the economy to pre
pandemic level with reforms like National Monetization Pipeline.
Key words: Liberalization, Privatization, Globalisation, Monetization, estimates, GDP

45
1.Introduction
India adopted the socialist tilt model after independence. Socialist model gave positive
growth, food sufficiency and industrial diversification but it remained qualitative week and
dualistic nature of economy worsened with macroeconomic instability finally resulted in
crisis of 1991.Thirty years ago, India faces major economic crisis in 1991. After
independence, public sector enterprises were given major importance. After 1956, they were
given the role of commanding heights, which means they should be in control of all the
important sectors like metals, minerals, heavy industries, infrastructure and so on. Private
sector only focuses on small scale industries like consumer durables. Government also
introduces the policy of license raj as an entry barrier for the private sector. Due to this
licensing policy and rigid laws, industrial production goes on declining heavily during mid
half of 1960. Licensing policy has been restricted the entry and exit of market and also
expansion of production of existing firms. The efficiency of public sector also goes on
declining with rate of return falling below 1%. Large scale protectionism followed by very
high import duty of above 300%, and high quantitative restrictions leads to trade barriers.
Restrictive rules like monopolistic and restrictive trade practices act and Foreign Exchange
Regulations Act discouraged investment and disincentivized firms from expanding the
business. All these several restrictions lead to major economic crisis in 1991.
In March 1991, India fell short of meeting requirements to pay back short-term loans and left
with forex reserves for only 4 weeks. This occur due to several reasons:
1. Excess Government borrowing resulting in wastages in revenue expenditure and
not led to productive asset resulted in huge fiscal deficit of central (8.4% of GDP)
and state government (4.2% of GDP). This also resulted in crowding out of private
investment due to loss of confidence of borrowers.
2. High deficit financing resulted in double digits inflation of around 11.4% in 1990.
Due to mismanagement of resources, food inflation was also in double digits in
spite of high production. This results in instability in the market.
3. Very high current account deficit at 3.6 % of GDP due to rising imports of crude
oil, technology due to liberalized imports in 1980 and falling exports due to
inefficient structure, combined with large factor payments to abroad.

46
4. Very high short-term loans $1.45 billion and foreign exchange reserves of India
was only $1 billion.
This all resulted in Gulf war crisis leading to increasing prices of oil and reduced remittances
coming to India further exacerbating of BOP situations. Thirty years ago, in July 1991, India
began to make revolutionary changes in its economic policy. After pursuing a closed, import-
substitution model of trade and development for the previous 40 years, India changed
direction and began opening the economy to trade and foreign investment under reforms
introduced by Finance Minister Manmohan Singh. The reforms dramatically improved
India’s economic performance.
II.METHODOLOGY
This study uses secondary source for data collection since 1991 till now. All have been
collected by authentic sites and shown by the graphs like bar graphs, histograms, pie chart
and line graph. Further comparisons have been made between the present state and 1990’s
situation.
III. DISCUSSIONS
Economic reforms
Economic reforms refer to the changes introduced by the government to improve efficiency
and attain macro stability in the economy through various policies and programmes. They are
carried out under situations when low efficiency of the system is revealed, economic crisis
occur, market does not sufficiently satisfy the demand of people, country lags behind in its
development from other countries.
Economic reforms in India started by Narsimha Rao government in form of NEW
ECONOMIC POLICY, 1991 consists of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation.
 Liberalisation refers to removal of restrictions in the private sector and delicensing
several sectors. It consists of abolition of panchayat raj, reduction in tariff rates,
Deregulation of the Industrial Sector, Financial Sector Reforms, Tax Reforms,
Foreign Exchange Reforms, Trade and Investment Policy Reforms, External Sector
Reforms, Foreign Exchange Reforms, Foreign Trade Policy Reforms.

