REVIRE PAPER ON WOMEN ENTREPREENUR ANALYSIS PAPER PUBLISHED IN INTERNATIONAL BOOK CHAPTER HARIHARAN23900

Editor-in-Chief
DR. DILIPKUMAR A. ODE
Editor of Redshine Publication, Lunawada (Guj.)
Co- Editors
JIGESHKUMAR D. CHAUHAN
Assistant Professor
Christian College of Education, Anand. (Gujarat)
DR. BIRAJLAKSHMI GHOSH
Principal,
Gholdigrui Sikshan Mandir, Hooghly (West Bengal)
DR. VINOD KUMAR CHERUKURI
Academic Counsellor, Dept. of Political Science,
Centre for Distance Education, Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Guntur District, (Andhra Pradesh)
MR. M. MAHALINGAM
Associate Professor (CAS), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Government College of Engineering, (Deputed from Annamalai University)
Bodinayakkanur.Theni District. Pin – 625 528. (Tamil Nadu)
DR. M. JAYALAKSHMI
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce
SKSS Arts College, Thiruppanandal (Tamil Nadu)
Legal Adviser
Yogeshkumar A. Ode
(Advocate)
L O N D O N | I N D I A
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH-VIII
Volume-1

MULTIDISCIPLINARY SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH-VIII, VOLUME-1
Edited by: Dr. Dilipkumar A. Ode, Jigeshkumar D. Chauhan, Dr.Birajlakshmi Ghosh,
Dr. Vinod kumar Cherukuri, Mr. M. Mahalingam & Dr. M. Jayalakshmi
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY SUBJECTS FOR RESEARCH
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mentioned subjects only. We cordially invite research articles of high quality of any subject which
will serve the purpose of greater interest of humanity.
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About Editors
DR. DILIPKUMAR A. ODE
(M.A., M.Phil., M.Ed., Ph.D)
Chief Editor
Redshine Publication, Lunawada (Gujarat)
Dr. Dilipkumar A. Ode M.A., M.Phil(Eco).,
M.Ed.,Ph.D (Eco) Has Had His Higher Education From
Sadar Patel University, M.K.Bhavnagar University &
Veer Narmad South Gujarat University.
He Has 6 Years Teaching Experience at UG & PG Level.
He Published11 Books on Economics. He Published
17 Papers in International Journal, Attended and Presented
9 Papers in State Level Seminar, 18 Papers in National
Level Seminar And 6 Papers in International Level Seminar. He Has Attended
Workshop /Webinar More Than 100. Chief Editor in RedShine Publication and
Published More Than 19 Books. His Main Areas of Specialisation in Macro and
Micro Economics, Labour Economics and International Trade & Public Finance.
MR. JIGESHKUMAR D. CHAUHAN
M.Com, M.Ed, PGDCA,UGC-NET, GSET, Ph.D (Pursuing)
Assistant Professor
Christian College of Education, Anand (Gujarat)
&
Research Scholar
Indian Institute of Teacher Education, Gandhinagar (Gujarat)
Mr. JigeshKumar Devendrabhai
Chauhan completed has BBA, M.Com, M.Ed
from Sardar Patel University. He holds
PGDCA degree from C-DAC (Centre for
Development of Advanced Computing). He is
Qualified for assistant professor in UGC-NET
(Education) & Gujarat State Eligibility Test -
(Education). He has passed many competitive
exams like for teacher TET,TAT,IBPS for
Bank, Sub Auditor, ITI Instructor, and TRPs

(The Government of India authorised tax professionals called as the Tax Return
Prepares).
Right Now, he is servicing as An Assistant Professor at Christian College of
Education, Anand, he is pursuing Ph.D. He has 5 years of varied teaching experience
at College level & school level in the field of computer. He has published Seven
Research Articles on education in India and J.D.Chauhan has participated and
presented papers in various National and State level seminars and workshops. He is
an Editor in reputed national and international level publishers & more than 17
edited books published by him. Also, owner of NET GSET Telegram Channel (link
for channel t.me/NETGSET). This channel helps UGC Net Set aspirants in subjects
like general paper 1 and Education & Commerce paper 2. His fields of interest are
Guidance and Counselling, Educational Psychology and Research Methodology.
DR. BIRAJLAKSHMI GHOSH
Principal,
Gholdigrui Sikshan Mandir, Hooghly (West Bengal)
Dr.Birajlakshmi Ghosh is a commandable scholar and
writer in the field of Education in India.She worked as
Assistant Professor of Political Science Satsuma College,
Kolkata,West Bengal.She worked as Assistant Professor of
Political Science Method in Krishnanagar B.Ed
College.Since 2012 She work's as Principal at B.Ed
Department of Gholdigrui Sikshan Mandir,B.Ed and D.El.Ed
College.
She has More than 17Yers Teaching Experience in
General and Teachers Training College.
She has done her M.A in Political,B.Ed. And M.Ed from University of
Calcutta.She obtained M.A in Education And Ph.D in Education from University of
Kalyani.
She has Published 19 Books in the field of Education.She has Research
Article in ISSN Peer Reviewed Journal.She Has Attained and Presented paper in
State, National and International level Seminar, Workshop.
She worked as Head Examinar and Examinar and Paper Setter in Calcutta
University, Kalyani University, Burdwam University, Shidhu-Kanu-Birsha
University and West Bengal University of Teacher's Training Educational Planing
and Administration.
Inspite of that she is working different Projects on Environmental Protection.

DR. VINOD KUMAR CHERUKURI
Academic Counsellor, Dept. of Political Science,
Guntur District, (Andhra Pradesh)
Dr. Vinod Kumar Cherukuri has been working as
Academic Counselor in the department of Political Science,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh since 2009. He has obtained M.A.
Political Science, M.A. Public Administration, M.Sc.
Psychology, M.B.A., Master of Social Work, PGDHR,
PGDAS, M.Phil. in 2007 and Ph.D. in Political Science from
Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh in
2015. He has qualified NET in political Science and APSET in Public
Administration. He has 12 years teaching experience at PG and UG Level and
research experience. He has written 5 books in political science and public
administration for UG students and 16 books for PG students in centre for distance
education, Acharya Nagarjuna University. He has delivered 11 guest lectures. He
has given a lecture for the Faculty Development Programme at National Level. He
has published 14 research papers in international Journals and 24 book chapters. He
has participated in 10 workshops, participated and presented 18 research papers in
international conferences and seminars, participated and presented 36 research
papers in National seminars and 6 annual conferences and one state level seminar.
He has Participated in 23 Faculty Development Programmes and 5 one-month
Faculty Induction Programme. He has attended 3 refresher courses and attended 11
International webinars and 56 attended national level webinars. He was a life
member in Indian Political Science Association, Research India Foundation,
Institute of Scholars and annual membership in DK international Research
Foundation. He was Executive board Member and Administrator for Research India
Centre for Research Software in Research India Foundation. He was the founder
president for Social Reformers Welfare Society, India. He was one of the editors for
International and National book publication.
1. He has received four awards for his research i.e., 1. “National Citizenship Gold
Medal Award” presented by GEPRA, New Delhi on 1st
May 2014 in Chennai, for
outstanding performance in education. 2. “Bharat Gaurav Award” presented by India
International Friendship Society on 24th
November, 2014 in New Delhi, for
outstanding performance in education. 3.Bharath Ratan Indira Gandhi Shiromani
Gold Medal Award presented by All India Achievers & Research Academy, on 26th
January 2019, New Delhi, for outstanding performance in education and social

service. 4. Award of Excellence in Research presented by Novel Research Academy,
Puducherry, India on 05th
April 2021. 5. Pearl Foundation most innovative
Technology Award presented by Pearl Foundation Educational Excellence, Madurai,
Tamilnadu, India, on 19th
June 2021. 6. Excellence Teaching in Higher Education
Award presented by DK International Research Foundation, Perambalur, Tamilnadu,
India, on 27th
June 2021. 7. Young Researcher Award 2021, presented by Institute of
Scholars, Tamilnadu.
MR. M. MAHALINGAM
Associate Professor (CAS), Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Government College of Engineering,
Bodinayakkanur. Theni District. Pin – 625 528. (Tamil Nadu)
(Deputed from Annamalai University)
Mr. M.Mahalingam, Associate Professor (CAS)
in Mechanical Engineering, Government College of
Engineering, Bodinayakkanur, (deputed from
Annamalai University). He has done his M.Tech from
IIT, Madras (IITM). He has received prestigious
international award Excellence in Teaching and
Research Award (2021).
He has 22 years of teaching experience. He has
published many papers in reputed journals and also Reviewer of reputed journal. He
has also patent publication in his credit. He has presented papers in conferences, also
Organized International, National conference and National symposium. He has
published many chapters in books and also chief editor and editor of books. He was
chaired technical and non- technical events. He has also contributed his service to
the needy people during the emergency situation.
DR. M. JAYALAKSHMI
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce
SKSS Arts College, Thiruppanandal (Tamil Nadu)
Dr. M. Jayalakshmi, M. Com., M.Phil, MBA., PhD
Has completed her PG in SKSS Arts College, Thiruppanandal,
Bharathidasan University. She has completed her M.Phil in
Annamalai University and MBA from Madurai Kamaraj
University. She has 14 years of Teaching Experience at UG &
10 Years at PG Level in Aided stream. She has participated in

83 webinars in National and State level, 16 International Webinars, 16 International
Conferences and 36 Faculty Development Programs and has also published in UGC
and many Chapter writings. She has guided various students in PG level. She has
also participated in many National level and online workshops. She has also
conducted Career Guidance Program to counsel the Rural School students of 10th
,
11th
and 12th
students in Sri Kumaraguruparar Matriculation Higher Secondary
School, Thiruppanandal. She has received Best Teacher Award on International
Women’s Day Organized by STA Events sponsored by Vasanth Television in the
field of Education and also Received Best Teacher Award on Teachers Day from
Rotary Club of Kumbakonam Sakthi, Kumbakonam. Her main areas of
specialisation are Marketing, Management, Economics and Financial Services.

