IT IS ALL ABOUT B.Ed. 216 SYLLABUS ACC TO IPU.

1. Course Title: Environmental Education
Course Code : BED216 MM:100
GEETA DHASMANA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
FIMT
DELHI
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Objectives of the Course:
• To understand and reflect on the concept and
characteristics of environmental education from various
aspects.
• To develop awareness understanding and concern about
environment and associated problems, and to develop
knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivation and
commitment to work individually and collectively
towards their solutions and prevention of new ones.
• To do teaching learning about the environment, through
the environment and for the environment.
• To develop special skill needed to link theoretical
understanding with practical/applied aspects.

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Unit III: Environmental Issues and concerns
• Consumerism and waste generation and its management
• Genetically-modified crops and food security: Impacts positive
and negative
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•Consumerism and waste products
•Consumerism is related to the constant purchasing of new
goods,with little attention to their true need, durability, product
origin, or the environmental consequences of their manufacture
and disposal.
•Consumerism interferes with the sustainable use of resources in a
society by replacing the normal common sense desire for an
adequate supply of life’s necessities, with and insatiable quest for
things that are purchased by larger and larger incomes to buy them.
•Especially in developed countries, landfills are being rapidly filled
with cheap discarded products that fail to work within short time
and cannot be repaired.

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•Our health will be affected by dangerous industrial effluents, and
be will be smothered by clouds of smoke and unhealthy gases.
Therefore, the reuse of goods and waste utilization should become
a part of the production-consumption cycle.
•For example, it is estimated that the per capita production of
domestic waste is many times higher in a developed country hence
compared to a developing country.
•Large quantities of solid, liquid and gaseous waste is produced by
urban industrial communities in the form of plastic, paper, leather,
tin cans, bottles, mineral refuse, and pathological waste from
hospitals.
•Dead animals, agricultural wastes, fertilizer and pesticide overuse,
and human and animal excreta are essentially rural concerns.
•This attitude towards waste has led to disastrous effects on the
environment besides the overexploitation of natural resources

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•In many cases, consumer products are made psychologically
obsolete by advertising industry long before they actually wear out.
•The inordinate amount of waste that is generated by consumer-
oriented societies around the world is now a serious environmental
issue.
•Most human activities are related to production and consumption
cycle which produce excessive amounts of waste in the form of
solid, liquid and gaseous waste products.
•With the advent of and industrial civilization, the highly complex
technological processes for production of goods have rapidly
increased problems due to inadequate waste disposal.

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•With the rapid increase in population, the amount of waste in
terms of quantity and quality has increased waste management
pressure many-fold in recent years.
•Our health will be affected by dangerous industrial effluents, and
be will be smothered by clouds of smoke and unhealthy gases.
Therefore, the reuse of goods and waste utilization should become
a part of the production-consumption cycle.
•For example, it is estimated that the per capita production of
domestic waste is many times higher in a developed country hence
compared to a developing country.
•Large quantities of solid, liquid and gaseous waste is produced by
urban industrial communities in the form of plastic, paper, leather,

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•tin cans, bottles, mineral refuse, and pathological waste from
hospitals.
•Dead animals, agricultural wastes, fertilizer and pesticide overuse,
and human and animal excreta are essentially rural concerns.
•This attitude towards waste has led to disastrous effects on the
environment besides the overexploitation of natural resources.

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Management of waste: Reduce, reuse, and recycle
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle or the 3R’s principle, is the new concept in
the waste management. Although some waste is inevitable in any
society, we must minimize the generation of waste at the source by
using minimal resources. Do not use what you do not need. The
goal of every society should be reach a low-waste or no-waste
society. The residual waste can be converted into a useable
resource. Thus, the waste does not remain a waste product
anymore, but become a useful resource e.g., using kitchen wet
waste to make compost that can be used as an organic fertilizer, or
using sewage in a biogas plant to make fuel. One industry’s waste
could be a valuable resource for another industry.
The 3R principle of Reduce, Refuge, Recycle, should be followed in
that order.

