4. Definition of pain.
Causes.
Classification of pain.
Nursing Diagnosis and pain.
Pain pathways.
Pain management.
Nonpharmacological pain.
Pharmacologic pain.
Lecturer/ Magda Byoumi Out lines
5. Paincan be described as
"an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage, or described
in terms of such damage".
Lecturer/ Magda Byoumi Definition
6. It may be caused by disease, trauma,
or certain therapeutic procedures or
have no identifiable cause.
DR/ Magda Byoumi Csuses
7. Pain is classified as acute or chronic.
Chronic pain may be noncancer or cancer pain.
Acute and chronic pain are differentiated according
to onset, duration, and cause.
Acute pain is protective, has a sudden onset, an
identifiable cause, and an anticipated duration. It
may progress to chronic pain if not successfully
treated.
Dr/ Magda Byoumi Classification of Pain
13. Electrical impulses along nerves to the spinal cord and
then upward to the brain.
Sometimes the signal evokes a reflex response. When
the signal reaches the spinal cord, a signal is
immediately sent back along motor nerves to the
original site of the pain, triggering the muscles to
contract without involving the brain.
Pain receptors and their nerve pathways differ in
different parts of the body.
Dr/ Magda Byoumi
14. Pain pathways.
Previously, pain pathways were seen as having three
components:-
A first order neurone cell body
A second-order neurone spinal cord
A third-order neurone projects (via the internal
capsule). BRAIN
Lecturer/ Magda Byoumi
27. Analgesics are the most common treatment for pain.
Analgesics are classified as
nonopioid (e.g., acetaminophen), nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
opioids (e.g., morphine sulfate, fentanyl), and
adjuvant analgesics (e.g., anticonvulsants,
antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and
antiarrhythmics).
Dr/ Magda Byoumi
28. Mrs Hesa at inpatient cardiac
department, vital signs taken early
morning at 6 am and reported client
rates pain 7, substernal sharp chest
pain like electrical thrill along to neck,
shoulder to left arm increase with
activity even moving, immediately
the nurse give her nitroglycerin
sublingual 3 tables through 15 min
and then the pain relived and
Dr/ Magda Byoumi
29. P: Precipitating factor: pain increase with activity.
P: Palliative factor: pain decreased with medication
(nitroglycerin).
Q: Quality: sharp chest pain. like electrical thrill
R: Region & Radiation: chest; radiated to neck,
shoulder to left arm.
S: Severity: 7 and decrease to 2 after medication.
T: Timing: 15 min.
Dr/ Magda Byoumi
