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- 2. 🞂 One – Dimensional 🞂 Two – Dimensional 🞂 Three – Dimensional 🞂 Pictogram 🞂 Cartogram 🞂 Line and Bar 🞂 Rectangle, Square, Pie 🞂 Cube, Sphere, etc.
- 3. 🞂 The length of the lines or bars is considered 🞂 The width is not considered. 🞂 Distance between line or bar is kept uniform. 🞂 Bar – Thick Width Line
- 5. 🞂 It is a one –dimensional diagram 🞂 Easy to understand and common in business. Year Profits 2012 15000 2013 18000 2014 20000 2015 16000 2016 13000 2017 17000 2018 25000
- 8. 🞂 Denote more than one variable 🞂 Bars are drawn side by side 🞂 Comparison is easy Profits Year A B 2016 10000 15000 2017 15000 17500 2018 21000 19500
- 10. 🞂 Bar is Subdivided into components. 🞂 Each Component occupies a part in the bar proportional to its share in the total. 🞂 To distinguish each component – different colours Districts Population A B C Male 1000 1200 1300 Female 500 800 900 Total 1500 2000 2200
- 12. 🞂 Bars are all of equal height 🞂 Each segment (component) shows percentage to the total. Districts Population A B C Male 1000 1200 1300 Female 500 800 900 Total 1500 2000 2200 Percentage of Male 1000/1500 *100 = 66.67% 60 59.0 9 Percentage of Female 500/1500 *100=33.33% 40 40.9 1
- 13. 1000 1200 1300 500 800 900 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% A B C Female Male
- 14. 🞂 Deviation Bars: depicts the net deviations values both positive and negative Positive values above the base line and negative values below 🞂 Broken Bars: data contain wide variations( very small or very large) – reasonable shape – larger bars are broken at top Value of each bar written at top.
- 17. 🞂 Also called AREA diagram or SURFACE diagram 🞂 Both length and width is considered 🞂 Types : Rectangles, Squares, Circles, Pie Diagram.
- 19. 🞂 Highly Understandable 🞂 Proportionate sectors are divided in a circle by taking whole data equal to 360 degrees.
- 20. Items Expenditure Angle of the circle Food 87 (87/180)*360 = 174 Clothing 24 48 Entertainment 11 22 Education 13 26 Rent 25 50 Miscellaneous 20 40 Total 180 360
- 21. 87, 49% 24, 13% 11, 6% 25, 14% 13, 7% 20, 11% Expenditure Food Clothing Entertainment Education Rent Miscellaneous
- 22. 🞂 Length, Height, Width.. 🞂 Cubes, Cylinders, Prisms, Spheres…
- 23. 🞂 Use of Pictures 🞂 Use of Maps
- 24. 🞂 1. They are attractive and impressive. 🞂 2. They make data simple and intelligible. 🞂 3. They make comparison possible 🞂 4. They save time and labour. 🞂 5. They have universal utility. 🞂 6. They give more information. 🞂 7. They have a great memorizing effect.
- 25. DIAGRAMS GRAPHS 🞂 Ordinary paper can be used 🞂 It is attractive and is easily understandable. 🞂 It is appropriate and effective to represent one or more variables 🞂 It cannot be used for interpolation and extrapolation technique 🞂 Median and mode cannot be estimated 🞂 It is used for comparison only 🞂 Data are presented by bars, rectangles 🞂 Diagrams are used for publicity as they are attractive. They give only approximate information. 🞂 To a statistician or a researcher, diagrams are not helpful in analysis 🞂 Graph paper is needed 🞂 It needs some effort to understand 🞂 It creates problem 🞂 It is helpful in intrapolation and extrapolation techniques. 🞂 The value of median and mode can be estimated 🞂 It represents a mathematical relationship between the two variables. 🞂 Data are presented by points or lines of different kinds – dots, dashes, etc. 🞂 Graphs are very much useful to statistician or researchers in analysis.
- 26. 🞂 A diagram should be neatly drawn and attractive. 🞂 The measurements of geometrical figures used in diagram should be accurate and proportional. 🞂 The size of the diagrams should match the size of the paper. 🞂 Every diagram must have a suitable but short heading. 🞂 The scale should be mentioned in the diagram. 🞂 Diagrams should be neatly as well as accurately drawn with the help of drawing instruments. 🞂 Index must be given for identification so that the reader can easily make out the meaning of the diagram. 🞂 Footnote must be given at the bottom of the diagram. 🞂 Economy in cost and energy should be exercised in drawing diagram
- 29. TYPES • HISTOGRAM • FREQUENCY POLYGON • FREQUENCY CURVE • OGIVES