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Reduce, reuse, and recycle
•Reduction is the best option. If we reduce at source, there is a
smaller chance of waste generation and the pressure on our
already stretched natural resources is reduced.
•Reduce is the next best option, as the product is reused in its
current form without any energy expended to convert it into a new
item.
•Recycling is the last option, as although it converts a waste into a
resource, it uses energy to transform that resource into a new
usable product.
•Thus, by following the ‘3R’ principle, i.e., by reducing use at
source, by reusing and recycling whatever possible and finally by
proper disposal of residual waste, we can cut down or the waste

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Reduce, reuse, and recycle
generated and ensure that the minimal residual waste does not
harm our environment. This principle can be followed by everyone,
from an individual or an industry to a whole country.
Ways of following 3R principle:
•Use only as much as you need, be it any resource – water, food,
paper, etc.
•Next time you throw away something, think about whether it is
really a waste. If it is of no use to you, could someone else use it?
Reuses rinse water to water your garden; donate old clothes to the
needy, instead of throwing them away.
•If you are sure the item is not usable in its present form, can it be
recycled? Paper, plastics, glass, metal can all be recycled.

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Reduce, reuse, and recycle
•Segregate your waste into wet and dry garbage. Wet garbage
includes most kitchen wastes. Most of this can be used for
composting, while most dry garbage is recyclable.
The amount of dry waste generated in your household is an
indicator of how well you are following the 3R principle. A lot of dry
waste means you should go back to the ‘Reduce and Reuse’
principles and try to follow them better.
•As far as possible, avoid using of non – biodegradable materials
such as Styrofoam and certain types of plastics. Although most
plastics are recyclable, recycling still takes up energy, which is
another precious resource not to be wasted. If thrown away as
waste, Styrofoam and plastics can take hundreds of years to
decompose.

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Reduce, reuse, and recycle
Do not litter or throw garbage in public places. Garbage and litter is
a visual contaminant and can cause diseases and health problems.
The proper disposal of garbage is an important part of waste
management.
•Be a conscious consumer and do not buy products that are over –
packaged. Try choosing products that are made from recycled
material or are organically grown.

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Genetically-modified crops and food security: Impacts positive and negative

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GM crop technology has been widely used for over 20 years in a
number of countries and is mainly found in the four crops of canola,
maize, cotton and soybean. In 2016, crops containing this type of
technology accounted for 48% of the global plantings of these four
crops. In addition, small areas of GM sugar beet (adopted in the USA
and Canada since 2008), papaya (in the USA since 1999 and China
since 2008), alfalfa (in the US initially in 2005–2007 and then from
2011), squash (in the USA since 2004), apples (in the USA since 2016),
potatoes (in the USA since 2015) and brinjal (in Bangladesh since
2015) have been planted.
The main traits so far commercialised convey:
Tolerance to specific herbicides (notably to glyphosate and to
glufosinate) in maize, cotton, canola (spring oilseed rape), soybean,
sugar beet and alfalfa. This GM Herbicide Tolerant (GM HT)
technology allows for the ‘over the top’ spraying of GM HT crops with
these specific broad-spectrum herbicides, that target both grass and

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Resistance to specific insect pests of maize, cotton, soybeans and
brinjal. This GM insect resistance (GM IR), or ‘Bt’ technology offers
farmers resistance in the plants to major pests such as stem and stalk
borers, earworms, cutworms and rootworm (eg, Ostrinia nubilalis,
Ostrinia furnacalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Diatraea spp, Helicoverpa
zea and Diabrotica spp) in maize, bollworm/budworm (Heliothis sp
and Helicoverpa) in cotton and caterpillars (Helicoverpa armigeru) in
soybeans. Instead of applying insecticide for pest control, a very
specific and safe insecticide is delivered via the plant itself through
‘Bt’ gene expression.
In addition, the GM papaya and squash referred to above are
resistant to important viruses (eg, ringspot in papaya), the GM apples
are non-browning and the GM potatoes (planted in 2016) have low
asparagine (low acrylamide which is a potential carcinogen) and
reduced bruising.

