Ancient Greek Pottery Research

Ancient Greek Pottery Research
Pottery is very famous in Ancient Greece and one of the main reasons are because they mainly use it
for storage containers, cookware and dishes were as necessary for the Ancient Greeks as they are for
us these days. Back then and still possibly now glass and metal are very expensive in Ancient
Greece that's why clay is so popular and it is a very handy product.
Clay is a weathered rock that has crumbled to dust, it is found in its original location, Ancient
Greece, it is called a ' primary clay '. In the Mediterranean region, most clay has been left by
glaciers and is known as secondary clay.
The clay is placed on a wheel. As the wheel spins, the potter shapes the clay and forms it into the
beautiful shape that he/she wants it to be. Large pots are made in sections. Sections are glued
together with a layer of thin, watery, clay, known as a slip. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The main colours of pottery are bronze, silver or gold. When the Greek pottery and painting was
finished it developed into a significant art form.
Pottery was very important and a sacred thing to the Greeks. They used it for containers, storing
food, oil and drinks instead of using glass plates like we do today, they used pottery plates and dish
wear. Craftsmen made things for everyday use, they made tiles for their roofs and decorated figure
ware.
In Ancient Greece potters often work all together in small workshops that have a room with about
five or six men working in it.
Clay is one of the most useful and flexible materials in the Ancient world. Greeks mostly use clay
pots for
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The Origins Of Christianity By Najr �� N
5.2 Origins of Christianity in Najrān
The story of arriving Christianity to Najrān is shrouded by controversy Muslim and Christian
sources. This controversy can be seen in arguing particular issues such as the approximate date of
arrival, the country where Christianity came from and the first person who evangelised to Christian
faith.
For Eastern Christian sources, the oldest date was claimed by ībn Mattá (1896), tells that the Saint
Mar Marry, one of the 70th evangelists who spread after the time Jesus Christ, preached to
Christianity in Arab lands, residents of tents, Yemen and Najrān. Differently, the history of Church
introduces other versions of that arrival, one of them offered by Eusebius (1998), who lived in the
first half of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Nestorian works, especially the Chronicle of Seert (anonymous, 1907) and Akhbār faṭārikat
kursī al–Mashriq min Kitāb al–Majda (ībn Sulaymān, 1899) provide another version for the
introduction of Christianity to Najrān. Both tell that the Najrānite trader called Ḥayyān traveled to
the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople for trade and then he went to al–Hīra (Hīrat al–Nu'man),
an ancient city in south of Mesopotamia (Iraq), in the reign of the Sasanian emperor, Yazdegerd I
399 –420 AD (ibid). The story states that Ḥayyān saw how Christians prayed and worshiped and
subsequently he converted to Christianity and had baptized in its church (ibid). After returning to
Najrān, Ḥayyān invited his family and other Najrānites to his religion and Christianity became
spread among many people of Najrān and near Ḥimyarite regions (ibid: 3).
In addition, there is Abyssinian version for reaching the Christianity to Najran, states that the priest
Azkir could establish new church and baptised 38 Christians in Najran by the second half of fifth
century (Budge, 1928).
For Muslim sources, there are two similar versions of arriving Christianity to Najrān. In the first,
historians such as Ibn–Isḥāq (1955), al–Mas'udi (1981) and Ibn Hisȟām (1994) relate that
Christianity brought by a Christian ascetic called Faymiyūn (Phemion), coming from Syria (Shām)
to Arabia for working as a

The Sculpture Bas Relief : Nemesis, Allat And The Dedicator
Introduction
The sculpture Bas–relief: Nemesis, Allat and the dedicator (c.200AD) (figure1) was construction in
2nd or 3rd century AD in the Hejaz peninsula for the pagans to worship and blessings is considered
conventional in its day. The sculpture contains three chief goddesses and daughters of 'Allah'. While
the maker is unknown, the sculptures were imported from the Eastern and the Western worlds.
There was an influence from the western stone sculptures from Europe. Some of the goddesses were
also imported from India. This certain type of goddesses usually belong to the historical period from
2nd century AD to late 5th century AD or until Muhammad's prophecy(570 AD– 632AD. Currently
these sculptures are located in Museum of Fine Arts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
'Allah' ordered Abraham (1800 B.C.) along with his son Ishmael (1911 B.C.) to rebuild the Kaaba to
symbolize the oneness of God. The word "Allah" means "one supreme god" in Arabic and even
today the word "Allah" has been used by monotheistic Arab Christians and Jews. It is believed that
the first inhabitants in the city of Mecca were Ishmael, son of Abraham and Ishmael's mother Hagar.
The Quraysh tribe had the authority and power over the Kaaba. The Quraysh tribe are the
descendants of Abraham from his son Ishmael. The pagans around the Arabic peninsula believed
that Allah many daughters and the three daughters were the chief goddesses named Al–lat, Al–
Manat, and Al–Uzza. [1]
Social–Cultural Designation
The Arabian period included the main periods: ancient period (1st BCE), the middle period( 1st to
4th century AD), and the late period ('Monotheistic period' or the later 4th century). [ ]The Hejaz
peninsula consisted of various beliefs including polytheistic faiths, Christianity, Judaism, and
Zoroastrianism. The historical period of pre–Islamic era is known as "the period of Jahiliyyah" or
the period of ignorance. In this period, men had all control of their women. The women in pre–
Islamic Arabia had no rights, the rights came with the status of their husbands or their fathers or
their family and their status in the city. The women in the society had no choice for chosen

Etruscan Culture Essay
Question– What was the true origin of the Etruscan civilisation, were they Greek or Italian?
Intro
The origin of the Etruscans has been a subject of debate since antiquity. Herodotus, for example,
argued that the Etruscans descended from a people who invaded Etruria from Anatolia before
800BC and established themselves over the native Iron Age inhabitants of the region, where as
Dionysius of Halicarnassus believed that Etruscans were of local Italian origin.
Body
Section 1– Development of the Etruscan Civilisation
In any event by the middle of the 7th century BC the chief Etruscan towns had been founded.
Culture created and developed on the Italian Peninsula by the ancient people of Etruria during the
1st millennium BC.
From very early times Etruscan society was dominated by a firmly entrenched aristocracy that
exercised strict ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, many scholars long upheld the tradition of Herodotus that the Etruscans migrated to
Italy from Lydia in the 12th century BC to escape a severe famine.
After the Roman conquest of Etruria the Etruscan language fell into disuse. Writing in the 1st
century BC, the Greek historian Dionysius called the language unlike any other, thus noting a
difficulty that has since hindered attempts to translate its surviving fragments. Although knowledge
of the Etruscan language is still very limited, scholars have identified it as not related to the Indo–
European family of languages.
The Etruscan alphabet contained 26 letters in its earliest known form and 20 in its latest form. It
somewhat resembles the Greek alphabet, but the vocabulary and grammar of the two languages
differ.
On the island of Lemnos, in the Aegean there survives the inscribed tomb of a warrior, and the
language of the inscription has links both with Etruscan and with tongues of Asia

