What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH H+ and .pdf

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What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH? H+ and electrons electrons and ATP H+ and ATP H+ and CO2 electrons and CO2 Solution H+ and electrons. NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) exists in two forms: NADP+is the oxidized form andNADPHis the reduced form. NADP+ takes 2 electrons from Ferredoxin at the end of the electron transport chain to generate NADP. An H+ ion in the stroma binds through the extra electron, generating NADPH. All of this is facilitated by Ferredoxin-NADP+reductase..

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Type I alveolar cells: (a) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their membranes. (b) secrete a chemical known as surfactant. (c) are phagocytic. (d) A, B, and C. (e) None of the above. Solution (a) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their membranes. Type I alveolar cells are squamous which gives more surface area to each cell and cover approximately 90–95% of the alveolar surface. Type I cells are involved in the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood. These cells are extremely thin.These cells need to be so thin to be readily permeable for enabling an easy gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood..

Type I alveolar cells(a) allow rapid diffusion of gases through t.pdf

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The memory cycle times have been much longer than processor cycle times; this speed gap between the memory and the processor means that the processor must wait for memory to respond to an access request. The obvious method of increasing the speed of the memory system is by using a higher speed memory technology. Once the technology is selected, the access speeds can be increased further by different address decoding and access techniques. Described in details at least 3 of them Solution The different techniques are: 1. Banking: The main memory is built out of several physical-memory modules. Each and every module is a memory bank of a certain capacity and consists of a MAR and a MBR. In semiconductor memories, each module corresponds to either a memory IC or a memory board consisting of several memory ICs. The consecutive addresses lie in the same bank. If each bank contains 2n = N words and if there are 2m = M banks in the memor y, then the system MAR would contain n + m bits. 2. Multiport Memories: Multiple memories are available in which each port corresponds to an MAR and an MBR . Independent access to the memory can be made from each port. The memory system resolves the conflicts between the ports on a priority basis. Multiport memories are useful in an environment where more than one device accesses the memory. Examples of such systems are a single-processor system with a direct-memory access (DMA), I =O controller, and a multiprocessor system with more than one CPU. 3.Instruction Buffer: The instruction buffer, Providing a first-in, first-out (FIFO) buffer between the CPU and the primary memory enhances the instruction fetch speed . Instructions from the primary memory are fed into the buffer at one end and the CPU fetches the instructions from the other end. As long as the instruction execution is sequential, the two operations of filling the buffer and fetching from the buffer into CPU can go on simultaneously. But when a jump (conditional or unconditional) instruction is executed, the next instruction to be executed may or may not be in the buffer. The buffer management requires hardware component to manage the queue and mechanisms to identify the address range in the buffer and to freeze and unfreeze the buffer. INTEL 8086 processor uses a 6 -byte long instruction buffer organized as a queue. CDC 6600 uses an instruction buffer that can store eight 60-bit words, that is, 16–32 instructions, since the instructions are either 15- or 30-bits long..

The memory cycle times have been much longer than processor cycle ti.pdf

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Suppose you land on a previously unexplored South Pacific island. You find three novel bird species. Two are small, one of these specializing in seed eating, the other in eating grubs and insects. Both show highly camouflaged coloration. The third bird species is substantially larger and is a dedicated predator; this third species specializes in preying on small rodents and the other two bird species. Its coat is brightly colored. Which of the following is the statement about the evolutionary relationships of these three species that we can make with the most confidence? [\"Relationship\" and \"relatedness\" here refers to phylogenetic history. Closely related species descended from the same ancestral species recently. In contrast, more distantly related species last had a common ancestor further in the past A) We cannot draw any conclusions about phylogenetic relationships of these species based on the data given; we would need additional data, like insights into selective history or fossil evidence. b.We cannot draw any conclusions about phylogenetic relationships of these species based on the data given; bird evolution works differently than mammalian evolution. Suppose you are a member of an island population of people that contains about 1000 individuals and that has remained stable in size (with no new immigration) for many dozens of generations. Now suppose you could time travel into the future 300 years (ten generations). Which of the answers below is the best description, first, of the fraction of the future population of the island that are expected to be your descendants (on average) and, second, how closely related you are to those future descendants in comparison to your relatedness to the other contemporary residents of the island? [Note that \"relatedness\" here refers to the specific parameter \"r\" as discussed it in TOPIC 5, that is, \"genetic relatedness\" from the gene\'s perspective.] Most or all of the future residents of the island would be my descendants and I would be more than twice as closely related to them than I am to any randomly chosen member of the contemporary population. Approximately 10% of the future population of the island would be my descendants and I would be roughly 10 times more closely related to them as I am to any randomly chosen member of the contemporary population. Most or all of the future residents of the island would be my descendants and I would be no more closely related to them than I am to any randomly chosen member of the contemporary population. d) Approximately 20% of the future population of the island would be my descendants and I would be roughly 5 times more closely related to them as I am to any randomly chosen member of the contemporary population. A) We cannot draw any conclusions about phylogenetic relationships of these species based on the data given; we would need additional data, like insights into selective history or fossil evidence. b.We cannot draw any conclusions abou.

