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DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 01. FASCISM
- 2. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
FASCISM
• Liberalism,conservatism,socialismwere19th centuryideologies.
• Fascismisachildofthetwentiethcentury.
• Somepeoplebelievethatfascismwasan inter-warphenomenon.
• Fascistbeliefscanbetracedbacktothe19th century,butitwas
shapedbytheFirstWorldWar,bythebigmixtureofwarand
revolutionthatcharacterisedthisperiod.
• The2mostprominent manifestationsoffascismwere Mussolini’s
FascistdictatorshipinItaly(1922-1943) andHitler’sNazi
dictatorshipinGermany(1933-1945).
- 3. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
FORMSOFNEOFASCISM
• Formsof neofascismandneo-Nazismhaveresurfacedinthefinalyearsof
thelastcentury,becauseofthecombinationofeconomiccrisisandpolitical
instabilitythathasfollowedthecollapseofcommunism.
- 4. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
WHATISFASCISM? • Fascismwasarevoltagainsttheideasandvalues
thathaddominatedwesternpoliticalthought since
theFrenchRevolution.
• Inthewordsof theItalianfascistslogan“1789is
dead”.
• Valuessuchasrationalism,progress,freedomand
equalitywereoverturnedinthenameof struggle,
leadership,power,heroismandwar.
• Fascismisdefinedlargelybywhatitopposes: itisa
formof anti-capitalism,anti-liberalism,anti-
individualismandanti-communism.
- 5. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
THECORETHEMEOFFASCISM
• Thecorethemeoffascismisthe
imageofanorganicallyunified
nationalcommunity.
• Thisisreflectedinabeliefin
“strengththroughunity”.
• Theindividualisnothing, asthe
individualidentitymustbeentirely
absorbedintothecommunity or
socialgroup.
- 6. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
THEIDEAL Thefascistidealisthe“newman”,the“hero”,motivatedby
duty,honourandself-sacrifice,preparedtodedicatehislife
tothegloryofhisnationorrace,andtogiveobediencetothe
supremeleaderwithoutquestioninghisauthority.
- 7. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
ITALIANFASCISM
• Italianfascismwas
essentiallyanextremeform
ofstatism,thatwasbasedon
totalrespecttowardsa
totalitarianstate.
• TheFascistphilosopher
GiovanniGentile(1875-1944)
said:
“Everythingforthestate,
nothingagainstthestate,
nothingoutsidethestate”
- 8. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
COREFASCISTTHEORIES
• Aryanism: thebeliefthattheGermanpeopleconstitutea“masterrace”and
aredestinedforworlddomination.
• Anti-Semitism: portrayedtheJewsasevilandaimedattheireradication.
Thisonefoundexpressionin theFinalSolution.
- 9. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
MUSSOLINI’S“DOCTRINEOFFASCISM”(1932) -1
• FascismdesirestheStatetobestrong andorganic,basedonbroadfoundationsof
popularsupport.
• Imperialismimpliesdiscipline,thecoordinationofefforts,adeepsenseofdutyand
aspiritofself-sacrifice.
• TodayFascismfillsuniversalrequirements;Fascismsolvesthethreefoldproblem
ofrelationsbetweenStateandindividual,betweenStateandassociations,
betweenassociationsandorganizedassociations.
• Struggleisattheorigin ofallthings, forlifeisfullofcontrasts:thereisloveand
hatred,whiteandblack,dayandnight, goodandevil;anduntilthesecontrasts
achievebalance,strugglefatefullyremainsattherootofhumannature.
- 10. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
MUSSOLINI’S“DOCTRINEOFFASCISM”(1932) -2
• LifefortheFascistisacontinuous,ceaselessfight,which weacceptwithease,with
greatcourage,withthenecessaryintrepidity.
• YoutouchthecoreofFascistphilosophy. WhenrecentlyaFinnishphilosopher
askedmetoexpoundtohimthesignificanceof Fascisminonesentence,Iwrotein
German:Weareagainstthe“easy,lift!”.
• Ourbattleisanungratefulone,yetitisabeautifulbattlesinceitcompelsusto
countonlyuponourownforces.Revealedtruthswehavetorntoshreds,dogmas
wehavespatupon, wehaverejectedalltheoriesofparadise,wehavebaffled
charlatanswhite,red,blackcharlatanswhoplacedmiraculousdrugsonthe
markettogiveahappinessntomankind. Wedonotbelieveinprogram, inplans,in
saintsorapostles,webelievenotinhappiness,salvationandPromisedLand.
- 11. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
MUSSOLINI’S“DOCTRINEOFFASCISM”(1932) -3
• Wewerethefirsttostate,inthefaceofdemoliberalindividualism,thattheindividual
existsonlyinsofarasheiswithintheStateandsubjectedtotherequirementsofthe
stateandthat,ascivilizationassumesaspectswhich growmoreandmore
complicated,individualfreedombecomesmoreandmorerestricted.
• TheFasciststateclaimsitsethicalcharacter:itisCatholicbutaboveallitisFascist,
infactitisexclusivelyandessentiallyFascist.CatholicismcompletesFascism,and
thisweopenlydeclare,butletnoonethink theycanturnthetablesonus,undercover
ofmetaphysicsorphilosophy.
• Ibelievethatifapeoplewishtolive,theyshoulddevelopawilltopower,otherwise
theyvegetate,livemiserablyandbecomepreytoastrongerpeople.
- 12. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
ACTIVITIES
• Read“Thedoctrineoffascism”byBenito
Mussolini(1932)andprovidealistwiththe10
mostimportantideasaboutfascism.
Source: https://www.docdroid.net/e6o4FAc/the-
doctrine-of-fascism-pdf
- 13. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
ACTIVITIES–TESTYOUR UNDERSTANDING –THE“PAXTONPARAGRAPH”
ROBERTPAXTON,2005
Fascismmaybedefinedasaformofpoliticalbehaviour
markedbyobsessivepreoccupationwithcommunitydecline,
humiliation,orvictimhoodandbycompensatorycultsof
unity,energy,andpurity,inwhichamass-basedpartyof
committednationalistmilitants,workinginuneasybut
effectivecollaborationwithtraditionalelites,abandons
democraticlibertiesandpursueswithredemptiveviolence
andwithoutethicalorlegalrestraintsgoalsofinternal
cleansingandexternalexpansion.
READTHE QUOTEANDWRITE APARAGRAPH
TODESCRIBETHE AUTHOR’S VIEW
- 14. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
ACTIVITIES–TESTYOUR UNDERSTANDING –THE“GRIFFINPARAGRAPH”
ROGERGRIFFIN
Fascismshouldbeseenasarevolutionaryformof
nationalismguidedbythemythoftheimminentrebirthofthe
nationindecadence.
READTHE QUOTEANDWRITE APARAGRAPH
TODESCRIBETHE AUTHOR’S VIEW
- 15. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
ACTIVITIES–TESTYOUR UNDERSTANDING –THE“BOBBIOPARAGRAPH”
NORBERTOBOBBIO,1981
Fascismisapoliticalsystemwhichaimstouniteasocietyin
crisisinsideadynamicandtragicdimensionpromotingthe
mobilizationofthemassesbyequatingsocialandnational
demand.
READTHE QUOTEANDWRITE APARAGRAPH
TODESCRIBETHE AUTHOR’S VIEW
- 16. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
QUESTION
• Whatcircumstancesaremostconducivetotheriseoffascism?
WRITEASMANYPARAGRAPHSASNECESSARYTOEXPLAIN.