INDEX
No. Title Author(S) Page
No.
01. The Role of Online Teaching-Learning
Process During Covid-19 – A Study in
Indian Context
-Piyali Mullick
02. New Farms Act, 2020 -Mr. P. Bala Muralidhar
03. Vision Of Life Presented in John Keats’
Odes: A Critical Evaluation
-Dinesh Kumar
04. Importance Of English as International
Medium of Communication
-Mr. Krishnakant Patil
05. Advancements In Tasks Performed By
The Bell Desk In Front Office
-Ms. Pooja Bhonsle
06. Study Of Khadi Village Industry &
Commission (With the Reference of
Employment)
-Dr. Anil Sharma
07. From Peaceful Neighbours to Hostile
Competitors-The Transformation of
Indo-China Relationship in The
Historical Background and The Outcome
of Self-Depended India Mission
-Swarnendu Chakraborty
08. Effect Of Contextual Factors on Online
Shopping Behaviour
-Dr. M. Jayalakshmi
09. The Internet of Things in Agriculture -Prasanta Mujrai
10. Artificial Intelligence in Electronic
Payment System
-Mr. Rakshith Gowda K M
-Miss. Damayanthy M C
11. Opportunities And Challenges of Modern
Agricultural Marketing
-Mr. Rakshith Gowda K M
-Mr. Yakshith P L
12. A Study on The Emerging Trends of
Startups in India- A Scenario After 2016
-Mrs. Muthamma. M.P
-Ms. Sushmitha P.S
13. Educational Ideas of Swami Vivekananda -Devaj Bhattarai
14. Effect Of Yoga on Academic Performance
of University Students
-Sudeshna Nath
15. Immunomodulatory Use of Some Fruits
and Vegetables During Current Pandemic
-Dr. Kaptain K. Bajpayee
16. Performance Of Dairy Sector in India -Dr. M. Mahalakshmi
17. Solution Of Four Linear Ordinary
Differential Equations of Ist Order Using
for Loop in A Single Program with The
Initial Conditions in Scilab Software
5.5.2
-Polly Biswas
-Dr. Ravindra Singh

18. Role Of Women in Society and Need of
Women Empowerment
-Dr. Siddharth Saini
-Dr. Vandana Mishra
19. Role Of Society in Mitigating Violence
Against Women
-Dr. Vikas Bakshi
-Prof. Jaya Kameriya
20. Awareness Of Infrastructural Facilities in
Schools Among Students (A Case Study
of Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh)
-Dr. Vinod Kumar
Cherukuri
21. Population Explosion: The Bane for
Environment
-Mr. Rohit Srivastava
22. A Review On: Are We Doing Enough?
Women Entrepreneurship Analysis in
India
-N. Hariharan

ISBN: 978-1-300-71032-5
Multidisciplinary Subjects for Research-viii Vol-1 Page 1
DIP: 18.10.1300710322.001
THE ROLE OF ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS DURING COVID-19
A STUDY IN INDIAN CONTEXT
PIYALI MULLICK
State Aided College Teacher – I
Department of Commerce
Umeschandra College, Kolkata, (West Bengal)
❖ ABSTRACT:
The Covid-19 pandemic has generated worldwide awareness that revolutionary changes are
needed in many sectors, it has to become obvious, one among in the education sector. Before the
Covid-19 educational institutions (schools, colleges, universities) in India followed the traditional
method of teaching-learning. But suddenly outbreak of this deadly disease changed the whole
scenario, converted to an online method of teaching-learning. This transition in the method of
teaching-learning has upraised new threats and opportunities. This Current paper is a descriptive
study on the online teaching-learning process during this crisis through a Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. And this research also provides a forward direction
for further research.
Keywords: 1) Covid-19, 2) Revolutionary, 3) Method of Teaching-Learning, 4) Descriptive Study,
5) SWOT Analysis.
❖ INTRODUCTION:
The Covid-19 is an on-going global pandemic that has disrupted human lives a lot. An
unprecedented worldwide lockdown had not only made lives downhearted but also forced us to live
inside our homes. Due to the lockdown, almost all the sectors were badly influenced. The country’s
economy is overwhelmed by the following sectors such as automotive, transportation, education,
tourist, service sectors, and so on.
The world of education, teaching, and learning has gone through a serious transformation with
the novel coronavirus. Covid-19 Striking all cross-sections of the society. Covid-19 enforced to
convert the methodology of teaching from chalk and talk to online teaching-learning in every
academic institution. Technology and internet connectivity is now the basic and foremost thing for
online teaching-learning process. As this conversion creates opportunities somewhere, in opposite
it creates challenges too. This changeover had been easy for autonomous/private institutions. The
sudden outbreak posed threats for public institutions. Due to the sudden outbreak, many
educational institutions were shut down several classes for an indefinite period. But then classes
started in a new-normal mode due to the pressure of completion of the academic calendar.
Nevertheless, this pandemic had been an actuate for educational institutions worldwide to follow
creative perspective on relatively short notice. During this time, most of the educational institutions
had shifted to online mode using Google meet, Zoom, Microsoft team, or other online platforms.
Current research is a descriptive study on the online teaching-learning process in an in-depth
manner.

ISBN: 978-1-300-71032-5
❖ RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
This paper provides the following objectives on the concerned research work as identified and
decided by the researcher, based on the extensive review of the literature:
1. To explore the growth of Ed-Tech Start-ups for the online teaching-learning process.
2. To conduct a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the
online teaching-learning process during this time.
❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
Descriptive research has been used for the present study. This study relies on secondary data based
on available literature on the concerned subject, including books, journals, magazines, newspaper
reports, research articles, etc. Data also collected from different search engines. Based on previous
articles the problems associated with online learning and possible solutions were identified through
this study. Also, a SWOT analysis was conducted to understand various strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats associated with online teaching-learning during this crisis period.
❖ LITERATURE REVIEW:
The literature review is an important part of the whole research process and provides a valuable
contribution to the concerned study. It creates a link between the existing body of knowledge and
own knowledge of findings.
According to Naik, Deshpande, Shivananda, Ajey, Patel (2021), India’s higher education
system is the world’s third-largest in terms of students, next to China and the United States. The
Covid-19 pandemic drastically influenced the economic and education health of India. Due to lack
of technical infrastructure, improper power supply, high-speed internet facility, etc., more than 60%
of students were not ready for the online classes. For theoretical classes under online mode is easy
to understand, but practical classes are not effective. Morning 8-12 time is more effective for online
classes as per the opinion of most the students. In many areas of the syllabus which were already
covered through online classes, again there is a need for face-to-face classes after reopening of
institutions as per students’ beliefs.
According to Paliwal, Singh (2021), during this covid crisis teacher’s competencies play an
important role in the online teaching-learning process. The online teaching-learning process started
quickly for avoiding learning disruption in higher education. But for the longer-term resilience of
the education system, the online teaching community must have to build up the capacity level. The
level of course design competencies, communications competencies, time management
competencies is not sufficient among teachers of higher education institutions of India.
According to Bordoloi, Das, Das (2021), in the context of the 21st
century there is a need for
mixed learning for providing education. The online or open education system has widened the
scope of learning than conventional education. Knowledge hungry people get more scope regarding
the extensive use of open educational resources, massive open online classes, social media, and
meeting apps during this Covid-19 lockdown.
According to Karyala, Kamat (2020), the whole world faced shades of grey due to this online
education. This online mode of education provides space for learning something beyond the norms
and regulations. A learner has access to unlimited topics and global experts in concerned subjects
something which is beyond imagination. On the other hand, in online education students do not
properly interact with teachers as this system lacks body language and eye contact the teachers.
Even in higher education students prefer the in-class physical learning experience more than the

ISBN: 978-1-300-71032-5
virtual mode of learning. Currently, only a small part of the Indian population has the opportunity
to enter into the new-normal mode of education.
The major concerns in India are interrupted power supply, weak or non-existence of internet
connectivity, and unaffordability to buy necessary devices, etc. Due to the issues of inaccessibility,
internet connectivity, etc. many institutions follow the ‘video sharing’ method either through
WhatsApp or YouTube which is similar to pre-recorded sessions on television (e.g., Swayam
Prabha DTH Channels) and radio (audio lessons, through All India Radio). Even students with
disabilities also mostly dependent on offline teaching mode rather than distance learning.
❖ DATA ANALYSIS:
This paper intended to study the perception of both teachers and students regarding the online
teaching-learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic. While keeping conceptual outlooks at the
base this research provides a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of
the online teaching-learning process during the covid crisis.
❖ ED-TECH START-UPS DURING COVID-19
Ed-Tech is a combination of ‘education’ and ‘technology’. It refers to an area of technology,
dedicated to the evolution, and implementation of tools (including hardware, software, and
processes) deliberated to promote education.
For ages, the Indian education system has been following traditional methods of education for
the students. Right from the tender age of 5, children go to school for education and go through
several stages of learning e.g., filling out many pages of homework, learning textbooks, giving
exams, then also waiting for results in a cyclical way. Education technology start-ups are a realistic
solution to a better education system in India. Ed-tech provides students effective and easy learning
methods and solutions that are so much different from the rigid brick and mortal schools.
Ed-tech start-ups are tapping all the right opportunities by providing free online courses to
several field students amidst this crisis. UNESCO also proposed that these Ed-tech start-ups and
learning apps can help many students during these hard times. Ed-tech start-ups trying hard to
provide more free courses for several fields and e-resources to students. Although the high-speed
internet facility and appropriate infrastructure still a big challenge. As per reports of Google and
KPMG, the online education market in India currently stands at $1.96 billion by 2020 instead of
$247 million in 2017. At present in 2020 there are almost 9.5 million users of online education.
Some of the famous ed-tech start-ups include Byju’s, Unaccademy, Zoom Classroom, CyberVie,
Egnify, GuruQ, Topper, iStar, e-pathshala, and so on. SWAYAM portal is an interesting
educational platform, which is initiated by the Government of India to achieve. The three main
objectives of our educational policy are access, equity, and quality. SWAYAM provides a large
number of free courses for school, college, university, etc. During this pandemic, SWAYAM is of
great help to students across the country.
❖ SWOT ANALYSIS OF ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS DURING
THIS CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC:
The Covid-19 is spreading like a forest fire around the world. Covid-19 had an enormous
change in the educational sector in India. After the Covid-19 catastrophe, the whole system of
education transformed from the traditional chalk and talk method to the online method. Due to the
sudden outbreak of this disease all schools, colleges and universities were facing discontinuation of
classes.