Suppose you land on a previously unexplored South Pacific island. Yo.pdf

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State two factors that have contributed to the development of emerging infectious diseases. For either Rabies or Anthrax, provide the following information: 1.Causative agent (e.g., viral, bacterial, parasitic) 2.Symptoms (at least two) 3.Geographic distribution 4.Host factors 5.Responsible vector 6.Potential human hazards 7.A method of control Solution 1. The causative agent of rabies is virus called Rabies virus (RV) or Lyssavirus which is a negative stranded ribonucleic acid virus belonging to rhabdovirus family. The causative agent of Anthrax is a bacillus bacterium called Bacillus anthracis which is a large Gram positive rod shaped aerobic belonging to Rhabdoviridae family. 2. The symptoms of Rabies are initially similar to flu which includes fever, muscle weakness and tingling. Other symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, excess salivation, hydrophobia, problems in swallowing etc. The symptoms of Anthrax are different depending upon the route of infection. The symptoms of cutaneous anthrax are raised itchy bump like insect bite alongwith swelling in the lymph glands and sore. The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax include nausea,vomiting, headache. loss of appetite, severe bloody diarrhoea, swollen neck etc. The symptoms of pulmonary anthrax include flu like symptoms with shortness of breath, coughing up blood, nausea etc.The symptoms of injection anthrax include redness and swelling of the area of infection, shock,meningitis, multiple organ failure etc. 3. Rabies is present in mammals in most parts of the world. Per year Most of the estimated 55 000 human rabies deaths occur in Africa and Asia. Sporadic cases of Anthrax occur in animals worldwide. However there are occasional outbreaks in Africa, central and southern Asia. 4. Like many rhabdoviruses, Rabies virus has an extremely wide host range. Many mammalian species in the wild has been found infecting , while in the laboratory it has been found that birds can be infected, as well as cell cultures from mammals, birds, reptiles and insects. Anthrax is spread from infectious animal products by contact with the spores of the bacteria. Contact is by breathing, eating, or through an area of broken skin. It does not typically spread directly between people. 5. There are three vectors for rabies: c. Tissue transplants (such as corneas) from infected humans. In its infectious form, anthrax is a spore that usually populates the soil but which, in rare cases, can become airborne and inhaled. With cutaneous anthrax, the bacteria infects the host through direct penetration of the host skin. It depends on the death of its host for propagation which is different from many pathogenic organisms. Once the host is dead, its body starts decaying and the bacteria in the bloodstream are exposed to oxygen. These bacteria turn into spores which populate the surrounding soil.. The spores can be eaten up by herbivores or from cutaneous infection. Anthrax does not appear to be transmissable from person to per.

State two factors that have contributed to the development of emergi.pdf

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Recall the unambiguous grammar for arithmetic expressions discussed in class: Modify this grammar to allow an exponentiation operator, ^, so that we can write expressions like i+i^i*i. Of course, your modified grammar should be unambiguous. Give exponentiation higher precedence than the other binary operators and (unlike the other binary operators) make it associate to the right. Solution E -> E+T | E-T | T T -> T*Y | T/Y | Y Y -> F^Y | F F -> i | (E) with the above modified grammer you can easily write expresions like i+i^i*i and.