47
 Privatisation refers to transfer of resources from government to private sector.
Privatisation involves healthy competition and owners are highly interested in profit
earning. It wanted to attain economic stabilisation and to convert the socialist tilted
economy to the market or free economy. Privatisation can be done in two ways:
Disinvestment and Divestment. It resulted in improving the financial situation of the
government by reducing the work load of public sector enterprises. It also encouraged
FDI in India and this resulted in better quality of goods and services to the domestic
consumers.
 Globalisation refers to integration of domestic economy with the global economy. The
main aim of this policy is to convert India into self dependent and to create a borderless
world in which needs of any country can be satisfied by any other economy through
international trade. It also leads to outsourcing where company of a country can hire
professional or expert of any other country on the basis of comparative cost advantage.
Analysis of reforms
GDP growth (%)
In India, GDP growth rate measures the change in value of domestic goods and services
produced in the economy during a fiscal year.
Source: tradingeconomics.com/india/gdp-growth-annual (Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation)
India has done relatively well in these 30 years. In pre reform period, growth rate was only
around 1,1%. Following the reforms, it has been growing at a stable pace till 2019 that is pre
Covid-19 times. Indian GDP rose from $226 billion to $3 trillion from 1991 to 2019 while its
purchasing power parity rose from $1 trillion to $12 trillion from 1991 to 2019. Due to
pandemic GDP contracts by around 24.1% in 2019 but now it has increased above 7%. In
2021, fastest growing sectors are service or tertiary sector contributing more than 60% in
GDP. Primary sector employs more than 50% of labour force and contribute around 12% in

48
GDP. Secondary sector contributes around 28% of GDP constitutes of manufacturing,
construction, electricity, gas, water supply and mining activities.
FORIEIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
According to RBI data, FDI has increased from $97 million in 1990-1991 to more than
$81722 million in 2020-2021. This all happened due to trade reforms in 1991. Before it, there
were several restrictions like only 30% equity share of foreign investors. After reforms, the
limit has been increased up to 51% and gradually up to 100%. Due to rise in foreign direct
investment, technology transfers become efficient.
Source: https://theprint.in/economy/97-mn-in-1991-to-82-bn-in-2021-how-reforms-made-india-a-go-to-
destination-for-fdi/699786/
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES

49
India’s foreign exchange reserves have grown significantly since 1991. The reserves, which
stood at US$ 5.8 billion at end-March 1991 increased gradually to US$ 25.2 billion by end-
March 1995. The growth continued in the second half of the 1990s, with the reserves
touching the level of US$ 38.0 billion by end-March 2000. Subsequently, the reserves rose
to US$ 54.1 billion by end-March 2002, US$ 75.4 billion by end-March 2003 and further to
US$ 91.1 billion by end-September 2003. In 2021, reserves stood at $536.7 billion.
INDIA EXTERNAL DEBT
 As the economy grows, external debt of India goes on rising in absolute terms as
enterprises start borrowing from foreign market to finance their needs. In 1991,
country’s external debt stood at $83.6 billion. At end-June 2020, India’s external debt
was placed at US$ 554.5 billion, recording a decrease of US$ 3.9 billion over its level
at end-March 2020.
 The external debt to GDP ratio increased to 21.8 per cent at end-June 2020 from 20.6
per cent at end-March 2020.

50
PERCENTAGE SHARE IN GDP OF VARIOUS SECTORS
Source: https://statisticstimes.com/economy/country/india-gdp-sectorwise.php
Agriculture, which accounted for nearly 30 per cent of the total GDP in 1991, now accounts
for 17.4 per cent of the economy. The services sector contributes nearly 54 per cent to
domestic GDP (from 39 per cent in 1991), while the industry sector's contribution to GDP
stands at 29 per cent now against 30 in 1991.

51
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
YEAR RATE OF UNEMPLOYMMENT (%) ANNUAL CHANGE (%)
1991 5.55 0.06
1992 5.61 0.06
1993 5.72 0.11
1997 5.74 -0.01
2000 5.75 -0.03
2008 5.36 -0.05
2015 5.56 -0.04
2016 5.51 -0.05
2017 5.41 -0.10
2018 5.33 -0.08
2019 5.27 -0.06
2020 7.11 1.84
In 1991, unemployment rate was 5.55% owing to increase in 0.06% rise from previous year.
The annual change goes on rising till 1993. With effect of economic reforms in 1991, in
1997, the rate of unemployment falls by 0.01%. it goes on declining too 2019. However, due
to pandemic of Covid-19, unemployment rose to a huge extent; around 3.2 million people
lost their jobs in 2020.
Reforms had a positive impact on employment but not adequate though as rate of
unemployment rises to 5.74% in 1997. 5% rise in unemployment in 2008 was due to global
financial crisis.
.