ISBN: 978-1-300-71032-5
In the last few years, e-learning has started gaining acceptance in India. Many podiums provide
economical courses to a large number of students through Massive Open Online Courses. But still
many educational institutions in India were unwilling to accept this online teaching and learning
process. This covid-19 posed various threats to the educational sector. For collaborating with this
crisis education take various platforms like Google Hangout, Skype, Microsoft Team, Zoom, etc.
Strengths
• Moment Flexibility
• Area Flexibility
• Accommodation to Wide Crowd
• Extensive Availability to Courses and
Contents
• Creative Teaching
• Immediate Feedback
Weaknesses
• Equity and Accessibility to Technology
• Computer Literacy
• Learner’s Capability and Confidence
Level
• Time Management
• Intrusion, Disappointment, Concern, and
Confusion.
• Lack of Personal / Physical attention
Opportunities
• Scope for Innovation and Digital
development
• Broadens Experience
• Become Self-regulated learners
• Strengthen Skills: (Problem solving,
Critical thinking, Adaptability)
• Improved Learner’s Attendance
• Easier Access to teachers
Threats
• Learner’s lack of self-motivation
• Reduced face-to-face support
• Technology cost
• Quality of education
• Digital Divide
• Unequal distribution of ICT
infrastructure.
❖ THE SWOT ANALYSIS OF ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
DURING SUCH CRISIS:
• Strengths
There are several reasons why online programs have become a popular form of distance learning in
higher education in current days. Online teaching-learning techniques and processes are really
strong. These strengths of online learning modes can rescue learners from these tough times. It
allows students to participate in several courses from anywhere and at any time. There are many
online tools for an effective and efficient teaching-learning environment. For providing lectures
educators use a combo of audio, video, and text to reach out to their students in this pandemic time.
This can help in creating a synergetic and interactive teaching-learning environment where students
can give their instant response, solve queries and learn interestingly.
• Weaknesses
E-learning has certain weaknesses also as in this system there is no direct face-to-face
communication. Technical difficulties, inaccessibility of the system, lack of proper internet
facilities, etc. also disrupt the teaching-learning process. Students are not so serious during the
classes in this method. Many students do not feel comfortable while learning online and that leads
to confusion, disappointment, and frustration. Inadequate planning and infrastructure can obstruct
the teaching process and creates an asymmetry.

ISBN: 978-1-300-71032-5
• Opportunities
E-learning can offer a lot of interesting opportunities. Virtual classrooms can discover better quality
education while avoiding the risk of spreading this deadly disease. This crisis forced peoples to
look into the positivity of online learning. At this time Ed-tech companies are doing a great job by
helping many students through providing online courses, materials, etc., and through that, the
disruption in the education process can be hindered. E-learning helps to develop problem-solving
skills, critical thinking abilities, and adaptability among the students. Ed-tech start-ups have
numerous opportunities to bring about intrinsic transformation in the education field.
• Threats
Online teaching-learning demotivates students from their classes. Learnings lack self-
confidence and focus here and feel bore. It’s very difficult to create an effective and interactive
class for teachers. It’s a threat ranging from learners’ issues to educators’ issues. The quality of e-
learning is a real challenge. A lot of time and cost involved in this mode. An ample investment is
required for buying and maintaining equipment. India still needs to go a long way in making online
learning available to all the students of the country.
As per the 2021 record available in www.statista.com
• Around 95 percent of children were involved in some remote learning as of November
2020. Due to this outbreak, online education has been on the rise throughout the world.
• During Covid-19 lockdown in 2020, 44 percent of students were solely dependent on online
classes for learning in India, 30 percent were also home schooled alongside online classes.
And a little more than 10 percent were could not adopt any kind of method due to lack of
resources.
• In 2020, 65 percent of students used Byju’s as an online learning platform for educational
purposes in India, 30 percent or less uses Unaccademy, Vedantu, or Udemy, and least used
platforms i.e., Duolingo, Equickers.com, Meritnation and Unfold U were belonging to the
least used platforms i.e., less than 10 percent.
From this study, it was also found that the teachers should rather play the role of supporter. But
there is a need to train teachers regarding the technologies for ensuring a more effective teaching-
learning process. In the coming days, the uses of online techniques are becoming more and more
relevant in India.
❖ CONCLUSION
To combat this fatal crisis education sectors started but conducting online classes. The unexpected
alteration has raised new threats and opportunities. But this is a challenge to meet the current
situation in a country like India. Before starting online teaching-learning practice one must consider
various things e.g., target learners, their social, economic, cultural background, their accessibility of
infrastructure, etc. In India, there is a digital divide like the haves and have-nots, the rich and the
poor, etc. Educators also faced many problems due to this sudden changeover. It has been studied
that the traditional offline method is more preferable to learners and educators than the online
method.

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❖ REFERENCES
1. Naik, G. L., Deshpande, M., Shivananda, D. C., Ajey, C. P., & Manjunath Patel, G. C.
(2021). Online Teaching and Learning of Higher Education in India during COVID-19
Emergency Lockdown. Pedagogical Research, 6(1), em0090.
https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/9665
2. Dhawan S., (2020). Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal
of Educational Technology Systems. Vol:49. issue:1
3. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047239520934018Paliwal M., Singh A., (2021). Study of
Indian institutions of higher education. Interactive Technology and Smart Education.
ISSN: 1741-5659.
4. Bordoloi, R., Das, P. and Das, K. (2021), "Perception towards online/blended learning at the
time of Covid-19 pandemic: an academic analytics in the Indian context", Asian Association
of Open Universities Journal, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-09-
2020-0079
5. Mishra L., Gupta T., Shree A., (2020). Online teaching-learning in higher education during
lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research
Open, Vol:1. 2020, 100012https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100012
6. Karyala P., Kamat S., (2020). Online education in India – the good, the bad and the ugly!
POLICY, TEACHING and EDUCATION.
https://indiabioscience.org/columns/education/online-education-in-india-the-good-the-bad-
and-the-ugly

ISBN: 978-1-300-71032-5
DIP: 18.10.1300710322.002
NEW FARMS ACT, 2020
MR P. BALA MURALIDHAR
PG Coordinator & Assistant Professor.
Dept. of Commerce (UG&PG)
Prabhat Kumar College. Contai. Purba Medinipur. (West Bengal)
❖ ABSTRACT
Agriculture is the State List Subject as per Schedule 7 of the Indian Constitution. In 2017,
the Central Government had released model farming acts to initiate reforms in the agricultural
sector. However, the states has not implemented several reforms suggested in the model acts. The
centre promulgated three ordinances in the first week of June 2020. However, in September
2020, the President of India gave his approval to these three Farm Acts— The Farmers’ Produce
Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020, The Farmers (Empowerment and
Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020, and The Essential
Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020. These three Bills jointly known as New Farms Act, 2020.
Several farmer organisations have opposed these Acts for various reasons. The primary concern
appears to be the fear of losing government procurement at the Minimum Support Price.
Ultimately, the Supreme Court of India has put a stay on the implementation of the Farm Acts
2020 and set up a four-member committee to make recommendations within two months. The
Central Government has made a proposal to suspend the three new farm laws for one or one-
and-a-half years, until the impasse is resolved. This paper tries to present the study about New
Farms Acts, 2020 and to point out suggestions that may end deadlock over these Farms Acts.
Keywords: Agriculture, Farmers, Government, New Farms Act, 2020.
❖ INTRODUCTION
The President of India Ram Nath Kovind gave his approval to three agriculture bills on
September 27nd September, 2020— The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and
Facilitation) Bill, 2020, The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price
Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020, and The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020.
These three Bills jointly known as New Farms Act, 2020. The Acts were mainly aimed to liberalise
the farm sector, but it encountered stiff opposition in Parliament. Several farmer organisations have
opposed these Acts for various reasons. The primary concern appears to be the fear of losing
government procurement at the Minimum Support Price. But the main issue to worry about is the
farmers for whose betterment these Acts have been passed are on streets protesting these Acts.
Farmers organizations like Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU) and the All India Kisan Sangharsh
Coordination Committee (AIKSCC) have been protesting these Acts from September 2020 itself.
They have raised the slogan of ‘KISAN BACHAO MANDI BACHAO’.
❖ BACKGROUND OF FARM ACTS, 2020
Agriculture is the State List Subject as per Schedule 7 of the Indian Constitution. In 2017, the
central government had released model farming acts to initiate reforms in the agricultural sector.
However, the states has not implemented several reforms suggested in the model acts. The centre
promulgated three ordinances in the first week of June 2020. However, in September 2020, the
President of India gave his approval to these three Farm Acts. Farmers in Punjab, Haryana and
other states have protested against these three Farm Acts. Some states have also opposed the new