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The environmental impact analysis focuses on:
MAINTAINS FOOD SECURITY
Changes in the amount of insecticides and herbicides applied to the
GM crops relative to conventionally grown alternatives and;
The contribution of GM crops towards reducing global Greenhouse
Gas (GHG) emissions.
It is widely accepted that increases in atmospheric levels of
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous
oxide are detrimental to the global environment (see for example,
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2006). Therefore, if the
adoption of crop biotechnology contributes to a reduction in the
level of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, this represents a
positive development for the world.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080
/21645698.2018.1476792

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Disadvantages of GM crops:
•Allergenicity
•Gene transfer
•Outcrossing
•Super Weeds
https://www.slideshare.net/Rajdeeepsidhu/ge
netically-modified-cropsall-aspects

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Food Security
According to United State Department of Agriculture (USDA):
Food security for a household means access by all members at all
times to enough food for an active, healthy life.
Food security includes :
(1)the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods.
(2)an assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially
acceptable ways (that is, without resorting to emergency food
supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies).

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GM AND FOOD SECURITY:

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Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant with many health benefits,
including sun protection, improved heart health and a lower risk of
certain types of cancer. Though it can be found as a supplement, it
may be most effective when consumed from lycopene-rich foods
like tomatoes and other red or pink fruits.
Conclusion:
•GMO’s present both positive and negative aspects to society as a
whole.
•They are a topic of much deliberation and tension; very prevalent
in some parts of the world and banned in others.
•GE crops are required for meeting Food Security in today’s
growing population.
•Ultimately, GMO’s are still a relatively premature technology and
in the developmental process.
•Only time will reveal their ultimate effect on humans.

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GM METHOD: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtkhHIG3nx4

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Water consumption pattern in rural and urban settlement
Ethno-botany and its role in the present day world

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Introduction of water consumption:
• Water is an abundant and renewable natural resource that covers
almost two third of the earth but a very small proportion of this is
effectively available for human use.
• The demand for water has always been rising due to
development in both rural and urban areas.
Water consumption:
Meaning
• Water consumption is defined as the freshwater taken from
ground or surface water sources, either permanently or
temporarily and conveyed to the place of use.

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RURAL SETTLEMENT
• Traditionally, rural settlement were associated with agriculture.
• In modern times other types of rural communities have been
developed.
• The settlement where the occupation of majority of people
relate to the local natural resources are called rural settlement.
for example,
1. Settlement of fisheries along a sea coast
2. Settlement of tribal people in a forest area,
3. Settlement of farmers along the banks of rivers
https://www.slideshare.net/deepikabharti5/water-consumption-pattern

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Water consumption patterns in rural areas:
• Water consumption is mainly for laundry, showering,
personal hygiene
• Vegetable gardening is crucial to rural households
especially in developing countries and affects the annual
income of small farm families directly. Vegetable
gardening consists of more than 50% of outdoor water
consumption.
• Villages with continuous piped water supply,
intermittent piped water supply and public tap access
have significant variations in average levels of water
consumption for domestic use.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CONCERN

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Ethno-botany and its role in the present day world
Ethnobotany is coined with two terms i.e., "ethno" - study of people
and "botany" - study of plants; per se it is the study of the
relationship between plants and people. It is considered as a
branch of ethnobiology and is a multidisciplinary science defined as
the interaction between plants and people.
Ethnobotany is the study of a region's plants and their practical
uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and
people. An ethnobotanist thus strives to document the local
customs involving the practical uses of local flora for many aspects
of life, such as plants as medicines, foods, intoxicants and
clothing. Richard Evans Schultes, often referred to as the "father of
ethnobotany", explained the discipline in this way:
Ethnobotany simply means ... investigating plants used by societies
in various parts of the world.
Since the time of Schultes, the field of ethnobotany has grown from
simply acquiring ethnobotanical knowledge to that of applying it to
a modern society, primarily in the form of pharmaceuticals.

