4. Structure of PROTEIN
What are proteins?
Proteins are most abundant organic compounds to be
found in cells and composed of long chain of amino
acids.
The name protein derived from Greek word “ Proteiose ’’
meaning of Prime importance.
5. What are amino acids?
Amino acids are organic compounds containing both
amino and carboxylic group. They are represented by
formula
6. Types of amino acid
Essential amino acid
Non essential amino acid
Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptide
proteins. Two amino acids join and a water molecule is
released.
7. Primary structure of protein
The primary structure comprises the no. and sequence
of amino acid in a protein molecule.
F.sanger determined the sequence of amino acid in a
protein molecule.
Example
Insulin is composed of 51 amino acids in 2 chains.
Haemoglobin is composed of 4 chains of 2 α,2 β
chains.
8.
9. Secondary structure of protein
The polypeptide chain
usually do not lie flat.
They usually coiled into
helix or some other
regular conformations.
TYPES
α helix
β sheet
10. Tertiary structure of protein
The protein molecule will bend and twist in three
dimensional shape to get maximum stability and
lowest energy.
It may be irregular and random.
It is maintained by
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Disulfide bridge
Hydrophobic interactions
12. Quaternary structure of protein
It is referred to bonding as how protein’s homo and
heterodimers subunits interact with each other and
arrange to form a larger aggregate protein complex.
It is stabilized by
Hydrogen bonding
Ionic or salt bridge
Disulfide bridge
Hydrophobic interactions
13.
14. Protein stability
Protein are very sensitive to
pH
Temperature
this is because of its weak interactions in
tertiary and quaternary structure (egg
albumin) as compared to primary and
secondary structures e.g; human hair
18. Friedrich Miescher in 1869
isolated what he called nuclein from the nuclei of pus
cells
Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties, hence it
became called nucleic acid
TYPES
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
19. The distribution of nucleic acids in
the eukaryotic cell
DNA is found in the nucleus
with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts
RNA is found throughout the cell
NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides
Their building blocks are nucleotides
20.
21.
22.
23. The nucleotides are all
orientated in the same
direction
The phosphate group
joins the 3rd Carbon of
one sugar to the 5th
Carbon of the next in
line
P
P
P
P
P
P
THE SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
25. DNA IS MADE OF TWO STRANDS OF
POLYNUCLEOTIDE
The sister strands of the DNA molecule run in
opposite directions (antiparallel)
They are joined by the bases
Each base is paired with a specific partner:
A is always paired with T
G is always paired with C
Purine with Pyrimidine
This the sister strands are complementary but not
identical
The bases are joined by hydrogen bonds, individually
weak but collectively strong
27. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Polymer of Ribonucleotides.
Single strand, folded back to give double helical
characteristics.
Four Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Uracil (U)
Adenine (A)
Synthesized by DNA through transcription
28.
29. Functions of Nucleic Acid
Store and transfer genetic information.
Use genetic information for the synthesis of new protein.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid is a storage of genetic information
DNA controls the synthesis of RNA
In DNA backbone, sequence of nitrogenous bases
determines the protein synthesis.
DNA double helix prevents the disorders occurring during
genetic information damage.
mRNA takes genetic message from RNA.
tRNA transfers activated amino acids to the sites of
protein synthesis
rRNA are responsible for stability of mRNA