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legislation. The Kerala legislative assembly even passed a resolution against the farm reforms and
demanded their withdrawal. The Supreme Court of India has put a stay on the implementation of
the Farm Acts 2020 and set up a four-member committee to make recommendations within two
months.
❖ OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To study New Farms Acts, 2020.
2. To point out suggestions that may end deadlock over New Farm Acts, 2020.
❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present study is based mainly on the secondary sources of data which is collected from
various websites relating to New Farm Acts, 2020, and its related issues.
❖ RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
The New Farms Act, 2020, was passed in September 2020. Immediately, farmers in Punjab,
Haryana and other states have protested against these three farm acts. Several Farmer
Organisations have opposed these Acts for various reasons. The primary concern appears to be the
fear of losing government procurement at the Minimum Support Price.
❖ NEW FARMS ACT, 2020
The New Farms Act, 2020 consists of three Acts which were as follows:
The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 - This
Act attempts to totally open up the sale of agricultural production outside the Agricultural Produce
Market Committees, or the APMCs. It generates an e-highway for trading and transactions. It also
creates an arrangement for e-trading of agriculture produce. According to this Act, Farmers are
permitted to sell their produce outside of the APMCs. This gives scope for more competition and
better pricing for farmers. In other words, the private players are completely allowed to enter into
the agricultural market and to deal directly with the farmers. The Government of India has
introduced APMC (Agriculture Produce Market Committee) Act. This Act was announced in
1960’s at the very same time when green revolution started in India. APMCs established Mandis or
Markets across India where farmer’s produce was sold. At present, there are around 7000 APMCs
in India. Before the introduction of this Act, the produce after harvesting, is brought to the Mandis
or Markets. Then the farmers sell their produce in these Mandis through the system of auction or
price discovery. The farmers sell their produce not to the government but the middlemen or
Arhatiyas. Middlemen are those people who exist between the farmer and the retailer or big traders.
For example, farmers sell their vegetables to the middlemen. The middlemen, in their turn, sell
those vegetables to the vegetable vendor who again sell these vegetables to the consumers. Here,
vegetable vendors will not purchase directly from the farmers. Government gives license to these
Middlemen. The facilities such as shops, storage facilities etc. are provided to Middlemen APMC
markets. Many people work in these APMCs. As there is a system of storage, it requires labourers,
supervisors, accountants etc. As a whole, it is a self-thriving network. The important point to be
noted here is these APMC markets are regulated by State Governments. A tax is charged on each
transaction. In this way, Government is in a position to know the price at which produce is being
sold.
Arguments in favour:
1. The Act will provide more opportunities to farmers by reducing marketing costs, and
helping them acquire better prices.
2. It will also provide an opportunity to the farmers of areas with surplus produce to get better
prices.

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3.
Arguments against:
1. There is a fear that States may lose revenue as they will not be able to collect ‘mandi fees’ if
farmers sell their produce outside registered Agricultural Produce Market Committee
(APMC) markets.
2. Commission agents of ‘mandis ’ stand lose if the total farm trade moves out of mandis.
3. Most importantly, farmers and opposition parties fear it may ultimately lead to the end of
the Minimum Support Price(MSP)-based procurement system and may lead to exploitation
by private companies.
The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm
Services Act 2020 -This Act generates a background for contract farming. It offers a model at the
national level of farming agreements, with regard to agribusiness, processing, and the total range of
services including wholesalers, exporters and large retailers for selling their farming produce at a
reciprocally pre-agreed price. Farmers can enter into ‘written agreements’ with anyone, including a
company, and sell them their produce for an agreed period of time, as per the contract. This means
that companies can now enter into contracts with farmers for purchasing their produce. The
companies can fix the price for the produce. They can also set the standards and qualities and other
legalities can be stated in advance. According to the Union government, this will safeguard and
authorize farmers to sell to anyone - a whole seller, a retail giant or an exporter. If the buyer wants
to cheat the farmers, the farmers will be protected by the written contracts which were entered into
in advance. Further, as per the Government, farmers can also sell future produce today.
1. The aim of this Act is to transfer the risk of market irregularity from farmers to sponsors.
2. This Act helps the farmers to access to modern technology and better inputs. It also tries to
increase farmer income by reducing the cost of marketing.
Arguments against:
1. According to Farmer bodies and opposition parties, the law is framed to suit “big corporates
who seek to dominate the Indian food and agriculture business”.
2. It will also weaken the negotiating power of farmers. Instead, it may give benefit to large
private companies, exporters, wholesalers, and processors.
The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 - The Essential Commodities Act was first
passed in decades back in 1955. This Act chiefly controls the production, supply and the
distribution of certain commodities that are known to be essential. So if a commodity falls under
this Act, as for example, a food item or an important drug, then companies and supermarkets cannot
hoard these items in case of their shortage. Further, they also cannot artificially increase the prices.
The list of essential commodities as per the original Essential Commodities Act, 1955 includes -
Drugs (medicines); Fertilizers (inorganic, organic, mixed); Foodstuff (including edible oilseeds and
oils); hank yarn made completely from cotton; Petroleum and petroleum products; Raw jute and
jute textiles; Seeds (food crops, fruits and vegetables, cattle fodder and jute seeds). The new
Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 removes some essential commodities such as
cereals, pulses, oilseeds, edible oils, onion and potatoes from the list of essential commodities.
Therefore, these commodities are now free from the Essential Commodities Act regulations and
stand deregulated. If necessary, the Government can enforce stock holding limits and control the
prices for the above commodities—under the Essential Commodities, 1955—only under
exceptional circumstances. These exceptional circumstances may be stated as war, famine situation,
extraordinary price rise, and natural calamity of grave nature. The restrictions on stock limits on
farming produce is to be decided by taking in to consideration the price rise in the market. These

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restrictions may be enforced only if there is: (i) a 100 per cent rise in retail price of horticultural
produce, and (ii) a 50 percent rise in the retail price of non-perishable agricultural food items. The
rise in prices is to be calculated over the price prevailing during the previous twelve months, or the
average retail price over the last five years, whichever is lower.
1. The chief aim of this Act is to attract private investment/Foreign Direct Investment into the
farm sector by giving private investors freedom to produce, hold, move, distribute, and
supply produce in agricultural infrastructure.
2. The Act tries to bring price stability of essential commodities.
3. The Act also aims at eliminating fears of private investors of regulatory influence in their
business operations.
Arguments against:
1. Big companies will have the autonomy to stock commodities. This will help them to dictate
terms to farmers.
❖ SUGGESTIONS THAT MAY END DEADLOCK OVER NEW FARM ACTS,
2020
1. To provide a statutory backing to the minimum selling prices and procurement in the new bill to
remove the fear of the farmers.
2. To give farmers the choice to sell their produce without the help of middlemen.
3. There must be a good rural infrastructure including link from villages to markets, climate-
controlled storage facilities.
4. There must be uninterrupted, reliable and regular electric supply to make available power to
rural infrastructural facilities.
5. There must be a good legal mechanism to approach by the farmers in case of any dispute
between farmers and other parties.
6. Steps should be taken to help food processing companies which are competent enough to
purchase farmers produce.
7. Efforts must also to be taken to continue to strengthen APMC market infrastructure.
8. The MSP should be the model price at which trading should be conducted in any mandi. MSP
has been announced for 23 crops and it is meaningless if it is not legally binding. So the MSP
must be made statutory and legalize.
9. As per the SBI Ecowrap report, the government can insert a quantity guarantee clause for a
minimum period of 5 years instead of MSP as a price guarantee.
10. The SBI Ecowrap report further suggested that MSP regime be converted to floor price of
auction on National Agriculture Market (eNAM) portal. eNAM is a national level electronic
trading portal. This portal connects all the existing APMC Mandis to build a united national
market for agricultural commodities.
❖ CONCLUSION
On 11 January, the Supreme Court has put a stay on the implementation of new Farm Acts till
further orders and constituted a 4-member committee to resolve the deadlock over them between
the Central Government and farmers' unions protesting at Delhi borders. The Central Government
has made a proposal to suspend the three new farm laws for one or one-and-a-half years, until the
impasse is resolved. Farmers are debt ridden. They are very much in need of funding. They want
assured price mechanism. The three Acts if taken together further aggravate the crisis. If there is no
guaranteed support price mechanism, the Acts even fail to mention a very strong support for the
MSP as a benchmark price which is a fundamental condition for open agriculture trade and winding