Recall the unambiguous grammar for arithmetic expressions discussed .pdf

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Research and prepare a presentation to demonstrate a scenario in which object-based storage is a better choice over SAN and NAS. Solution Since there is no privelege to provide you an attachement of slide deck, we are providing you the scenario based idea in which object-based storage is a better choice over SAN and NAS.So here it is: Even though several storage type exists, a single type of storage solution doesnot fit everybody\'s needs. Object storage is of major importance (current pretty much good option) in large storage deployments, especially in the cloud based scenario. Representing the data may be different from storing data. Also, scaling out storage has strained both the NAS (Network Attached Storage) and SAN(Storage Attached Networks) storage models. SAN is a high speed network that makes connections between storage devices and servers.The server can only access data on the devices, which are directly attached to it.If server crashes or anything happens to the server, access to data will fail. There is a limit in the number of storage devices the server can access. SAN is primarily used for higher performance block level storage of data. Network Attached Storage shares files over the network. Not storage devices over the network. Any server that shares its own storage with others on the network and acts as a file server is an example for simplest form NAS. NAS devices are computers within themselves and shares their storage space with others. If you share a folder with access control using SAMBA, its NAS. NAS is primarily used for long distance small IO operations. Object storage which is famous in Cloud nowadays is like NAS but not exactly. Here each data block is replicated on serveral storage disks for integrity. Each of these storage models uses their own protocols. Object storage - Swift in OpenStack private cloud is good example. Ceph is also converged storage solution which is gaining momentum at highest rate nowadays.And Object storage is developer\'s choice where in data can be accessed anytime, easily & anywhere with an internet connection using REST APIs..

Research and prepare a presentation to demonstrate a scenario in whi.pdf

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QUESTION 1 Which ecological niche described below possesses the greatest number of prokaryotic cells (select one)? A. Oceanic and Terrestrial sub-surfaces B. In or on non-prokaryotic organisms (humans, animals and plants) C. Dry land D. Lakes, rivers and oceans E. Earth stratosphere 1 points Saved QUESTION 2 Which organism was primarily responsible for oxygenation of the earth approximately 2 billion years ago (select one)? A. cyanobacteria B. Wooly mammoths C. Green sulfur bacteria D. Thermophilic archaea E. algae 1 points Saved QUESTION 3 The earliest microorganisms were likely restricted to deep ocean and sub-surface ecological niches until which of the following (select one)? A. Ozone layer developed B. Aquatic life carried them to land C. Phototrophy evolved D. Chemolithotrophy developed E. The development of chemoorganotrophy 1 points Saved QUESTION 4 Two tubes are inoculated from one test tube of a bacterial culture. The cultures are then transferred every day for 2 months. All of the media and growth conditions are the same in every tube. After 2 months of cultivation, the fitness and genotype frequencies of the populations in the two tubes are compared. The fitness of the two cultures is the same, but the genotype frequencies are very different in the two cultures. How is this possible? A. This result is not possible because different genotype frequencies would result in different fitness levels under the same growth conditions. B. Genetic drift within the small populations in the test tubes resulted in different genotype frequencies. C. It is highly unlikely that any bacterial culture could be maintained for 2 months D. Natural selection caused the evolution of different genotype frequencies within the separate test tubes. E. Two months is not long enough for different fitness levels to evolve even if the genotype frequencies change. 1 points Saved QUESTION 5 If you allowed 20 identical parallel Listeria cultures to evolve for 20,000 generations under new growth conditions with very little nitrogen, the parallel cultures would do which of the following (select one)? A. Direct mutations to occur in nitrogen utilization and uptake genes in order to adapt rapidly to the culture conditions B. Each parallel culture would accumulate different random mutations resulting in different adaptations to use the nitrogen in the media. C. Evolve identical adaptations to use the nitrogen source provided in the media D. Not change or adapt significantly over this small number of generations E. Each culture would evolve to use arsenic in place of nitrogen 1 points Save Answer QUESTION 6 Which of the following statements are correct about the early formation of life on earth (select all that apply)? A. Lateral gene transfer is one plausible explanation as to why organisms in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya still share so many genes among such distinct domains. B. The domains of life arose as barriers between gene exchange evolved between organisms C. W.

QUESTION 1Which ecological niche described below possesses the gre.pdf

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Practice assembly question need help Given the following array declaration: .data matrix DWORD 50 DUP(10 DUP(?)) If matrix[0][0] is the 0th sequentially stored BYTE in memory, which sequentially stored BYTE is the first byte corresponding to matrix[37][0]? Solution here DWORD 50 DUP(10 DUP(?)) It defines a 50X10 matrix and initializes its element to the value what we give in place of (?) is taken. here 0 is the 0th sequential stored then 37th would be the 37th sequential byte.

