Infection-Conjunctivitis

3. INTRODUCTION
The conjunctiva is a thin membrane that covers the
inner surface of the eyelid and the white part of the
eyeball(sclera)
Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of conjunctiva
Inflammation of the conjunctiva is called
conjunctivitis, which makes the white of the eye
appear red

6. DEFINITION
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the
transparent membrane (conjunctiva) that lines the
eyelid and covers the white part of the eyeball
⚫When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become
inflamed, they're more visible. This is what causes
the white of the eyes to appear reddish or pink
⚫Also known as “PINK EYE”

9. RISK FACTORS
Exposure to something for which the person have an allergy
(allergic conjunctivitis)
Exposure to someone infected with the viral or bacterial
form of conjunctivitis
Using contact lenses frequently
Microbial infection (Chlamydia), fungus etc.

10. CAUSES
Viral conjunctivitis – Adenovirus, HSV
Bacterial conjunctivitis – Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza,
Chlamydia trachomatis
Allergic conjunctivitis - Pollen, perfumes,
cosmetics, smoke, dust
Chemical conjunctivitis - Acid or alkali's

11. TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis:
 Viral conjunctivitis and bacterial conjunctivitis may affect one
or both eyes
 Viral conjunctivitis usually produces a watery discharge.
Bacterial conjunctivitis often produces a thicker, yellow-green
discharge
 Both viral and bacterial conjunctivitis can be associated with
colds or with symptoms of a respiratory infection, such as a
sore throat

12. Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis:
 Both viral and bacterial types are very contagious. They
are spread through direct or indirect contact with the eye
secretions of someone who's infected
 Adults and children alike can develop both of these types
of pink eye. However, bacterial conjunctivitis is more
common in children than it is in adults

14. Allergic conjunctivitis
 Allergic conjunctivitis affects both eyes and is a response
to an allergy-causing substance such as pollen
 Most allergic conjunctivitis can be controlled with allergy
eyedrops

15. Allergic conjunctivitis

16. Toxic conjunctivitis
 Toxic conjunctivitis typically occurs with constant use of
topical ocular medications
 The reaction may take days to years to develop. There
also appears to be a dose-response effect with regard to
the preservative concentration and total amount of
preservative-containing medications used
 It implies direct damage to ocular tissues from an
offending agent, usually a preservative or medication

17. T
oxic conjunctivitis

18. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Microbes enter the eye on contact with infected objects
Inflammation of the eye
Dilatation of blood vessels of eye
Swelling, redness, exudates and discharge

19. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
Tenderness of the eye, or pain (which can be severe in the
cases of irritant conjunctivitis) & Swelling of conjunctiva
(chemosis)
 Itchiness
Body aches
Photophobia
Redness of the eye or inner eyelids (hyperemia)
Discharge and tear (epiphora)

20. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
Drooping of upper eye lid
Periorbital cellulitis
Fever
Sore throat
Runny nose
 Swelling of the eyelids
 Infection usually begins with one eye, but can quickly
spread to other eye in cases of viral or bacterial conjunctivitis

22. PERIORBITAL CELLULITIS

23. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
History collection
Physical examination
Culture of secretions
Conjunctival scrapes for cytology (rarely done)
– detecting chlamydial and fungal infections
Conjunctival incisional biopsy

24. MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT

25. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
The management of conjunctivitis depends on the type. Most
types of mild and viral conjunctivitis are self-limiting, benign
conditions that may not require treatment and laboratory
procedures

26. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
If the infection is bacterial, the doctor may prescribe
antibiotic eye drops as pink eye treatment, and the infection
should go away within several days
Antibiotic eye ointment, in place of eye drops, is sometimes
prescribed for treating bacterial pink eye in children
An ointment is often easier to administer to an infant or
young child than are eye drops, though the ointment may blur
vision for up to 20 minutes after application

27. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
With either form of medication, expect signs and
symptoms to start getting better in a few days
Topical antibiotics
Fluoroquinolones, sodium sulfacetamide or
trimethoprim for 7 to 10 days

28. VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
There is no treatment for most cases of viral conjunctivitis.
Instead, the virus needs time to run its course — up to two
or three weeks
Viral conjunctivitis often begins in one eye and then infects
the other eye within a few days. The signs and symptoms
should gradually clear on their own
Antiviral medications may be an option if the doctor
determines that the viral conjunctivitis is caused by the
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS

29. ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
If the irritation is allergic conjunctivitis, the doctor may
prescribe one of many different types of eye drops for people
with allergies
These may include medications that help control allergic
reactions, such as antihistamines or drugs that help control
inflammation, such as steroids and anti-inflammatory drops
The patient may also reduce the severity of allergic
conjunctivitis symptoms by avoiding whatever causes the
allergies when possible

30. LIFESTYLE AND HOME REMEDIES
Apply a hot compress to the eyes
Try eye drops
Stop wearing contact lenses
Reduce exposure to light
Prevent rubbing of the eye
Clean the eye using sterile water and cotton swabs, from inner
canthus to outer canthus
Use of dark sunglasses is advised, in presence of photophobia

31. PREVENTION
Practice good hygiene to control the spread of pink eye. For
instance:
 Don't touch your eyes with your hands
 Wash your hands often
 Use a clean towel and wash cloth daily
 Don't share towels or washcloths
 Change your pillow cases often
 Don’t use eye cosmetics
 Don't share eye cosmetics or personal eye care items
 Although pink eye symptoms may resolve in three or four days,
children with viral conjunctivitis may be contagious for a week or
more. Children may return to school when they no longer
experience tearing and redness of eyes