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up of mandis. The demand of the farmers for statutory support price from the Government for their
production has been claiming for many years. It seems that all the three Acts are purported to serve
the interests of farmers, but it is alleged by many that these Acts focus not directly on farmer
welfare. According to them, these Acts help non-traditional private players which include agritech
companies and retailers. Besides, they allege that these Acts help only to increase the “ease of
doing business” for supply chain players. To reinstate the shaken confidence of the agrarian sector
is the need of the hour. In order for that to happen the government of India needs to give an iron
clad guarantee on holding the price line 100% over and above the inflation-linked cost of
production to the farmer and the private players who purchase the produce shall not be allowed a
price which is below that line. Only such a guarantee will increase the confidence of the farmers in
this system. If India has to come out of her severe economic crisis, the answer does not lie in the
economies of the urban development. But, the answer conclusively lies in the renewal of the rural
economy with dignity and respect. In this context, it is the duty of the Government and the Policy-
makers to protect the rights of every farmer. So such a policy response should be initiated which
eliminate the event of anti Farm Acts happening today and farmers can concentrate peacefully on
their work of agriculture.
❖ REFERENCES
1. www. blog.finology.in/recent-updates/farm-bill-2020-pros-and-cons
2. www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/benefits-drawbacks-of-the-3-farm-laws-
at-the-heart-of-farmers-protests-120120600.
3. www. byjus.com/free-ias-prep/farm-acts-2020/
4. www. gradeup.co/farmers-act-i.
5. www. idronline.org/the-farm-bills-all-you-need-to-know/?gclid.
6. www. indianexpress.com/article/explained/an-expert-explains-farm-acts-and-federalism-
6622769/.
7. www. latestlaws.com/articles/a-critical-analysis-of-the-farm-bills-2020/.
8. www. livemint.com/
9. www. thefederal.com/opinion/understanding-the-new-farm-laws-and-farmer-protests-in-
india/.
10. www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/exploring-solutions-to-deadlock-on-farm-
laws/article33582669.ece.
11. www.thehindu.com/data/data-farmers-new-agriculture-laws-and-government-
procurement/article33201332.ece.
12. www. theprint.in/india/governance/modi-govt-offers-to-suspend-farm-laws-until-standoff-
is-resolved-awaits-farmers-response/589212.
13. www. thewire.in/agriculture/farm-bills-indias-rural-issues.
14. www. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/report-lists-5-measures-that-
may-end-deadlock-over-new-farm-laws/articles.

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DIP: 18.10.1300710322.003
VISION OF LIFE PRESENTED IN JOHN KEATS’ ODES:
A CRITICAL EVALUATION
DINESH KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of English
Dyal Singh College, Karnal (Haryana)
❖ ABSTRACT
John Keats is a romantic poet in the company of William Wordsworth, P.B. Shelley, S.T.
Coleridge and Lord Byron who shares a general Romantic aversion to dry reason for what
Wordsworth has rightly called ‘meddling intellect.’ A poet, for John Keats, is the most unpoetical
being who keeps on assuming the shape and face of the objects or living beings he is describing.
John Keats, inspite of his romantic affiliation and ardent love for beauty and wonder, is a great
love of Greek art and culture. John Keats’ ode poetry is a powerful amalgamation of different
traits that can be witnessed in his poetry like Hellenism, negative capability, escapism, and love
for beauty which earn his the title of a great romantic poet. There is a beautiful fusion of
romantic escapades and imaginative flight in his poetry in general, and ode poetry in particular.
Keywords: Dreamer, intellectual, immortal, everlasting, beauty, romantic.
The poetry of John Keats is known for its sensuous expressions and Romantic excursion
into the world of ‘Dolce for Niente’ where the poet goes in search of immortal beauty, external
happiness and everlasting joys. Whether John Keats is a dreamer or worshipper of beauty, he
basically is an artist without any palpable design and reformative zeal expressing the purest form of
the vision of life in the simplest poetic idioms.
The early phase of John Keats’ poetic career is marked by romantic longings and fanciful
flights into the mediaeval world of romance and the eerie atmosphere of La Belle Dame Sans Merci
where the feelings of mystery and suspense are interfused with the emotions of horror and death.
But, the mature and the best poetic phase of John Keats comes with the writings of his major odes
where we have a beautiful fusion of romantic impulses with Greek restraints.
Almost every poem of John Keats in one way or other takes cognizance of and even
assimilates the Greek spirit, culture and mythical stories. The poet's love for Greek can be gauged
by the fact that when he read Homer in the form of translation by Chapman, he considered it as a
new discovery of some vast planet so for unknown to the scientists.
So, in spite of Keats being a romantic dreamer, or worshipper of beauty as well as sensuous
mystic, he is also a Greek both in matter and manner. There is a beautiful fusion of romantic
escapades and imaginative flights along with Greek restraints in his poetry in general, and odes in
particular.
The common theme running throughout these odes is the theme of transience versus
permanence and the sadness of mutability vis-à-vis the external joys of the world of imagination.

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There is a common thematic strand explored and expressed by John Keats in all these odes with a
particular rhyme scheme and symbolic pattern. That is why, the best poetic vision and its treatment
is to be found in these odes which makes him a writer of odes par excellence.
An ode, in fact, is an elevated (noble) style which is always in the form of an address to
something or somebody. The purpose was to make a controlled expression of the unbridled
romance and spontaneous reverie within a systematically coherent and compact framework. So,
these words can rightly be called as a superb evidence of the blend of surcharged emotions with
careful expressions.
John Keats odes are a remarkable record of the poet’s struggle towards a vision that would
comprehend all experiences, joy and suffering, the natural and ideal, the transient and external. All
the odes written by Keats are closely bound up with the theme of transience and permanence. These
odes written by John Keats are the reflection of inner struggle or conflicts which have immortalised
his name as a renowned and famous poet. The main idea emerging out of these odes is the struggle
between ideal and actual as well an opposition between pleasure and pain, imagination and reason,
permanence and change, nature and man, art and life, freedom and bondage, walking and dreams
etc.
John Keats’ Ode to Psyche is a super poetic illustration of the goddess psyche as the poet
implores the goddess of Psyche to listen to his unmusical verses and to pardon him for singing the
secrets of her life. In general terms, Psyche is regarded as soul, but in mythological terms, Psyche
has not been painted as a goddess. But, the poet frankly admits the fact that Psyche has a place in
the Greek pantheon of gods and goddesses. Keats does not want to present Psyche not only as a
goddess, but also as an incarnation of love, and as such he wants to depict her as the embodiment of
love and beauty. By describing the natural beauty of psyche, the poet calls her the loveliest of all
the Greek gods and goddesses who were once thought to live on the mountain Olympus in
Thessaly. Recounting the reasons why Psyche does not occupy an honorable place like other Greek
gods and goddesses the poet says that it was very late when Psyche got a place among the Greek
deities. The viewpoint of the people found some radical changes, as they have become materialistic
to the core. But, the poet has a strong faith in them which enables him to see the image of Psyche
among the Greek deities on Olympus. The poet decides to be the priest of psyche and build a
temple for her in some unexplored regions of his mind. In the present poem, the readers find a
number of natural images which lacks the minute observation and the rich animation that breathe
through the pictures of nature painted by William Wordsworth. With his penetrating insight love
and two very heart of a landscape and throw an unearthly radiance even in common objects so that
they appear to be appalled celestial light, but Keats' depiction of nature lacks romantic
imagination, mysticism, wonder, enchantment, depth of emotion, and the greatness of impulse as
Keats says in this connection:
Far, far around shall those dark-cluster'd trees
Fledge the wild-ridged mountains steep by steep;
And there by zephyrs, streams, and birds, and bees,
The moss-lain Dryads shall be lull'd to sleep;
Ode to Psyche is a powerful fanciful expression by the poet but it has been hailed as a piece
of lovely decorative mythology, but it is something more than that. Psyche is the soul, not taken as
a goddesss in the classical Greek mythology, but neither is the soul in the Christian sense. The
absence of any kind of orientation to Christianity, is a remarkable feature in John Keats’ poetry.
The poet’s main religious feeling is a longing for the natural piety of the antiquity. The poem
cannot be called as only a piece of fanciful devotion to an obsolete myth because of with its lovely

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half inspired and half natural imagery, but it can be hailed as a recognition by the poet that his own
exploration is to be the interior landscape, that his ultimate devotion is to be neither to the objective
world, nor to any power outside himself.
Ode to a Nightingale is a beautiful poetic illustration of the misfortune, pain and the
suffering of human world which are juxtaposed with the immortal and ecstatic world of the bird.
The song of the bird motivates the poet to ponder over the suffering of the real world which the
poet points as full of:
The weariness, the fever, and the fret
Here, where men sit and hear each other grown,
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs,
Where youth throws pale, and spectre- thin, and dies,”
The present ode is an intermingling of romantic elements with a passionate outlook on life.
It is a highly romantic poem, but it expresses a very gloomy and pessimistic view of life. A feeling
of sadness runs through the whole poem. The picture of life presented in the poem is very
depressing. The poem is the finest example of Keats’ pictorial quality and his rich sensuousness.
We have an abundance of concrete and sensuous imagery when he says:
O, for a draught of vintage that hath been
Cool’d a long age with deep delved earth
Tasting of Flora and the country green,
These lines bring before us a highly blessing picture of province with its fun, jollify, merry
making, dancing and drinking. Similarly, the beaker full of sparkling blushful Hippocrene is highly
tempting.
The poem presents a contrast between the immortality of the nightingale and the mortality
of human being. It also contrasts the happiness and the joy of the bird with the suffering, sorrow
and grief of human world where youth, beauty and love are all short lived.
Ode to a Nightingale was written soon after the death of Keats’ brother, Tom. Keats was
feeling keenly the tragedy of a world in which a young man grows pale, becomes a skeleton and
meets his end permanently.
Keats felt distressed with the actual world of the weariness, fever and fret a world where
palsy shakes a few saddest grey hair and where youth because becomes and love are transient. The
song of the nightingale transports him to a world of imagination. He, then, wants to escape from
this world of sorrows to the world of ideal beauty.
The poem contrasts the immortality of the nightingale with the mortality of human beings.
Man's world is contrasted with the world of nature or death contrasted with deathlessness. The bird
shares the immortality of nature which remains, through all its changes, unwearied and beautiful.
The same theme of mutability of the human life and the permanence of the world of imagination is
picked up and explored further in his poem, Ode on a Grecian Urn. It is a world of extreme eternity
and immortal love and beauty where the poet encourages the lover to continue loving his beloved
and never feel depressed when he says:
More happy love more happy, happy love
Forever warm and still to be enjoyed.