Philippi: A City of Immeasurable Significance
Philippi: A City of Immeasurable Significance
Philippi is a city rich in ancient history, and is possibly the most important archeological site of the
great plain of eastern Macedonia.? The ancient town has seen the fate of the West played out within
its borders on several occasions and majestic ruins left from the town?s extraordinary history testify
to the great civilizations that have inhabited the region.? Philippi is most famous for two reasons: it
was the scene of one of the most decisive battles in history, and it was the first European city to
accept Christianity (Willett).
Located in the Northeast crescent of Greece, Philippi sits about nine miles north of the shore in the
province of Macedonia, and lies within the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rest of the Republican forces capitulated, and Philippi came under the yoke of the Romans in
October of 42 B.C.? Although Rome?s destiny was sealed by the victory of Octavian (who regained
control of his forces) and Mark Antony over the Republicans Brutus and Cassius, the stage was set
for the inevitable conflict between these two winners.? The battle for ultimate control dragged on
for eleven years and ended with Antony?s defeat at Actium.? Continuing the trend, he committed
suicide in Egypt, leaving Octavian (later Augustus) as the undisputed ruler of Rome (Willett).
Afterward, war veterans settled in the region and it received the status of a Roman colony, meaning
that henceforth, its inhabitants enjoyed the same rights as Roman citizens in Italy.? Those rights
included immunity from taxation, the right to own and sell property, and the right of civil action.? At
the same time, Latin became the official language.? Because of Philippi?s fortunate position on the
Via Egnatia trade route, the city enjoyed considerable prosperity that peaked in second century A.D.
(Neosguide).
Paul, the Apostle of the Gentiles
The city of Neopolis (modern Kavᬡ), the port closest to Philippi, was the European landing
point for travelers from the Orient.? It was here that St. Paul landed in 49 A.D. to embark on his
mission of converting the

Ancient Civilization Sculpture Essay
1. "Bronze statuette of Aphrodite"
Date: late 2nd or 1st century B.C. Culture: Greece This statue of Aphrodite shows the dedication the
Greeks had to their gods. The bronze goddess, holding her right arm in the air, gives off a powerful
attitude. As the pose itself of the statue is not bland and more active, it gives the impression that this
was created during the classical period of Greece when sculpture began having more relaxed,
natural poses. The lack of more painstaking muscle and bone structure probably places it in the
earlier part of the classical period though. What is most intriguing about the sculpture is the white
eyes she is given that, in the face of a more natural, realistic human form, the eyes seem to retain an
essence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The materials used were alabaster and limestone. The figure itself is roughly cut with clasped
praying hands, unproportional body and shoulder sizes, and large unnatural eyes. Again, this lack of
realism is significant to the time; the focus was not on the realistic portrayal of who it was fashioned
for, but what ritual and religious purpose it served.
4. "Limestone grave relief with two sphinxes" Date: late 5th century B.C. Culture: Greece The
sphinxes were popular mythical creatures, playing their part in myths and legends and stories
throughout time–including the story of Oedipus, and the riddle of the sphinx. The beauty of the
sphinx in this piece shows how much was passed around throughout Western culture. Egypt also
memorialized the sphinx through wall art and sculpture, and this continuation (despite the
nonexistence of the sphinx as a real creature) shows how much truly does carry on throughout
history. This relief piece has subtle dimension, making it low relief rather than high relief.
5. Terracotta statuette of a standing woman Date: late 4th century B.C. Culture: Greek, Corinthian
The woman, with the delicately "draped" clothing gives off a very natural, realistic impression. The
painstakingly specific cuts of the woman's clothes look so realistic the way they drape over her
body. The Hellenistic era was very focused on making sculpture perfect from all angles

Dating Is The Best Husband A Woman
Dating Methods
"An archaeologist is the best husband a woman can have.
The older she gets the more interested he is in her." A. Christie
Archaeological dating methods can be divided in two categories, relative and absolute dating.
Relative dating in archaeology presumes the age of an artefact in relation and by comparison, to
other objects found around it. Limits for relative dating are that it cannot provide an accurate year or
a specific date of use, it is a more subjective approach. A more precise and accurate archaeology
dating system is known as absolute dating and can in most circumstances provide a calendar year to
an object . Absolute dating is in my opinion the way to go because it allows for a more precise and
more scientific answers. Within the absolute dating techniques, Carbon 14 seems to be the golden
standard as Renfrew and Bahn state: "Radiocarbon is the single most useful method of dating for the
archaeologist, even though it has some limitations." Important to note is that, the relatively short
half–life of carbon–14, 5,730 years, makes the reliability only up to about 75,000 years. As the case
study of the royal tomb of Solokha revealed, it is not a perfect method, but currently, it is as close as
it gets. First, radiocarbon looks at the subatomic particles that constantly bombard the earth and
produce high–energy neutrons. When the neutrons collide with the nitrogen atoms present in the
earth 's atmosphere, they produce atoms of Carbon 14. These atoms

History of Science & Technology in Indian Subcontinent
History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent * Outline of South Asian history *
History of Indian subcontinent | Stone age (7000–3000 BC)[show] * Mehrgarh Culture (7000–3300
BC) | Bronze age (3000–1300 BC)[show] * Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1700 BC) * – Early
Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BC) * – Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BC) * – Late
Harappan Culture (1700–1300 BC) * Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (from 2000 BC) * Swat
culture (1600–500 BC) | Iron age (1200–26 BC)[show] * Vedic period (2000–500 BC) * – Black
and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC) * – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC) * – Northern
Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC) * – Maha Janapadas (700–300 BC) * – ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The British colonial rule introduced some elements of western education in India. Following
independence science and technology in the Republic of India has included automobile engineering,
information technology, communications as well as space, polar, and nuclear sciences.