52
Source: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IND/india/unemployment-rate
TELECOMMUNICATION
At present, India stands at 2nd
rank in digital technology. The contribution of
telecommunication sector has a high impact on health of overall economy. Due to
digitalisation in India , rural sector also increased tremendously along with urban sector. The
era of post Liberalization of Indian Telecommunication Sector, witnessed formation of
'Department of Telecommunication' (DOT) and the 'Telecom Regulatory Authority of India'
(TRAI). These two independent bodies operate in sync and under the guardianship of the
Ministry of Telecommunication Government of India. These independent bodies have earned
good reputation for transparency and competence of governance.

53
https://business.mapsofindia.com/communications-industry/liberalization-india.html
source: https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.37of2021.pdf
Total subscribers rose from 1198 million to 1202 million in one month only. This shows the
growing impact of telecommunication and its benefits due to liberalization and privatisation
of this sector.
INDIA IN 2021
Currently, GDP expanded by 20.1% during first quarter of 2021 on the lower base during
first quarter of previous year. The GDP in absolute terms is yet to reach pre pandemic level.
Aggregate demand consists of consumption expenditure, investment expenditure and
government expenditure. Consumption demand forms 55% of the GDP and Investment
demand form 31% of GDP is yet to recover pre pandemic level. The following chart analyses
shows the recent picture of Indian economy.

54
Chapter – 6
A Study of Competency Mapping For Identification
of Training Needs
By : Mr. Amit Vilasrao Pondkule1
, Dr.Vishal Bharat Babar2
Lecturer1
, PG-Coordinator2
, Dattakala College Pharmacy, Swami-Cincholi, Daund
ABSTRACT
Success of any organization depends largely on its competent employees and the extent to
which the knowledge is shared in that organization. Competency Mapping is a process
through which one assesses and determines one’s strengths as an individual worker ad in
some cases as a part of an organization where as Knowledge acquisition involves complex
cognitive processes: perception, learning, communication, association and reasoning. Hence,
competency mapping and management of knowledge and its resources play a significant role
in growth and development of the organization. Knowledge Management ('KM') comprises
a range of practices used by organizations to identify, create, represent, and distribute
knowledge. It is divided into stages like acquiring knowledge, sharing, storing and
leveraging the knowledge both at personal level as well as professional level.
Competency mapping examines two areas: emotional intelligence quotient (EQ), and
strengths of the individual in Areas like team structure, leadership, and decision-making.
Knowledge management refers to all systematic activities for creation and sharing of
knowledge so that knowledge can be used for the success of the organization. KM processes
provide a framework for connecting people to people and people to information, to develop
and share distilled learning and best practices.

55
INTRODUCTION
Today organizations are all talking in terms of competence. Gone are the days when people
used to talk in terms of skill sets, which would make their organizations competitive. There
has been a shift in the focus of the organizations. Now they believe in excelling and not
competing. It is better to build a core competency that will see them through crisis. And what
other way than to develop the people, for human resource is the most valuable resource any
organization has. Organizations of the future will have to rely more on their competent
employees than any other resource. It is a major factor that determines the success of an
organization. Competencies are the inner tools for motivating employees, directing systems
and processes and guiding the business towards common goals that allow the organizations
to increase its value. Competencies provide a common language and method that can integrate
all the major HR functions and services like Recruitment, Training, Performance
management, Remuneration, Performance appraisal, Career and Succession planning and
Integrated Human Resource Management System A competency is an underlying
characteristic of a person, which enables him to deliver superior performance in a given job,
role or a situation. This characteristic may be called an ‘attribute bundle’, consisting of
knowledge, skills, traits, social role, self-image and motive. The ‘underlying characteristic’,
manifests itself in the form of behavior, which helps identification and measurement of the
competency.This is a competency era. It is beyond doubt that it is beneficial and cost effective,
to have competent people to occupy higher-level positions. Alternatively, Competency also
refers to the intellectual, managerial, social and emotional competency.
There are two basic levels of competencies: technical and behavioral. The first level,
Technical Competencies are predominately about acquired knowledge and technical abilities
and skills. These competencies are often easier to see, train for and develop. Examples of
technical competencies include knowledge of applicable legislation and case law, knowledge
of valuation methodology.

56
COMPETENCY MAPPING IS HR TOOL USED IN:
 Recruitment/Selection.
 Training/Development.
 Performance Management.
 Career Planning /Development.
 Succession Planning.
 Manpower Planning.
 Human Resource Development.
 Human Resource Planning.
 Human Resource Strategic Planning.