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But, even in these realms of imagination and art, the vitality, dynamism and growth of
human life is missing. That is indicated in the first stanza of the poem where the poet makes use of
nouns instead of verbs in the words like loth, persuit, and struggle where the action has been held
up and fixed. Even this world of art/dream is not free from the feelings of fear, violence and death
which ultimately forces the poet to call this world of Urn and nightingale as ‘cold’ and ‘forlorn’
which tolls him back to his real self.
The central issue of the poem, Ode to Grecian Urn is the relationship of art to life where the
poet as a writer of odes underlines the fact that art is but an adjunct to life which enriches and over
illumines.
Ode on Grecian Urn has a valuable message to convey for coming generations: “Beauty is
truth, truth beauty. Keats says that beauty and truth or not to separate things as what is beautiful
must be true and what is true must be beautiful. Every piece of art must be beautiful and every
beautiful work of art must have a hard core of truth in it.
Among the major thematic concerns of the present poem is the theme of art as superior to
life in many respects that has been described very vividly in the poem. The trees depicted on the
urn will always enjoy spring, the flute player shown on the urn will never tire of playing tunes as
the poet says in this connection that ‘heard melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter.’ The
music of the flute players depicted on the urn is sweeter than the music in real life.
The present poem is essentially a harmonious blending of imaginative and emotional
elements, but this great poem also possesses intellectual appeal. . This Ode, for instance, represents
an exquisite fusion of imaginative, emotional and intellectual elements. The moral of urn, namely
that beauty is truth and truth beauty has an intellectual basis, but apart from this, it is charged with
emotion and shows rich imagination.
Ode on Melancholy is a poetic analysis of the chemistry of melancholy which the poet
believes to be an integral and indispensable part of life. Now the poet has achieved wisdom which
in the earlier odes he has merely struggling to achieve that finally equips the poet not only to
confront the tragic contradiction of life, but also to assimilate and reconcile them to a new vision
which makes the poet speaks out:
She dwells with Beauty-Beauty that must die
And joy whose hand is ever at his lips,
bidding adieu; and aching Pleasure nigh,
turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips;
Like Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on Melancholy by the poet, is another poem of contrast
where the poet says that true melancholy is to be found not in the sad and ugly things of life such as
woolf’s bane, nightshade, few barriers, the beetle and dead moth, but in the beauty and pleasure of
the world. The world of true sadness dwells with the beauty and joy, for the pain of suffering is less
acute than the pain of knowing what beauty and joy will soon fade. True melancholy, says Keats,
lies in the ache at the heart of felicity which may come to a man suddenly even as rain may
suddenly began to fall from cloud above.
The idea of transititoriness of beauty and joy is clearly conveyed by means of a real
concrete picture. Keats says that pleasure turns to poison in the very process of being enjoyed.
Thus, the ode has a dual theme as it deals with the inseparability of pain and pleasure, joy and

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sorrow, transience and permanence. It also explores the interrelation among beauty that must be
pleasing and joy which is transient.
The same mood of serene fulfilment and contentment is beautifully expressed with super
Greek restraints in the poem, Ode to Autumn where these emotional agitations and impulsive
outbursts are artistically synthesised and poetically structured to express the picture of various
beauties and bounties of season of autumn. Here, the season of autumn is described as a season of
mist and mellow fruitfulness and bosom friend of sun which together bring the ripeness and
fullness in the fruits and flowers of nature.
Here, like the Greek poets, the season of autumn is personified into the roles of a harvester,
a reaper, a gleaner and cider-presser engaged in the human activities which bring sweetness,
ripeness, fullness and contentment. Albeit, the poet is slightly disturbed when he is reminded of the
songs of the spring, but immediately the tension and the anxiety is resolved by mature acceptance
of the music and songs of the season of autumn. For example, when the poet ask:
Where are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too.”
Ode to Autumn reflects Keats’ rich mood of serenity in which he delineates beautifully the
prolific bounties of Autumn. There are no questions and conflict in the poem as autumn is not
regarded here as the prelude to winter, but it is a season of mellow fruitfulness-a season of ripeness
and fulfillment. The poet is not disturbed by the thought of the snows of the winter that will soon
follow; he is content with his present happiness. Once Keats wrote: “I look not for happiness if it is
not the present hour, nothing startles me beyond the moment.” Here, and now in Autumn,
everything has reached the fruition, and “ripeness is all.” Though apparently the Ode is objective
and descriptive, there is behind the objective description the serene tranquility of the poet. “The
poetry of earth is never dead.”
This joy in the present, the isolation of beauty of the hour, the making of it a divine
possession and losing in its loveliness the pain of life-is one of the chief marks of Keats genius”;
and it is this power of isolating the present hour from the past or the future, which gives to the Ode
to Autumn its unique charm. The Ode us a graphic description of the season of Autumn with all its
richness.
Ode on a Grecian Urn throws light on John Keats’s genius of drawing vivid and concrete
picture mostly with the sensuous appeal. Keats’ poetry is essentially imaginative and emotional, but
his great poems possess intellectual elements too as we can witness an exquisite fusion of the
imaginative, emotional and intellectual elements in his poetry. The moral of the urn, namely that
beauty is truth, truth beauty, has an intellectual basis, but besides it, the poem is charged with
emotions and shows rich imagination. The first three stanzas are a passionate expression of
feelings, emotions and intellectual constituents.
The poet explores the series of pictures carved on the urn that of passionate men and gods
chasing reluctant maidens, flute players playing their ecstatic music, the fair youth trying to kiss his
beloved, the happy branches of trees, the worshippers going for worshipping in order to offer a
sacrifice with a mysterious priest to lead them, a little town which will always remains desolate, the
poet brings these pictures before the minds of the readers.

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The moral of the poem has been conveyed by the poet through five key words: Beauty is truth,
truth beauty.” The words, that is all ye know on the earth and all ye need to know” are the comment
of the poet, not the lesson of the urn. The final stanza of the poem explores two philosophical ideas;
the incomprehensibility of the infinite, in Arts and Nature, and the Ethics of Beauty. For the poet,
beauty is the touchstone of truth. “Ye see things in this beauty,” writes Matthew Arnold in context
of this passage, “is to see things in their truth,” and Keats knows it. “What the imagination seizes as
beauty must be truth”, he says in prose, and in immortal verse, he has illustrated the same idea:
Beauty is truth, truth beauty-that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.”
The last two stanzas explore the vital difference between life and art. Life has no doubt the
vividness and warmth of reality, but it is subject to change and decay, whereas art is unchanging
expression of beauty. The static figures on the surface of the urn become dynamic and full with life
and motion of energy. There is another picture on the urn-that is of a sacrifice and an assemblage of
men and women. The poet’s imagination goes beyond the actual scene represented on the urn; he
imagines how the town from which the people have come to attend the sacrifice, must be forever in
desolation.
Ode on Indolence, by John Keats, is a powerful poetic expression of the mood of perfect indolence
of the poet. The poet has not the least desire for love, ambition and worship of the poetic art, rather
he would like to be left and entirely to enjoy his physical and mental languor.
The mood with which Keats is seized is not difficult to explain. Possessed of an ardent and
emotional spirit as he was, he was bound to become a victim of lethargy under the pressure of
personal pain, suffering and sorrows. The suffering of Tom from tuberculosis and George’s
untimely death, coupled with the failure of relationship with Fanny Brawne, from whom he
developed a hopeless infatuation, delighted in flirting and tormenting him, all these factors
inevitably led the poet to live in the moments of lassitude. In that state, it was natural for Keats that
he found the world and all its objects not important and significant as the poet himself says:
The world is a vanity, love and fame
Vanities-life itself a vanity of vanities
The ardent soul of the poet now and then relaxed into vacuity and the wearied flesh sank
into indolence. In the poem, the poet, through the allegorical expression of the words love,
ambition and poesy personifies these terms. The poet makes use of these terms for four times in the
poem which stand for chief Passion of the poet's heart which urged him to mental and imaginative
activity. These figures appear and disappear before his dreamy and lethargic eyes of indolent
imagination. They tempt him to become active and follow them to make them his own.
The present poem is a powerful exploration of the idea that the poet had no thirst of love,
ambition and poetic fame. The ideals and passions have become meaningless to him. He felt
contented with his idle fancies of which he had an ample store. He, therefore, bade adieu to the
three figures. He asks them to vanish into the clouds and return no more. At the end of the poem,
the poet points out”
Farewell ; I yet have vision for the night,
And for the day faint visions therein store-
Vanish, ye phantoms : from my idle spright,
Into the clouds, and never more return