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The Amazon rain forest includes
areas of nine South American
countries: Brazil, Peru,
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador,
Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and
French Guiana. And it covers an
area the size of the United
States, not including Alaska and
Hawaii.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany

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PRESENT ROLE OF ETHNOBOTANY:
Ethnobotany has played important role in the development of new
drugs for many centuries and becoming increasingly important in
defining strategies and actions for conservation or recuperation/
आरोग्यलाभ of residual forests. There is greater interest in
ethnobotany today, than at any time in the discipline’s history.
Ethnobotany is a rapidly growing science, attracting people with
widely varying academic background and interests. It is still
predominantly linked to Economic Botany, and thus pursued to
determine the potential economic value of various plants. There is a
romantic allure to the life of an explorer and the promise of finding
‘gold’ in the form of plants or animals as potential sources for
lifesaving drugs that could become important in the treatment of
serious diseases such as AIDS and cancer.

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PRESENT ROLE OF ETHNOBOTANY:
Plant ethnomedicinal findings may set the stage for targeting
materials which can be meaningfully analysed for chemical activity
using appropriate biodirected assays. This approach in search of new
pharmaceuticals is woefully underutilized today to the detriment of
human health and a
number of new strategies should be considered for future
advancements in drug discovery.
Today the field of ethnobotany requires a variety of skills:
botanical training for the identification and preservation of plant
specimens; anthropological training to understand the cultural
concepts around the perception of plants; linguistic training, at least
enough to transcribe local terms and understand native morphology,
syntax and semantics.

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Native healers are often reluctant to accurately share their
knowledge to outsiders. In interaction with the traditional areas of
science, ethnobotany gives out several interrelated and
interdisciplinary subjects involving aspects like,
ethnomedicine, ethnoarchaeology, ethnobryology, ethnoecology,
ethnoagriculture, ethnonarcotics, ethnopharmacology, etc.
Drug Development
Numerous ethnobotanical studies aimed at identifying new
pharmaceutical products have been initiated in recent times.
Ethnobotany has played important roles in the development of
new drugs for many centuries. Drugs derived from plants
along with their uses are presented in Table 1.

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317040986_Ethnobotany_and_Its_Relevance_in_Contemporary_Research#:~:text=Ethnobotany%20has%20played%20important%20role
,time%20in%20the%20discipline's%20history.

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Benefit Sharing and Protection of Traditional Knowledge
In the context of evolving intellectual property law, defining
ownership of traditional knowledge (TK) can be challenging when
claims of origin are conflicting and requires accepting parameters of
how uniqueness is defined and patent law is applied to protect this
information. Changing laws and policies are globally affecting the
way traditional knowledge is valued and protected. Within this
context, suitable types of benefit sharing can only be achieved if
appropriate mechanisms are in place to prevent exploitation.
Evolving mechanisms and laws are beginning to impact on how TK
can be utilized to achieve appropriate benefits for those who are
custodians of these types of information. This is not an easy task
since issues related to ownership and ways to ensure appropriate
protection, oversight and disbursement of the revenues are always
likely to arise.

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The premise of biodiversity prospecting is that appropriate policies
and institutions are needed to ensure that the commercial value
obtained from genetic and biochemical resources are a positive force
for development and conservation (Reid et al. 1993). Much depends
upon the application of current national and international laws and
the acceptance within and among nations to work towards logical
solutions. Critical to this evolving process is the acknowledgement
that a great deal of valuable TK is being lost not only by its unsuitable
dissemination but because a fitting international repository does not
exist to safeguard this knowledge while workable options to address
its worth are being examined.

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Conclusion
Ethnobotanical research can provide a wealth of information
regarding both past and present relationships between plants and
the traditional societies. Ethnobotany may also prove an important
tool in the search of new pharmaceuticals. In addition to its
traditional roles in economic botany and exploration of human
cognition, ethnobotanical research may be applied to current
areas of study such as biodiversity prospecting and vegetation
management. It is hoped that, in the future, ethnobotany may play
an increasingly important role in sustainable development and
biodiversity conservation.

