3. FOSSILS
Fossils are the remains of ancient species that have been
preserved or evidence of their remains.
Fossils are not the actual remains of the organism. They are formed
from sedimentary rocks. Hard parts of the organism are the usual
subjects for fossilization, like the bones, the shell, and the tree trunk.
5. WHAT ARE FOSSILS?
A general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of
organic materials.
Formed from decayed plants and animals that have been
converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by
exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds
of millions of years and that is called fossils.
7. When sediments fill in the remains of a
dead organism and later on solidify, this
becomes a fossil.
Over time, the remains of the organism do
not persist, leaving a hollow imprint on the
sedimentary rock. This is called a mold
fossil. Mold Fossil of a Shell
MOLD FOSSIL
8. FOSSIL CAST
Fossil cast is the opposite side of mold
fossil. Cast preserves a three-dimensional
impression of remains buried in sediment.
Fossil casts are found when sediment fills
up an underground fossil mold to make a
fossil in the shape of the organism's form.
Fossil Cast of a Shell
9. Petrified fossils are the remains of an
organism that have turned into a mineral,
rock, or stone through the process of
petrification.
Petrified fossils are fun to look at since you
get to see the actual shape or form of an
organism's body parts.
Petrified Fossil of a Dinosaur
PETRIFIED FOSSIL
10. CARBON FILM
A carbon film, also known as a carbonaceous
film, is the outline of an organism that has
been preserved as a fossil.
Carbon films are the imprints of organisms
that were crushed under a lot of pressure
and left a perfect outline on the surface.
Carbon Film of a Dragonfly
11. TRACE FOSSIL
Trace fossils are the traces of previous life
forms. These can be the day-to-day
activities that are preserved and fossilized.
Trace fossils are formed when an organism
leaves traces from doing daily activities like
running, burrowing, or walking. These traces
then leave imprints and, later on, become
fossils.
Trace Fossil of an Animal Egg
12. AMBER FOSSILS
- Insect preserved in Amber. A hard yellowish
to brownish clear substance that is a fossil
resin from trees long dead and that can be
polished and used in making ornamental
objects (as beads)
Amber of an Ant
13. FOSSIL FORMATION
The remains of
organisms are covered
by sediments. These
sediments become rock.
When an organism
dies, its soft parts
often decompose or
are eaten by
animals.
The result is a copy of the
organism made out of
minerals.
As the remains break
down, it leaves holes in
the sediment, which are
then filled by minerals.
The fossil will eventually
come to the surface as a
result of weathering and
erosion.
14. WHAT IS COAL AND HOW
IT IS FORMED?
is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary
rock and is composed primarily of carbon along with
hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
15. WHAT IS COAL AND HOW IT WAS FORMED?
Coal
usually occurs in rock
layers or veins called coal
beds or coal seams.
Anthracite coal
metamorphic rock because
of later exposure to
elevated temperature and
pressure.
16. WHAT IS COAL AND HOW IT IS FORMED?
Coalification (Bituminization or Carbonification)
is the formation of coal from plant material by the processes of
diagenesis and metamorphism. It all starts with a swamp on the
edge of a sedimentary basin, such as a lagoon or a lake.
17. WHAT IS COAL AND HOW IT IS FORMED?
Tectonic activity raises sea levels, covering and killing vegetation.
Plant debris accumulates and is buried under layers of mud and sand
in a process known as sedimentation.
18. WHAT IS COAL AND HOW IT IS FORMED?
The sedimentary basin gradually sinks under the weight of the
sediments, and the layers of dead plants are subjected to rising
temperatures that gradually “cook” them, leading to their
transformation.
20. HOW OIL AND GAS
DEPOSITS ARE FORMED?
Oil and natural gas are formed from organic matter from dead
plants and animals.
These hydrocarbons take millions of years to form under very
specific pressure and temperature conditions.
22. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal comes from the Greek words
gaea (earth) and thermos (heat).
It covers all techniques used to recover the
heat that is naturally present in the Earth’s
subsurface, particularly in aquifers, the
rock reservoirs that contain groundwater.
23.
24. DRY STEAM POWER PLANTS
In other words, steam travels directly
to the turbine, which drives a generator
to produce electricity.
Draw from underground
resources of hydrothermal that
are primarily steam.
The steam is piped directly from
underground wells to the power
plant, where it is directed into a
turbine/generator unit.
25.
26. They use geothermal reservoirs of water with
temperatures greater than 360°F (182°C).
This very hot water flows up through wells in
the ground under its own pressure. As it
flows upward, the pressure decreases and
some of the hot water boils into steam.
The steam is then separated from the water
and used to power a turbine/generator. Any
leftover water and condensed steam are
injected back into the reservoir, making this a
sustainable resource.
FLASH STEAM POWER PLANTS
27.
28. BINARY CYCLE POWER
PLANTS
Operate on the water at lower temperatures of
about 225°-360°F (107°-182°C). These plants
use the heat from the hot water to boil a
working fluid, usually an organic compound
with a low boiling point.
The working fluid is vaporized in a heat
exchanger and used to turn a turbine. The water
is then injected back into the ground to be
reheated.
The water and the working fluid are kept
separated during the whole process, so there
are little or no air emissions.
29.
30.
31. STEP BY STEP PROCESS OF
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Hot water is pumped from
deep underground through a
well under high pressure.
When the water reaches the
surface, the pressure is dropped,
which causes the water to turn into
steam.
32. STEP BY STEP PROCESS OF
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
The steam spins a turbine,
which is connected to a
generator that produces
electricity.
The steam cools off in a cooling
tower and condenses back to
water.
The cooled water is pumped back
into the Earth to begin the process
again.
34. Learning Objectives:
1. describe how flowing water
(hydroelectric) is tapped as a source of
energy for human use.
2. recognize the importance of proper
consumption of water as a form of energy
resource by citing examples
3. participate actively in the discussion by
responding orally through recitation.
35. TYPES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
produce energy using the
flow of the river. With
dams less than 25 meters
high, these “small hydro”
plants generate power
continuously to meet daily
needs.
RUN OFF RIVER PLANTS
36. TYPES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
are modular, meaning that
energy can be produced on
demand, with dams used to
create reservoirs that can be
released as required. On lakes,
water falls from a significant
height (over 300 meters); on
locks, from between 20 and
300 meters
OFF STREAM PLANTS
37. TYPES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
are specifically designed for modular operation.
They have two reservoirs at different heights.
When demand requires, water is released from the
higher reservoir to the lower reservoir. When there
is excess production — for example, from wind or
solar sources — the surplus electricity is used to
pump water into the higher reservoir.
PUMPED STORAGE POWER PLANTS
41. HOW DO HYDROELECTRIC WORKS?
Raises the water level of the river
to create falling water.
Also controls the flow of water.
The reservoir that is formed is, in
effect, stored energy.
DAM
42. HOW DO HYDROELECTRIC WORKS?
The force of falling water pushing
against the turbine's blades causes the
turbine to spin. A water turbine is
much like a windmill, except the
energy is provided by falling water
instead of wind. The turbine converts
the kinetic energy of falling water into
mechanical energy.
TURBINE
43. HOW DO HYDROELECTRIC WORKS?
Connected to the turbine by shafts and
possibly gears so when the turbine spins
it causes the generator to spin also.
Converts the mechanical energy from the
turbine into electric energy.
Generators in hydropower plants work
just like the generators in other types of
power plants.
GENERATOR
44. HOW DO HYDROELECTRIC WORKS?
Conduct electricity from the
hydropower plant to homes
and business
TRANSMISSION LINES