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In this way, we can safely and rightly aver that John Keats as a Romantic poet by virtue of
its lyrical intensity and emotional spontaneity. He is always torn between the egoistic sublime of
Wordsworth and Byron and the objectivity of Shakespeare. The poet is always in search of beauty,
joy and wonder without any philosophical message to his readers. That is why, John Keats is a pure
poet whose poetry is without any palpable design in life, in which the life of sensation and ecstatic
bliss is controlled and ordered by a strong streak of Hellenism and Greek severity which earned
him the title of being a Greek in theme, taste and temperament.
In this way, the whole poetic endeavour of John Keats as a writer of odes lies in his
romantic sojourns into the realms of imagination in search of goddess of beauty, Cynthia and
immortal songs of Druid, nightingale where with the help of his negative capability and sensuous
apprehensions of the experience in the world of imagination, the poet comes to an ultimate
conclusion that life cannot be and, hence, should not be compartmentalised into sorrow and Joys,
ugliness and beauty, life and art, matter and spirit, physical and spiritual, and real and imagination.
But, the maturity of vision lies in understanding that both these antinomies and extremes of life for
inevitably integral and complementary to one another which finally lift the poet to a state of mind
where wisdom is both achieved and transcended.
❖ WORKS-CITED:
1. Ward, Aileen. John keats: the making of a poet. New York: Liverpool, 1987.
2. Abrams, M. H. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. The Major authors. New York:
W.W. Norton& Company, 1987.
3. Bennett, Andrew and Nicholas Royle. An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory.
Hertfordshire: Prentic Hall, 1995.
4. Creaser, John.” John Keats”. A Companion to Romanticism. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell,
1999.
5. Dentith, Simon. Bakhtinian Thought. London: Routledge, 1995.
6. Holquist, Michael. Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World. London and New York: Routledge,
2002.
7. Holquist. Michael. The Dialogical Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: UTP, 1981.
8. Levinson, Marjorie. Keats' Life of Allegory: The Origins of a Style. Boston: Blackwell,
1991.
9. Mc Gann, Jerome J. The Romantic Ideology: A Critical Investigation. Chicago: The
Chicago Up, 1985.
10. Motion, Andrew. Keats. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1998.
11. Roe, Nicholas. John Keats and the Culture of Dissent. London: Oxford UP, 1998.
12. Romney, Patricia. The Art of Dialogue. Animating Democracy Americans for the Arts.
Washington .D .C: 2005.
13. Ryan, Robert M. The Persistence of Poetry: Bicentennial Essays on Keats. Massachusetts
UP, 1998.
14. Sider, Michael J. The Dialogic Keats: Time and History in the Major Poems. Washington
DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1998.
15. Turley, Richard Marggraf. Keats’s Boyish Imagination. New York: Routledge, 2004.

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DIP: 18.10.1300710322.004
IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH AS INTERNATIONAL MEDIUM OF
COMMUNICATION
MR. KRISHNAKANT PATIL
Lecturer,
Department of English
Kles Basavaprabhu Kore Arts, Science & Commerce College,
Chikodi, Karnataka.
❖ ABSTRACT
Communication is a skill which we can learn it and it involves systematic and continuous
process of speaking, listening and understanding. Almost all people are born with the ability to
talk, but we must learn to speak well and communicate effectively. Speaking, listening and our
ability to know verbal and nonverbal Cues are the talents by observing people and modelling our
behaviour on what we see and perceived. We in the school, colleges taught some of
communication skills directly through education. We need to bring those skills into Practice and
getting them into evaluated. In modern world, multilingualism is common and it becoming more
important in today’s world. In addition to opening up employment opportunities, having the
ability to talk a far-off language helps to form a true reference to people and to understand more
about diverse cultures, places and lifestyles. The better you're, the higher you'll express yourself.
As the third most generally speech within the world, English is widely spoken and taught in over
118 countries and is usually used round the world as a trade language or diplomatic language.
English is became language of art, science, computers, international diplomacy and tourism as
well. Last but not least, it's the language of international communication, the media and
therefore the internet. Whether it's for professional or personal reasons, understanding the
importance of English will assist you reach your goals. Here are a couple of reasons why you
ought to continue learning and practising your English skills.
Keywords: global language, communication, advances, globalization, English.
❖ INTRODUCTION
English is taken into account a crucial medium for communication across the planet. It has
evolved from centuries and has found an area in every country. All the countries are working with
one another via business relations, and here the foremost important thing is communication. This is
the reason all of us should learn English to experience global opportunities. English is a world
medium of communication that has been use either as a native or second languages that understood
and reorganized by everyone. People found that being knowledgeable in English is the key factor
for better career, huge advantage in terms of knowledge, status in society and better communication
in entire world. It dominates the international media which unite the people round the world
together which considered because the essential carrier of language, politics that regulates the law,
and in businesses which most of the businesses want to compete in global market. According to
some sources around the world 1500 million people speak the language around the world, out of
which only 375 million are native speakers. Over 1 billion people speak it as a far off language.
English tops the web in number of users and is additionally a top language in tech. And you've got
to be tech-savvy to try to well within the workplace—whether this suggests having the ability to
place together Excel sheets, do a call, research and fact-check data or use social media successfully.

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❖ ENGLISH AS INTERNATIONAL MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION
The statistics reveal that quite 1 / 4 of the world’s population speaks English meaning that about
1.6 billion people understand and relate with the assistance of the language of Shakespeare. To not
mention that the majority of the films are in English, the most important movie industry,
Hollywood, is produced in English. It is true that within the world are quite 3 billion people that
speak Chinese, however it’s impossible that additionally to the maternal language there is
somebody else who wants to find out Chinese characters. Most of the international trade
agreements are concluded in English and is that the most generally used language for international
business meetings. Good English isn’t only classy but an opportunity to continue studies and
specializations within the best universities within the world, which are actually, in countries where
they speak English. Education is extremely important to enhance yourself but learning English also
improves the standard of life. You have access to jobs that you simply couldn’t even take into
consideration, you’ll evaluate a world career and you’ll sleep in many countries with the
convenience of having the ability to travel shopping or negotiate rent for the house. The benefits
they carry within the lifetime of a person’s knowledge of English language are countless. What is
important to know is that English language is in a position to knock down tons of barriers,
including cultural ones.
Back within the youth of pre-globalization, knowing English was a plus. Like it or not, it had
been a mark of superior knowledge and class. It made you look impressive to people. Now, no
matter your background and upbringing, many bosses will automatically expect you to understand
the language. Even if you received education during a different language or come from an area
where English is barely spoken. Today you are expected to know English. English language
communication is the most common Problem faced by students. Most students are not “industry
Ready” because they lack communication skills. There is no Effective communication between the
faculty-student and Student-student. No effective training is imparted to the Students who are very
poor at communication. Much Importance is being given to the technical skills ignoring the
foremost indispensable communication skills. To perform Effectively in the business world or
organization, Communication plays a pivotal role. One who is good at Effective communication
thinks soundly, enjoys self-esteem, Dignity and gets respect in society, academic or profession.
People with effective communication skills are more Confident, because they know that they can
tell other people Exactly what they need. In order to speak effectively One has got to think ahead
and organize one’s thoughts. In order To have the technical know-how and other related skills
Should learn to develop the competence in application of Language English language Language
features a power which no other instrument can have. It is a medium of expressing our views and
concepts to a different individual. The students reading in English medium institutions have better
potentials and prospects within the global market. The craze for English has resulted within the
growth of English Medium schools and colleges. These schools charge high fees and also affect the
life-style of the scholars in them. No language are often a threat to English language. English has
revolutionized the world. It has become a global language. It has opened a plethora of opportunities
altogether fields. English is not any more confined to classroom learning alone. It has getting used
now as a measuring stick in most of the roles. With the advancement of technology, English is a
facilitator. Children of today become familiar with computers and internet as exposure in English.
One thing is absolutely clear that English has been empowering world youths. English has gained
numberless opportunities for Indian youths both in their homelands also as in foreign countries.
By the top of 21st century English began to emerge as a worldwide. It has an excellent
acceptance at social, economical and political level. In our country bourgeoisie is additionally not
keeping itself in isolation by neglecting the importance of English. No one can get mastery over
communication skills during a day or two. It is a tutorial imbroglio for the scholars lacking in

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effective communicative skills. The world steadily heading towards economic globalization, it's
essential to offer importance to English, in order that the commoner can continue with the planet
issues. Barriers of race, colour and creed are not any hindrance to continuing spread of the
utilization of English. It is a language of the future. A positive attitude to as a national language is
important for the mixing of individuals into Indian society. There would seem to be virtually no
disagreement within the commonly about the importance of English. By using English one can
become a citizen of the planet almost naturally. English plays a dominant role in the media. The
impact of English isn't only continuing but increasing
Moreover, the utilization of English as a world language is growing with time because it's the
sole medium for communication in many countries. English is additionally used widely within the
literature and media section to publish books, most of the writers write within the English thanks to
the overwhelming majority of readers know only English language and that they can describe their
ideas best within the English. English language is also known for the main asset of scientific
knowledge. For India to satisfy its role as a worldwide superpower, its people must have access to
up-to-date information across the various branches of science. Changes and advances in innovation
is mainly concern With English language. All the advances of scientific come by English language.
The Internet is lowering economic barriers to education around the world, but individuals will not
be able to tap into its full potential without an understanding of English. The Internet also increases
the potential for connectivity between Indians, allowing a medium of communication to share ideas
and debate social, economic and political issues that are prevalent in the country. Since every state
features a language of its own, English find its way as a standard language to debate and find
solutions to national problems and to seek out a common ground within the differences. English
further contributes towards giving youths to global perspective further expanding their better
understanding of planet problems allowing them to apply this learning’s to the national landscape.
In this way, English is a crucial means of national integration. The Indian education system is
seeing a change within the way skills are being imparted.
The English language is acting as a tool to bridge the gap between the industry and academia
because it is seen as a crucial element in reaching diverse work environments. Globalization further
strengthens this link and is signalling towards finding better job opportunities and employment. We
can make use of English to market our world-view and spiritual heritage throughout the world .
Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of faith at world conference of
Religions Chicago in 1893 addressing the gathering in impressive English. Many spiritual gurus
have since converted thousands of English to our spirituality by expressing their thought and
concepts in masterful English. English has thus become an efficient means of promoting Indian
view of life, and strengthening our cultural identity within the world.
❖ CONCLUSION:
English language is transforming its multidimensional communicative structure day by day, and
within the process has enhanced its utility quotient in India. English is out there to us as a historical
heritage additionally to our own language. We must make the simplest use of it to develop
ourselves culturally and materially in order that we will compete with the simplest in world of mind
and matters. Nowadays companies have already started training to employees in English. This has
ameliorated the life sorts of people that considered their future blocked forever it they did not make
it to teaching or another tradition jobs. In fact, the knowledge of English plays you altogether times.

