Describe the paths of water through the hydrologic cycle.  Explain the processes and the energy gains and losses involved in the changes of water between its 3 states.  Operationally, we often most concerned with water does when it reaches the solid earth, both on the surface and in the sub-surface.  Explain the relationship between the saturated zone, the water table, a ground water well and the cone of depression, all within the sub-surface.  The food chain is a valuable concept in biogeography.  Give an example of a specific food chain, labeling the various levels of the food chain.  After looking at characteristics of food chains, explain how a geographer’s approach to the study of organisms might be different than biologist’s study of organisms; what would each try to emphasize more than the other?  What exactly is a biome?  Compare/contrast the concept of the biome with that of the zoogeographic region.   Compare/contrast the floral characteristics of 2 of the following biomes: Desert, Tundra, Midlatitude Grassland and Boreal Forest. Theorize the difference in soil development in adjoining soils developed on forested, sloped area versus a grassed flat area.  What are the soil-forming factors? Explain the importance of the nature of the parent material to soil formation and type.  Then, cite at least 2 examples in which the influence of parent materials might be outweighed by other soil-forming factors.  Explain the “struggle” between the internal and external processes in shaping the Earth’s surface.  What are the different ways that the surface of the Earth is changed over time?  Describe the general sequence of events in continental drift since the time of 5 separate continents 450 million years ago.  What is the difference between the older continental drift theory by Wegener and the more recent plate tectonic theory?  Plate tectonics theory explains many seemingly unrelated phenomena.  Explain how the patterns of volcanoes and earthquakes related to plate tectonics.  Explain several pieces of evidence that combine to make the theory of plate tectonics the one that is generally accepted.  Provide a reason why some scientists believe the Pleistocene is over and a reason why other scientists believe we are now in an interglacial stage.  Some believe, for example, that since areas of pack ice and glacial ice still exist we are still in an ice age.  Others, on the other hand, seeing the rapid retreat of ice and snow pack in many areas, believes that this period of glaciation has ended.  So, using some other justifications, why do we see some differences in interpretation?  Is there some scientific data available that can support both sides view?  If so, provide it.  Why hasn’t this controversy been solved?  What impact does this division of views have on the public policies that are enacted by state, national and international bodies? .

1. Describe the paths of water through the hydrologic cycle.
Explain the processes and the energy gains and losses involved
in the changes of water between its 3 states. Operationally, we
often most concerned with water does when it reaches the solid
earth, both on the surface and in the sub-surface. Explain the
relationship between the saturated zone, the water table, a
ground water well and the cone of depression, all within the
sub-surface.
The food chain is a valuable concept in biogeography. Give an
example of a specific food chain, labeling the various levels of
the food chain. After looking at characteristics of food chains,
explain how a geographer’s approach to the study of organisms
might be different than biologist’s study of organisms; what
would each try to emphasize more than the other? What exactly
is a biome? Compare/contrast the concept of the biome with
that of the zoogeographic region. Compare/contrast the floral
characteristics of 2 of the following biomes: Desert, Tundra,
Midlatitude Grassland and Boreal Forest.
Theorize the difference in soil development in adjoining soils
developed on forested, sloped area versus a grassed flat area.
What are the soil-forming factors? Explain the importance of
the nature of the parent material to soil formation and type.
Then, cite at least 2 examples in which the influence of parent
materials might be outweighed by other soil-forming factors.
Explain the “struggle” between the internal and external
processes in shaping the Earth’s surface. What are the different
ways that the surface of the Earth is changed over time?
Describe the general sequence of events in continental drift
since the time of 5 separate continents 450 million years ago.
What is the difference between the older continental drift
theory by Wegener and the more recent plate tectonic theory?

2. Plate tectonics theory explains many seemingly unrelated
phenomena. Explain how the patterns of volcanoes and
earthquakes related to plate tectonics. Explain several pieces of
evidence that combine to make the theory of plate tectonics the
one that is generally accepted.
Provide a reason why some scientists believe the Pleistocene is
over and a reason why other scientists believe we are now in an
interglacial stage. Some believe, for example, that since areas
of pack ice and glacial ice still exist we are still in an ice age.
Others, on the other hand, seeing the rapid retreat of ice and
snow pack in many areas, believes that this period of glaciation
has ended. So, using some other justifications, why do we see
some differences in interpretation? Is there some scientific data
available that can support both sides view? If so, provide it.
Why hasn’t this controversy been solved? What impact does
this division of views have on the public policies that are
enacted by state, national and international bodies?