41 in chapter 7 in algorithm design by jon Kleinberg and eva tordo.docx

41 in chapter 7 in algorithm design by jon Kleinberg and eva
tordos.
Here is the book link.
http://people.duke.edu/~jy57/Algorithm%20Design%20-
%20John%20Kleinberg%20-%20%C3%89va%20Tardos.pdf
Requirement Specification – Please go through chapter 7
(Network flow)in the book. there are solved examples in the
chapter 7 please go through it.
The solution should have following pattern.
1)flow network diagram
2)Designing and Analyzing the Algorithm no need of
psedocode.
3) proof of Algorithm and justification of each step.
16. Back in the euphoric early days of the Web, people liked to
claim that much of the enormous potential in a company like
Yahoo! was in the "eyeballs"--the simple fact that millions of
people look at its pages every day. Further, by convincing
people to register personal data with the site, a site like Yahoo!
can show each user an extremely targeted advertisement
whenever he or she visits the site, in a way that TV networks or
magazines couldn’t hope to match. So if a user has told Yahoo!
that he or she is a 20-year-old computer science major from
Cornell University, the site can present a banner ad for
apartments in Ithaca, New York; on the other hand, if he or she
is a 50-year-old investment banker from Greenwich,
Connecticut, the site can display a banner ad pitching Lincoln
Town Cars instead.
But deciding on which ads to show to which people involves
some serious computation behind the scenes. Suppose that the
managers of a popular Web site have identified k distinct
demographic groups G1, G2 ..... Gk. (These groups can overlap;

for example, G1 can be equal to all residents of New York
State, and G2 can be equal to all people with a degree in
computer science.) The site has contracts with m different
advertisers, to show a certain number of copies of their ads to
users of the site. Here’s what the contract with the i th
advertiser looks like.
* For a subset X iis a subset of[G1 ..... Gk} of the demographic
groups, advertiser i wants its ads shown only to users who
belong to at least one of the demographic groups in the set Xi.
* For a number ri, advertiser i wants its ads shown to at least ri
users each minute.
Now consider the problem of designing a good advertising
policy a way to show a single ad to each user of the site.
Suppose at a given minute, there are n users visiting the site.
Because we have registration information on each of these
users, we know that user j (for j = 1, 2, :.., n) belongs to a
subset Uj _c (G1 ..... Gk} of the demographic groups: The
problem is: Is there a way to show a single ad to each user so
that the site’s contracts with each of the m advertisers is
satisfied for this minute? (That is, for each i = 1, 2 ..... m, can
at least ri of the n users, each belonging to at least one
demographic group in Xi , be shown an ad provided by
advertiser i?)
Give an efficient algorithm to decide if this is possible and if
so, to actually choose an ad to show each user.
World History
Cultures of East Asia

Fall 2012
Chinese Empires Starting Points Map: East AsiaMain Idea /
Reading FocusSui and Tang DynastiesFaces of History: Wu
ZhaoThe Song DynastyMap: Tang and Song Dynasties
The Big Picture
Beginning in the 500’s AD A series of dynasties reunified
China and produced a prolonged golden age. The influence of
China’s advanced civilization spread across East Asia.
In Korea, kingdoms borrowed from Chinese culture and made it
their own.
In Japan, rulers borrowed from both China and Korea to
produce a cultural flowering. In Southeast Asia, several
kingdoms and empires thrived while borrowing from both India
and China
Theme: Migration and Diffusion
During this presentation, you should note how Chinese and
Indian cultures spread, or diffused, through trade, conquest,
migration and religious missionaries to influence Japan, Korea
and Southeast Asia.
Nomadic Mongols then spread their culture through conquest as
well.
Cultures of East Asia