Essay Ravenna
Located in northeast Italy in the Emilia–Romagna region and the capital of the province bearing its
name, Ravenna is internationally celebrated for its stunning ancient mosaics and rich history.
Ravenna's prosperous past is evident in its wealth of still–standing examples of Byzantine art and
architecture. Positioned near the Adriatic Sea on a marshy plain, Ravenna has served as a strategic ?
capital three times: of the western Roman Empire, of Theodoric King of the Goths, and of the
Byzantine Empire in Europe? (History, par. 1). By delving into Ravenna?s history, as well as its
remarkable artistic achievements, the reasoning behind its popularity in tourism becomes clear.
Ravenna was formed by the buildup of centuries of silt deposits ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The surrounding marshes provided a natural line of defense and its location at the crossroads of the
northern and southern peninsula made it exceptionally challenging to capture. These were all
influences in its allure as a bastion of control.
?The exact date of Roman control remains a mystery, as much of Ravenna?s past, although the first
record of a Roman fleet to reach the city was in 82 BC. Caesar chose Ravenna as his headquarters
while negotiating with the Senate and later as his base when launching various military campaigns
on surrounding areas. While there, he is thought to have begun construction on the port of Classe
(initially known as Classis), which served as the catalyst for Ravenna's first rise to greatness.
Emperor Octavius Augustus oversaw the port?s completion and, realizing its strategic location,
made the port the principal base for a fleet, 250 ships strong, to defend the ?Adriatic Sea and the
waters of the near eastern Mediterranean (History, par. 9). Augustus also created a canal, known as
the Fossa Augusta, linking the port to the southern branch of the Po. This canal permitted waters to
flow around the city walls to fortify Ravenna?s defense and through the center of the town to
facilitate transport and commerce. With the port as the focus of the city, Ravenna flourished as a
town of trade and industry (especially ship building). Though the port?s value waned by the sixth
century

Maritime Archaeology And Ancient Trade
In Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean, Andrew Wilson argues that
ancient maritime trade peaked in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. First, he identifies Parker's
graph of known shipwrecks as inaccurate evidence on the trade intensity of the ancient maritime
world. Next, Wilson details several technologies, specifically the bilge pump, and hydraulic cement,
that enabled the expansion of trade during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Finally, Wilson
concludes that it was Roman standardization of currency and language, not new technologies, that
allowed trade to increase in the ancient world. When the Roman empire deteriorated, trade
decreased, leading to the loss of harbors and shipping technologies.
In 1992, A.J. Parker published a study of known shipwrecks organized by their approximate century
in which the ships sank. As a result, many archaeologists have attempted to equate this graph with
fluctuations in ancient maritime trade, depending upon the assumptions that each period had an
equal probability of ships wrecking, and that wrecks from all periods are equally visible to
archaeologists. Wilson disagrees, claiming that these assumptions are inherently flawed, and
therefore, the graph cannot be used to analyze ancient maritime trade. First, the risks of wrecking
were dependent upon the trade routes, which, in turn, were dependent on what items were highly
sought after (Wilson, 36). If products from nearby coastal cities were desired, then

Cuneiform Vs. Cuneiform : Cuneiform
The capacity to write is one of the hallmark activities that define humans. We developed a language
of our own and then created a symbolic means by which to turn an auditory activity into one that
could be deciphered by another sense: sight. This transformation reflects the developing complexity
of our ancestors and species. What can we learn about the lives of ancient civilizations and people
by looking at the archaeological evidence and analysis of the development of early writing
methods? The answers to this questions lies in the uncovering of the past remains of our oldest
deciphered evidence of writing: Cuneiform. Cuneiform is a style of writing that is the earliest
known. The oldest archaeological evidence of it was found in the ancient city Uruk in Mesopotamia
where they have unearthed nearly 4000 clay tablets. Their estimated age is dated to roughly 3000
BC; any more specific of a time frame is debated. Cuneiform was a style of writing written on clay
tablets where the characters were carved into the tablets with a reed stylus. The type of stylus tip
changed over time and affected the appearance of the pictographs from straight lines to more curved
or 'wedgelike'. The change in styluses represented advancements in technology as well as the
increased use of writing. By making a more specialized tool for carving in clay tablets it showed
that the Sumerian people were beginning to write more frequently.
Early writing, otherwise known as proto–cuneiform, was

The Y2k Hysteria By Richard Landes
This phrase and the belief that the world was formed in 6 days with a 7th for rest, gave the early
Christians a view that the world would last for 6000 years. According to scriptures the world had a
beginning, it had a "now" in which they were living and a promised end. This end was proclaimed
in the Olivet discourse (Matthew 24, Luke 21, Mark 13), but with warnings that none on Earth
would know when. The Y2K hysteria caused many scholar to wonder how the millennial dates past
where thought of by those that lived in that time.
This essay is a discussion on whether merging of dates with the idea of six millennia (1000 year)
periods was just an intellectual exercise or directly gave rise to apocalyptic thought. Richard Landes'
papers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was part of the problem chronologists had in merging dates systems.
Landes' diagram showing the various chronological systems, that highlights when they hit the 6th
Millennium. Note: the vertical dotted lines, of the changing a date system to avert the "dangerous"
millennium. From this it seems obvious that the church fathers of Augustine and later Boniface must
have made the decision to change dating to avoid the Millennium fever. But that is not quite the full
picture. It does not consider the intervening centuries of learning, translation and scholarship
creating better methods of calculations. Figure 1 – chronographical shifts and apocalyptic target
dates. (illustration by Richard Landes.)
The study of chronology has been a pursuit of many a scholar over the ages. We should note that it
was not just early Christians who were interested in this. Rabbi Yossi ben Halafta, a 2nd century
scholar, calculated the beginning date of the Hebrew calendar from when Adam & Eve were created
(Year 1 of Jewish calendar) which (adjusted for modern calendar) was October 7, 3761BC. . The old
Testament part of the Bible was a collection of the religious writings from Jewish Torah, giving a
chronology from Genesis to well before the Coming of Jesus. Various

The Purpose Of The Athenian Army
Part 3
1) The Athenian Army
The purpose of the Athenian army was to was to secure Athenian democratic society. The army
fought battles against other Greek states and foreign states most often against oligarchies and
aristocracies. The army was managed by a polemarch (senior military title), along with ten generals
from the ten tribes of Athens.
The largest component of the army was the infantry composed of hoplites (citizens fighting in a full
set of armour). They went into battle protected by a helmet, breastplate, and greaves (shin guards),
carrying a large round shield and long spear. The state would sometimes issue such equipment to
citizens who could not afford a set of their own.
The Athenian army was primarily male citizens, who were made to enlist at the beginning of the
year following their 18th birthdays. For two years, new "cadets" (known as ephebes) trained full
time. After training, they rejoined public life, though they were committed to the army for 40 years.
At any time, they could be called to duty to defend Athens.The people elect two athletic trainers and
instructors for them, to teach them their drill as heavy–armed soldiers and to use the bow, javelin,
and sling.
Richer Athenians enrolled in the cavalry, as always, a smaller elite military force made up of those
wealthy enough to own and maintain a good mount.The state would call upon an inspection and
registration of all of the horses on an annual basis, so that the owner could draw a maintenance

Ancient Greek Inventions Essay
What inventions can be traced back to the Ancient Greeks?
Many people are unaware of where important inventions people use everyday originate.
Watermills, alarm clock, automatic doors, central heating, crane, maps, showers, vending machines,
Olympics, fire extinguishers, odometers, chewing gum are some of the inventions created by the
Ancient Greeks (Kolasa–Sikiaridi, 2016),
Are people aware that these inventions originate from the Ancient Greeks?
A survey conducted upon a wide range of different people showed that of the 35 respondents, 63.7%
think that they use items that were inventions by the Ancient Greeks and only 34.3% do not think
they use any. Figure 1 below shows the survey results for this question. Figure 2 shows an extended
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In recent years, mapping has evolved dramatically with regard to advances in sophisticated
technologies that have come into existence. GPS and laser rangefinders making the construction of a
map possible in real time, the ability to navigate with ease is often taken for granted in the modern
age with many types of technology being used everyday. The result of thousands of explorers,
cartographers and the original invention of the map in the 5th and 6th century

