Lecture notes

1. Categories of Text Analysis
• Genre
• Characters
• Plot
• Setting
• Point of view
• Style
• Tone and language
• Symbolism
• Allegory
• Themes

2. Types of Speech• Direct speech
the exact words in writing and print – uses quotation marks
• Indirect (reported) speech
verbs are generally ‘backshifted’ in tense to align them with the time of reporting, and other
changes are made as in pronouns and adverbials of time and place
• Free Direct Speech
lacks a reporting clause to show the shift from narration to reporting; used in fiction to represent
mental reactions of characters to what they see or experience.
• Free Indirect Speech
resembles Indirect speech – shifting tenses and other references but no reporting clause and
retains features of direct speech (such as direct questions and vocatives).
Free Direct Speech
extract from James Joyce's Ulysses (1922),
Leopold Bloom reflects on what he sees as he walks along
(italics added to free direct speech):
By Brady's cottages a boy for the skins lolled, his bucket of
offal linked, smoking a chewed fag butt. A smaller girl with
scars of eczema on her forehead eyed him, listlessly holding
her battered caskhoop. Tell him if he smokes he won't grow.
O let him! His life isn't such a bed of roses! Waiting outside
pubs to bring da home. Come home to ma, da. Slack hour:
won't be many there. He crossed Townsend street, passed
the frowning face of Bethel. El, yes: house of: Aleph, Beth.
And past Nichols' the undertaker's. At eleven it is. Time
enough.
Free Indirect Speech
extract from the South African novelist Dan Jacobson's A Dance
in the Sun (1956), Fletcher moves into free indirect speech in the
course of a conversation with Frank (italics added):
He gave Frank the name of the house he had been in at school. He
challenged Frank to look his name up in the school calendar, so
that Frank would be able to see for himself the truth of what he
was saying. That was where he had learned what was right and
what was not. It had not been his fault that his father had died
and that the estate had been in disorder and that he had had to
make his own way. But he had, and he had not done so badly
either. But he was not a snob. He repeated that he was not a snob,
as though Frank had accused him of being a snob, as though Frank
could see anything for him to be particularly snobbish about. He
was not a snob. All he wanted was decency, decency, decency, he
said.
Free Indirect Speech
extract from the South African novelist Dan Jacobson's A Dance
in the Sun (1956), Fletcher moves into free indirect speech in the
course of a conversation with Frank (italics added):
He gave Frank the name of the house he had been in at school. He
challenged Frank to look his name up in the school calendar, so
that Frank would be able to see for himself the truth of what he
was saying. That was where he had learned what was right and
what was not. It had not been his fault that his father had died
and that the estate had been in disorder and that he had had to
make his own way. But he had, and he had not done so badly
either. But he was not a snob. He repeated that he was not a snob,
as though Frank had accused him of being a snob, as though Frank
could see anything for him to be particularly snobbish about. He
was not a snob. All he wanted was decency, decency, decency, he
said.

3. Characterization
Types of Narration
• Characters part of the story – by the external author
• Characters talking about each other
omniscient (author) or omniscient/limited – (another
character)
Third-person narration
• Characters talking for themselves
First-person narration
• Characters “talking to themselves”
Interacting with external world – thinking
Stream of consciousness/Interior Monologue.
To Rue : to feel sorrow over;
repent of; regret bitterly:
to rue the loss of opportunities

4. Stream of Consciousness –
Contemporary Mind Set
In Words And Graphic
Expression – Art
Specific mode of narration which tries to
reproduce the continuous flow of a
character’s mental process : the senses
merging with conscious and “automatic”
responses (from implicit sensorimotor
behaviour – i.e., stored memory),
explicit memory, expectations, feelings,
random associations
• Structured on the phases of Human Life
• Simulation of the waves or stream of
the cognitive-interpersonal processes
• Freudian – Jungian thought patterns
• Fragmented experience of Time
• Allegory of Contemporary individual
Pablo Saborio

5. Interior Monologue – The Epiphany
• sudden revelation or insight which inspires
the Characters
• often the protagonist, changes his views or
beliefs, and his/her behaviour
• It occurs in the mind of the character, and
results in character change
• caused by a particular event, experience
• conflict in the story, most often revealed at
a particularly important moment (climax ?)
• sudden realization or awareness by the
character – the epiphany results in some
in/action by the character.

6. Interior Monologue – The Epiphany
• sudden revelation or insight which inspires
the Characters
• often the protagonist, changes his views or
beliefs, and his/her behaviour
• It occurs in the mind of the character, and
results in character change
• caused by a particular event, experience
• conflict in the story, most often revealed at
a particularly important moment (climax ?)
• sudden realization or awareness by the
character – the epiphany results in some
in/action by the character.