Reading FocusHow did the Sui and Tang dynasties reunify
China?How did the Song dynasty strengthen China?What were
some Tang and Song cultural achievements?How was this
period a time of prosperity and social change?
Main Idea
The Sui dynasty reunified China, after which the Tang and Song
dynasties produced an age of prosperity and achievement.
Chinese Empires
The Period of Disunion lasted more than 350 years, ending
when a northern ruler named Wendi reunified China, founding
the Sui dynasty.
The Han dynasty ruled China from 206 BC to AD 220—more
than 400 years. After the dynasty collapsed, military leaders
split China into rival kingdoms. These events began a period of
disorder and warfare that historians call the Period of Disunion.
Sui and Tang DynastiesNomads invaded northern China, formed
own kingdoms Many northern Chinese fled south to region of
Yangzi RiverA number of southern dynasties rose, fell
The Period of DisunionDespite these events, Chinese
civilization thrived, developedNomadic invaders in north
adopted aspects of Chinese civilizationNorthern Chinese
immigrants’ culture blended with local cultures in south; arts,
philosophy flowered
Civilization Thrived
The Sui DynastyGreatest accomplishment of Sui dynasty,
completed during reign of Yangdi, Wendi’s son
1,000 mile waterway linked northern, southern China
Yangdi forced millions of peasants to work on canal; led to

discontent, rebellion
618, Yangdi assassinated, Sui dynasty ended
Grand CanalWendi worked to build centralized government
Restored order, created new legal code, reformed bureaucracy
Created policies to provide adult males with land, ensure
availability of grain
Centralized Government
Period of BrillianceTang dynasty ruled 618 to 907; Chinese
influence spreadChina experienced period of brilliance,
prosperity, cultural achievement Government, other institutions
served as models across East Asia
Civil ServiceTo obtain talented officials, Tang expanded civil
service examination systemPeople had to pass written exams to
work for governmentCreated flexible law code; model for law
codes in Korea, Japan
Built on Sui FoundationsEstablished capital at Chang’an, Sui
capitalSecond capital located at LuoyangGovernment control
remained centralized, based on bureaucracy of officials
The Tang Dynasty
ExpansionMuch of expansion occurred during reign of Taizong,
626 to 649Taizong relied on talented ministers to help governIn
addition to military conquests, Taizong had schools built to
prepare students for civil service examsAfter his death, one of
his sons became emperor
Foreign AffairsTang expanded China, Chinese
influenceRegained western lands in Central Asia, gained
influence over KoreaContact with Japan increased; Japanese

scholars came to China to studyExpansion, increased contact
with others grew foreign trade
Wu Zhao
New emperor was weak, sickly Emperor’s wife, Wu Zhao
gained powerFollowing death of husbandWu Zhao ruled through
her sonsEventually became emperor herself—the only woman to
do so in Chinese history Wu Zhao overthrown, 705Dynasty
reached height under XuanzongDuring reign, 712 to 756, empire
prospered
Question for thought!
Why is Empress Wu met with disdain by many Chinese
historians?
From IndiaBuddhism first came to China from India during Han
timesDuring Period of Disunion many Chinese turned to
BuddhismTaught people could escape suffering, appealed to
people in turmoil
Tang Decline750s, decline began, government weak, nomadic
invasions, rebellionsMilitary defeats lost Tang lands in Central
Asia and the north907, emperor killed, Tang dynasty ended
State ReligionUnder Tang rule, Buddhism became state
religionBuddhist temples appeared across land, missionaries
spread Buddhism 400 to 845 in China, Age of Buddhism; ended

when lost official favor
The Age of Buddhism
Summarize
How did the Sui and Tang dynasties unite and expand China?
Answer(s): built centralized government; reformed laws and
policies; built Grand Canal; Tang regained land in Central Asia
and gained influence over neighboring states; increased contact
with other peoples
The Song DynastySong established capital at Kaifeng, restored
centralized government control
Enlarged government bureaucracy, reformed civil service
examination system
Neo-Confucianism gained favor, emphasizing Confucian ethics,
spiritual matters
Government and Civil ServiceChina split apart after Tang
dynasty
Did not reunify until 960 with Song dynasty
Song ruled for about 300 years, created achievement, prosperity
Under Song, Chinese civilization became most advanced in
world
After Tang Dynasty
Southern SongSong rulers never regained northern, western
lands lost by TangTried to buy peace with threatening nomads
by sending lavish gifts1120s, nomadic people, Jurchen,