Why The Greeks Influenced Roman Culture
Dear all, This is my homework (let 's better call it 'personal research ') for this unit. I have combined
my interests in archaeology and museum studies, and I have created an interdisciplinary report.
Introduction How is culture transferred from place to place? Cultural transference occurs multi–
directionally, because of: the circulation of people (e.g. via warfare and migration), the circulation
of items (e.g. trade), or, other pathways of communication (e.g. diplomacy, dynastic marriages, oral
and written tradition, etc.). In archaeological terminology, the practice of cultural transfer is called
'diffusion ' (Fagan, 1996, p. 175–176). When attempting to examine how much of Roman culture
was Greek in origin, the Greco–Roman world can offer a great insight into the way 'diffusion '
operates. Objective and methodology The scope of this report is to investigate how and why the
Greeks influenced Roman culture. To achieve this, I will support my discussion with a set of
specific examples. Lastly, as I have a personal interest in museum studies, I will briefly answer the
question: 'Was it theft? Did the Romans really loot Greek art, and what for? '. Discussion The
Roman adoption of Greek culture and arts started via the Greek colonies sometime c 700 BC; yet it
was intensified in the late Third and Second Millennium BC, when expansion into the Hellenistic
world 'opened Roman eyes ' to the hitherto unregarded aspects of the mesmerizing

Hellenistic Miletus Research Paper
The Milesian system was structured originally on six tribes, but when they changed to a more
democratic system under Athenian influence they changed over to 12 tribes. It is highly probable
that they submitted their candidates for offices from these tribes. In order to become a citizen one
had to be enrolled in these tribes. Milesian territory was broken up into 5 or 7 demes or districts.
"The earliest officials mentioned in decrees of Hellenistic Miletus are the synedroi, whose status is
not clear. They have been considered as either a standing committee of the city council or as an ad
hoc commission created to deal with specific problems." cg p. 67 They worked with other city
officials and institutions and were possibly responsible to the assembly. In the third century there
were around 75 members, which was reduced down to 10 in the late second century. However, it is
hard to know how frequent and the dates that the assembly met, but it is probable that the assembly
met at least once a month. It is also probable that they held special sessions that dealt with matters
prescribed by the law along with the other Greece cities. It was also likely that they held the most
important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Miletus started under the influence of Athens, but with time and the influence of Alcibiades and
Sparta, they promoted a revolt against Athens. Miletus came under the siege of Athens, but hid
behind their walls and over time Athens gave up. Sparta and Persia used Miletus as a base
throughout the war. However, there was some confusion of who was in control and attempts to
throw out these powers from Miletus. Sparta in 405 BC helped change Miletus back to an oligarchy,
but they also had some struggles. The Peace of Atalcidas in 386 BC ended the independence of Asia
Minor, but they continued to use their constitution they had previously

Ancient China Essay
One of the most important inventions of all time was the invention of gunpowder. "Imagine their
enemy's surprise when the Chinese first demonstrated their newest invention in the eighth century
AD. Chinese scientists discovered that an explosive mixture could be produced by combining sulfur,
charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The military applications were clear. New weapons were
rapidly developed, including rockets and others that were launched from a bamboo tube" (Franklin
Institute). The Chinese are known for their inventions that still are used in the modern day. Those
inventions are paper, gunpowder, books, and much more.
Gunpowder was discovered in the tenth century by Chinese medicine men ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I believe Paper was the greatest invention of all Chinese inventions, even greater than gunpowder.
"Chinese legend tells that the new invention of paper was presented to the Emperor in the year 105
AD by Cai Lun" (Franklin Institute). In 105 AD, Han Emperor Ho–Ti's chief eunuch T'sai Lun tried
with a wide variety of materials and worked with the fiber of plants until each filament was
completely separate. The individual fibers were mixed with water in a large vat. Next, a screen was
submerged in the vat and lifted up through the water, catching the fibers on its surface. When dried,
this thin layer of intertwined fiber became what today we call paper. T'sai Lun's thin, yet flexible
and strong paper with its fine, smooth surface was known as T'sai Ko–Shi, meaning:
"Distinguished T'sai's Paper" and he became revered as the saint of papermaking.
It wasn't until the third century when the secret art of papermaking began to get out of China, first to
Vietnam and then Tibet. "Taught by Chinese papermakers, Tibetans began to make their own paper
as a replacement for their traditional writing materials" (Georgia Tech). It was introduced in Korea
in the forth century and spread to Japan in sixth century. There, during the eighth century, the
Empress Shotuka undertook a massive project consisting of printing a million prayers – Dharani –
on individual sheets of

The Sculpture Bas Relief : Nemesis, Allat And The Dedicator
Introduction
The sculpture Bas–relief: Nemesis, Allat and the dedicator (c.) (figure1) was construction in 2nd or
3rd century AD in the Hejaz peninsula for the pagans to worship and blessings is considered
conventional in its day. The sculpture contains three chief goddesses and daughters of 'Allah'. While
the maker is unknown, the sculptures were imported from the Eastern and the Western worlds.
There was an influence from the western stone sculptures from Europe. Some of the goddesses were
also imported from India. This certain type of goddesses usually belong to the historical period from
2nd century AD to late 5th century AD or until Muhammad's prophecy(570 AD– 632AD. Currently
these sculptures are located in Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, France. We will analyse its social–
cultural designation, its material and construction methods, iconography, and functions all
contribute to its conventional label in blessings, worship, and....[3]
Background
The sculpture contains the three chief goddesses named: Al–lat, Al–Manat, and Al–Uzza. In the pre–
Islamic era, the three sculptures were located inside the Kaaba including the other 360 deities
representing the days of the year. There were also various temples to worship these three deities
around the Arabian Peninsula. The Kaaba is located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia and was the center to
pagan deities from the Hejaz peninsula. According to Islamic traditions, 'Allah' ordered the first man
on Earth Adam (date) built the Kaaba, however it

