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One of the main purposes of a bus system is to allow the exchange of information and/or data between different devices. Describe an activity that you engage in that involves features similar to those of a synchronous bus system and one that involves features similar to those of an asynchronous bus system. Explain in each case how the advantages and features of the bus system apply to the activities that you listed. Solution Advantages of bus system 1) It is easy to set-up and extend to any number of peers 2) Cable length required for this system is the least compared to other networks.so no clogging of wires 3) cheaper compared to other systems 4) Genarally benificial for local area networks 5)Easier maintainence syncronous:When information is sent to a particular host and expects a reply from the host .sender will wait for response for furtur continueed operation asyncronous:Information is sent randomly over the network.all the hosts can access and read it.sender wont wait for responce.

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Most of the routing protocols used in Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) require update the route information to neighbour or any other nodes. These route update overhead degrade the performance of routing algorithms as there is a significant routing overhead. Proposed is a technique to reduce route update overhead through the minimization of the routing delay. The aim is to reduce the network congestion and minimize the complexities that are commonly faced by Mobile Adhoc Networks. Here, a clustering mechanism is introduced, which clusters the arriving nodes in the Mobile Adhoc Network. The election strategy is required to elect a particular node from the group of nodes in the cluster to act as the cluster head, based on the resources that are possessed by that node. Experimental results indicate reduced time and routing packets in this scheme

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Hybrid wireless networks combining the advantages of both mobile ad-hoc networks and infrastructure wireless networks have been receiving increased attention due to their ultra-high performance. An efficient data routing protocol is important in such networks for high network capacity and scalability. However, most routing protocols for these networks simply combine the ad-hoc transmission mode with the cellular transmission mode, which inherits the drawbacks of ad-hoc transmission. This paper presents a Distributed Three-hop Routing protocol (DTR) for hybrid wireless networks. To take full advantage of the widespread base stations, DTR divides a message data stream into segments and transmits the segments in a distributed manner. It makes full spatial reuse of a system via its high speed ad-hoc interface and alleviates mobile gateway congestion via its cellular interface. Furthermore, sending segments to a number of base stations simultaneously increases throughput and makes full use of widespread base stations. In addition, DTR significantly reduces overhead due to short path lengths and the elimination of route discovery and maintenance. DTR also has a congestion control algorithm to avoid overloading base stations. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show the superiority of DTR in comparison with other routing protocols in terms of throughput capacity, scalability and mobility resilience. The results also show the effectiveness of the congestion control algorithm in balancing the load between base stations.

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Which of the following does NOT describe a mechanism that cells use to regulate enzyme activities? Cells control enzyme activity by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the enzyme Cells control enzyme activity by the binding of small molecules to regulatory sites on an enzyme Cells control the rates of diffusion of substrates to enzymes Cells control the rates of enzyme degradation Cells control the rates of enzyme synthesis Cells control the targeting of enzymes to specific organelles Solution The false statement is that cells control the rate of diffusion of substrates to enzymes. The mechanisms that regulate enzyme activities include-.

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