conquered northern China, founded Jin empireSong continued in
south as Southern Song dynasty 150 more years
Civil Service ExamsExtremely difficult to pass; those who did
became scholar-officialsScholar-officials received good salary,
were respectedCivil service exams became more open to
ordinary peopleExams became pathway to gaining wealth, status
Compare
How did the Song strengthen China’s government?
Answer(s): established capital at Kaifeng and restored
centralized government control, enlarged bureaucracy, reformed
civil service exam
The Tang and Song dynasties were periods of great cultural
achievement. Art and literature flourished, and many inventions
and advances occurred in science and technology.
Cultural AchievementsTang period produced some of China’s
greatest poetsDu Fu, Li Bo, two most famousPoems of
Confucian ideals, joys of life
Literature and ArtReached new heights Wu Daozi, murals
celebrating Buddhism, natureLandscapes of great beautySome
used only black ink
PaintingExquisite objects made from clayTang: pottery
figurines, often to go in tombsSong: excelled at making
porcelainAdmired, sought after worldwide
Artisans

ArchitectureIndian Buddhist temples influenced design of
Chinese pagodaFeatured roofs at each floor curving upwards at
corners
Magnetic CompassMajor Tang technical advanceUses Earth’s
magnetic field to show directionRevolutionized sea travel,
contributed to world exploration
InventionsDuring Tang, Song periods, China became a world
leader in technology, scienceGunpowder major invention, used
in fireworks, weapons
PrintingPaper, ink invented earlierTang period, developed
woodblock printingText carved into wood, coated with ink,
pressed on paper
Inventions and Innovations
Paper MoneyAnother Song inventionHad used bulky metal disks
placed on stringsAs economy grew, lighter, more useful form of
currency developedPaper money light, easy to use, quickly
spread in use in China
Moveable TypeSong dynasty invented another type of printing,
moveable typeUses blocks on which letters, characters
carvedBlocks rearranged, reused to print many thingsFaster than
woodblock, spread to Europe, revolutionized printing
Identify Cause and Effect

How did Chinese innovations affect world history?
Answer(s): Gunpowder dramatically affected how wars were
fought; the compass allowed for world navigation; printing
innovations led to increased sharing of ideas.
In addition to cultural achievements, the Tang and Song periods
were a time of growth and prosperity.
Prosperity and SocietyChinese agriculture became more
productiveNew irrigation techniquesNew variety of rice
Production of cotton, tea increasedIncreased food production
contributed to population growthTang population 60 million,
Song population 100 million
AgricultureImprovements in roads, canals increased trade
within China Foreign trade expanded, mostly over land routes
like Silk RoadsLate Tang: advances in sailing, shipbuilding
helped sea tradeSong: merchants became important in society;
money, banking began to develop
Trade
As farming, trade grew so did China’s citiesChina had largest
cities in world at the timeTang capital, Chang’an, population
more than 1 million, many culturesSong dynasty, several cities
had million or more; sea trade caused port cities to
boomDespite urban growth, most Chinese still lived, farmed in
countryside
City LifePower of aristocratic families declined during
periodNew class developed, gentryIncluded scholar-officials,
leading landownersMost still peasants, farmersPaid most of
taxes, little schooling
SocietyStatus of women declined, most visibly in upper
classesDesire for small, dainty feet led to custom of

footbindingPainful process to keep feet from growing, deformed
feet over timeSymbol of husband’s authority
Women
Draw Conclusions
How did footbinding reflect changes in attitudes toward women
in China?
Answer(s): became symbol of husband's authority over wife;
women's status declined
The Mongol Empire
Main Idea / Reading Focus
The Mongols
The Yuan Dynasty
Map: Mongol Empire
End of the Yuan Dynasty
Faces of History: Kublai Khan
Reading FocusHow did the nomadic Mongols build an
empire?How did China change under the Mongol rulers of the
Yuan dynasty?Why did the Yuan dynasty decline and finally
end?
Main Idea
The Mongols built a vast empire across much of Asia, founded
the Yuan dynasty in China, and opened China and the region to
greater foreign contacts and trade.
The Mongol Empire