Kenyan Coast Of East Africa
Abstract
Around 2000 BC, Cushitic–speaking people from northern Africa settled in the part of East Africa
that is now Kenya. By the 1st Century AD, the Kenyan coast was frequented by Arab traders, who
due to Kenya 's proximity to the Arabian Peninsula, established Arab and Persian colonies there.
The Nilotic and Bantu people also moved into the region during the first millennium AD. and settled
inland
Kenya straddles the Equator, and is located on the eastern coast of Africa. Roughly one and half
times the size of Japan, it covers a surface area of about 586,600 square kilometers. It is bordered by
Somalia to the east, Ethiopia and Sudan to the north, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south.
Kenya has a single time zone, GMT +3. Kenya, is a Country in East Africa famed for it 's scenic
landscapes and vast wildlife preserves. It 's Indian Ocean coast provided historically important parts
by which goods from Arabian and Asian traders have entered the continent for many centuries.
Muslim Swahili cities such as Mombasa a historic center that has contributed much to the musical
and culinary heritage of the country. Inland are populous Highlands farmed for borth their tea
plantations, an economic staple during the British colonial era. Their variety of animal species,
including lions, elephants, cheetahs, rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses. Kenya 's western provinces,
marked by lakes and rivers while a small portion of the north is descent wildlife and panoramic
geography

Technology Is A Helpful Tool For Teaching The Writing Process
Technology is a helpful tool for teaching the writing process, and Marchisan and Alber (2001)
concluded that writers can be taught to write using the writing process approach paired with tools of
technology, direct instruction, and committed well–trained teachers. Graham, (2008), Graham & and
Perin (2007a), and Rogers & and Graham, (2008), agreed that technology makes the process of
writing easier and often provides very specific types of support. Word processing provides at least
four advantages: (a) revisions are easily made, (b) publishing is professional–looking, (c) typing
provides an easier means for children with fine motor skill challenges to produce text, and (d)
word–processing programs have software programs, such as spell and stylistic checkers designed to
reduce specific types of miscues. Other tools are speech synthesis (i.e., the writer's spoken words are
transcribed to electronic text) and word–prediction programs (i.e., the computer program reduces
the key strokes by predicting the writer's next word). This is helpful for students with difficulties
with spelling and the mechanics of writing. In addition, outlining and semantic mapping software
can aide with the planning process, and the use of computer networks and the Internet can help to
promote communication and collaboration among writers.
Students prefer technology–based assignments and are found to use more words and an expanded
vocabulary when expressing themselves in blog posts (Berezina, 2011;

Copper Statue Analysis
Mohamad Habehh Walking around The Metropolitan Museum of Art, there are many ancient pieces
of art and old artifacts on display. One of the art pieces that caught my eye was the Head of a Ruler,
from ancient Iranian or Mesopotamian times. I chose this figure because the person depicted in the
copper head looked like an important figure of the time. The man is well groomed and has an
emotionless face, but it also looks like he is portraying a little confidence in his expressionless face.
Considering this is a copper statue, I think it is safe to say it was not completed in a short amount of
time, leaving me to wonder if the man posed for the figure. Whether he posed for it or not, it still
gives off the vibe that he held a high title in society. There was no indication on the display of who
the man was or what his role was, only assumptions that supported my ideas that the man was an
important figure in that society, possibly a ruler or king. This figure makes me curious in the sense
that this man was obviously an important figure during ancient times, but he cannot be identified in
modern times. I also can't help but assume he might not have made a great impact in society,
whether he was a king, ruler, or even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are cracks throughout the figure due to age and possible mishandling. It is fairly simple in
terms of detail. While there is some extent of texture in the man's face and skin, it is hard to tell
whether it was intentional or due to average erosion. The features of the man's face are extremely
realistic, nonetheless. The eyes are hollow, which initially led me to believe the entire figure is
hollow. While the description does say that there were other supports inside the hollow figure to
hold the figure in place, there is no other physical indication that the figure is hollow. The artist
must have been extremely talented to be able to make a very realistic looking figurine of a man
using a hollow

Technology And Technology
When looking back on human history, it becomes clear that technological advancements will
inevitably lead to changes in some aspects of society. Although some inventions can cause more
harm than good and should thus not be used, society should embrace the inventions with benefits
that will significantly outweigh any potential disadvantages. One specific aspect of society that has
been influenced by technological innovations has been our communication via writing. From marks
on clay tablets to ink on paper to pixels on screens, writing has had to continually adapt to new
mediums throughout its five–millennia–old history due to inventions such as the quill and ink, the
printing press, and computers. Due to the decline of newspapers, some people believe that society
may be at risk of losing the written word. However, this is not the case at all; by providing a new
instrument for writing, the age of electronic communication will extend the lifespan of writing. The
reason why writing was created in 3200 BC was due to humanity's necessity to record information
and communicate (Mark). Humanity's need for writing can easily be seen by the fact that multiple
writing systems were independently developed in three different places – cuneiform script was
developed in 3200 BC in Mesopotamia, oracle bone script in 1200 BC in China, and multiple
writing systems in 300 BC in Mesoamerica. Since its creation five millennia ago, writing has
persistently adapted to become the form that most

Hum 111
Hum 111
Abstract
Ancient Chinese Contributions.
(1) Identify eight to ten of these useful inventions or contributions.
(2) Nominate four that you believe are the most ingenious or innovative.
(3) Explain why you believe these four inventions or contributions are the most useful inventions or
contributions from the ancient Chinese.
(4) Identify one invention or contribution that you cannot live without and explain why.
The Ancient Chinese Contributions (1) Gunpowder
One of the inventions created by Ancient China gunpowder as early first century and was used at
that time to make medicine for perpetual rejuvenation. Black gunpowder was not invented till the
end of the ninth century and was first used to make fireworks, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(LAN, 2008)
(5) Printing The earliest printing in China was the block printing method in the first Century B.C.,
where the individual sheets of paper were pressed against wooden blocks that had text and
illustrations carved into them. This process could print hundreds and even thousands of copies, this
technology played a significant role in promoting the spread of culture. A block carver named Bi
Sheng made movable types with clay during the period from1004 to 1048. This method each type
was carved with one character and the types could be set independently according to contents of
different articles. After printing, the movable types could be reused and this improved technology is
called movable–type printing. (LAN, 2008) (6) Row Planting
The Chinese also invented the way to grow crops by placing them in rows sometime in the 6th
century BC. This allowed the crops to grow faster and stronger. This was not instituted in the
western world for another 2200 years. Master Lu wrote in the "Spring and Autumn Annals": 'If the
crops are grown in rows they will mature rapidly because they will not interfere with each other's
growth. The horizontal rows must be well drawn, the vertical rows made with skill, for if the lines
are straight the wind will pass gently through.' This text was compiled around 240 BC. (Stevenh,
2009)