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❖ REFERENCE:
1. English for Technical Communication, volume 1 & 2- Combined Edition- K.R.
Laskshminarayanan- SCITECH- Fourth Reprint 2007.
2. Ur, P., “A Course in Language Teaching”, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
3. M. Ashraf Rizvi. Effective Technical Communication. Tata McGraw –Hill third Reprint
2006

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DIP: 18.10.1300710322.005
ADVANCEMENSTS IN TASKS PERFORMED BY THE BELL DESK IN FRONT
OFFICE
MS. POOJA BHONSLE
Assistant Professor,
Department of Hotel Management
AISSMS CHMCT, Pune, (Maharashtra)
❖ ABSTRACT:
Front Office in a department that generally checks the guests in and out of the hotel also
handles complaints coming from guest. The department is considered to be the face of the hotel.
It’s said that when you are working at the Front Office its like you are on the stage. The
employees are expected to be presentable at all times and maintain a smile throughout while
interaction with the guest. The sub departments of front office are Front desk, Guest Relations
Executives desk also known as information desk, Bell desk, Concierge, Telephone department
(switch board operation desk), Room reservations, Business centre and Executive Lounge. There
are many responsibilities which are performed by these sub departments in luxury hotels, in
order to make the guest feel at home away from their homes. In this chapter we will be learning
about how the services have upgraded from how they were performed before, to how they have
changed in today’s times.
The sub departments in front office have been performing various task on a daily basis
which have gone from been manual to automated and changed in nature since the past years due
to the technological advancements in the hotel industry. The traditional tasks are known by most
people and have been written down in many textbooks but the latest’s changes have not been
documented. This writeup aims at putting light on these tasks which are performed differently in
the hotels as of today.
In this chapter we will be looking at the tasks performed by the bell desk that have
changed in nature as compared to the traditional ways. A few examples of these tasks are paging,
mail and message handling, luggage assistance etc.
Keywords: bell desk, paging, wake-up calls, mail and message handling
❖ INTRODUCTION:
Front office staff is called as uniformed staff, reason being they are always in front of the house
and come in direct contact with each and every guest who stays at the hotel. They perform various
tasks on job. The staff working at the front office department is always said to be on stage and
hence, is expected to have a smile and a pleasant personality. They should be well groomed at all
times. Possessing good communications skills is one of the important trait that the front office staff
must possess, in order to communicate with the guest.
Traditionally the front office department was said to consistent of front desk, switch board
operator, reservations, cashier, bell desk, GRE (optional depending on the size of the property) and
travel desk. This traditional front office department has seen to be changed over a period of time.
The addition of business centre, concierge and executive lounge was made to the front office sub
department list. This was the requirement of the modern day traveller. It is now incorporated in
most luxury hotels and is considered to be one of the most basic services provided by any luxury

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hotels. In the coming segment of the chapter, we will consider each and every task performed by
the bell desk and how it is changed since the traditional times.
❖ BELL DESK:
The bell desk is manded by the bell boys and the bell captain. The door man also forms a part
of the bell desk team members.
Tasks performed at the bell desk:
❖ LUGGAGE ASSISTANCE:
At the time of check in the doorman
greets the guest opens the car door and the
hotel door for the guest. The bell boy is
responsible for opening the boot of the car
and removes the luggage from the car and
loads it on the trolley and tags it as a check
in bag.
As of today due to the advancement in
technology luggage assistance is now
provided by robots (AI- Artificial
intelligence) to the guest. Hotel Henn-na in
Nagasaki, Japan was the 1st hotel to replace
the bell boys with a robot to give their guest
luggage assistance. They used a trolley
where the guest could place the luggage and
enter their room number and the
machine/Robot carries the luggage as well as
escorts the guest up to the guest room. So far
India does not have this artificial intelligence
and as per an article in the economic times as
on 30th August 2020, Mint Hotels a pan-
Indian brand has collaborated with DigiVerv to implement this technology in the near future.
❖ PAGING:
Paging is locating the guest in the hotel.
Sometimes the guest may leave his/ her room and may
be in the hotel’s public area like restaurants, bars,
pool, gymnasium etc., If the guest has a visitor the bell
boy uses to use a paging board which had the name of
the guest written on the board and a bell attached to the
board. The bell boy goes to all public areas and rings
the bell to get the attention of the guest. This process
was used to locate the guest at the hotel.
In modern times, guests privacy is of prime importance so the traditional practise of paging for
guest over a period of time, changed with the introduction of Property Management Systems
(PMS). Now-a-days if the guest is expecting a visitor the guest is expected to inform the front
office.

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The front office goes to the guest profile on the PMS and puts a locator. The Location tab is
activated on the guest profile, which shows the location of the guest as well as timings until the
guest will be at the said location. In case, the visitor comes and asks for the guest, the front desk
staff will go to the profile see the location tab click on it check the location of the guest as per the
time and guide the visitor to the guest accordingly.
❖ MAIL AND MESSAGE HANDLING:
Traditionally mail were segregated into 3 types by the bell boy namely, Guest mails, employee
mails and management mails. These an entry would be made in the incoming register by the bell
boy who received the mails and then would be delivered to the respective person on the basis of
whom it belonged to. In case of messages left for the guest the front desk agent would fill in the
message slip in duplicated copy and the message slip would then be delivered by the bell boy to the
guest room.
Now-a day, when a mail comes for the guest or employee of the hotel it is scanned at the
security gate. received by the security, an entry is made of the package in the incoming mail
registered and the guest mails are sent to the bell desk for delivery to the guest whereas, the
employee mails are sent to the time office to be collected by the employees. As far as messages are
concerned, the front office need not use the message slip anymore. The visitor can leave a voice
message for the guest. The front desk agent could call the room and click on voice mail button.
There is an option of leaving a text message for the guest similar to the locator option on the PMS.
When the guest has a message the red lamp on the telephone in the room turns on which indicates
that the guest has a message waiting for him/her. The message indicator in the room will be turned
on and will remain on till the guest has heard all his/her voice messages. In case of a text message
there is a voice note that informs the guest that he/she can get in touch with the telephone operator
to have the text message delivered. The text message can also be printed and slipped in the guest
room.
❖ DELIVERY OF NEWSPAPERS:
The bell boy depending on the occupancy of the hotel and the public areas where newspapers
are placed, places an order for newspapers with the newspaper vendor the previous day to be
delivered on the next day. The newspapers are delivered to the hotel early in the morning. The
newspapers are folded and put in a newspaper bag by the night shift bell boys and hung outside on
the door of all the occupied rooms. The bell boys also deliver copy of the newspaper to public areas
in the hotel like lobby, business centre, spa, salon etc.,
Sometimes when foreign guest stay at the hotel they may request for an international newspaper
in that case the newspaper can be downloaded and printed and delivered to the guest room every
morning until the guest checks outs.
❖ MISCELLANEOUS JOBS:
A few miscellaneous tasks performed by the bell boy traditionally included postage stamps
handling, handling out going mails, running errands for the guest outside the hotel if need be, Eg:
Buy flowers, medicine, etc. for the guest. A few other tasks involved going to the FRRO (Foreign
Regional Registration Office) to deliver the C-forms. The bell boy also takes care of the left
luggage and handling luggage for group check-ins, Notification of scanty baggage guest to the duty
manager and front office.
As the technology has advanced over a few years the hotels do not have to send the bell boy
physical to FRRO to submit C-Forms. The Indian government has a website:

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https://indianfrro.gov.in/frro/FormC on which the front desk agent logs in with the hotel ID and
password fills the details of the foreigner guest, takes a real time photo and a digital signature,
attaches a copy of the scanned passport and VISA and uploads real time information of the guest.
❖ RESEARCH METHODOLOY:
Observations of the various task conducted at the bell desk in detail and comparing it against
the text books printed. Along with some reference to secondary data mentioned towards the end.
❖ CONCLUSION:
It is seen that since the recent years due to the advancement in technology it has become
possible for the bell boys to get rid of some hard tasks which leaves them with some free time to
interact with the guest better as compared to the traditional times. Initially the bell boys would
waste a lot of time with maintain records of luggage assistance on errand cards and their filling. But
the new technological advancement in the PMS the tracking of errands has become easier with the
use of cell phone and computers. Example: When a guest requests for luggage assistance, the
switch board operator enters it in the Guestware software, the cell phone (CUG- close user group)
gets a message if within 10 minutes the errand isn’t resolved the message escalates to the bell
captain. Timely service is possible due to the technological advancements. Also change in the way
paging is done has eased the tasks performed by the bell boys. The bell boys can now focus on soft
skills and develop them better as compared to before due to the upgrade in the traditional tasks
performed by the bell boys.
❖ REFRENCES:
1. https://www.revfine.com/robots-hospitality-industry/
2. https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitality/the-hotel-of-the-future-is-
here/77826439
3. https://downloads.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/101047967
4. Hotel Front Office: Operations and Management Jatashankar Tewari

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