In the 1200s a nomadic people called the Mongols burst forth
from Central Asia to create the largest land empire in history.
The MongolsVast steppes, grasslands, stretch across north-
central Eurasia, home to nomadic peoplesSteppes too dry for
farmingNomads relied on herds of domesticated animals Often
traded; but also swept down on settlements, took what they
wanted
Nomads from the SteppeLike Huns, Turks, the Mongols
emerged as powerful nomadic people on Central Asian
steppesHerded sheep, goatsSkilled with horsesAccustomed to
living in harsh environment, competing for scarce
resourcesTough people, fierce warriors
Fierce Warriors
Separate ClansMongols divided into separate clans, each led by
a khan, chiefKhans rose to power through military skills, ability
to lead1100s, Temujin, powerful khan, began to conquer rivals,
unite Mongol clans
Campaign of ConquestMongol forces began bloody campaign of
conquest; highly mobile armiesEmployed brutality,
psychological warfare; burned towns, killed inhabitantsSent
agents ahead to instill fear; soon people surrendered without a
fight
Genghis Khan1206, Temujin completed task, took name
Genghis Khan, “Universal Ruler” Set out to build empire,
organized Mongols into powerful military machineStrict
discipline, demanded loyalty, rewarded those who pleased him
The Universal Ruler

The Mongol EmpireGenghis Kahn’s empire divided into four
khanates, heir ruled each region; new Great Khan ruled over
whole empire
Grandsons resumed efforts to complete conquests of China,
Korea, Persia
1236, Golden Horde, or Tartars, began conquering Russia,
Poland, Hungary
Khanates Genghis Kahn led Mongols in conquering much of
Asia
Mongols learned art of siege warfare, gunpowder in fights
against Chinese, Turks
At Genghis Kahn’s death, 1227, Mongols controlled much of
northern China, Central Asia
Sons, grandsons took up challenge of world conquest
The Mongol Empire
The Golden Horde
Golden Horde stood ready to invade western EuropeGrandson
Batu learned of Great Kahn’s death, suddenly turned back India,
Western Europe escaped Mongol wrathMost of Eurasia
devastatedMillions had died, entire cities annihilated
Stability in AsiaMongol Empire established peace, stability
across AsiaSome historians call period Pax Mongolica, “Mongol

Peace”Guarded trade routes across Asia, allowed trade to
increase; people, goods, ideas flowed across AsiaSome believe
Black Plague spread from Asia to Europe during period
The Mongol PeaceMongols built empire with brutality, ruled
peacefullyTolerated local beliefs, ways of life, allowed local
rulers to stay in power as long as they paid tribute to
MongolsSome Mongols adopted aspects of more civilized
cultures; Mongols in Central Asia, Persia, adopted Islam
Identify Supporting Details
How were the Mongols able to build a vast empire across much
of Eurasia?
Answer(s): army was skilled and well organized, rules promoted
loyalty and obedience; tactics involved brutality and
psychological warfare; built fear in those they conquered
Great Kahn1260, Kublai Khan became Great Kahn of Mongol
Empire Determined to complete conquest of China begun in
1235
Kublai Kahn Rules ChinaAs emperor, Kublai Khan tried to gain
loyalty of Chinese subjectsAdopted Chinese practices, gave
dynasty Chinese name
Southern SongMongols ruled northern ChinaSouthern Song
dynasty ruled in south, fiercely resisted Mongols1279, Song
defeated; Kublai Khan created Yuan dynasty
New CapitalKublai Khan moved capital to near what is now
BeijingBuilt Chinese-style walled city, lavish palace, adopted
Chinese court ceremonies
The Yuan Dynasty

Mongol IdentityKublai Khan tried to rule as Chinese
emperorBut took care to see Mongols not absorbed into Chinese
cultureMongols lived apart from Chinese, had little in common
Limited PowerKublai Khan distrusted Chinese, limited power
Chinese officials served at local level, could not hold high
government postsMongols invited foreigners to hold
government office
Separation Individual friendships between Mongols, Chinese
discouragedMongols forbidden to marry ChineseDifferent laws,
taxes for Chinese; could not own weapons, serve in military
Kublai Khan Rules China
Mongols burdened Chinese with heavy taxesLarge part of taxes
supported public-works projectsChinese laborers built new
roads, extended Grand CanalImprovements made shipping rice,
other goods from southern China to northern China easier, more
reliable
Taxes to TradeMongols posted soldiers throughout China to
keep peaceFeared rebellions, particularly in south where many
Chinese remained loyal to Song dynasty
Peace Foreign trade increasedPax Mongolica made land travel
safer for merchantsSea trade improved; foreign merchants
welcomed to China’s ports
Foreign Trade