Practice assembly question need helpGiven the following array decl.pdf

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Peripheral proteins function primarily as ion channels and active tra.pdf

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One of the main purposes of a bus system is to allow the exchange of information and/or data between different devices. Describe an activity that you engage in that involves features similar to those of a synchronous bus system and one that involves features similar to those of an asynchronous bus system. Explain in each case how the advantages and features of the bus system apply to the activities that you listed. Solution Advantages of bus system 1) It is easy to set-up and extend to any number of peers 2) Cable length required for this system is the least compared to other networks.so no clogging of wires 3) cheaper compared to other systems 4) Genarally benificial for local area networks 5)Easier maintainence syncronous:When information is sent to a particular host and expects a reply from the host .sender will wait for response for furtur continueed operation asyncronous:Information is sent randomly over the network.all the hosts can access and read it.sender wont wait for responce.

One of the main purposes of a bus system is to allow the exchange of.pdf

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Most American\'s are immune to the bacterium that causes Leprosy, does that mean that most American\'s are also, immune to TB and Crohn\'s disease? Or are the different strands of myobacterium much more contagious and less easy to fight off? Pathophysiciology Course question Solution 9. Leprosy Transmitted by nasal droplets. Leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected 10. TB can spread when patient cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets.

Most Americans are immune to the bacterium that causes Leprosy, do.pdf

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Looking at the symptoms of SARS is not really enough to diagnose it. The initial symptoms are similar to that of the flu. So, what other factors would have to be used to distinguish it from the flu and other respiratory illnesses? What criteria is used to diagnose SARS? What kinds of tests are needed? Explain. Solution Answer: SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a serious respiratory disease that is contagious. The SARS vrus is basically coronavirus and belongs to the same family of common cold virus. The symptoms of SARS are similar to those of flu and the patient go on to develop pneumonia in most cases. SARS is very rare and the only way to diagnose SARS is whether or not the patient got exposed to the SARS virus. Criteria to diagnose SARS quickly: 1. Direct isolation and identification of the SARS virus 2. PCR of the virus with specific primers (Detection of SARS-CoV in samples such as blood) 3. Antibody tests for the virus (ELISA and Immunofluorescence assay for the SARS virus) Other laboratory tests include: 1. Blood clotting test 2. Blood chemistry test 3. Chest X-ray 4. Arterial blood tests.

Looking at the symptoms of SARS is not really enough to diagnose it..pdf

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Jurisdiction can be described as a. the study of law. b. court cases involving the U.S. Constitution or a federal statute. c. the authority of a court to hear and decide a particular type of case. d. the burden of proof. Rachel works for the Internal Revenue Service, and keeps some personal information on her computer at work. There has been suspicion that Rachel has not been keeping tax return information confidential. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures, protects Rachel from having the government review the personal information she has on her computer. True False Under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act a .only the unauthorized interception of e-mail messages by the government or an ISP constitutes a violation. b. violators may be subject to civil, but not criminal, penalties. c. only the unauthorized disclosure of e-mail messages constitutes a violation. d. violators are subject to both criminal and civil penalties. Solution Jurisdiction can be describes as C) The authority of court to hear and decide a particular type of case. b) The answer is False C) Under the electronic Communication Privacy Act Violators are subject to both criminal and civil penalties.

Jurisdiction can be described asa. the study of law.b. court cas.pdf

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In primate dentition, the left side of a jaw is identical to the right side. This is called a. bilateral symmetry. b. positive correlation. c. pleiotrophy. d. homologous dentition. Solution primates have same set of dentition in jaws is called homologous dentition .... thet have teeth which are having same pattern of alignment but mammal has heterodont dentition means difdrent morphology teeth ...answer is d.

In primate dentition, the left side of a jaw is identical to the rig.pdf

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A fruit fly with the genotype st+st;bw+bw has eyes that are what c.pdf

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I need help understanding how this linked list set method works in java, * Set value stored at location i to object o, returning old value. * * @pre 0 <= i < size() * @post sets ith entry of list to value o, returns old value * @param i location of entry to be changed. * @param o new value * @return former value of ith entry of list. */ public E set(int i, E o) { if (i >= size()) return null; Node finger = head; // search for ith element or end of list while (i > 0) { finger = finger.next(); i--; } // get old value, update new value E result = finger.value(); finger.setValue(o); return result; Solution Hi friend, Please go through comment, you can uderstand logic of set method. public E set(int i, E o) { // if given position number (i) is greater than current size of list, // then you can not set, because this is not valid position, so return null if (i >= size()) return null; Node finger = head; // initializing finger with head node of list // search for ith element or end of list while (i > 0) // traverse until we not hit ith node in list { finger = finger.next(); i--; } // now after above while loop, finger points ith node in list // get old value, update new value E result = finger.value(); // getting old value of ith node finger.setValue(o); // setting new value in ith node return result; }.