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15/09/2020
• Environmental degradation and its impact on the health of people
• Economic growth and sustainable consumption
https://www.who.int/heli/publications/helirev
brochure.pdf

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Environmental degradation is the deterioration of
the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water
and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction;
the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.
It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment
perceived to be deleterious or undesirable.
As indicated by the I=PAT equation;
environmental impact (I) or degradation is caused by the
combination of an already very large and increasing human
population (P), continually increasing economic growth or per
capita affluence (A), and the application of resource-depleting and
polluting technology (T).

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Impact on Human Health
Human health might be at the receiving end as a result of
environmental degradation. Areas exposed to toxic air
pollutants can cause respiratory problems like pneumonia and
asthma. Millions of people are known to have died due to the
indirect effects of air pollution.
• Unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene kill an estimated 1.7
million people annually, particularly as a result of diarrhoeal
disease .
• Malaria kills over 1.2 million people annually, mostly African
children under the age of five . Poorly designed irrigation and
water systems, inadequate housing, poor waste disposal and
water storage, deforestation and loss of biodiversity, all may be
contributing factors to the most common vector-borne diseases
including malaria, dengue and leishmaniasis.

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• Indoor smoke from solid fuels kills an estimated 1.6 million
people annually due to respiratory diseases .
• Urban air pollution generated by vehicles, industries and
energy production kills approximately 800 000 people annually.
• Road traffic injuries are responsible for 1.2 million deaths
annually; low- and middle-income countries bear 90% of the
death and injury toll. Degradation of the built urban and rural
environment, particularly for pedestrians and cyclists, has been
cited as a key risk factor.
• Lead exposure kills more than 230 000 people per year and
causes cognitive effects in one third of all children globally;
more than 97% of those affected live in the developing world .
• Climate change impacts including more extreme weather
events, changed patterns of disease and effects on agricultural
production are estimated to cause over 150 000 deaths
annually.

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• Unintentional poisonings kill 355 000 people globally each year.
In developing countries, where two-thirds of these deaths
occur, such poisonings are associated strongly with excessive
exposure to, and inappropriate use of, toxic chemicals and
pesticides present in occupational and/or domestic
environments.
Over the next 30 years, most of the world’s population growth
will occur in the urban areas of poor countries . Rapid,
unplanned and unsustainable styles of urban development are
making developing cities the key focal points for emerging
environmental and health hazards . These include the
synergistic problems of urban poverty, traffic fatalities and air
pollution. In addition, increased urbanization and motorization
and diminishing space for walking/recreation in cities is
associated with more sedentary lifestyles and a surge in related

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non-communicable diseases. Globally, physical inactivity is
estimated to be responsible for some 1.9 million deaths each
year as a result of diseases such as heart ailments, cancer and
diabetes.
Increased industrial and agricultural production has intensified
poorer countries’ production and use of both newer and older
chemicals, including some formulations that are banned in
other countries. OECD has estimated that the global output of
chemicals in 2020 will be 85% higher than in 1995, and nearly
one-third of the world's chemical production will take place in
non-OECD countries, compared to about one-fifth in 1995. The
shift of chemical production from more affluent to poorer
settings could increase the overall health and environmental
risks arising from the production and use of such chemicals.
Already in many developing countries a range of toxic effluents

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are emitted directly into soil, air and water from industrial
processes; pulp and paper plants; tanning operations; mining;
and unsustainable forms of agriculture; at rates well in excess of
those tolerable to human health. Along with the problem of
acute poisonings, the cumulative health impacts of human
exposures to various chemical combinations and toxins can be a
factor in a range of chronic health conditions and diseases.

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The role of economic growth in sustainable development from the
perspective of 21st century growth:
An increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head
of the population over a period of time.