Some scholars question whether Polo reached China or just
related stories he heard in his travels, but his tales increased
interest in China.
As a result of Kublai Khan’s foreign trade policies, many
merchants, travelers and missionaries came to China. Most were
from Southwest Asia and India. However a few came from
Europe as well. One of the most famous of these Europeans was
Marco Polo.
Europeans to ChinaMarco Polo, Italian trader visited Yuan
courtKublai Kahn sent Polo on several missions; traveled in,
around China for 17 years1295, Polo imprisoned in Venice,
recounted tales to fellow prisoner
Marco Polo in ChinaPolo’s tales published as bookBook
fascinated many EuropeansPolo described grand palace, with
walls covered in silver, goldNoted efficiency of postal system,
use of paper moneyAwed by size, splendor of cities
Accounts of China
Summarize
How did Mongol rule in the Yuan dynasty affect life for the
Chinese?
Answer(s): made the Chinese subordinate to the Mongols;
limited their power
The Yuan dynasty weakened during the last part of Kublai
Khan’s reign. One cause was a number of military defeats. All
of his invasions into Southeast Asia failed, and Mongol armies
suffered huge losses.
End of the Yuan DynastyKublai Khan had set sights on

conquering JapanTried to invade Japan twiceDisastrous results
each time
JapanFirst attempt: 900 ships attacked Japan, storm destroyed
fleetSecond attempt: Khan sent larger fleet, severe storm again
wiped out fleet
Attacks After two fleets destroyed by storms, Mongols never
attempted Japanese invasionJapanese called storms that saved
them kamikaze, “divine wind”
Kamikaze
Military and Monetary Losses1294, Kublai Khan died, power
struggles erupted; Khan’s successors lacked talent for
leadership
Floods, rising taxes further increased discontent
1300s, Chinese rebelled, defeated Mongols
Mongols fled to Manchuria, ending foreign rule in China
End of DynastyHuge military losses in Japan weakened Mongol
forces that controlled, protected China
Large amounts spent on public-works projects weakened
economy
Weaknesses, Chinese resentment of Mongols, left empire ripe
for rebellion
Weaknesses
What factors led to the end of the Yuan dynasty?
Answer(s): military defeats and failed invasions; lack of good

leadership; power struggles; Chinese discontent
Japan and Korea
Early Japanese Civilization
Map: Japan
Foreign Influences on Japan
The Heian Period
Korea
Map: Korea
Reading FocusWhat factors shaped early Japanese
civilization?How did foreign influences shape life in early
Japan?What characteristics defined Japan’s Heian period?What
were the main events in the history of early Korea?
Main Idea
Geography and cultural borrowing from China shaped the early
civilizations of Japan and Korea.
Japan and Korea
Only a small part of Japan is suitable for farming. Most
Japanese have always lived in the river valleys and coastal
plains.
The Japanese call their country Nippon, meaning “Land of the
Rising Sun.” Japan sits on the eastern edge of the Pacific
Ocean, at what feels like the origin of the sunrise in the east.
This location and the geography of Japan has shaped life there
since the earliest times.
Early Japanese CivilizationThe nation of Japan consists of some
3,000 islandsLargest four islands form an archipelago, large

island chainChain extends more than 1,500 miles and lies on
Ring of Fire—zone of volcanoes, earthquakes
The LandJapan home to hundreds of volcanoes, many
activeExperiences frequent earthquakesSubject to tsunamis,
huge waves from underwater earthquakesTyphoons also strike
late in summer, early autumn
The Elements
Separated from NeighborsJapan separated from Korea by 100
miles of water, from China by 400 miles of water—large enough
distances to prevent invasionsOnly successful invasion of Japan
occurred in World War IIEarly Japanese developed own culture
in relative isolationChina, Korea close enough to influence
Japan’s culture later in time
The SeaNearness of sea has also shaped development of
JapanPeople never far from sea, even on larger islandsEarly
Japanese turned to sea for food, transportationSea also
protected, isolated Japan during much of history
MigrationScientists think first people to settle in Japan migrated
from Asian mainlandEarly people hunters, gatherers; developed
societies with distinct culturesOldest known Japanese culture,
Ainu
ClansPeople on islands south of Ainu became the JapaneseClans
developed, came to rule many villagesEach clan worshipped
nature spirits, kami, believed to be their ancestors
AinuAinu’s origin unknown, did not resemble other East
AsiansMore people migrated to Japan, Ainu driven onto
northernmost island Culture almost disappeared
Early Japan