I need help understanding how this linked list set method works in j.pdf

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How does friction heating effect pressure drop? Solution Heat transfer is not the consequence (or effect) of pressure drop. In the absence of a temperature gradient, it is possible to have pressure drop in a flow without heat transfer. Similarly, in unconfined convection over an external surface (imagine flow over a hot flat plate or for more simplicity, an aircraft flying at altitude), it is possible to have heat transfer without a pressure drop. (The pressures in front of the aircraft as well as behind the aircraft are the same!) Both pressure drop and heat transfer are consequences of a velocity gradient. For real fluids, a velocity gradient produces a shear force which is overcome by a sacrifice of fluid pressure (as in pipe flow). On the other hand, a velocity gradient gives rise to convective diffusion. In general, heat transfer is the desired effect while pressure drop is how we pay for that effect.This relationship is simply and beautifully brought out by the simplest of all analogies, the Reynolds Analogy. The friction factor fand the Conburn \'j\' factor are related as f/j 2. In other words, f can never be less than 2 x j.h and f which are convection and friction factor parameters ..

How does friction heating effect pressure dropSolutionHeat tr.pdf

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HELP!!! Ive looked up online cut cant seem to find this answer. Use any resources available on the internet to explain the difference between the NRC I and NRC II reports? Solution Answer: NRC :National Resource Council National Resource Council is first organised in 1916 by National academy of sciences. NRC deals with criminal cases using DNA testing. In 1992, NRC-I report was issue about DNA testing known as \"DNA Technology in Forensic Science\".NRC-I deals with the DNA testing using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). In 1996, NRC-II report was issued known as \"The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence\". NRC-II deals with DNA testing using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

HELP!!! Ive looked up online cut cant seem to find this answer. Use .pdf

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4. Proper planning of a software project unless the project is trivial in size, is obviously important for a software project to succeed. What information must be included in software project planning document? Explain in a paragraph or two (15pt.) 5. Risk management is one of CMMI KPA (Key Process Area). Explain its concept in a paragraph or two (10pt.) Solution Typically many of the project\'s key stakeholders, that is those affected by both the project and the project\'s end result, do not fully understand the nature of the project plan. Since one of the most important and difficult aspects of project management is getting commitment and buying, the first step is to explain the planning process and the project plan to all key stakeholders. It is essential for them to understand the importance of this set of documents and to be familiar with its content, since they will be asked to review and approve the documents that pertain to them. Components of the Project Plan Include: Baselines. Baselines are sometimes called performance measures, because the performance of the entire project is measured against them. They are the project\'s three approved starting points and include the scope, schedule, and cost baselines. These provide the \'stakes in the ground.\' That is, they are used to determine whether or not the project is on track, during the execution of the project. Baseline management plans. These plans include documentation on how variances to the baselines will be handled throughout the project. Each project baseline will need to be reviewed and managed. A result of this process may include the need to do additional planning, with the possibility that the baseline(s) will change. Project management plans document what the project team will do when variances to the baselines occur, including what process will be followed, who will be notified, how the changes will be funded, etc. Other work products from the planning process. These include a risk management plan, a quality plan, a procurement plan, a staffing plan, and a communications plan. Step 2: Define roles and responsibilities. Not all key stakeholders will review all documents, so it is necessary to determine who on the project needs to approve which parts of the plan. Some of the key players are: Step 3: Hold a kickoff meeting. The kickoff meeting is an effective way to bring stakeholders together to discuss the project. It is an effective way to initiate the planning process. It can be used to start building trust among the team members and ensure that everyone\'s idea are taken into account. Kickoff meetings also demonstrate commitment from the sponsor for the project. Here are some of the topics that might be included in a kickoff meeting: Step 4: Develop a Scope Statement. The Scope Statement is arguably the most important document in the project plan. It\'s the foundation for the rest of the project. It describes the project and is used to get common agreement among the sta.

4. Proper planning of a software project unless the project is trivia.pdf

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explain why When the alternative hypothesis states that the differen.pdf

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