(7) The

The Cult Of Mithras And The Roman Empire
We may think that that cult origin by the fact that was taken from relevant scholars, but the early
development has remained consistently disputed. The Cult of Mithras began in the first century and
it was invented by the Roman Empire. When we think about the first century AD, Christianity is
almost very invisible during this time. The cult of Mithras' development is mysterious. This religion
is invented by the Italians. Mithras provides members with sense of salvation if they proceed
through the seven stages of initiation, because the important aspect of the cult is that they must be
successful, and have spiritual bonding with their gods. If they do not success, they will face some
consequences, but members who follow this path will be rewarded and be offered compensation. In
addition, archaeological findings show that the Cult of Mithras does stay the same from the
beginning of first century to the end of fourth century AD. Archaeological evidence of the cult only
depends on the materials that existed during Roman Empire. One of the most important types of
evidence that the archaeological record shows is the nature and form of where these men worship, 'a
Mithraeum'. Much of this worship buildings can be found in parts of Europe and they are mostly
underground in a cave and are constructed below an existing building. The first Mithraea and
written first appear at the same point in time, and clearly form part of the same cult even though
they are found in geographically

Impact Of Migrations Of Pastoral Peoples On The Middle Ages
Paper 2: Migrations and Pasturalists
Analyze the impact that migrations of pastoral peoples had on the development of civilization from
the Second Wave civilizations to those of the Middle Ages. It is called migration all population
displacements that occurs from a place of origin to another destination and brings a change of
habitual residence in the case of people .The history refers to the great cultural movements,
economic geographical and political that led to massive displacements of the population, both
spontaneous or forced. The development of the first ' 'polis ' ' also caused a migration from the
countryside to the city then has all civilizations. Mass migrations took place approximately the third
century and eighth century of our era in Europe marking the transition between ancient history and
the Middle Ages that goes by the name of Late Antiquity. Historians often speak of several phases in
these invasions, the role corresponding to the first Germanic peoples (of the third century to the
sixth century), while the latter correspond to the Vikings and the Magyars and the Arabs
(protagonists of the invasion Muslim seventh century and eighth century). ' 'The bronze age
witnessed the development and expansion of pastoralism to the central and eastern steppes, the
growth of urban areas in Central Asia oases, and ongoing mutually beneficial commercial activity
between those cultural areas ' ' (Christian 902). All these migrations brought drastic consequences in

The Cultural Development Of The Indian Civilization
Asia,located in the eastern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere, is bordered by the Pacific,
Arctic and the Indian oceans. Being one of the largest continents with a population of 3.8 billion
people, Asia is divided into three subregions: Central Asia, Eastern Asia and Southern Asia. Those
regions are composed of distinctive languages, ideas and beliefs, as well as consisting different
climates,cultures, traditions, and political and social structures. Climates vary from warm to cold
depending on its geography, whereas the social structure range from rigid to mobile, all impacting
the inhabitants a certain way. The cultural development of the indian civilization were way different
with China and Arabs. "Whereas Confucianism paid little attention to the gods, spirits and
speculation about religious matters, Indian elite culture embraced the divine and all things spiritual
with enthusiasm and generated elaborate philosophical visions about the nature of reality".(Ways of
the world,197) Compared to how Confucianism was founded by Confucius in China during the 6th
century B.C.E, and how Islam was found by Mohammad the prophet, Hinduism had no founder.
Instead it flourished within the Indian civilizations and associated with particular people and
territory over many centuries. Despite being the fact the hinduism was not a single tradition, it
incorporated a lot of "Indian cultural patterns into a recognizable system" (Ways of the world, 197) ,

Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra
INTRO
Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra. The rock–cut caves of both these sites are world
famous and illustrate the degree of skill and artistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several
hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B.C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The
village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad; a few miles away in a
mammoth horseshoe–formed rock, are 30 caves overlooking a gorge, `each forming a room in the
hill and some with inner rooms. Al these have been carved out of solid rock with little more than a
hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the
artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A first group of caves was created in the 2nd century BC: the chaitya–grihas open into the rock wall
by doorways surmounted by a horse–shoe shaped bay. The ground plan is a basilical one: piers
separate the principal nave from the side aisles which join in the apsis to permit the ritual
circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously
reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions.
According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia–
grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana
dynasty (230 BCE – c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A
were constructed during this period.[5] Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest
monuments of painted art in India.
[edit]Second period
A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta
and post–Gupta periods. These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and
Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD
475–500), dedicated Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a
feudatory. An inscription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the

Essay about 3.2 world history
Name: Alison Barrett
School: Forest High School
Teacher: Mr. Josvai
Assessment 3.02
Imagine you have just completed a trip through the early kingdoms and city–states of East, Central,
and South Africa. Your family and friends ask you about the trip. Your task is to give them an oral
history of your experience. You may choose to write your account, record it, or make a video.
Remember, your family and friends will share your story and pass it on to future generations, like
oral historians in Africa. Make it fascinating! No one wants to hear a boring story.
PARAGRAPH 1: Explain at least one important political, one social, and one economic feature you
observed in each of the three places you visited. Write, or speak with a natural narrative ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Write, or speak with a natural narrative voice, as if telling a story to a friend. Use complete
sentences to express your ideas, and make sure that your explanations are thorough by providing
details from the lesson. At least five complete sentences.
Axum
On my second day, I have visited Axum, in Eastern Africa. A place that in the first century CE,
became the wealthiest, most influential market city on the coast of Ethiopia, it finally became a
kingdom in the third century CE. I also learned from the locals there that in fourth century CE,
missionaries had introduced Christianity to the city of Axum and King Ezana became the first
known Christian king in all of Africa, and finally in seventh century CE, Axum has come to a close
end. Arabs eventually came and conquered Adulis and cut off Axum's Red Sea trade route. Also,
Axum became successful by trading gold, glass, ivory, metal and agricultural gods with African,
Mediterranean and Asia trade networks, along with the Roman Empire, Egypt, Arabia and India.
PARAGRAPH 3: Explain at least one important political, one social, and one economic feature you
observed in each of the three places you visited. Write, or speak with a natural narrative voice, as if
telling a story to a friend. Use complete sentences to express your ideas, and make sure that your
explanations are thorough by providing details from the

The Village Of Nahum And Nahum 's Town
The "Village of Nahum" or "Nahum 's Town". This is the meaning of the name and the root of the
name Capernaum. The name Capernaum is the English transliteration of the greek Kapernaoym and
Kapharnaoym which are in turn a corruption of the Aramaic name Kepar Nahum. The form of
Capernaum that is used in the Textus Receptus (the basis of our King James Bible) is Kapernaoum.
The Latin rendering is Caphernaum. In the Hebrew the name, Kefar Nahum, has changed little from
the original Aramaic. The name for the ruins at the accepted location for the city of Capernaum is
Tell Hum, Tell meaning "mound of" (Na) Hum. Thus, based on the meaning alone even, we can see
that the two names are linguistically compatible. The Arabic name for the city is Talhum. The name
of the city Capernaum never appears in the Old Testament. One, quite likely reason for this is that
the city of Capernaum was not formed until late in the second century BC. The city 's late formation
is adequate explaination for the lack of mention in the Old Testament It was called the "village of
Nahum" because Nahum the prophet 's tomb was shown there. One reason that it is so difficult to
find the city of Capernaum with one hundred percent accuracy is that the "Woes" (Matthew 11:23,
Luke 10:15) prophecied by Jesus came to pass with such competence. So completely has it perished
that the very site is still a matter of dispute today. Almost nothing remains of the city of Capernaum
and there are few