Shinto Religion
Religious beliefs developed into Shinto religion Shinto, “way of
the kami” Shinto religion:Everything in nature has a kamiNo
sacred text, formal structureShrines: Built to kami, ceremonies
performed thereLocated in natural settings; red gateway, torii,
marks entrance
The Yamato ClanIn time Japan’s emperors claimed to be living
gods
Other clans eventually gained power over the Yamato
Did not remove Yamato emperor, but controlled him
As result, emperor often had no real authority, served as
figurehead; this political system continued until 1900s
EmperorsAmaterasu, the sun goddess, was one of most revered
kami
First Japanese emperor said to be grandson of sun goddess
Emperor member of Yamato clan, which lived in rich farming
region on island of Honshu
Did not control all Japan, but Yamato chiefs began to call
themselves emperors of Japan
Powerful Clan
Identify Supporting Details
What geographic factors have influenced Japan’s history and

culture?
Answer(s): geologically active region; steep mountains, thick
forests, limited but fertile farmland, islands surrounded by the
sea
By the mid-500s, Japan had increased contact with its
neighbors, Korea and China. Their cultures began to influence
Japan.
Foreign Influences on JapanKorean traders, travelers brought
foreign influences; most originated in ChinaKorean scribes
introduced Chinese writing to JapanKorean monks introduced
religion of BuddhismBuddhism influenced Japanese art,
architecture
Korean InfluencesPrince Shotoku helped spread Buddhism in
JapanServed as regent to Japanese empress, his aunt Shotoku
admired China, sent scholars to learn from ChineseKnowledge
from missions to Tang dynasty changed Japan in many ways
Chinese Influences
Tang InfluencesChinese fashions, foods, tea became popular in
JapanTang styles of art, music, dance, gardening also popular
Government InfluencesJapanese adopted Tang ideas, including
stronger central government, bureaucracyAdopted law code
similar to China’s, not civil service system
Confucian InfluencesJapanese adopted many Confucian ideas
about familyWives should obey husbandsChildren should obey
parents
End of Influences800s, Tang dynasty declined, Japanese
stopped sending missions to ChinaTransformed what they had
learned, to create own culture, society
Changes in Japan

Find the Main Idea
How did Chinese influences affect Japan during this period?
Answer(s): gave Japan a written language; Buddhism spread
from China to Japan; Chinese fashion and foods became
popular; Japanese adopted some Chinese ideas about
government
In 794 Japan’s emperor moved the capital to Heian, now called
Kyoto. Many nobles moved to Heian, where they developed an
elegant and stylish court society. At the Heian court, Japanese
culture flowered.
The Heian Period
Heian nobles lived in beautiful palaces, enjoyed lives of
privilegeSo removed from common people, many called selves
“dwellers among the clouds”
Life in the Heian PeriodRules governed all aspects of court
behavior, dressElaborate silk gowns for womenProper way to
write note, an art formEveryone expected to write poetry
EtiquetteWomen enjoyed writing, reading fictional proseLady
Murasaki Shikibu greatest writer; The Tale of Genji, world’s
first full-length novel, describes court life
Women
The Fujiwaras
Fujiwara family controlled Japan for most of Heian period
Many Fujiwaras served as regentFujiwaras often married
daughters to heirs of throneRich landowners with private armies