57
MEANING AND COMPONENTS OF COMPETENCY MAPPING
Many companies are finding that it is difficult to determine whether employees have the capabilities
needed for success. The necessary capabilities may vary from one business unit to another and even across
roles within a business unit. As a result, many companies are using competency models to help them identify
the knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics (attitudes, personality) needed for successful performance
in a job. Competency models are also useful for ensuring that training and development systems are
contributing to the development of such knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics.
Traditionally, needs assessment has involved identifying knowledge, skills, abilities, and tasks.
However, a current trend in training is for needs assessment to focus on competencies. A Competency refers
to areas of personal capabilities that enable employees to successfully perform their jobs by achieving
outcomes or accomplishing tasks. A competency can be knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, or personal
characteristics. A Competency Model identifies the competencies necessary for each job as well as the
knowledge, skills, behavior, and personality characteristics underlying each competency.
One way to understand competency models is to compare them to job analysis. As you may recall from
other classes or experiences, Job analysis refers to the process of developing a Description of the job (Duties
and responsibilities) and the Specifications (knowledge, skills and abilities) that an employee must have to
perform it.
Competency Map: A competency map is a list of an individual’s competencies that represent the
factors most critical to success in given jobs, departments, organizations, or industries that are part of the
individual’s current career plan.
Competency Mapping: Competency mapping is a process an individual uses to identify and describe
competencies that are the most critical to success in a work situation or work role.
Competency profiling: It is the process of identifying the knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, and
judgment
required for effective performance in a particular occupation or profession. Competency profiling is
business/company specific

58
PROCESS OF COMPETENY MAPPING
MAPPING PROCESS:
(Step 1) STUDYING THE JOB DESCRIPTIONS AND JOB SPECIFICATION
(Step 2) USE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR IDENTIFYING JOB ROLES
(Step 3) IDENTIFYING COMPETENCIES CRITICAL FOR
OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE VIS-À-VIS ROLE AND CONTEXT
(Step 4) DEFINE COMPETENCIES IN TERMS OF BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS
(Step 5) DEVELOP MEASUREMENT CRITICAL FOR EACH COMPETENCY

59
BENEFITS OF COMPETENCY MAPPING
There are some useful benefits of using competency model for the company, managers, and employees as
well.
FOR THE COMPANY
 Reinforce corporate strategy, culture, and vision.
 Establish expectations for performance excellence, resulting in a systematic approach to
professional development, improved job satisfaction, and better employee retention.
 Increase the effectiveness of training and professional development programs by linking them to
the success criteria (i.e., behavioral standards of excellence).
 Provide a common framework and language for discussing how to implement and communicate
key strategies.
 Provide a common understanding of the scope and requirements of a specific role.
 Provide common, organization-wide standards for career levels that enable employees to move
across business boundaries.
FOR MANAGERS
 Identify performance criteria to improve the accuracy and ease of the hiring and selection process.
 Provide more objective performance standards.
 Clarify standards of excellence for easier communication of performance expectations to direct
reports.
 Provide a clear foundation for dialogue to occur between the manager and employee about
performance, development, and career-related issues.
FOR EMPLOYEES
 Identify the success criteria (i.e., behavioral standards of
performance Excellence) required being successful in their role.
 Support a more specific and objective assessment of their strengths
and Specify targeted areas for professional development.
 Provide development tools and methods for enhancing their skills.
 Provide the basis for a more objective dialogue with their manager or
team About performance, development, and career related issues.

60
KEY CHARACTERISTICS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION
Alignment:
Competencies impact systems that actively support the organization’s vision, strategy, and key capabilities.
Integration:
Competency initiatives that produce the most significant change are applied systemically across a
range of HR development processes.
Distribution:
Competency standards alone produce little effect. They must be actively and relentlessly communicated
and installed with users.
Self-Directed Application:
Competency systems frequently fail because they are too complex or require an unsustainable level of sponsorship
or program support. Implementations that work best focus on the development of “tools” that can produce results
for users with relatively little ongoing support.
Acculturation:
In competency systems that work, they become part of the culture and the mindset of leaders
through repeated application and refinement over a significant period of time.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
 The time constraint is more important.
 The sample size is up to 100.
 The employees are not responded because of their busy schedule.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Competency mapping is a process of identifying key competencies for a particular position in an
organization, and then using it for job-evaluation, recruitment, training and development,

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