Analysis Of ' The Magdalene 's Legacy '
Allie Willison Jill Stevenson Medieval Performance November 11, 2016 The Magdalene's Legacy
INTRO WHOOP (Jill said do it last and she's always right) The legend's surrounding Mary
Magdalene changed drastically throughout the Middle Ages. In the sixth century Pope Gregory the
Great concluded that three women mentioned in the Bible were in fact the same "Mary," the sister of
Lazarus, the woman who was cleansed of seven demons, and the harlot who washed the feet of
Christ. This was accepted as fact and has lasted into contemporary legend concerning the jilted
Saint. In the Ninth Century legends circulated that after Christ rose from death and came to her in
the garden, she wandered the desert of Judea in penance. As the years passed and the church dug
deeper into theology, and as Christianity became the backbone of European culture, legends evolved
with the culture, and in the Tenth Century the Magdalene took to the sea and was thought to have
come to France. Even in these legends she still went off into solitude, only this time it was a
mountaintop. By 1265 her legend was somewhat solidified when The Golden Legend was first
compiled. In the collection of hagiographies the Magdalene's story ends with her, alongside her
brother Lazarus and her sister Martha, sailing to France, converting the pagan King of Marseille as
well as many other pagans, and then retreating up to a grotto overlooking the city and being born up
to Heaven at every canonical hour greeted by a host of

Exploring The Roots Of The Recurring Subjects And Symbols...
After nearly two centuries completely lacking in images, early Christians finally developed a
pictorial language to express their faith. The conventions developed early on would come to define
the middle ages, an entire era of almost exclusively Christian images. Early Christians adopted
classical conventions for their art, which would serve an opposing purpose for outsiders and
initiates. For outsiders, the symbols meant no harm. But to followers of the faith, the images are
loaded with meaning. The meaning inherent in the history of the symbol, when combined with a
biblical context, creates a full and multi–faceted iconographic tradition. The purpose of this paper is
to explore the roots of the recurring subjects and symbols evident in the funerary paintings in
Catacombs of Domitilla in Rome.
Funerary paintings and sculpture provide the most thorough evidence of early Christian art. An
exceptional visual tradition has been preserved in the vast network of underground burial systems:
the Roman catacombs. One of the most extensive of these is the Catacomb of Domitilla. Beginning
in the third century CE, the Catacombs of Domitilla housed thousands of bodies from families rich
and poor, and extended for over seventeen kilometers in four distinct subterranean levels. In terms
of style, most of the works are indistinguishable from Roman paintings. If anything, the art style is a
more rushed and cramped version of illusionistic Roman wall painting. The use of iconography is

Mark Hogancamp's 'Therapy In Marwencol'
book Cathy mention therapy for Kelly but it did not start out well. The first Therapist is a bad fit and
neither Cathy nor Kelly like her. Cathy gets Kelly a different Therapist but Kelly still wants to quit
therapy. There isn't any detail about whether she does quit or not. If she was my child I would have
asked Kelly to give therapy a try at least for a few more months, to see if it could help her to have a
person outside of the current situation to talk things through with. I feel this is so important that I
would have changed therapists weekly if need be. I would find somebody that Kelly would be
comfortable talking to, if that was possible at this point. "I would do anything–––anything–––to
erase the accident from her childhood. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Would Mark be driving and working again if he had been able to afford treatment? That is a
question for the researchers and government health care here in the United States. Had the
healthcare system allowed Mark the care he needed after his injury, it more than likely would have
cost them less then it will to support him, and provide his medical coverage for the rest of his life.
Cathy Crimmins tells the story of Alan just three short years, or very long ones depending on
prospective. The progress in recovery that Alan has experienced in that time is more than I would
have ever hoped for after seeing the extent of his TBI. Cathy and Kelly are also making their own
progress in adapting to a new Alan and ultimately acceptance. How far all of their recovery goes
over the years is an unknown. I do know it will never be complete. They will always live with their
fears, disappointments, unrealistic expectations, and more than likely many setbacks. Many of us
have had experience in one way or another with friends or family members developing cognitive
difficulty, but for most it didn't happen all at once with an accident. We are given time to slowly
adapt to the new course life has taken. Alan, Cathy, Kelly, friends, and family woke up one day and
everything was different from that day

Similarities And Differences Between Ancient And...
There are subtle stylistic differences that occur in the Piombino Apollo that make it more advanced
than the archaic kouros, which lead many scholars to distinguish this statue as Hellenistic rather
than Archaic. The modelling of the back is one of the biggest alterations that occurs between actual
kouros from the archaic period and the Piombino Apollo. The back of the statue is much more
artistically advanced than the front regarding modelling (Ridgway 1967: 48). The subtle modelling
of the muscular structures and ridges of the spine of the back suggest the desired realism of the
Hellenistic era, instead of the basic and ridged 'idealized' form found in the archaic period (Ridgway
1967: 48). More subtle differences between a true archaic sculpture and a retrograded Hellenistic
sculpture are also present in this statue in other areas, such as the feet. On most kouros, the feet are
high arched, but on the Piombino Apollo, they are small and flat (Ridgway 1967: 49). Also the toes
are a discrepancy between the two eras. Usually "archaic statues have [the toes] aligned with the
central part of the other foot" (Ridgway 1967: 49) in a very geometric fashion. However, the toes on
the right foot of the Apollo do not align with the middle of the left foot, and instead align with the
left heel (Ridgway 1967: 49). As stated earlier, the hair is a defining feature in archaic kouros and it
is typically flat and in a bulky beaded shape to best attempt to represent the different

Impact Of Writing Research Paper
The Impact of Writing
Exactly how important is writing in today's society? Can we go through college without
writing skills? More important, how do writing skills will affect our lives professionally? When
we think of a writer, a novelist or a journalist come to our minds, although those are two of the
most popular career choices, there are many paths to a writing career. But how much does
learning how to write essays can help us develop different skills and how much does that affect
our relationship with others? Our history, all we know about the human kind, all living things,
our world and the universe, everything can be found in books or online. But none of this could be
accomplished without the use of writing.
Writing is the physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much of the research on writing and happiness deals with "expressive writing" or jotting
down what you think and how you feel, expressive writing has also been linked to improved
mood, well–being, and reduced stress levels for those who do it regularly, says Adam Grant.
Writing your thoughts, feelings, concerns and plans for the future can help you relief stress, be
more organized and keep goals that can be accomplished in a near or far future. Keeping a
journal of your daily life can also help you become a better writer as you begin to develop much
fluent ideas and it becomes easier to put down in words your thoughts.
Writing is simultaneously a physical activity and a cognitive activity. Empirical research

overwhelmingly shows that we learn and synthesize new information and connections during the
actual act of writing, no matter how much we may think we already know what we want to say
when we actually sit down to write. Too often though we are taught, wrongly, that writing is
only a physical act, the mere transcription of ideas already hatched and thought through. Such a
mental model could not possibly be further from the cognitive truth. And this mistaken