eventually challenged Fujiwaras, Japan’s central government
Summarize
Why was the Heian period a golden age of culture in Japan?
Answer(s): A court culture grew; writing and art flourished.
Korean PeninsulaJuts from East Asian mainland, China to
southwest, Japan to eastLocation made Korea bridge for passage
of people, culture, ideasAlso left region open to invasion
Early KoreaFirst Koreans nomadic peoples from northeastern
Asia; formed clansDeveloped own culture; but influenced by
China’s Han dynasty, 108 BCAdopted Confucianism, Chinese
writing, political, agricultural methods
GeographyMuch of peninsula covered by rugged mountains,
limits land for agricultureMountain ranges run north and south
along east coastMain population centers in west; land flattens to
plains
Korea
After China’s Han dynasty, three rival kingdoms controlled
Korea600s, rulers of one kingdom, Silla, allied with China,
conquered restSilla then turned on Chinese; ruled all Korea by
670Agreed to pay tribute to China to ensure harmony, good
willEmbraced many aspects of Chinese civilization, promoted

Buddhism, created central government, bureaucracy based on
Tang model
Silla935, rebels defeated Silla Kingdom, founded Koryo
dynasty, which lasted until 1392Continued to adopt Chinese
ideas, worked for distinct Korean featuresCivil service exam
like China’s but only nobles could take test
The Koryo DynastySociety divided between powerful nobility
and the rest of the peopleCulture thrived, artisans created
pottery covered with celadon glazeImproved on Chinese
woodblock printing, created moveable typePrinted Buddhist
texts
Society, Culture
Mongol Occupation
1200s, Mongols of Yuan China invaded, occupied Korea Forced
Koryo’s rulers to pay immense tributes, enslaved many Koreans
Took artisans to ChinaForced men to serve in Yuan
military1300s, Yuan dynasty weakenedKoreans rebelled against
Yuan1392, Korean general founded new dynasty
Sequence
What were the major events and periods in early Korean
history?
Answer(s): period of Han dynasty influence; period when Silla
kingdom allied with Chinese; Koryo dynasty
Civilizations of Southeast Asia

Influences on Southeast Asia
Map: Southeast Asian Kingdoms
Early Kingdoms and Empires
Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
Video: The Impact of Chinese Culture on Japan
Reading Focus What factors influenced early civilizations in the
region of Southeast Asia?What early kingdoms and empires
developed in Southeast Asia?
Main Idea
The early civilizations of Southeast Asia were influenced by
geography and the cultures of India and China.
Civilizations of Southeast Asia
India and China shaped the development of civilization in the
region of Southeast Asia. Geography and trade also played
important roles.
Influences on Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia divided in two parts—mainland Southeast Asia,
and island Southeast AsiaMainland—modern nations of
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, part of
MalaysiaIsland—Sumatra, Borneo, Java, rest of Malaysia,
Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore
Two Parts of Southeast AsiaSeveral rivers flow south on
mainlandValleys, deltas of rivers supported farming, home to
early civilizationsSeparating rivers, rugged mountains, limited
contact among peopleIslands surrounded by seas, straits;
provided sources of food, travel, served as trade routes
Geography

WindsMonsoons, seasonal winds, shaped trade Winds blow
northeast in summer, southwest in winterShips relied on
monsoons to sail from place to place, often had to wait in port
until winds shifted to resume voyageMany Southeast Asian port
cities became important economic centers
TradeSoutheast Asia waterways, main trade routes between
India, ChinaTwo most important: Malacca Strait between Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra; Sunda Strait, between Sumatra, JavaControl
of these, other important trade routes, brought wealth, power
Sea Trade in Southeast AsiaBy AD 100s, Indian merchants had
begun prosperous sea trade with Southeast AsiaOverland trade
routes through Central Asia more dangerous after fall of Han
dynasty, 220Seaborne trade between China, India
increasedTraders passed through Southeast Asia; exchanged
goods for local products
India and ChinaIndian ideas on writing, science, government,
art spread to Southeast Asia
Ancient Indian language, Sanskrit, came into wide use
Chinese influences spread by conquest, trade, migration
China controlled northern Vietnam at different times, strongly
influenced that region
Other InfluencesChinese, Indian traders influenced Southeast
Asia
Indian influence spread through trade, missionaries

