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Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance ,[object Object]
Concept of Balance ,[object Object],[object Object]
Material exchanges affecting plasma content
Solute and water balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water Balance
Water Balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Link between blood volume and blood pressure
Osmolarity and the Movement of Water ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water Intoxication
Electrolyte and protein anion concentration in plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid
Homeostatic response to eating salt
Water Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule ,[object Object]
Mechanism of water reabsorption
The Medullary Osmotic Gradient
Countercurrent Multiplier ,[object Object],[object Object]
How the countercurrent multiplier created the medullary osmotic gradient
How the countercurrent multiplier created the medullary osmotic gradient
How the countercurrent multiplier created the medullary osmotic gradient
How the countercurrent multiplier created the medullary osmotic gradient
Role of Urea in the Medullary Osmotic Gradient ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mechanism of urine concentration in the long-loop juxtamedullary nephrons
Role of the vasa recta in preventing dissipation of gradient
Water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water reabsorption across late distal tubule and collecting duct
Formation of Dilute Urine
Water reabsorption across late distal tubule and collecting duct
Effects of ADH on water reabsorption ,[object Object],[object Object]
Water reabsorption in the absence of ADH
Water absorption in the presence of ADH
Water absorption in the presence of ADH
Stimulation of ADH release
Sodium Balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mechanism of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubules
Mechanism of sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules
Aldosterone controls sodium balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Effects of aldosterone on principal cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Mechanisms by which angiotensin II increase mean arterial pressure
Mechanism by which a decrease in mean arterial pressure stimulates renin release
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Dehydration
Severe Dehydration
Acid-Base Balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acid-Base Balance ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Negative feedback of blood pH by the respiratory system
Respiratory Disturbances ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Metabolic Disturbances ,[object Object],[object Object]
Metabolic Disturbances ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reflex pathway for respiratory compensation of acidosis

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