Influence of the Roman Theater on Cicero’s Oration Pro...
Influence of the Roman Theater on Cicero's Oration Pro Caelia By
Cicero's oration in defense of M. Caelius Rufus shows many substantive and stylistic borrowings
from the Roman Theater, particularly the comedies of the 2nd century b.c.e. This would scarcely
seem remarkable to Cicero, to employ such devices is only to make use of the tools of his trade, as a
practical and practicing rhetorician. In this case using the theater as a framing device to guide his
audience's response.
So too would the judgments and emotions existing in the cultural reservoir of Greco–Roman, or
Attic–Latin stage have met his division of purpose as he considered the permanent written speech,
he would set down in the wake of the trial, however it was decided. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cicero, by example of his own life takes a broad inclusive approach to Oratory. In a earlier
statement we encounter words which probably reflect his own view closely: But the fact of the
matter is that oratory is a much more considerable activity and depends on a far wider range of
different arts and branches of study, than people imagine (Cicero, Orator I 4,16).Particularly Cicero
seems interested in holding on to the orator's special sphere – the third branch of Philosophy life and
behavior of human beings which is to say, human nature (Cicero, Orator I 15, 69).
We hear of the orator's special strength – to rouse men's hearts to anger, hatred, and indignation
(Cicero, Orator I 12,53), a not dissimilar goal to that of the dramatist. We find that a speaker's job is
to ensure that the feelings of his audience are affected just the way he wants them to be (19, 87). His
Five Tasks of the orator (and to keep within the dignity of the theme) (Cicero, Orator I 38, 142–44)
given in a following paragraph, are suitable instructions for any playwright or actor. Even at the
beginning of On the Orator Cicero has one of his characters observe approvingly of the benefits to
be gained from the less serious art on regulation of expression, voice and movement of body. Cicero
has his character Antonius make an observation that the chief distinction between an actor speaking
and an orator is that the actor has more leeway. He is excused if he has

Pompey The Great : Qualities Of A National Leader
Pompey the Great There are many qualities that a national leader should have. First and foremost,
every national leader should be educated. Without education, leaders would not be able to
communicate with other leaders. Leaders would not be able to fix their people's problems because
they do not know the logical way to solve it. For example if a farmer had trouble bringing water to
their farmland, an uneducated leader would be probably make an incorrect decision, but an
education leader would be able to think reasonably and come up with a easier way for the farmer to
water his crops, like using irrigation. Second, a national leader must also be resilient. Resilience
allows leaders to keeping preserving. For example, when a leader loses his men to a rival, he must
be able to overcome the defeat and continue to try to win the war the leader's country is in with
another country. Third of all, a leader should also have the trait of perseverance. With perseverance,
a leader can reach their dreams that may help their nation. For instance, if a leader wants to achieve
a nation where everything is run on solar energy and meets a hindrance in the process, a persistent
leader should be able to to find a way to solve the problem, no matter how long it takes, and goal to
aim for their goal. Every national leader must also be superior. Superiority makes the leader have
more control over his nation. For example, if all the leader's people act crazy and order disappears,
then the leader

Rhetorical Analysis of Cicero's Defense of Marcus Caelius...
Cicero believed that a good orator must do three things in his speech: earn the favor of the audience,
provide persuasive arguments, and move the audience with emotional appeals. In his defense of
Marcus Caelius Rufus one finds an excellent example of Cicero's work and through close
examination can glean some additional information about what Cicero felt was needed in a good
speech. With such scrutiny it becomes readily apparent that each of the three objectives need not be
attained equally. Because while Cicero does attempt to gain the favor of his audience, provide
persuasive arguments, and presents the audience with powerful emotional appeals, he spends a vast
amount of time providing the jury with "proofs" (persuasive arguments), a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, his most obvious attempt to entertain his listeners is seen in his adoption of various
personas, such as "the famous Caecus" (Cicero, p.141–142), or Clodia's younger brother (Cicero,
p.143) and finally the strict and lenient fathers who address Caelius directly (Cicero, p.143–144).
The reasons why he resorts to these methods are almost as evident as the methods themselves. In
this trial there is little to no physical evidence, the prosecution is based almost entirely on the
testimony of Clodia (as Cicero points out (Cicero, p.140–141)) and various other witnesses. And
despite the fact that Cicero claims "Fact will be pitted against fact" (Cicero, p.137) the outcome of
the case depends largely on which side the jury chooses to believe; Cicero knows that if the jury is
on his side then they will tend to value his points over those of his opponents. In order to sway the
jurors he flatters them and attempts to entertain them, because if they feel good will towards him as
he speaks that could easily be transferred to his statements as well. This is extremely important
because much of his defense rests on attacks upon the

The Wall Of The Old City Of Jerusalem
Robert W. Hamilton, a British archaeologist, carried out excavations against the north wall of the
Old City of Jerusalem almost 70 years ago from the years 1937–1938. Hamilton began several test
soundings in order to determine the age of the accumulations at various points and to fix the
approximate levels at the time of the last major reconstruction – in the middle of the sixteenth
century A.D by Suleiman the Magnificent. The wall of the Old City of Jerusalem was rebuilt in the
sixteenth century by the Ottoman Turkish ruler Suleiman the Magnificent. As such, Hamilton
decided to determine the age of the accumulations of earlier construction sites by cleaning up the
outside area of the North Wall of Jerusalem and Hamilton hoped the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The accumulated debris contributed fresh evidence on the earlier history of the present North Wall
line. With the help of Robert Hamilton's detailed excavation report, one is able to use the findings to
reconstruct the sequence of the wall's construction, reconstruct the sequence of the accumulation of
debris [pottery and coins] at its base, and to put these reconstructions together to tell the story of the
wall.
At first glance of the masonry of the wall, the composite structure shows that some parts are not
attributes to the reconstruction during the sixteenth century but can be attributed to another series of
repairs made by Mamluke, Ayyubid or other earlier Islamic rulers. Meanwhile, lower sections such
as the base sections, give evidence of construction committed by Roman or Byzantine builders.
Reading through Hamilton's excavation report, a person can correspond each different style and set
of masonry to reconstruct the sequence of the wall's construction. According to Hamilton's report,
there were two distinct styles of surface treatment that predominated over all others, and there was a
third important class of masonry represented by three individual stones. The earliest detected type of
masonry was Style A which is represented by three individual stones. Style A was found below
courses 11 and 12 of the curtain. As Hamilton's team excavated the area, they found remnants of an
area they had limited information about.

Ancient Greek Pottery Research

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Ancient Greek Pottery Research