Indian missionaries introduced Hinduism, Buddhism; many
kingdoms adopted the religions, built temples in Indian style
Eventually Indians brought Islam; remains strong today
Traders and Missionaries
How did trade influence Southeast Asia?
Answer(s): Ports became the economic centers of Southeast
Asia; Indian and Chinese influence spread to Southeast Asia
through trade
Small but PowerfulSeveral early kingdoms, empires arose in
Southeast AsiaMost small, a few quite powerfulBlended
influences from India, China to create own unique societies,
cultures
Conquests 1057, Anawrahta united much of what is now
Myanmar under his ruleConquests provided Pagan with access
to trading portsAnawrahta’s kingdom prospered
The Pagan KingdomAD 800s, Burmans established kingdom of
Pagan, in what is now MyanmarLocated in fertile Irrawaddy
River valley, ideal for rice farmingFirst king, Anawrahta, ruled
1044 to 1077, conquered surrounding areas
Early Kingdoms and Empires
The Pagan KingdomAnawrahta, successors supported Theravada

Buddhism, built thousands of Buddhist templesPagan became
center of Buddhist learning1287, Kublai Khan’s Mongols
demanded tribute from Pagan; king refused and attacked; was
crushedOne of king’s own sons killed him, then agreed to pay
tribute to the MongolsPagan survived, but lost powerToday
Myanmar people consider Pagan classical age of history, culture
Powerful Khmer empire arose southeast of Pagan, in what is
now CambodiaEarly 800s, Khmer people began to conquer
kingdoms around them, build great empireEmpire reached
height between 850 and 1250, controlled much of Southeast
Asian mainlandExpensive building projects, invaders
contributed to empire’s decline
The Khmer EmpireKhmer Empire reflected strong Indian
influenceAdopted Hindu, Buddhist beliefs, ruled as
godsEmpire’s capital city, Angkor, symbolized shape of Hindu
universe, temple at its center
Indian InfluenceBuilt vast temple complexes; Angkor Wat ruins
still standEmpire grew prosperous from rice farmingBuilt
irrigation system covering 12.5 million acres, grew several
crops per year
Rich from Rice
Trading KingdomsSeveral developed on islands of Southeast
AsiaKingdom of Sailendra on Java flourished, 750 to 850Relied
on agriculture, trade
SrivijayaWealthy empire on Sumatra, flourished 600s to
1200sGained wealth from control of overseas trade through
Malacca, Sunda straits Also Buddhist learning center
SailendraAdopted Mahayana Buddhism, known for impressive
Buddhist art, architectureBorobudur monument with terraced
levels most famous
Control Reduced1025, empire attacked by Indian kingdom

Empire survived, but weakenedControl of trade reducedIslam
spread; Muslims came to dominate trade in region
Trading Kingdoms
In hopes of regaining their independence, the Vietnamese
sometimes rebelled when Chinese rule grew weak.
While most of Southeast Asia was strongly influenced by India,
Vietnam was strongly influenced by China. In 111 BC the Han
dynasty of China conquered the kingdom of Nam Viet, in what
is now northern Vietnam. They ruled the region off and on for
the next 1,000 years.
Vietnam Chinese forced Vietnamese to adopt Chinese language,
clothing, hairstylesConfucianism, Daoism influenced
Vietnamese societyAdopted Chinese government features,
including bureaucracy
Chinese RuleVietnam embraced Buddhism, but still maintained
traditional customsContinued to worship nature spirits
alongside other belief systemsChinese rule shaped life in early
Vietnam, but people determined to preserve own culture,
identity
Traditional Customs
Rebellion AD 39, one of most famous Vietnamese rebellions
took placeTwo sisters, Trung Trac, Trung Nhi raised army,
briefly drove Chinese outChinese soon regained control; sisters
remain heroes in Vietnam today
Dai VietRulers of Dai Viet sent tribute to China, but remained
independentChinese failed in attempts to reconquer Vietnam;
1285, Mongols invaded; Dai Viet prince Tran Quoc Toan
defeated them, became a hero
Independence Early 900s, fall of China’s Tang dynasty provided

Vietnamese another chance at independence; this time
successful 939, established independent kingdom in what is now
northern Vietnam
Rebellion in Vietnam
Contrast
How did the development of early Vietnam differ from the
development of kingdoms and empires in the rest of Southeast
Asia?
Answer(s): was ruled by China; influenced by China rather than
India

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