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1. Presented by;
14-ARID-2022
PMAS FAISAL SHAHZAD SOMROO
Presented to;
Dr. Murtaz-ul-Hassan
IMMUNITY AGAINST
PROTOZOAN DISEASES

2. Protozoa
 Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular
eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile.
Originally, protozoa had been defined as
unicellular protists with animal-like behavior, e.g.,
movement

3. Protozoa and important diseases in
animals
• Babesia:………….. …..Babesiosis (Ratt Mootra)
 Theleria ………………Theleriosis
 Trypnosoma ………….trypnosomiasis (surra, sleeping sickness,
chaga’s disease)
 Plasmodium………… Malaria
 Leishmania…………Leishmaniasis (kaala azar, dum dum
fever)
 Toxoplasma gondii …..Toxoplasmosis
 Coccidia………………..Coccidiosis
 Amoeba ………. Amoebiasis Amoebic dysentery
 Giardia lamblia…..Giardiasis (dysentery)
 Trichomonas ………..Trichomoniasis
 Histomonas …………Histomoniasis (Black head disease)

4. Immunity
 Immunity Is the body's ability to fight off
harmful micro-organisms –pathogens- that
invade it.
 The immune system produces antibodies or
cells that can deactivate pathogens.

5. Immune response (general)
 Humoral immunity
 Interaction of antigen to B-cells activate and
produce plasma cells and memory cells.
 Plasma cells produce antibodies which bind to
antigen and facilitate elimination from body.
 Cell Mediated immunity
 Antigen bind to T-cells and produce effectors T-
cell and memory t-cells.

6. Con………
Effector cells produce
 T helper cell
These cells secrete cytokines which activate
different phagocytic ells
 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Involved in killing of self altered cells e.g tumor
cells

7. General mechanism of immunity
against protozoal diseases.
Type of immune response that develops depends (in
part) on the location of the parasite in the host.
 Bloodstream: humoral antibody most effective
 Intracellular: cell-mediated immune reactions
 Host resistance depends upon a number of
mechanisms.
 Effector cells such as
macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and
platelets can kill both protozoa and worms.

8. Cont..

9. Coccidia
 Cryptosporidium infection. These phenomenon
could also contribute to the secretory process via
cytokines and neurohormones. For example,
macrophages secreting tumor necrosis factor-
alpha (TNF-α) or other cytokines may stimulate
fibroblasts and other cells in the lamina propria to
secrete prostoglandins (PGE) and other products
(eg., reactive oxygen intermediates). These
products may then promote secretion and impair
absorption.
 Against Cryptosporidium infection

10. Cont….
 Cell-mediated immunity appears to be the
major component of the immune response in
eliminating the infection as evidenced by the
correlation between lower CD4+ T-cells and
the risk and severity of cryptosporidiosis.
Interferon-gamma, interleukin-12, and
tumor necrosis factor-alpha are involved in
protection

11. Trypanosomes
 Humoral immune response.
 B cells
 Plasma cells
 Memory cells
 Antibodies are produced.
 IgG and IgM
 Lysis or agglutination of trypanosomes.

12. Bebesia

13. Babesia
 Requires both innate and acquired responses.
 Activation of macrophages, leading to enhanced
phagocytosis and production of toxic oxygen
and nitrogen radicals, and activation of NK cells.
 Passively administered immune serum or a
mixture of IgG1 and IgG2 provided protection
against homologous B. bovis challenge

14. Thank you
For
your
Attention